shelter

Abstract

Above-ground shelter for the protection of persons against explosive devices, in particular against pressure waves, fragmentation effects, shrapnel projectiles, fire effects, blinding effects and / or heat effects of explosive devices, in particular bombs or grenades, wherein the shelter has a floor, walls and a ceiling which enclose an interior space (32) of the shelter, wherein the interior space is designed for the occupants to be protected to sit or stand; characterized by that the walls are composed of concrete grid blocks (22); that the ceiling is a ceiling slab (18) in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that the floor is a floor slab (20) in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that at least one profile beam (34, 36) is arranged under the base plate (20) and on the ceiling plate (18), wherein one profile beam (34, 36) under the base plate (20) and one profile beam (34, 36) on the ceiling plate (18) are arranged parallel to each other as a profile beam pair (38, 40), wherein the profile beams (34, 36) project laterally beyond the base plate (20) and beyond the ceiling plate (18), respectively, and wherein each profile beam pair (38, 40) is screwed together at the ends projecting beyond the base plate (20) and the ceiling plate (18) over the height of the side walls.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to an above-ground shelter for protecting persons against explosive devices, in particular against pressure waves, fragmentation effects, shards of fire, flashbang effects and / or heat effects of explosive devices, especially bombs or grenades, wherein the shelter has a floor, walls and a ceiling which enclose an interior space of the shelter, wherein the interior space is designed for the persons to be protected to sit or stand; according to the preamble of claim 1.

[0002] Shelter bunkers are specially designed and constructed spaces or facilities intended to protect people from dangers such as natural disasters, conflicts, or other threats. Factors such as structural stability, the supply of essential resources like air, water, and food, and the provision of communication and surveillance play a crucial role in the design of such shelters. Recent research and development in the field of shelter bunkers have yielded new approaches and technologies to improve safety and comfort in these facilities. These include, for example, the integration of renewable energy sources, the implementation of advanced air purification systems, and the use of materials with increased resistance to environmental influences.

[0003] Such air-raid shelters are usually buried in the ground and are very complex in their design and construction, involving considerable building costs. It is now common practice for such underground shelters to no longer be provided by the state, but rather to be privately owned.

[0004] For many decades, the primary focus of such bunker systems was the survival of people for weeks or months, especially after a nuclear attack. Particularly in the last thirty years, the prevailing opinion, even among the military, has been that conventional conflict resolution with dropped grenades or bombs, or even trench warfare as seen in the First World War, is a thing of the past and that future wars will no longer be fought conventionally in this way.

[0005] Recent history, however, has shown that this assessment was completely wrong. Current armed conflicts tend to follow the age-old pattern, as practiced most recently in the First and Second World Wars: ground troops engage in local skirmishes in which trenches play a major role and in which grenades and bombs are preferably dropped from small unmanned aerial vehicles, such as drones in the form of commercially available quadcopters.

[0006] It has therefore become clear that there is a significant need for quick and easy above-ground protection of the civilian population against the fragmentation and pressure effects of bombs and grenades.

[0007] The present patent application relates to an innovative solution in the field of above-ground shelters, which aims not only to increase the safety and protection of civilians in such facilities, but also to make it possible on a large scale and to provide it cost-effectively and with low construction effort and costs.

[0008] Austrian Patent AT 198922 discloses a modular, modular, and demountable above-ground bunker in which the interlocking components are reinforced concrete blocks with embedded rings on the inside. A steel cable is threaded and tensioned through these rings, thus firmly connecting the components to form a single, solid structure. However, this design has the disadvantage of requiring concrete blocks specifically manufactured for this bunker. These concrete blocks are unsuitable for any other purpose besides constructing such a bunker. Furthermore, this type of bunker is primarily intended for military use and, due to its very small interior space, is entirely unsuitable for protecting large numbers of civilians from the fragmentation and blast effects of bombs and grenades.

[0009] The invention is based on the objective of further developing a bunker of the above-mentioned type in such a way that it can be erected quickly and easily, while simultaneously offering a high level of protection and also taking into account sustainable resource management.

[0010] This problem is solved according to the invention by an above-ground shelter of the type mentioned above, having the features characterized in claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the further claims.

[0011] In an above-ground shelter of the aforementioned type, the invention provides that the ceiling is a ceiling slab in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that the floor is a floor slab in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that at least one profile beam is arranged under the floor slab and on the ceiling slab, wherein one profile beam under the floor slab and one profile beam on the ceiling slab are arranged parallel to each other as a pair of profile beams, the profile beams project laterally beyond the floor slab and the ceiling slab respectively, and wherein each pair of profile beams is screwed together at the ends projecting beyond the floor slab and the ceiling slab respectively over the height of the side walls.

[0012] This has the advantage that a highly effective above-ground shelter can be constructed quickly and cost-effectively using precast concrete elements. The precast concrete elements are firmly connected to each other by the bolted pairs of profile beams, eliminating the need for complex mortar or similar bonding. Furthermore, this allows the shelter to be quickly and easily dismantled and its individual components reused, for example, for slope stabilization or other construction projects, should it no longer be required. Simultaneously, an above-ground shelter according to the invention can be erected without a complex foundation or ground anchoring, as the precast concrete elements provide such a high weight that pressure waves from explosive detonations cannot displace or topple the shelter.

[0013] Particularly high strength and resistance of the shelter is achieved by ensuring that at least one of the profile beams is a profile steel, a steel beam, an HEB profile beam, an HEB-160 profile beam and / or a double-T beam.

[0014] A particularly stable construction of the shelter, even against explosive devices with high explosive force, is achieved by arranging at least one first pair of profile beams perpendicular to one of the walls of the shelter and at least one second pair of profile beams perpendicular to the first pair of profile beams.

[0015] The smallest possible surface area exposed to pressure waves from explosive device explosions is achieved by having the shelter have two parallel and spaced-apart long walls and at least two parallel and spaced-apart short walls that laterally enclose the interior of the shelter.

[0016] A particularly evenly distributed and therefore highly effective tension force for holding together the precast concrete elements of the shelter is achieved by providing at least two first pairs of profile beams arranged parallel to the long walls, and at least 3, 4 or 5 second pairs of profile beams arranged parallel to the short walls.

[0017] A particularly stable construction is achieved by having the first pairs of profile beams rest against the ceiling slab or the floor slab, and the second pairs of profile beams rest against the first pairs of profile beams.

[0018] A particularly easily accessible construction for a shelter without the need for doors is achieved by assembling the side walls of the shelter from two U-shaped wall elements, each U-shaped wall element having one long side, two short sides and one open side, in order to form the side walls of the shelter the two U-shaped wall elements with their open sides facing each other are arranged laterally offset from each other in such a way that a passage is formed between each pair of short sides of different U-shaped wall elements, connecting the surroundings with the interior of the shelter.

[0019] A particularly simple and reliable construction of a shelter without the need for doors and without lateral overhangs on the surrounding walls, which could be points of attack for pressure effects from an explosive device explosion, is achieved by each U-shaped wall element having a first short side and a second short side, wherein the first short side is shorter than the second short side, wherein the U-shaped wall elements are arranged offset from each other in such a way that a first short side of one U-shaped wall element is parallel and spaced apart from a second side of another U-shaped wall element, such that a passage to the interior of the shelter is formed between each first short side and a second short side.

[0020] External points of attack on the shelter for pressure waves, splinters or debris from explosive device explosions that could impair the integrity of the shelter's shell are particularly well avoided by the fact that the side walls, the ceiling plate and the floor plate are arranged and designed in such a way that an outside of the shelter has a smooth cuboid shape.

[0021] A particularly simple positioning with a stop for concrete grid blocks during the construction of the shelter, which simultaneously increases the lateral stability of the side walls, is achieved by the fact that the floor slab and / or the ceiling slab has a circumferential projection on a side facing the interior of the shelter, which is spaced from the edge of the floor or ceiling slab in such a way that the distance between the projection and the edge essentially corresponds to a width dimension of a concrete grid block.

[0022] A particularly stable wall structure without the additional need for mortar or similar bonding agents between the concrete grid blocks is achieved by having the concrete grid blocks have at least one raised area on one side and at least one recessed area on the opposite side, such that when two concrete grid blocks are placed on top of each other, the raised area(s) of one concrete grid block fits exactly into the recessed area(s) of the other raised grid block.

[0023] A particularly simple construction with few different components is achieved by ensuring that all concrete grid blocks have identical dimensions in terms of length, height and width.

[0024] Particularly good protection combined with easy assembly and disassembly is achieved by ensuring that at least one, and in particular all, of the concrete grid blocks is / are of type C 35 / 45, with concrete as the base material and a characteristic compressive strength of 35 MPa on the cylinder test specimen and 45 MPa on the cube test specimen according to DIN EN 206 edition 2021-06 and DIN 1045-2 edition 2023-08.

[0025] A particularly simple and at the same time reliable bracing of the concrete parts of the above-ground shelter is achieved by connecting at least one pair of profile beams to each other in a form-fitting manner via at least one threaded rod, in particular two threaded rods, at each end of the profile beam pair, in that the threaded rods are designed with a length that is greater than the height of the side walls plus the respective thicknesses of the base plate and the ceiling plate, wherein the threaded rods engage through respective openings in the profile beams and screw nuts are screwed onto the ends of the threaded rods until they each abut a profile beam.

[0026] The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. This shows in Fig. 1 a preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention in a perspective view; Fig. 2 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a further perspective view; Fig. 3 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 without ceiling panel in a top view; Fig. 4 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in an enlarged perspective view; Fig. 5 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a horizontal sectional view; Fig. 6 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a sectional view along line BB in Fig. 5; Fig. 7 the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a sectional view along line AA in Fig. 5; Fig. 8 Detail DA of Fig. 5 of the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a supervisory role; and Fig. 9 Detail DB of Fig. 7 of the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention Fig. 1 in a side view.

[0027] The in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 to Fig. Figure 7, a preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention, has two U-shaped wall elements 10, each wall element 10 having a long side 12, a first short side 14, and a second short side 16. The first short side 16 is shorter than the second short side 16. A ceiling, in the form of a precast concrete slab 18, is arranged above the wall elements 10. A floor, in the form of a precast concrete slab 20, is arranged below the wall elements 10. The two wall elements 10 are composed of concrete grid blocks 22.

[0028] The design of the individual concrete grid blocks 22 is made of Fig. As can be seen in Figure 10. Each concrete grid block 22 is designed as a cuboid, with raised areas 26 on one upper surface 24 and corresponding recesses (not shown) on the opposite lower surface 28. The pattern or arrangement of the raised areas 26 on the upper surface 24 corresponds to the pattern or arrangement of the recesses on the lower surface 28 of each concrete grid block 22. The raised areas 26 and recesses are arranged and designed such that when a concrete grid block 22 is placed with its lower surface 28 onto the upper surface 24 of another concrete grid block 22, some or all of the raised areas 26 on the upper surface 24 of the lower concrete grid block 22 engage in corresponding recesses on the lower surface 28 of the upper concrete grid block 22. In this way, a positive-locking connection is formed between the stacked concrete grid blocks 22. As shown in Fig. As shown in Figure 10, the concrete grid blocks 22 are preferably placed on top of each other in an offset manner, thereby increasing the stability of a wall or wall element 10 created in this way.

[0029] During the Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 to Fig. In the preferred embodiment of an above-ground shelter according to the invention, shown in Figure 7, the ceiling slab 18 and the floor slab 20 are each formed as one-piece precast concrete elements. The above-ground shelter is formed between the ceiling slab 18 and the floor slab 20 by two U-shaped wall elements 10, wherein the two U-shaped wall elements 10 are arranged with their open sides facing each other, so that an overlap area is formed at each end between a first short side 14 of one wall element 10 and a second short side 16 of the other wall element 10. This overlap area forms a passage 30 through which an interior space 32 of the above-ground shelter according to the invention is connected to the surroundings. In other words, persons seeking shelter can reach the protective interior space 32 of the above-ground shelter according to the invention via this passage 30.The special feature here is that no door is needed to close off the shelter. By avoiding a door, access to the above-ground shelter is facilitated, and many people can reach the interior 32 of the shelter without delays caused by opening and closing a door. On the other hand, the corner passage 30 ensures that no splinters or projectiles can penetrate the interior 32 of the shelter from the outside, as would be the case with a simple open door.

[0030] The wall elements 10, the ceiling panel 18, and the floor panel 20 are designed and arranged such that the exterior of the above-ground shelter according to the invention has a cuboid shape without overhangs or protruding edges. This eliminates any points of attack for projectiles or pressure waves from the outside that could compromise the integrity of the enclosure of the interior space 32.

[0031] In the preferred embodiment of the above-ground shelter according to the invention, the base plate 20, the concrete grid blocks 22, and the ceiling panel 18 are simply stacked on top of each other. No mortar, adhesive, or similar bonding agent is provided between the base plate 20 and the bottom row of the concrete grid blocks 22 of the wall elements 10, or between the stacked concrete grid blocks 22, or between the top row of the concrete grid blocks 22 of the wall elements 10 and the ceiling panel 18.

[0032] In order to nevertheless firmly connect the individual components of the above-ground shelter according to the invention, namely base plate 20, concrete grid blocks 22 and ceiling plate 18, profile beams 34, 36 are provided below the base plate 20 and above the ceiling plate 18. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the profile beams 34, 36 are I-beams.

[0033] First profile beams 34 are arranged parallel to the long sides 12 of the wall elements 10. Second profile beams 36 are arranged parallel to the first and second short sides 14, 16 of the wall elements 10 and perpendicular to the first profile beams 34: The first profile beams 34 rest directly on the ceiling slab 18 and the floor slab 20. The second profile beams 36 rest on the first profile beams 34.

[0034] In the exemplary embodiment shown, two first profile beams 34 are arranged on the ceiling slab 18 and two under the floor slab 20. Furthermore, five second profile beams 36 are arranged on the ceiling slab 18 and five under the floor slab 20. One first profile beam 34 on the ceiling slab 18 and one under the floor slab 20 are arranged parallel to each other, forming a first pair of profile beams 38. One second profile beam 36 on the ceiling slab 18 and one under the floor slab 20 are arranged parallel to each other, forming a second pair of profile beams 40. Accordingly, in the exemplary embodiment shown, there are two first pairs of profile beams 38 and five second pairs of profile beams 40.

[0035] All profile beams 34, 36 project laterally beyond the wall elements 10 at their ends. Accordingly, each pair of profile beams 38, 40 has a connecting section at both ends where the profile beams 34 and 36 of the profile beam pairs 38 and 40, respectively, have a visual connection to each other past the wall elements 10. In the area of ​​these connecting sections of the profile beam pairs 38, 40, the respective profile beams 34 and 36 of a profile beam pair 38, 40 are mechanically and positively connected to each other. This positive connection is shown in the Fig. 8 and Fig. Figure 9 shows that two threaded rods 42 are provided at each end of the facing connecting sections of the profile support pairs 38, 40, extending through openings in connecting plates 44. The connecting plates 44 are mounted on the respective outer sides 46 of the participating profile supports 34 and 36, respectively, where the term "outer side 46" refers to a side of a profile support 34, 36 that faces away from the corresponding other profile support 34, 36 of a profile support pair 38, 40. Preferably, an anti-slip mat (not shown) is arranged between the outer side 46 of the respective profile support 34, 36 and the connecting plate 44. This prevents the connecting plate 44 from slipping relative to the profile support 34, 36 and reduces noise generation.

[0036] A threaded nut 48 is screwed onto each of the free ends of the threaded rods 42, clamping the connecting plates 24 together. A further lock nut 50 secures the threaded nuts 48 against unintentional loosening. In an alternative embodiment, however, it is also possible for the threaded rods 42 to extend directly through openings in the profile supports 34, 36.

[0037] As from Fig. 6 and Fig.As can be seen in Figure 7, a raised section or edge 52 is formed on the base plate 20, which is spaced apart from an outer edge of the base plate 20. The distance between the raised section or edge 52 and the outer edge of the base plate 20 corresponds approximately to the width of a concrete grid block 22, so that when a concrete grid block 22 abuts the raised section or edge 52, the outer surface of the concrete grid block 22 and an outer edge of the base plate 20 are flush on the opposite side. This raised section or edge 52 preferably extends along the length of the inner side of a long side 12 of the U-shaped wall element 10. In this way, the bottom row of the concrete grid blocks 22 of the two wall elements 10 can be positioned precisely in the correct position, and slippage or displacement of the wall elements 10 relative to the base plate 20 is effectively prevented.

[0038] In a preferred further development and to further increase stability, this elevation or edge 52 is also formed on an underside of the ceiling panel 18 facing the interior 32.

[0039] A special feature of the inventive construction for an above-ground shelter is that all the components involved can be quickly and easily separated, dismantled and reused for other applications or constructions, such as slope stabilization.

[0040] An above-ground shelter according to the invention with a floor area of, for example, 43.5 m² 2 A fully functional setup for 40 to 50 people can be completed within 10 to 15 hours.

[0041] The profile beams are preferably galvanized or similarly protected against rust to protect them from environmental influences.

[0042] Preferably, the above-ground shelter according to the invention is filled in the middle with soil or earth. QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

[0000] This list of documents cited by the applicant was automatically generated and is included solely for the reader's convenience. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA accepts no liability for any errors or omissions. Cited patent literature

[0000] AT 198922

[0008] Cited non-patent literature

[0000] DIN EN 206

[0024] DIN 1045-2

[0024]

Claims

[1] Above-ground shelter for the protection of persons against explosive devices, in particular against pressure waves, fragmentation effects, shrapnel projectiles, fire effects, blinding effects and / or heat effects of explosive devices, in particular bombs or grenades, wherein the shelter has a floor, walls and a ceiling which enclose an interior space (32) of the shelter, wherein the interior space is designed for the occupants to be protected to sit or stand; characterized by , that the walls are composed of concrete grid blocks (22); that the ceiling is a ceiling slab (18) in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that the floor is a floor slab (20) in the form of at least one precast concrete element; that at least one profile beam (34, 36) is arranged under the base plate (20) and on the ceiling plate (18), wherein one profile beam (34, 36) under the base plate (20) and one profile beam (34, 36) on the ceiling plate (18) are arranged parallel to each other as a profile beam pair (38, 40), wherein the profile beams (34, 36) project laterally beyond the base plate (20) and beyond the ceiling plate (18), respectively, and wherein each profile beam pair (38, 40) is screwed together at the ends projecting beyond the base plate (20) and the ceiling plate (18) over the height of the side walls. [2] Above-ground shelter according to claim 1, characterized by , that at least one of the profile beams (34, 36) is a profile steel, a steel beam, an HEB profile beam, an HEB-160 profile beam and / or a double-T beam. [3] Above-ground shelter according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by, that at least one first pair of profile beams (38) is arranged perpendicular to one of the walls of the shelter and that at least one second pair of profile beams (40) is arranged perpendicular to the first pair of profile beams. [4] Above-ground shelter according to claim 3, characterized by , that the shelter has two parallel and spaced-apart long walls (12) and at least two parallel and spaced-apart short walls (14, 16) that laterally enclose the interior (32) of the shelter. [5] Above-ground shelter according to claim 4, characterized by , that at least two first pairs of profile beams (38) are provided which are arranged parallel to the long walls (12), wherein at least 3, 4 or 5 second pairs of profile beams (40) are provided which are arranged parallel to the short walls (14, 16). [6] Above-ground shelter according to claim 5, characterized by, that the first pairs of profile beams (38) abut the ceiling slab (18) or the floor slab (20) and the second pairs of profile beams (40) abut the first pairs of profile beams (38). [7] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the side walls of the shelter are composed of two U-shaped wall elements (10), each U-shaped wall element (10) having one long side (12), two short sides (14, 16) and one open side, wherein to form the side walls of the shelter the two U-shaped wall elements (10) are arranged with their open sides facing each other and are laterally offset from each other such that a passage (30) is formed between each pair of short sides (14, 16) of different U-shaped wall elements (10), which connects an environment with the interior (32) of the shelter. [8] Above-ground shelter according to claim 7, characterized by, that each U-shaped wall element (10) has a first short side (14) and a second short side (16), wherein the first short side (14) is shorter than the second short side (16), wherein the U-shaped wall elements (10) are arranged offset from each other such that a first short side (14) of one U-shaped wall element (10) is arranged parallel and spaced apart from a second side (16) of another U-shaped wall element (10) such that a passage (30) to the interior (32) of the shelter is formed between a first short side (14) and a second short side (16). [9] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the side walls (10), the ceiling plate (18) and the floor plate (20) are arranged and designed such that an outside of the shelter has a smooth cuboid shape. [10] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the base plate (20) and / or the ceiling plate (18) has a protrusion (52) on a side facing the interior (32) of the shelter, which is spaced from the edge of the base plate or ceiling plate (18, 20) such that a distance between the protrusion (52) and the edge corresponds essentially to a width dimension of a concrete grid block (22). [11] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the concrete grid stones (22) have at least one raised area (26) on one side (24) and at least one recessed area on the opposite side (28) such that when two concrete grid stones (22) are placed on top of each other, the raised area (26) or raised areas (26) of one concrete grid stone (22) fits exactly into the recess or recesses of the other concrete grid stone (22). [12] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that all concrete grid blocks (22) have identical dimensions in terms of length, height and width. [13] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that at least one of the, in particular all, concrete grid blocks (22) is / are of type C 35 / 45, with concrete as the base material and a characteristic compressive strength of 35 MPa on the cylinder test specimen and 45 MPa on the cube test specimen according to DIN EN 206 edition 2021-06 and DIN 1045-2 edition 2023-08. [14] Above-ground shelter according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by, that at least one pair of profile supports (38, 40) are positively connected to each other at each end of the pair of profile supports (38, 40) via at least one threaded rod (42), in particular two threaded rods (42), by the fact that the threaded rods (42) are designed with a length that is greater than the height of the side walls (10) plus the respective thicknesses of the base plate (20) and the ceiling plate (20), wherein the threaded rods (42) engage through respective openings in the profile supports (34, 36) or connecting plates (44) resting on the profile supports (34, 36) and nuts (48) are screwed onto the ends of the threaded rods (42) until they each engage with a predetermined torque on a profile support (34, 36) or a connecting plate (44).

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