Battery system with fire protection cladding

Abstract

Battery arrangement (10), in particular for use in electric vehicles and stationary applications, comprising: i) a battery container (12) having a receiving space (14) for receiving at least one battery unit (16), and ii) one or more battery units (16) arranged in the receiving space (14) of the battery container (12), wherein the battery container (12) is formed at least in sections from a composite material (18), wherein the composite material (18) comprises: I) a matrix (20) comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic inorganic materials, as well as Ila) one or more macroscopic block elements (22) connected to the matrix (20), wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the battery units Block which have an extension of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extension of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L, wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) each consist of a non-metallic inorganic material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements (22), and / or IIb) one or more particulate fillers (24) embedded in the matrix (20), wherein the particulate fillers (24) consist of a non-metallic inorganic material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the particulate fillers (24), wherein the particulate fillers (24) have an average particle diameter D50, determined by laser diffraction in the wet dispersion process, of 1 mm or less.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a battery assembly, in particular for use in electric vehicles and stationary applications, in particular stationary battery units. Also disclosed is an electric vehicle comprising a corresponding battery assembly and an advantageous composite material. Furthermore, a method for producing such a battery assembly and a method for producing a composite material, as well as a use of the composite material for the fire-protection reinforcement of corresponding battery assemblies, are disclosed.

[0002] In the wake of growing awareness of the need for more sustainable use of fossil resources and the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions, the improvement of electric vehicles and the development of new electromobility concepts have increasingly become the focus of many industries in recent years.

[0003] A key component of electric vehicles, which in many cases is largely responsible for the distances achievable with the vehicle, is the battery system used to store electrical energy, which is also the subject of considerable research and development effort. Furthermore, the transition to renewable energy sources in other areas, such as solar energy, also requires reliable and, above all, safe energy storage to provide sufficient power, for example, during nighttime or in cloudy weather conditions.

[0004] Modern battery systems, especially for electric vehicles, usually consist of a multitude of electrically interconnected battery units, for example, in the form of pouch cells, prismatic cells, or cylindrical cells. These battery units contain the components of the respective electrochemical cells, which serve to electrochemically store energy.

[0005] The individual battery units, which may be lithium-ion batteries, for example, represent chemically complex and relatively failure-prone systems in which at least partially exothermic reactions occur during cycling. Such battery units are susceptible to malfunctions, particularly because they often contain flammable substances, such as electrolytes, and high temperatures can occur during operation. As a result, a battery unit can, in the worst case, experience what is known as thermal runaway. In the course of such thermal runaway, in addition to a possible pressure buildup in the battery unit, in most cases also a sharp increase in temperature and possibly even a bursting of the battery unit.For this case, many battery units include a point provided for pressure relief, for example on a valve or a predetermined breaking point, through which pressure relief occurs in the event of a fault. A bursting of a battery unit as a result of thermal runaway is usually associated, depending on the battery unit's state of charge, with the escape of a jet of hot gases and decomposition products, which may also include entrained solids. In the context of the present invention, this jet escaping in the event of a fault is referred to as a pressure relief jet for the purpose of easy reference. In most cases, such a pressure relief jet contains very hot gas, for example gas over 1000°C, and corrosive or abrasive particles as well as the usually harmful components of the electrolyte composition of the battery unit or their decomposition products.

[0006] There is a need to prevent such incidents as far as possible and to minimize their effects as far as possible should they occur. Firstly, the thermal runaway of a battery unit and the resulting pressure relief jet can potentially trigger a chain reaction in which a malfunction of a defective battery unit disrupts the fragile balance of the neighboring battery units and triggers thermal runaway in these as well. Secondly, the pressure relief jet from a failed battery unit is also dangerous for its immediate surroundings, which in electric vehicles can include not only the vehicle itself but also the vehicle occupants, meaning that the pressure relief jet can potentially cause significant damage to the vehicle and potentially life-threatening injuries to the occupants.In addition, the failure of a battery unit at high temperatures, especially at 1000 °C or more, can quickly lead to the entire vehicle catching fire, and such fires can often only be extinguished with great effort.

[0007] To protect both the vehicle and its occupants from a potential battery pack runaway and the consequences of a pressure relief jet, protective containers are frequently used in the state of the art. To reinforce such battery containers, which are designed to house the battery units, iron or aluminum alloys are often used as the material for the battery container walls. However, particularly in electric vehicles, this leads to a conflict of objectives between the requirement to build the lightest possible vehicle and fire safety considerations with regard to the battery systems, as such materials contribute significantly to a higher weight. In addition, vibrations, which are inherent in vehicle use, can lead to damage, particularly in the form of cracks in battery containers of battery systems, thus losing the desired fire safety properties.

[0008] In the prior art, it has been proposed to solve the aforementioned weight problems by using polymer materials in the battery containers, which often offer a more advantageous weight. However, it is often perceived as a disadvantage that this usually only provides limited protection for the vehicle and its occupants against thermal runaway of the battery units.

[0009] It was the primary object of the present invention to eliminate or at least mitigate the disadvantages of the prior art.

[0010] In particular, it was an object of the present invention to provide a battery arrangement which should be able to meet high fire protection safety requirements and, in particular in the event of a thermal runaway, should be able to protect its immediate surroundings from thermal or chemical damage in order to enable a particularly safe use of the battery arrangement to be specified, in particular in electric vehicles and stationary applications.

[0011] It was a further object of the present invention that the battery arrangement to be specified should also be able to protect persons in its surroundings, for example vehicle occupants of a vehicle, by preventing the pressure relief jet from escaping from the battery arrangement, for example into the vehicle interior, as far as possible, whereby the aim was to ensure effective protection, in particular, also against the abrasive or corrosive effects of the pressure relief jet.

[0012] It was also an object of the present invention that the battery arrangement to be specified should be able to realize the advantageous protective effects even with low dead weights in conjunction with minimized space requirements, in order to be able to realize designs for battery arrangements with advantageous installation space requirements and low weight.

[0013] In principle, it was an important object of the present invention that the battery arrangement to be specified should be particularly time- and cost-efficient to manufacture, wherein it was a desirable requirement that the battery arrangement to be specified should be manufacturable from comparatively inexpensive and easily obtainable materials.

[0014] It was a further object of the present invention that the solution to be specified should allow an advantageous upgrade and retrofit of existing battery systems.

[0015] A further object of the present invention was that the battery arrangement should be producible as far as possible using methods and devices which are already used in the field of technology today, whereby it was particularly desirable that, in addition, no substances which are harmful to the environment and / or health should be required.

[0016] It was a secondary object of the present invention to provide a vehicle comprising the battery arrangement to be specified.

[0017] Furthermore, it was a secondary object of the present invention to provide a method for producing and using a composite material which is suitable for the fire protection reinforcement of existing battery arrangements in order to obtain the battery arrangement to be specified.

[0018] The inventor of the present invention has now found that the objects described above can surprisingly be achieved if, in a battery arrangement, a receiving space for receiving battery units is reinforced with a specific composite material, the matrix of which is made of plastic or an inorganic material, in particular ceramic, is provided with specific inorganic, in particular ceramic, macroscopic block elements and / or with specific inorganic, in particular ceramic, particulate fillers, as defined in the claims, wherein preferably only a targeted local reinforcement is carried out, which is particularly preferably designed such that the local reinforcement is placed precisely at the points where, in the event of an accident, the greatest thermal or mechanical stress from the pressure relief jet is to be expected.

[0019] This advantageously reliably prevents a pressure relief jet from a continuous battery unit from escaping from the battery assembly, thereby advantageously preventing penetration into the vehicle interior and / or damage to vehicle components. Advantageously, the block elements or the particulate fillers in the composite material reliably withstand both the hot gases generated during the pressure relief jet and the abrasive or corrosive effects, particularly in the form of abrasive particles in the pressure relief jet.

[0020] Surprisingly, the use of this specific composite material makes it possible to advantageously resolve the conflicting objectives of achieving a lightweight construction while simultaneously achieving very high fire protection properties, particularly with regard to the protection of vehicle occupants and other vehicle components. The achievable protective effect of the solution found is particularly advantageous, combined with the advantageously low manufacturing costs, the high availability of the required materials, and the time efficiency with which a corresponding composite material can be produced.For example, the composite material can be obtained in a time- and cost-efficient manner by the usual manufacturing processes which are used in other areas of technology for the production of composite materials, in particular injection moulding and thermoforming processes, although it is also possible to connect the matrix to the ceramic reinforcements based on force- and / or form-fitting connections, which advantageously achieves a high degree of flexibility in production.

[0021] The above-mentioned objects are accordingly achieved by the subject matter of the invention as defined in the claims. Preferred embodiments of the invention emerge from the subclaims and the following statements.

[0022] Such embodiments, which are designated as preferred below, are combined in particularly preferred embodiments with features of other embodiments designated as preferred. Combinations of two or more of the embodiments designated as particularly preferred below are thus very particularly preferred. Likewise preferred are embodiments in which a feature of one embodiment designated as preferred to any extent is combined with one or more further features of other embodiments designated as preferred to any extent. Features of preferred electric vehicles, composite materials, methods, and uses emerge from the features of preferred battery arrangements.

[0023] Particularly preferred embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the exemplary embodiments. Particularly preferred embodiments of the invention accordingly comprise two or more, preferably three or more, and most preferably four or more, of the preferred features of the invention disclosed below, which are also implemented in the exemplary embodiments.

[0024] The invention relates to a battery arrangement, in particular for use in electric vehicles and stationary applications, comprising: i) a battery container having a receiving space for receiving at least one battery unit, and ii) one or more battery units arranged in the receiving space of the battery container, wherein the battery container is formed at least in sections from a composite material, wherein the composite material comprises: I) a matrix comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials, as well as IIa) one or more macroscopic block elements connected to the matrix, wherein the macroscopic block elements each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the battery units Block which have an extension of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extension of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L, wherein the macroscopic block elements each consist of a non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements, and / or IIb) one or more particulate fillers embedded in the matrix, wherein the particulate fillers consist of a non-metallic inorganic material, in particular a ceramic material, different from the matrix material, to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the particulate fillers.

[0025] Battery assemblies with a battery container are generally known to those skilled in the art. The battery assembly according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in electric vehicles and stationary applications or their battery systems. The term "vehicle" is to be understood broadly and can in particular also include aircraft, rail vehicles, watercraft, but also unmanned vehicles such as drones and spacecraft. In the present case, the term "vehicle" thus particularly encompasses independent mobile devices that have a battery assembly. Accordingly, a battery assembly according to the invention is preferred, wherein the electric vehicles are selected from the group consisting of cars, trucks, rail vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, drones, and spacecraft.

[0026] The major advantages of battery arrangements according to the invention arise in particular from the specific design and preferably also the arrangement of the composite material. Accordingly, battery arrangements according to the invention are, in principle, not limited with regard to the cell chemistry in the battery units, although the use of lithium-ion batteries is preferred due to their high industrial relevance.

[0027] According to the invention, the battery assembly comprises a battery container with a receiving space. It is conceivable for the battery container to be designed as a box or tub-shaped, with the receiving space in practice usually being substantially completely surrounded by boundary elements. Accordingly, a battery assembly according to the invention is relevant for the vast majority of cases, wherein the receiving space is bounded by several boundary elements. In this respect, a battery assembly according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container is formed by the boundary elements.

[0028] In this case, according to the inventor's assessment, a limiting element can in particular be designed as a closure element, in particular as a lid or base plate, in order to be able to make the receiving space reversibly closable, which in particular facilitates the insertion of the battery units and their maintenance. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container is designed in several parts, preferably in two parts. In this respect, a battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred, wherein the battery container comprises a first container part and a second container part. Very particular preference is given to a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the first container part comprises the receiving space, wherein the first container part is preferably a tray or a cover, preferably a tray.Additionally or alternatively, preferably additionally, a battery arrangement according to the invention is also particularly preferred, wherein the second container part is designed as a container closure element, in particular as a container lid or base plate.

[0029] In the inventor's opinion, it is particularly advantageous if the battery container is designed to be reversibly and non-destructively resealable. Reversible closure can generally be achieved in various ways, for example, by means of a positive or non-positive closure, such as a click closure. Screwing or clamping, or even gluing, would also be conceivable. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container comprises a container closure element, for example in the form of a container lid or a base plate, wherein the receiving space can be closed with the container closure element, preferably reversibly and non-destructively, resealable.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container additionally comprises one or more connecting means for connecting the first container part to the second container part.

[0030] Depending on the intended use of the battery assembly, it may be expedient to design a battery container with a receiving space that is as large as possible and can accommodate a relatively large number of and / or relatively large battery units. A battery assembly according to the invention is preferred, wherein the receiving space has a volume in the range of 50 to 800 L, preferably in the range of 100 to 500 L, particularly preferably in the range of 150 to 350 L.

[0031] Within the scope of the present invention, a receiving space is preferred which is suitable for receiving a large number of battery units, since a better energy density of the battery arrangement can be achieved through the corresponding packaging. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the receiving space is suitable for receiving two or more, preferably four or more, particularly preferably eight or more, very particularly preferably twelve or more, battery units. Accordingly, additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery arrangement comprises two or more, preferably four or more, particularly preferably eight or more, very particularly preferably twelve or more, battery units.

[0032] It will be clear to those skilled in the art that the battery arrangement according to the invention is advantageously not restricted with regard to the type of battery units used, but that the advantages are particularly evident in battery units where there is an increased risk of a thermal malfunction. In principle, the battery units can be primary or secondary battery units, for example. Secondary batteries generally have an advantageous energy density and allow them to be recharged after a discharge process without significant losses in charge density, so that they offer significantly more diverse possible uses, in particular when used as rechargeable batteries in electric vehicles and stationary applications. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery units are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially entirely, secondary batteries.

[0033] The inventor particularly considers battery units based on alkali-ion technology to be preferred. In principle, other technologies are also conceivable. In this respect, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery units are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially entirely, lithium-ion batteries or sodium-ion batteries, preferably lithium-ion batteries.

[0034] The battery units in the battery arrangement according to the invention can each be of identical design, so that all battery units are designed, for example, as prismatic cells. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the battery units can also each have different designs. It is conceivable that the battery units can be cylindrical cells, pouch cells, or even prismatic cells. A battery arrangement according to the invention is generally preferred, wherein the battery units are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially entirely, prismatic cells or cylindrical cells, preferably prismatic cells.

[0035] In recent years, technological advances have made it possible to achieve increasingly higher energy densities in battery units. Those skilled in the art will understand that energy density is defined as available energy per weight, i.e., in the unit Wh / kg. The higher the energy density of such a battery unit, the higher the risk of the battery unit experiencing thermal runaway due to a defect or malfunction. Furthermore, the energy released during thermal runaway regularly correlates with the energy density of the battery unit. Due to the advantageous protective effect that can be achieved with the present invention, the solution found within the scope of the present invention is particularly suitable for use with relatively high energy densities.Particularly preferred is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the battery units have an energy density of 180 Wh / kg or more, preferably of 220 Wh / kg or more, particularly preferably of 270 Wh / kg or more, very particularly preferably of 300 Wh / kg or more.

[0036] The battery container of the battery arrangement according to the invention is formed, at least in sections, from a specific composite material.

[0037] In accordance with the understanding of those skilled in the art, composite materials in the context of the present invention are understood to mean materials which consist of two or more different materials which are bonded to one another, in particular by means of a material bond.

[0038] Within the scope of the present invention, the composite material serves in particular to optimize the fire protection properties of the battery container and its resistance to the pressure relief jet, wherein preferably at least some of the boundary elements are each at least partially reinforced with the composite material and / or formed by the composite material, which within the scope of the present invention is also collectively referred to as a "reinforced boundary element." Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly relevant, wherein the battery container comprises a plurality of boundary elements, wherein at least one of the boundary elements is a reinforced boundary element comprising the composite material, preferably a container closure element, for example the container lid or the container base.It follows that, due to the composite material according to the invention, the battery container can withstand a pressure relief jet from a continuous battery for longer than a boundary element without the composite material used according to the invention. Particularly preferred in this respect is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the surface of the reinforced boundary element is formed at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, by the composite material. Additionally or alternatively, particularly preferred is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the battery arrangement comprises the composite material in a container closure element, for example in the container lid or in the container base, and / or wherein the reinforced boundary element is a component of a reversibly and non-destructively closable container closure element.

[0039] In addition to constructing an entire boundary element from the composite material, particularly good results can be achieved by specifically reinforcing a boundary element. For this purpose, one or more components made of composite material, such as smaller composites measuring 100×100 mm, can be attached to a boundary element, for example, by gluing or riveting, or even using click mechanisms.

[0040] In the inventor's opinion, it is particularly preferred if the composite material is designed so that it self-extinguishes after ignition, in order to prevent or at least impede the spread of a fire. A battery assembly according to the invention is preferred for this purpose, wherein the composite material is self-extinguishing within the meaning of NEMA UL - 94 V 0 in the version valid as of January 1, 2025.

[0041] From a geometric perspective, the composite material can, in principle, be configured in various shapes. In the inventor's opinion, the plate configuration is particularly space- and weight-efficient. However, it is also conceivable for the composite material to have a more complex shape, which, for example, correlates with the boundary elements of the receptacle to ensure the largest possible lining, or through which a fluid guide channel is formed. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred in principle, wherein the composite material is configured in the form of a plate or a three-dimensional component, preferably in the form of a three-dimensional component, particularly preferably in a shape corresponding to the shape of the battery container.

[0042] In principle, it is conceivable to form the entire battery container from the composite material. Thus, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container consists of the composite material to a mass fraction of 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, and most particularly preferably essentially 100%, based on the mass of the battery container.

[0043] In order to ensure that the composite material can be used in the battery arrangement in the most cost- and weight-efficient manner possible without reducing the advantages in terms of fire protection properties too much, it is preferred if the boundary elements of the battery container are reinforced in a targeted and needs-optimized manner, for example by reinforcing only one boundary element at least partially or several boundary elements at least partially by the corresponding composite material.

[0044] For the partial reinforcement of the boundary elements, a battery arrangement according to the invention is generally preferred, wherein the one or more reinforced boundary elements of the battery container consist of the composite material to a mass fraction of 40% or more, preferably 60% or more, particularly preferably 80% or more, and very particularly preferably substantially 100%, based on the mass of the reinforced boundary element. With regard to the partial reinforcement, a battery arrangement according to the invention is additionally or alternatively preferred, wherein the surface area of ​​reinforced boundary elements facing in the direction of the receiving space, relative to the total surface area of ​​all boundary elements facing in the direction of the receiving space, is 15% or more, preferably 30% or more, particularly preferably 45% or more, and very particularly preferably 60% or more.

[0045] The composite material according to the invention comprises, as its first component, a matrix comprising one or more matrix materials. This matrix material serves, in particular, to form a supporting matrix for the block elements or particulate fillers disclosed below and to ensure advantageous mechanical properties of the composite material, which can prevent mechanical failure of the composite material, for example, even during driving operation. With regard to the mass fraction of the matrix, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined mass fraction of the matrix material in the composite material is 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, particularly preferably 30% or more, based on the mass of the matrix.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined mass fraction of the matrix material in the composite material is 80% or less, preferably 60% or less, particularly preferably 50% or less, based on the mass of the matrix.

[0046] The one or more matrix materials of the matrix of the composite material of the battery arrangement according to the invention are selected according to the invention from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic, inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials, wherein both material classes, in particular plastics and ceramic materials, have proven to be high-performance materials for setting the desired mechanical and fire protection properties during development.

[0047] The term “non-metallic” is clear to the person skilled in the art and means that the inorganic materials are not metals or semi-metals.

[0048] In a first preferred embodiment, the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of inorganic, particularly ceramic, materials. With such inorganic, particularly ceramic, matrix materials, particularly advantageous fire protection properties can be achieved in many cases, as well as particularly rigid and hard composite materials. For the inorganic materials, the use of a gypsum matrix is ​​conceivable, for example. However, a battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly relevant in this regard, wherein the inorganic materials are selected from the group consisting of ceramic materials.

[0049] The term "ceramic," in accordance with the expert understanding, refers to inorganic, non-metallic, and polycrystalline materials obtained by thermal treatment of starting materials, for example, industrially usually via a sintering process. The inventor has identified ceramic materials that are particularly suitable for use as matrix material. A battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the ceramic materials are selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, oxide ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics, in particular nitrides, in particular metal-based nitrides, particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics, very particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and nitrides.

[0050] In a second preferred embodiment, the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics. Plastics often have advantages over many inorganic, particularly ceramic, materials, particularly in the processing and production of composite materials. Furthermore, lighter composite materials can often be obtained with plastics, with plastic-based composite materials regularly also having particularly advantageous mechanical properties, particularly with regard to resistance to mechanical damage, as they are often less brittle than, for example, ceramics. The skilled person selects the plastics of the matrix material in light of the respective performance requirements of the specific application. In the inventor's opinion, in addition to fire protection properties, fracture strength, integrity, and vibration resistance also play a role.

[0051] In preferred embodiments, the plastics in the matrix material can be produced using a curable plastic, in particular through the use of thermosetting resins, so that a thermosetting matrix is ​​obtained. Examples of curable plastics include polyurethane-based resins, silicones, epoxy-based resins, and phenolic or melamine resins. However, with a view to ease of manufacture of the composite material, thermoplastics are also conceivable. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the plastics are selected from the group consisting of thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics, preferably thermosetting plastics.Particularly preferred in this respect is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the plastics are selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, polyamides, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, cyanate ester resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, phenolic resins and polysiloxanes, preferably selected from the group consisting of polyurethane resins, polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, cyanate ester resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, phenolic resins and polysiloxanes.

[0052] In principle, the matrix itself can also be a composite and consist of organic and inorganic materials, for example in the form of composite materials made of layered silicates and plastics, for example cured reactive resins.

[0053] Since the matrix is ​​particularly relevant for the fire protection properties, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred for most cases, wherein the matrix material, preferably the entire matrix, particularly preferably the entire composite material, is selected from the group consisting of materials of class A1, A2 and B1 according to DIN 4102-1:1985-05, preferably class A1 and A2.

[0054] The matrix material can, in principle, be used as a solid block or as a porous structure, for example, in the form of a textile fabric. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is conceivable, wherein the matrix is ​​at least partially, preferably predominantly, embodied as a textile fabric, preferably as a woven or nonwoven fabric, particularly preferably as a nonwoven fabric. However, in many cases, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the matrix is ​​monolithic to a mass fraction of 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, based on the mass of the matrix.

[0055] In order to protect the immediate environment of the battery arrangement according to the invention, that is, in particular, the surrounding electrical components and possible occupants of a vehicle, it is preferred if the composite material offers not only particularly good protection against thermal runaway of the battery units, but also protection against sudden electrical discharge of the battery units. This can be achieved, in particular, by making the parts of the battery container provided with the composite material electrically insulating. This is significantly influenced by the matrix material, with both an inorganic, in particular ceramic, and a plastic-based matrix being synergistically well suited to achieving this property.Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the mass fraction weighted mean of the specific electrical resistance at 20 °C of all materials in the matrix 10. 8 Ω*m or more, preferably 10 9 Ω*m or more, particularly preferably 10 10 Ω*m or more, measured according to DIN IEC 60093:1993-12.

[0056] According to the invention, the composite material comprises macroscopic block elements, for example in the form of spheres, which are bonded to the matrix and / or particulate fillers embedded in the matrix, which in the context of the present invention are sometimes also referred to collectively as inorganic reinforcements. These are two types of inorganic reinforcements that can, in principle, be used together but also separately. According to the inventor's assessment, particularly advantageous results can surprisingly also be achieved in battery arrangements according to the invention with composite materials that comprise both block elements and particulate fillers.

[0057] Particularly relevant for a particularly high-performance reinforcement is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the inorganic material has a greater relative Shore hardness than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix, and / or wherein the inorganic material has a better fire protection class according to DIN 4102-1:1985-05 than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix, wherein the inorganic material preferably has a greater relative Shore hardness and a better fire protection class according to DIN 4102-1:1985-05 than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix.The person skilled in the art will understand that no further specification of the method of measuring Shore hardness is required, since it is a relative change in hardness, and it is only necessary to use the same method, the person skilled in the art choosing the correct Shore scale in light of the order of magnitude of the hardness of the materials he is examining, based on his general technical knowledge.

[0058] What both types of inorganic, particularly ceramic, reinforcements have in common is that they consist at least predominantly of inorganic, particularly ceramic, materials. In order to clearly distinguish them from a possible inorganic matrix material, the inorganic materials used must be different from the matrix material, which also ensures that it is a composite material.

[0059] For many embodiments, it is preferred if the inorganic, in particular ceramic, reinforcements are formed as largely as possible from inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements and / or the particulate fillers, preferably the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers, consist of a mass fraction of 85% or more, preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95%, very particularly preferably substantially entirely of an inorganic, preferably ceramic, material different from the matrix material, based on the mass of the particulate fillers or macroscopic block elements.

[0060] For the inorganic materials, in principle, the same types of material can be used for the macroscopic block elements and the fillers. A battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of ceramic materials. A battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred, wherein the ceramic materials are selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, oxide ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics, in particular nitrides, in particular metal-based nitrides, particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics, very particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of silicate ceramics, glass ceramics, clay ceramics, and nitrides.

[0061] With regard to the mass fraction of the inorganic, in particular ceramic, reinforcements, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined mass fraction of the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers in the composite material is 5% or more, preferably 10% or more, particularly preferably 15% or more, based on the mass of the composite material, and / or wherein the combined mass fraction of the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers in the composite material is 50% or less, preferably 40% or less, particularly preferably 30% or less, based on the mass of the composite material.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers in the composite material is 50% or less, preferably 30% or less, particularly preferably 20% or less, very particularly preferably 10% or less, based on the total volume of the composite material, and / or wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers in the composite material is in the range from 0.5 to 50%, preferably in the range from 1 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 20%, very particularly preferably in the range from 3 to 15%, based on the total volume of the composite material.

[0062] These inorganic reinforcements are intended to block the pressure relief jet in the event of a malfunction and, in particular, to provide a mechanically highly resilient reinforcement against the abrasive effects of the pressure relief jet, thus offering the greatest possible resistance to the pressure relief jet. Preferably, the reinforcement is designed to deliberately deflect the pressure relief jet in one direction, thereby specifically directing the pressure relief radiation away from neighboring cells.

[0063] The first embodiment of the inorganic reinforcement is the use of larger macroscopic structures, which in the context of the present invention are referred to as macroscopic block elements in light of their function, since they are intended to block the pressure relief jet.

[0064] In the context of the present invention, the macroscopic block elements are characterized by the area they can potentially block. For this purpose, the block cross-sectional area A facing the battery units is Block which runs through the macroscopic block elements, whose dimensions are taken along the longitudinal direction L and the transverse direction Q. This is therefore the largest area that a macroscopic block element can oppose to a pressure relief jet coming from a battery unit. Given a predetermined pressure relief section, the block cross-sectional area A Block the cross-sectional area facing the predetermined pressure relief section, wherein the block cross-sectional area A Block preferably orthogonal to the predetermined outlet direction.

[0065] According to the invention, the block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the battery units Block has a minimum length and a minimum width. The determination of the largest block cross-sectional area facing the battery units is illustrated in the figures.

[0066] The inventors' experiments have shown that, for a good blocking effect, it is particularly effective to provide block elements with a relatively large cross-sectional area. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the largest cross-sectional area A facing the battery units Blockof the macroscopic block elements along the longitudinal direction L has an extension of 5 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or more, particularly preferably 20 mm or more, most preferably 40 mm or more. Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the largest block cross-sectional area A facing in the direction of the battery units Blockthe macroscopic block elements have an extension of 5 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or, particularly preferably 20 mm or more, very particularly preferably 40 mm or more, along the transverse direction Q. In this respect, the macroscopic block elements differ in particular from other larger filler materials, such as fibers, including inorganic fibers such as ceramic fibers, for which no sufficient blocking effect was found in the inventors' experiments. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is also preferred, wherein the mass fraction of fibrous fillers in the composite material is 5% or less, preferably 2% or less, particularly preferably 1% or less, very particularly preferably 0.5% or less, extremely preferably 0.2% or less, especially preferably 0.1% or less, most preferably essentially 0%.

[0067] With regard to the design of the macroscopic block elements, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements in the composite material are arranged orthogonally to the block cross-sectional area A Block have an average thickness in the range of 50 µm to 10,000 µm, preferably in the range of 100 µm to 5,000 µm, particularly preferably in the range of 200 µm to 1,000 µm, most particularly preferably in the range of 250 µm to 800 µm.

[0068] The macroscopic block elements can, for example, be designed as inorganic, particularly ceramic, spheres. However, in the course of development, the use of inorganic, particularly ceramic, plates or flakes has proven to be a particularly effective solution. In accordance with expert understanding, a plate is a cuboid of small thickness, i.e., a cuboid that is orthogonal to the block's cross-sectional area A. Blockhas a small thickness compared to the surface dimensions, wherein the thickness is preferably less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, particularly preferably less than 5%, of the largest length of the block cross-sectional area A Block Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, platelet-shaped or spherical, preferably platelet-shaped.

[0069] According to the above definition, the macroscopic block elements are connected to the matrix. This expresses that the macroscopic block elements do not necessarily have to be embedded in the matrix, although partial and especially complete embedding is preferred.

[0070] In principle, it is conceivable to simply place the macroscopic block elements on the matrix and to achieve the desired connection and fixation by suitable means.

[0071] In the inventor's opinion, however, it is preferable to at least partially submerge the macroscopic block elements in the matrix and thus embed them therein. This can be achieved, for example, by shaping the matrix material at least partially or preferably completely around the macroscopic block elements, for example by means of thermoforming or during the processing of thermosets. Alternatively, however, recesses can also be created in the matrix using material-removing processes, into which the macroscopic block elements can be inserted, so that, for example, in addition to an adhesive bond, there are also form-fitting components in the connection to the matrix. A battery arrangement according to the invention is thus conceivable, wherein the macroscopic block elements are arranged at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, on the matrix.However, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, embedded in the matrix.

[0072] By at least partially embedding the macroscopic block elements in the matrix, they can be particularly effectively protected from mechanical stress, especially when using a plastic matrix. Even if the embedded macroscopic block elements break due to mechanical stress, for example, as a result of a pressure relief jet, the individual parts are efficiently held in position and can continue to provide the desired blocking effect.

[0073] In principle, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, connected to the matrix in a material-locking or form-locking manner, preferably in a material-locking manner.

[0074] In addition to or as an alternative to the macroscopic block elements, particulate, inorganic, particularly ceramic, fillers can be used. In contrast to the macroscopic block elements, this use generally occurs by at least partially embedding the particulate fillers in the matrix. In this respect, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the particulate, inorganic, preferably ceramic, fillers are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, based on the number, and predominantly, preferably substantially completely, based on the degree of embedding, embedded in the matrix.

[0075] This allows the bulk properties of the composite material to be efficiently improved, with a large number of particles distributed in the matrix collectively assuming the desired blocking function against the pressure-relieving jet. Additionally or alternatively, the desired blocking function can also be achieved by at least partially applying the particulate, inorganic fillers to the matrix and incorporating them into it, for example, by rolling and / or heating the matrix material. This allows for particularly efficient local inorganic reinforcements, particularly in the form of comparatively thin surface layers, with the properties of the layers being advantageously and efficiently controlled by the density of the particles.In this respect, a battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred, wherein the particulate, inorganic fillers are inhomogeneously distributed in the composite material, wherein the average concentration of the particulate, inorganic fillers in the outer 10% of the volume of the composite material is preferably greater than in the innermost 50% of the volume of the composite material.

[0076] In this context, when implementing a high surface reinforcement content, a battery arrangement according to the invention is additionally or alternatively preferred, wherein the particulate, inorganic fillers are partially exposed at the surface of the composite material in a proportion of 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, particularly preferably 30% or more, and most particularly preferably 40% or more, based on the number of particulate, inorganic fillers in the composite material. The particulate fillers are preferably approximately spherical and accordingly preferably have shape factors close to 1.Thus, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the particulate fillers have a shape factor of the largest diameter of the particle divided by the smallest diameter of the corresponding particle of 1.5 or less, preferably of 1.4 or less, particularly preferably of 1.15 or less, most particularly preferably of 1.05 or less.

[0077] With regard to the dimensioning of the particulate fillers, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the particulate fillers have an average particle diameter D50 of 0.5 mm or less, preferably 0.2 mm or less, particularly preferably 0.1 mm or less.

[0078] The term D50 is the value familiar to those skilled in the art, indicating that 50% of the particulate fillers have a smaller diameter. In the context of the present invention, D50 is determined in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art using laser diffraction according to the wet dispersion method, for example, using a Mastersizer 3000 from Malvern.

[0079] In principle, it is conceivable to distribute the inorganic reinforcements relatively evenly throughout the composite material. This not only has manufacturing advantages, but, due to its uniform fire protection properties, is also particularly preferred in cases where the path of a potential pressure relief jet cannot be predicted or cannot be predicted reliably enough, for example, because the battery units do not have predetermined pressure relief sections. In this case, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements are distributed substantially evenly over the area, preferably within the volume, of the composite material, and / or wherein the density gradient of the macroscopic block elements in the composite material varies by less than 20%, preferably by less than 10%, across the area, preferably within the volume, of the composite material.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the particulate fillers are distributed substantially uniformly over the area, preferably in the volume, of the composite material, and / or wherein the density gradient of the particulate fillers in the composite material varies by less than 20%, preferably by less than 10%, over the area, preferably the volume, of the composite material.

[0080] With a view to the most cost-efficient production of the composite materials, particularly with regard to material requirements, and an advantageous overall weight, the inventor has identified a particularly preferred embodiment. This embodiment takes advantage of the fact that, due to the design of the battery arrangement or the battery units used therein, it is usually very easy to predict where a pressure relief jet will occur in the event of an accident. This knowledge allows the composite materials to be reinforced in a targeted and localized manner in order to create the desired reinforcing effect of the inorganic reinforcement precisely where it is most likely needed. The areas of the composite material that are equipped with a particularly high proportion of inorganic reinforcements as a result of these considerations can be referred to as reinforcement volumes for the purpose of clear identification.In these reinforcement volumes, the density of inorganic reinforcements is increased compared to the remaining composite material. Against this background, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the composite material comprises one or more reinforcement volumes whose volume fraction of the total volume of the composite material is in the range from 5 to 35%, preferably in the range from 10 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range from 15 to 25%, wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements and / or the particulate fillers in the reinforcement volumes is greater than in the remaining composite material outside the reinforcement volumes, preferably by a factor of 2 or more, preferably by 5 or more, particularly preferably by 10 or more.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements and / or the particulate fillers, preferably the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers, of the composite material are arranged in a proportion of 60% or more, preferably of 80% or more, particularly preferably of 90% or more, particularly preferably of substantially 100%, in one or more reinforcement volumes of the composite material, wherein the combined volume fraction of all reinforcement volumes is in the range from 2 to 45%, preferably in the range from 3 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range from 5 to 15%, based on the total volume of the composite material, and wherein the combined volume fraction of each reinforcement volume is 2% or more, based on the total volume of the composite material.

[0081] The preferred teaching disclosed above can be defined structurally particularly efficiently if the reinforcement is positioned relative to the most likely paths the pressure relief jet will take. These are referred to as pressure relief paths within the context of the present invention. In practice, it is very reliably predictable for a person skilled in the art where and in what direction the pressure relief will occur. This can be estimated particularly reliably if the battery units are specifically equipped with areas through which the pressure relief is to occur in the event of a malfunction.Accordingly, due to the advantageous design flexibility and optimization potential, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery unit has a predetermined pressure relief section designed so that an overpressure built up in the battery unit in the event of a malfunction escapes from the battery unit through the pressure relief section along a predetermined outlet direction. A battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the predetermined pressure relief section is formed by a valve or a predetermined breaking point, preferably a valve. A battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred in this respect, wherein the battery unit has a structural guide element for channeling an overpressure built up in the event of a malfunction to the pressure relief section.

[0082] In principle, most battery units with a pressure relief section are designed to withstand excess pressure inside up to a predetermined limit pressure. When this limit pressure is reached, for example during thermal runaway, gases and / or solids can escape through the pressure relief section. If the pressure relief section is designed as a valve or a predetermined breaking point, the limit pressure can be defined, for example, as the breaking characteristic of the predetermined breaking point or as the opening pressure of the valve. A battery arrangement according to the invention is therefore preferred, wherein the predetermined pressure relief section is designed such that when a predetermined limit pressure is exceeded, a pressure relief jet can escape from the battery unit, wherein the predetermined limit pressure preferably corresponds to the opening pressure of a valve or the breaking characteristic of a predetermined breaking point.

[0083] Regardless of a hazard-optimized design of the composite material, when using pressure relief sections, it is expedient to align the battery units so that the pressure relief sections with the provided outlet opening point towards the composite material. In this way, in the event of an incident, particularly in the event of thermal runaway of the battery unit, the solids and / or gases escaping from the pressure relief section strike the reinforced area of ​​the battery container in the form of a pressure relief jet with the greatest energy content. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein at least one battery unit is arranged in the battery arrangement such that a predetermined outlet direction for the pressure relief jet of the predetermined pressure relief section points towards the reinforced boundary element of the battery container.The predetermined outlet direction is the outlet direction of the pressure relief jet predetermined by the structural design of the pressure relief section, whereby the design-oriented (and thus possibly by far the most likely) outlet direction is taken into account when the battery units are fully charged.

[0084] Since the most likely exit point through the predetermined pressure relief section and the most likely exit direction as well as the pressure relief path can be predicted relatively reliably through their design, it is also possible, when designing the battery assemblies according to the invention, to also determine the most likely location at which the pressure relief jet will impinge on the composite material. This location is referred to in the present invention as the "predetermined impact location" and describes a single point on the surface of the composite material at which the pressure relief jet is likely to impinge. Since the pressure relief jet is nearly linear with respect to the relevant distances, the predetermined impact location is defined in the present invention as the point on the surface of the composite material to which the predetermined outlet direction points.A battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the distance between the predetermined pressure relief section and the composite material is 15 cm or less, preferably 10 cm or less, particularly preferably 5 cm or less, most particularly preferably 3 cm or less.

[0085] With knowledge of the arrangement of the battery units, the orientation of the predetermined pressure relief sections, as well as the outlet direction of the pressure relief jet determined by their design and the resulting predetermined point of impact, the above-disclosed teaching of targeted amplification can now also be efficiently defined. For this purpose, a theoretical cylinder volume around the predetermined point of impact can be used, which extends through the composite material, for which it is defined that the amplification is particularly pronounced in this cylinder volume. This cylinder volume is referred to in the present invention as a projection channel, since it correlates with the projection of the expected pressure relief jet through the composite material. In this case, it is a battery arrangement according to the invention, wherein the battery arrangement is designed such thatthat there are one or more predetermined impact points on the surface of the composite material, to which the predetermined outlet direction for the pressure relief jet of the predetermined pressure relief section of at least one battery unit points, wherein the battery arrangement is designed such that, in the projection along a first projection channel through the composite material, 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, particularly preferably 98% or more, very particularly preferably 99% or more, particularly preferably substantially 100%, of the projection surface is occupied by macroscopic block elements and / or particulate fillers of the composite material, preferably macroscopic block elements, wherein the first projection channel is the cylinder volume of a cylinder with a radius of 10 mm around the predetermined impact point running through the composite material.

[0086] In order to ensure a particularly advantageous protective effect and to prevent deviations in the actual point of impact of the pressure relief jet from the predetermined point of impact, it is proposed to provide a somewhat more extensive amplification, which can be defined by additionally using larger projection channels.More precisely, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery arrangement is designed such that in the projection along a second projection channel through the composite material, 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, very particularly preferably 98% or more, in particular preferably 99% or more, of the projection surface is occupied by macroscopic block elements and / or particulate fillers of the composite material, preferably macroscopic block elements, wherein the second projection channel is the cylinder volume of a cylinder running through the composite material with a radius of 20 mm around the predetermined point of impact.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery arrangement is designed such that in the projection along a third projection channel through the composite material, 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, very particularly preferably 95% or more, especially preferably 98% or more, of the projection surface is occupied by macroscopic block elements and / or particulate fillers of the composite material, preferably macroscopic block elements, wherein the third projection channel is the cylinder volume of a cylinder running through the composite material with a radius of 50 mm around the predetermined point of impact.

[0087] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in preferred embodiments, the projection channels correlate with the reinforcement volumes disclosed above. Accordingly, the above teaching of targeted reinforcement can also be defined via the projection channels. Thus, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements and / or the particulate fillers in the first projection channel and / or in the second projection channel and / or in the third projection channel, preferably all projection channels, is greater than in the remaining composite material outside the respective projection channel, preferably by a factor of 2 or more, preferably by 5 or more, particularly preferably by 10 or more.

[0088] Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the macroscopic block elements and / or the particulate fillers, preferably the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers, of the composite material are arranged in a proportion of 60% or more, preferably of 80% or more, particularly preferably of 90% or more, particularly preferably of substantially 100%, in the third projection channel, preferably the second projection channel, particularly preferably the first projection channel.

[0089] In principle, the composite material can contain other filler materials in addition to the inorganic reinforcements, with fibrous reinforcing fibers and organic fillers being particularly conceivable, with which the mechanical properties can be adjusted. A battery assembly according to the invention is therefore conceivable, wherein the composite material additionally comprises: IIc) one or more filling materials other than the macroscopic block elements and the particulate fillers.

[0090] In this respect, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the filling materials are selected from the group consisting of fibers, in particular glass fibers, and organic particulate fillers.

[0091] In principle, however, it is preferred if the composite material is formed as largely as possible from the matrix and the inorganic reinforcement. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the combined mass fraction of the macroscopic block elements, the particulate fillers, and the matrix in the composite material is 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, particularly preferably 40% or more, particularly preferably 60% or more, very particularly preferably 80% or more, based on the mass of the composite material.

[0092] Particularly in the case of battery units with particularly high energy densities, particularly stringent demands are usually placed on the composite material in practice. In such cases, it may be advantageous to further reinforce the composite material with an additional surface layer, particularly to improve its fire protection properties. It is conceivable that the protective layer could also be applied only to specific areas, for example, at the expected impact points of a pressure relief jet, although a full-surface application would generally be effective. Accordingly, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the composite material additionally comprises: III) a superficial protective layer.

[0093] Preferred here is a battery assembly according to the invention, wherein the surface of the composite material is at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, covered with the protective layer. Additionally or alternatively, preferred is a battery assembly according to the invention, wherein the protective layer consists at least partially of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes and insulating layer-forming intumescent organic coating compositions, in particular lacquers, paints, and pastes, for example based on polyurethanes.

[0094] In principle, it is also advantageous to design the composite material as an ablative composite material. In accordance with expert understanding, ablation means the removal of material by heating the surface, for example, by a pressure relief jet. The mechanism of heat protection through ablation lies in the insulating effect, the cooler boundary layers created by the removal compared to the pressure relief jet, and the formation of gas-filled cavities in the material under the influence of heat. With a view to the manufacturability of the correspondingly treated composite materials, it is preferred that the ablative property be achieved by an intumescent paint or an intumescent varnish. In accordance with expert understanding, the term "intumescent" describes the expansion of the material, for example the paint or varnish, as a result of thermal treatment.As a result, the material experiences an increase in volume, with gases, in particular air, flowing into the spaces formed by the increase in volume, which can at least temporarily cool the heat layer. Accordingly, a composite material according to the invention is preferred, wherein the surface facing the receiving space is formed by an intumescent coating, preferably an intumescent ablative coating, particularly preferably by an intumescent paint or an intumescent varnish.

[0095] In the event of a malfunction and the escape of solid particles and / or gases in the form of a pressure relief jet from the battery unit, it is likely that the resulting temperature can trigger a chain reaction that could also trigger a malfunction, in particular a thermal runaway, in other neighboring battery units. It can therefore be advantageous to discharge the hot gases and abrasive particles from the receiving space of the battery arrangement according to the invention in as controlled a manner as possible. The inventor has recognized that this can be achieved particularly efficiently via a gas guidance system in the battery container, which can be arranged, for example, in a boundary element, preferably in the container lid.In the inventor's opinion, it is advantageous to line the gas guidance system or gas guidance paths of such a gas guidance system with the composite material or to form them from the composite material in order to make them particularly resistant to the stresses that occur in the event of a malfunction. Therefore, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery container comprises a gas guidance system comprising one or more gas guidance paths for guiding solid particles and / or gases out of the battery container. A battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred, wherein the battery container comprises the gas guidance system as a component of a boundary element, preferably as a component of the container lid.Additionally or alternatively, a battery arrangement according to the invention is particularly preferred, wherein one or more walls of the one or more gas guide paths of the gas guide system are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely, lined with the composite material or are formed from the composite material.

[0096] As mentioned above, the thermal runaway of a battery unit can potentially trigger a chain reaction in which the temperature increase of a defective battery unit disrupts the fragile balance of the neighboring battery units and also triggers thermal runaway in these. For this reason, the inventor proposes separating the battery units in corresponding battery arrangements from one another by separating elements that, in particular, ensure the best possible thermal insulation between the battery units in order to best prevent or at least slow down a chain reaction of thermal runaway in the worst case scenario. Thus, a battery arrangement according to the invention is preferred, wherein the battery arrangement additionally comprises: iii) one or more separating elements, wherein the one or more separating elements are each positioned between two adjacent battery units.

[0097] In connection with the present invention, an electric vehicle comprising a battery arrangement according to the invention is also disclosed.

[0098] The composite material used in battery units according to the invention can also advantageously be integrated into the vehicle. For example, a vehicle as disclosed above is preferred, wherein the composite material is formed as a component of the vehicle underbody and / or as a component of a pressure relief channel running within the vehicle.

[0099] Also disclosed herein is a method for producing a battery arrangement, preferably a battery arrangement according to the invention, comprising: i) a battery container having a receiving space for receiving at least one battery unit, and ii) one or more battery units arranged in the receiving space of the battery container, wherein the battery container is formed at least in sections from a composite material, comprising the method steps: a) manufacturing or providing a battery container blank, b) producing or providing a composite material comprising: I) a matrix comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials, and IIa) one or more macroscopic block elements connected to the matrix, where the macroscopic block elements each have a cross-sectional area A Querwhich has an extension of 1 mm or more along a first direction and an extension of 1 mm or more along the second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein the macroscopic block elements each consist of a non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements, and / or IIb) one or more particulate fillers embedded in the matrix, wherein the particulate fillers consist of a non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the particulate fillers, wherein the particulate fillers have an average particle diameter D50, determined by laser diffraction in the wet dispersion method, of 1 mm or less, and c) connecting the battery container blank to the composite material to obtain a battery container, wherein the connection is carried out in such a way that the macroscopic block elements are at least partially arranged in such a way that the macroscopic block elements each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the battery units Blockwhich have an extension of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extension of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.

[0100] The person skilled in the art understands from the above definition that the macroscopic block elements have a certain cross-sectional area A before alignment Quer so that they can block a corresponding block cross-sectional area after the later arrangement. For a theoretically optimal alignment, then A Quer = A Block .

[0101] Furthermore, the use of a composite material as a component of a battery container in a battery arrangement, preferably a battery arrangement according to the invention, for reinforcing at least one boundary element of the battery container is disclosed, wherein the composite material comprises: I) a matrix comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials, and IIa) one or more macroscopic block elements connected to the matrix, wherein the macroscopic block elements each have a cross-sectional area A Quer which has an extension of 1 mm or more along a first direction and an extension of 1 mm or more along the second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein the macroscopic block elements each consist of a mass fraction of 80% or more of a non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, material different from the matrix material, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements, and / or IIb) one or more particulate fillers embedded in the matrix, wherein the particulate fillers consist of a non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the particulate fillers, wherein the particulate fillers have an average particle diameter D50, determined by laser diffraction in the wet dispersion method, of 1 mm or less, wherein the composite material is used in such a way that the boundary element is designed as a boundary element reinforced with the composite material, which comprises the composite material or consists of it, and such that the macroscopic block elements are at least partially arranged such that the macroscopic block elements each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the battery units Blockwhich have an extension of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extension of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.

[0102] It can be considered an advantage of the disclosed method and the battery arrangements according to the invention that the composite material to be used according to the invention can be produced efficiently in the course of producing battery arrangements according to the invention in the case of using macroscopic block elements and an at least partial matrix made of plastic, in that the macroscopic block elements can be fastened to the walls of the battery container using the matrix material, for example by using the matrix material made of plastic as a type of adhesive with which the macroscopic block elements can be attached, for example in the form of a pattern or mosaic specifically tailored to the expected pressure relief jets.

[0103] Furthermore, a method for producing a composite material is disclosed, in particular for use in a battery assembly according to the invention or a use as disclosed above, in particular as part of the method for producing a battery assembly as disclosed above, comprising the method steps: x) producing or providing one or more block elements, where the macroscopic block elements each have a cross-sectional area A Quer which has an extension of 1 mm or more along a first direction and an extension of 1 mm or more along the second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein the macroscopic block elements each consist of a non-metallic inorganic, preferably ceramic, material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements, and y) connecting the macroscopic block elements to a matrix comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic inorganic, in particular ceramic, materials different from the inorganic material, y1) wherein the macroscopic block elements are arranged at least partially on a surface of the matrix, and / or y2) wherein the macroscopic block elements are at least partially embedded in the matrix, wherein the method is carried out in such a way that the composite material comprises one or more reinforcement volumes whose volume fraction of the total volume of the composite material is in the range from 5 to 35%, preferably in the range from 10 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range from 15 to 25%, wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements in the reinforcement volumes is greater than in the remaining composite material outside the reinforcement volumes, preferably by a factor of 2 or more, preferably of 5 or more, particularly preferably of 10 or more, and wherein the method is carried out in such a way that the macroscopic block elements each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing in the direction of the surface of the composite material Block which have an extension of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extension of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L.

[0104] The invention and preferred embodiments of the invention are explained and described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying figures. The figures show: Fig. 1 a schematic representation of a malfunction in a battery unit; Fig. 2 a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery arrangement according to the invention in a first preferred embodiment; Fig. 3 a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery arrangement according to the invention in a second preferred embodiment; Fig. 4 schematic cross-sectional representations of composite materials for use in battery arrangements according to the invention in a first a), a second b) and a third c) preferred embodiment; Fig. 4 a schematic visualization of the determination of the block cross-sectional area A Block ; Fig. 5 a schematic visualization of the targeted reinforcement in composite materials to be used according to the invention. Fig. 6 a schematic visualization of reinforcement volumes through the compost material in a first a), a second b) and a third c) preferred embodiment; and Fig. 7 a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery arrangement according to the invention in the event of a fault.

[0105] Fig. Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic representation of a battery unit 16, as is suitable for use in battery arrangements 10 according to the invention, during a malfunction. The battery unit 16 shown in the Fig. 1 is a lithium-ion battery in the form of a prismatic cell and comprises two electrical poles and a predetermined pressure relief section 34, which in the example shown is designed as a pressure relief valve of the prismatic cell. In the event of excess pressure inside the battery unit 16, the predetermined pressure relief section 34 allows gases and solids to escape through the pressure relief section 34. The limit pressure, as well as the predetermined exit direction, is determined by the structural design of the predetermined pressure relief section 34.

[0106] As a result of a malfunction resulting in a thermal runaway of the battery unit 16, a pressure relief jet 36 is ejected from the pressure relief section 34, which jet exits along the predetermined exit direction, which in Fig. 1 is indicated by a thick arrow. This pressure relief jet 36 contains not only very hot gas but also highly abrasive solid particles, which are ejected from the pressure relief section 36 by the pressure relief jet 36 along the predetermined exit direction.

[0107] Fig. Figure 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery assembly 10 according to the invention in a first preferred embodiment. The battery assembly 10 shown comprises a battery container 12 with a receiving space 14 and five battery units 16, which, for example, as shown in Fig. 1, wherein the battery units 16 are arranged in Fig. 2 are shown in cross section at the level of the predetermined pressure relief section 34.

[0108] In the example shown, the battery container 12 is formed by two container parts 28a, 28b which enclose the receiving space 14 between them. In the example shown, the lower container part 28b is designed as a trough which delimits the receiving space 14 to the sides and downwards, namely by four lateral delimiting elements 26 and a base plate acting as the delimiting element 26. In the example shown, the upper container part 28a is designed as a container lid with which the receiving space 14 can be closed reversibly and non-destructively. The upper container part 28a, i.e. the container lid, is designed as a reinforced delimiting element 30 due to its construction from the specific composite material 18. The reinforced delimiting element 30 is distinguished in that, in contrast to conventional delimiting elements 26, it is provided at least in sections with a composite material 18.

[0109] In the receiving space 14, a plurality of battery units 16 are arranged equally such that the predetermined pressure relief sections of the battery units 16 are aligned with the reinforced limiting element 30 of the upper container part 28a.

[0110] In Fig. 2, the reinforced boundary element 30 of the upper container part 28a consists essentially entirely of the composite material 18. The composite material 18 comprises in the example of Fig. 2 a matrix 20 made of a thermosetting plastic, in particular a phenolic resin plastic, and five macroscopic block elements 22 embedded in the matrix, which were specifically arranged such that the predetermined pressure relief sections 34 of the battery units 16 in the receiving space 14 are aligned such that in the event of a malfunction, in particular in the event of thermal runaway of the battery units 16, a pressure relief jet 36 emerging from the respective predetermined pressure relief sections 34 along the predetermined exit direction strikes a part of the composite material 18 which is reinforced by block elements 22 and which can therefore withstand the pressure relief jet 36 particularly efficiently, in particular despite its abrasive effect.

[0111] The macroscopic block elements 22 are in the example shown the Fig. 2 are designed as plates embedded in the matrix 20 and formed essentially entirely from ceramic aluminum oxide. In the example shown, the platelet-shaped macroscopic block elements 22 have a thickness of approximately 1 mm and a base area of ​​20 mm x 40 mm facing the receiving space 14.

[0112] The fire-resistant properties of the composite material 18 are further improved in the example shown by the fact that the upper container part 28a, on the side facing the battery units 16, also comprises an ablative coating (not shown), which exhibits deliberate delamination under thermal stress and, by forming gas-filled spaces, provides an additional insulating effect, thereby achieving increased fire protection. In the example shown, the ablative layer is implemented by coating the composite material 18 with an intumescent paint.

[0113] Fig. 3 shows a battery arrangement 10 according to the invention, which in terms of its basic structure is similar to that of Fig. 2. In the example shown, the Fig. 3, however, the container part 28a, designed as a container lid, also comprises a gas discharge system with a gas guide path 46 for discharging gases and particles generated in the event of a malfunction from the receiving space 14 in order to protect other battery units 16 in the same receiving space 14 from thermal runaway. The gas discharge system comprises recesses through which a pressure relief jet can pass to impinge on the underlying composite material 18, which accordingly forms the gas guide path 46.

[0114] Fig. 4 shows simplified schematic cross-sectional representations of various preferred composite materials 18 for use in battery assemblies 10 according to the invention.

[0115] Fig. Figure 4 shows under a) a first preferred embodiment, which comprises a combination of particulate fillers 24 embedded in the matrix 20 and macroscopic block elements 22 embedded in the matrix, wherein these reinforcements are each formed substantially entirely from aluminum oxide ceramic. This allows particularly safe battery containers 12 to be obtained, wherein the fire protection and mechanical properties of the composite materials 18 can be advantageously adjusted in a particularly targeted manner, namely in particular with regard to targeted local reinforcement by the macroscopic block elements 22 and by optimizing the bulk properties by the particulate fillers 24.

[0116] Fig. Figure 4 shows under b) a second preferred embodiment in which the macroscopic block elements 22 are sunk into the matrix 20 of the composite material 18, but are not completely surrounded by it. In this embodiment, the matrix 20 of the illustrated composite material 18 consists, for example, of a phenolic resin. The macroscopic block elements 22 are formed, for example, by rectangular plates made of Al2O3 measuring 2 x 2 cm and having a thickness of approximately 400 µm. The plates can preferably be arranged in battery assemblies according to the invention such that each predetermined pressure relief section 34 of a battery unit 16 in a battery assembly 10 is opposite a macroscopic block element 22 of a composite material. The corresponding configuration can be realized, for example, by molding the thermosetting plastic over the macroscopic block elements 22.Alternatively, however, it is also possible to form complementary recesses in an existing plate made of the matrix material, for example using a material-removing process, into which the macroscopic block elements 22 can be inserted, wherein in addition to a positive connection, a material-to-material connection is preferably also made using an adhesive.

[0117] Fig. Figure 4 shows under c) a third preferred embodiment of the composite material 18, which has particulate fillers 24 of different geometric dimensions embedded in the matrix 20, each of which is substantially uniformly distributed within the matrix 20. In this embodiment, the particulate filler is particulate silicate ceramic. A corresponding configuration is particularly easy to manufacture and is particularly suitable when a predetermined point of impact 38 for a pressure relief jet 36 is difficult to predict or when targeted local reinforcement cannot be effectively implemented for other reasons.

[0118] Fig. 5 visualizes the determination of the block cross-sectional area A Block. In illustration a), it is shown that a plate-shaped macroscopic block element 22 is aligned exactly parallel to a predetermined pressure relief section 34. In this case, the block cross-sectional area A Block exactly the surface of the plate-shaped macroscopic block element 22, which is orthogonal to the predetermined outlet direction.

[0119] Fig. Figure 5 shows under b) in a cross-sectional view how the orientation of the plate-shaped macroscopic block element 22 in the composite material 18 influences how the block cross-sectional area A Block through the plate-shaped macroscopic block element 22, which is illustrated by the longitudinal direction L. Visualized under c) Fig. 5, that the block cross-sectional area A Block in the case of spherical macroscopic block elements 22, in accordance with the expert's expectation, shows essentially no position dependence.

[0120] Fig. 6 visualizes in three cross-sectional views a), b) and c) through three exemplary composite materials 18 that these have reinforcement volumes 32 in which the mass or volume fraction of macroscopic block elements 22 and / or particulate fillers 24 is locally increased, so that a large part of the ceramic reinforcements of the composite material 18 are positioned in these reinforcement volumes 32.

[0121] Fig. 7 visualizes starting from the representation of the Fig. 1, how the ejected pressure relief jet 36 impinges on a boundary element 26 reinforced with the composite material 18, namely at the predetermined impingement point 38, which can be identified by the structural design of the predetermined pressure relief section 34 and the predetermined outlet direction as well as the positioning of the composite material 18 in the battery unit, in particular as the point of most probable occurrence of the pressure relief jet 36 on the composite material 18. In Fig. 7 also shows how the theoretical first projection channel 40, the second projection channel 42 and the third projection channel 44, in which in particularly preferred embodiments a locally particularly pronounced inorganic amplification takes place, are identified around the predetermined point of impact 38. Reference symbol 10 Battery arrangement 12 battery containers 14 Recording room 16 Battery unit 18 Composite material 20 Matrix 22 macroscopic block element 24 particulate fillers 26 Boundary element 28a, b container parts 30 reinforced boundary element 32 amplification volumes 34 predetermined pressure relief section 36 Pressure relief jet 38 predetermined impact point 40 first projection channel 42 second projection channel 44 third projection channel 46 Gas routing path QUOTES CONTAINED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents submitted by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the convenience of the reader. This list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited non-patent literature

[0000] DIN 4102-1:1985-05 [0053, 0057]

Claims

[1] Battery arrangement (10), especially for use in electric vehicles and stationary applications, comprising: i) a battery container (12), with a receiving space (14) for receiving at least one battery unit (16), and ii) one or more battery units (16) arranged in the receiving space (14) of the battery container (12), wherein the battery container (12) is formed at least partially from a composite material (18), the composite material (18) comprises: I) a matrix (20) comprising one or more matrix materials, wherein the matrix materials are selected from the group consisting of plastics and non-metallic inorganic materials, as well as Ila) one or more macroscopic block elements (22) connected to the matrix (20), wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) each have a block cross-sectional area A pointing towards the battery units Block exhibiting features which have an extent of 1 mm or more along the longitudinal direction L and an extent of 1 mm or more along the transverse direction Q which is orthogonal to the longitudinal direction L, wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) each consist of a mass fraction of 80% or more of a non-metallic inorganic material different from the matrix material, based on the mass of the macroscopic block elements (22), and / or Ilb) one or more particulate fillers (24) embedded in the matrix (20), wherein the particulate fillers (24) consist of a non-metallic inorganic material different from the matrix material to a mass fraction of 80% or more, based on the mass of the particulate fillers (24), wherein the particulate fillers (24) have a mean particle diameter D50, determined by laser diffraction in wet dispersion, of 1 mm or less. [2] Battery arrangement (10) according to claim 1, wherein the battery units (16) are at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially entirely prismatic cells or cylindrical cells, preferably prismatic cells. [3] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the battery container (12) comprises several limiting elements (26), wherein at least one of the limiting elements (26) is a reinforced limiting element (30) comprising the composite material (18), preferably a container closure element. [4] Battery arrangement (10) according to claim 3, wherein the one or more reinforced limiting elements (30) of the battery container (12) consist of the composite material (18) to a mass fraction of 40% or more, preferably 60% or more, particularly preferably 80% or more, most preferably substantially 100%, based on the mass of the reinforced limiting element (30). [5] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the combined mass fraction of the matrix material in the composite material (18) is 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, particularly preferably 30% or more, based on the mass of the matrix (20), and / or wherein the combined mass fraction of the macroscopic block elements (22) and the particulate fillers (24) in the composite material (18) is 5% or more, preferably 10% or more, particularly preferably 15% or more, based on the mass of the composite material (18). [6] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plastics are selected from the group consisting of thermosetting plastics and thermoplastic plastics, preferably thermosetting plastics, wherein the plastics are particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, melamine resins, phenolic resins and polysiloxanes. [7] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the block cross-sectional area A Block the macroscopic block elements (22) have an extent of 5 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or more, particularly preferably 20 mm or more, most preferably 40 mm or more, along the longitudinal direction L, and / or wherein the largest cross-sectional area A querthe macroscopic block elements (22) have an extent of 5 mm or more, preferably 10 mm or, particularly preferably 20 mm or more, most preferably 40 mm or more, along the transverse direction Q. [8] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) in the composite material (18) are orthogonal to the block cross-sectional area A Block having an average thickness in the range of 50 µm to 10000 µm, preferably in the range of 100 µm to 5000 µm, particularly preferably in the range of 200 µm to 1000 µm, and most preferably in the range of 250 µm to 800 µm. [9] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) are arranged at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely on the matrix (20), and / or wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) are embedded at least partially, preferably predominantly, particularly preferably substantially completely in the matrix (20). [10] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composite material (18) comprises one or more reinforcement volumes (32) whose volume fraction of the total volume of the composite material (18) is in the range of 5 to 35%, preferably in the range of 10 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range of 15 to 25%, wherein the combined volume fraction of the macroscopic block elements (22) and / or the particulate fillers (24) in the reinforcement volumes (32) is greater than in the remaining composite material (18) outside the reinforcement volumes (32), preferably by a factor of 2 or more, preferably by 5 or more, particularly preferably by 10 or more. and / or wherein the macroscopic block elements (22) and / or the particulate fillers (24), preferably the macroscopic block elements (22) and the particulate fillers (24), of the composite material (18) are arranged in one or more reinforcement volumes (32) of the composite material (18) to a proportion of 60% or more, preferably 80% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably substantially 100%, wherein the combined volume fraction of all reinforcement volumes (32) is in the range of 2 to 45%, preferably in the range of 3 to 30%, particularly preferably in the range of 5 to 15%, based on the total volume of the composite material (18), and wherein the combined volume fraction of each reinforcement volume (32) is 2% or more, based on the total volume of the composite material (18). [11] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the battery unit (16) has a predetermined pressure relief section (34) designed to allow overpressure built up in the battery unit (16) in the event of a malfunction to escape from the battery unit (16) as a pressure relief jet (36) in a predetermined outlet direction through the predetermined pressure relief section (34), wherein the predetermined pressure relief section (34) is preferably formed by a valve or a predetermined breaking point, particularly preferably a valve, wherein the block cross-sectional area A Block preferably positioned orthogonally to the predetermined outlet direction. [12] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 3 to 11, wherein at least one battery unit (16) is arranged in the battery arrangement (10) such that a predetermined outlet direction for the pressure relief jet (36) of the predetermined pressure relief section (34) points in the direction of the reinforced limiting element (30) of the battery container (12). [13] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 11 or 12, wherein the battery arrangement (10) is designed such that there are one or more predetermined impact points (38) on the surface of the composite material (18) towards which the predetermined outlet direction for the pressure relief jet (36) of the predetermined pressure relief section (34) of at least one battery unit (16) points, wherein the battery arrangement (10) is designed such that in the projection along a first projection channel (40) through the composite material (18) 90% or more, preferably 95% or more, particularly preferably 98% or more, most preferably 99% or more, particularly preferably substantially 100% of the projection area is covered by macroscopic block elements (22) and / or particulate fillers (24) of the composite material (18), preferably macroscopic block elements (22),wherein the first projection channel (40) is the cylinder volume of a cylinder with a radius of 10 mm around the predetermined point of impact (38) extending through the composite material (18). [14] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the battery arrangement (10) is designed such that, in the projection along a second projection channel (42) through the composite material (18), 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, most preferably 98% or more, and particularly preferably 99% or more, of the projection surface is covered by macroscopic block elements (22) and / or particulate fillers (24) of the composite material (18), preferably macroscopic block elements (22), wherein the second projection channel (42) is the cylinder volume of a cylinder with a radius of 20 mm around the predetermined impact point (38) extending through the composite material (18). and / or wherein the battery arrangement (10) is designed such that in the projection along a third projection channel (44) through the composite material (18) 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, very preferably 95% or more, particularly preferably 98% or more, of the projection surface is covered by macroscopic block elements (22) and / or particulate fillers (24) of the composite material (18), preferably macroscopic block elements (22), wherein the third projection channel (44) is the cylinder volume of a cylinder with a radius of 50 mm around the predetermined impact point (38) extending through the composite material (18). [15] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the distance between the predetermined pressure relief section (34) and the composite material (18) is 15 cm or less, preferably 10 cm or less, particularly preferably 5 cm or less, most preferably 3 cm or less. [16] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the inorganic materials are selected from the group consisting of ceramic materials. [17] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of ceramic materials. [18] Battery arrangement (10) according to one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the inorganic material has a higher relative Shore hardness than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix, and / or wherein the inorganic material has a better fire protection class according to DIN 4102-1:1985-05 than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix, wherein the inorganic material preferably has a higher relative Shore hardness and a better fire protection class according to DIN 4102-1:1985-05 than the matrix material with the largest mass fraction of the matrix. [19] Battery arrangement (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the matrix is ​​at least partially, preferably predominantly, designed as a textile fabric, preferably as a woven fabric or nonwoven fabric, particularly preferably as a nonwoven fabric, or wherein the matrix is ​​monolithic to a mass fraction of 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 90% or more, based on the mass of the matrix.

Images