ANTIBODIES THAT BIND CD137 AND OX40

Description

Field of the Invention

[0001] The present invention relates to antibody molecules that bind and are able to agonise both CD137 and OX40. The antibody molecules comprise a CDR-based binding site for CD137, and an OX40 antigen-binding site that is located in a constant domain of the antibody molecule. The antibody molecules of the invention find application, for example, in the treatment of diseases, such as cancer.Background to the invention

[0002] The mammalian immune system is a finely balanced system which is sometimes disrupted by diseases such as cancers. Checkpoint receptors play an instrumental role in the immune system's response to disease by exerting either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory effects, the balance of which determines the fate of the immune response (Pardoll, 2012). Co-inhibitors inhibit T cell proliferation and induce the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. They dampen inflammation and avoid organ / tissue damage from excessive immune reaction. Co-stimulators, on the other hand, promote T cell clonal expansion, effector differentiation and survival in order to facilitate the development of a protective immune response.

[0003] One proven cancer immunotherapy approach triggers the immune system to recognize and kill tumour cells by targeting these checkpoint receptors with antibodies that either block the function of co-inhibitory receptors or induce the activity of co-stimulatory receptors (Pardoll, 2012). Antibodies that block the activity of co-inhibitory receptors have shown good clinical activity and are currently approved for the treatment of cancer (Larkin et al., 2015). Antibodies that induce the activity of co-stimulatory receptors have demonstrated great potential in preclinical model systems (Moran et al., 2013; Schaer et al., 2014) and several agents are currently in clinical trials (Mayes et al., 2018; Melero et al., 2013). These antibodies are also termed agonist antibodies as they aim to mimic the ligands of these co-stimulatory receptors.

[0004] Several T cell co-stimulatory receptors are members of the TNF superfamily of receptors, a large family of proteins involved in both immune and non-immune cell functions expressed at the cell surface (Bremer, 2013). Structural analysis of the complexes formed between TNF family receptors and their cognate ligands indicates that in the majority of the cases there is a trimer to trimer stoichiometry and TNFR family ligands are typically expressed at the cell surface as trimers (Wajant, 2015). The proposed model for TNFR activation is that interaction with a trimeric ligand induces the trimerization of monomeric receptors and initiates signal transduction. This presupposes that TNFR family members are expressed as monomers and only ligand interaction induces the formation of receptor trimers. This model has recently been questioned (Vanamee & Faustman, 2018) and the association of these monomers into higher order structures in the absence of ligand interaction is still a matter of debate. The existence of pre-assembled receptor dimers or even inactive trimers that require additional clustering of multiple receptor complexes would explain the lower activity of some soluble, trimer-only, TNF ligands as compared to their membrane bound forms that can form ligand superclusters and induce TNF receptor superclusters thereby inducing higher levels of receptor activation (Müller et al., 2008). This theory is also in line with the observation that TNFR-specific antibodies typically have no or low agonistic activity and require secondary crosslinking of antibody-TNF receptor complexes in order to induce sufficient receptor clustering and activation, thereby mimicking the TNF ligand superclusters (Wajant, 2015).

[0005] The secondary crosslinking of antibody-TNF receptor complexes can be achieved in vitro by crosslinking agents, such as protein A or G or secondary antibodies targeting the constant domains of TNF receptor-specific agonist antibodies (Vanamee & Faustman, 2018; Wajant, 2015). However, in vivo, this secondary crosslinking requires the interaction with Fc gamma receptors present on the surface of immune cells such as macrophages, NK cells or B cells. The interaction of antibodies with Fc gamma receptors is complex as there are 6 Fc gamma receptors in humans with different expression patterns and affinities for the 4 human IgG isotypes (Bruhns et al., 2009). Fc gamma receptors have been shown to be required for optimal anti-tumour activity of agonist antibodies targeting TNF receptor superfamily targets in vivo (Bulliard et al., 2013; Bulliard et al., 2014). However, the dependency of TNFR agonist antibodies on Fc gamma receptor mediated crosslinking to induce strong activation of the receptors is likely to limit their overall activity in vivo due to several reasons: 1) antibody bound cells will need to interact with Fc gamma receptor expressing cells in trans and the frequency of this interaction will limit the activation of the TNFR-expressing cells; 2) the affinity of Fc gamma receptors for human IgG is typically far lower compared to the affinity of a typical therapeutic antibody for its target (micromolar range versus nanomolar range respectively); and 3) Fc gamma receptors mediate the effector functions of antibodies such as ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and ADCP (antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis) and therefore have the potential to eliminate the very cells that the agonist antibodies are intended to activate (Mayes et al., 2018).

[0006] Bivalent bispecific antibodies that use one of the cognate antigens to crosslink a TNF receptor agonist represent an alternative to Fc gamma receptor meditated crosslinking. The antibody crosslinking effect would result from binding to a TNF receptor family member and another cell surface expressed receptor either on the same cell, in cis, or another cell, in trans. This mechanism of antibody crosslinking would then result in superclustering of the TNF receptor provided the second target is expressed at high levels, mimicking the TNF ligand superclusters. The bispecific antibody approach to TNFR agonist antibody development has several theoretical advantages to monospecific agonist antibodies: 1) the TNFR agonism can be directed to particular immune cells in the tumour microenvironment and periphery by targeting a second antigen, such as a checkpoint receptor or tumour associated antigen, as the second specificity of the bispecific antibody; 2) the affinity of the crosslinking binding domains of the bispecific antibody can be designed to be higher than the affinity of the antibody for Fc gamma receptors, thereby making the crosslinking more effective; 3) antibody effector functions can be selectively disabled using mutations, thereby ensuring there is no depletion of the cells intended to be activated; 4) agonism of two separate TNF receptors can be achieved in a single dual agonist molecule, combining the activation of different immune cells into a stronger stimulation of the immune response; 5) targeting co-expressed receptors can result in the activation of a single cell in cis without the requirement of two cells interacting together.

[0007] Several of the TNF receptor family members have overlapping expression patterns in immune cells. Specifically, OX40, CD137, GITR and CD27 are expressed on activated T cells and co-expression of OX40 and CD137 has been verified experimentally (Ma et al., 2005).

[0008] OX40 is predominantly expressed on activated T cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, type 1 and type 2 T helper (Th1 and Th2) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, and is also expressed on activated natural killer (NK) cells. Interaction of OX40 with its ligand OX40 ligand (OX40L), expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), increases T cell clonal expansion, differentiation and survival, and enhances the generation of memory T cells (Croft et al., 2009). OX40 stimulation can have a direct effect on T cells, promoting their proliferation and survival, or an indirect effect via the enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL2 and IFNy. OX40 signalling can also modulate the function of Tregs, although on these cells it abrogates their suppressive activity (Takeda et al., 2004). In cancer OX40 was found to be expressed on tumour infiltrating T cells from patients with head and neck, melanoma and colorectal cancers, where high levels of OX40 positive lymphocytes correlate with better survival (Petty et al., 2002; Vetto et al., 1997). Pre-clinical studies of OX40 agonist antibodies in mice have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in several syngeneic tumour models but the effectiveness of targeting OX40 as a monotherapy has been variable and seems to correlate with the immunogenicity of the tumour (Kjaergaard et al., 2000). This is consistent with the view that OX40 expression on tumour-specific T cells would require sufficient priming likely not provided by poorly immunogenic tumours. In certain syngeneic models the anti-tumour activity of the OX40 antibody OX86 has been determined to result from its ability to deplete intra-tumoural Tregs that express high levels of OX40, in a Fc gamma receptor dependent manner (Bulliard et al., 2014).

[0009] Agonist antibodies to OX40 are currently in clinical trials for cancer with most showing good safety profiles, but limited clinical activity (Curti et al., 2013). The isotype chosen for these antibodies is varied but several investigational drugs are Fc gamma receptor enabled human IgG1 antibodies, aiming possibly to deplete Tregs as the mechanism of action. The lack of clear clinical activity of these antibodies has prompted combination trials of OX40 agonist antibodies with several other therapies including PD1 / PD-L1 or CTLA4 inhibition, anti-VEGF therapy and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib.

[0010] This Treg depletion mechanism of action has been demonstrated to be very effective in pre-clinical models and several receptors can be targeted to eliminate Tregs such as GITR (Bulliard et al., 2014) and CTLA4 (Simpson et al., 2013). However, antibodies targeting the equivalent receptors in humans have not been shown to have the same levels of anti-tumour efficacy in the clinic (Glisson et al., 2016; Tran et al., 2017). The reasons for this are unclear but lower levels of Fc gamma receptor expressing cells such as macrophages in human tumours as compared to mouse syngeneic tumour models (Milas et al., 1987) could be part of the explanation for the lack of clinical translatability of the mechanism of action of these antibodies. Other reasons could be the different levels of expression of these markers in human Tregs as compared to mouse Tregs (Aspeslagh et al., 2016).

[0011] CD137 is also expressed on activated T cells, including CD4+, CD8+, Th1, Th2 and Tregs, but its expression profile also includes B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) (Bartkowiak & Curran, 2015). Like in the case of OX40, interaction of CD137 with its ligand triggers the activation of intracellular signalling pathways that result in T cell survival, proliferation and induction of cytotoxic activity. CD137 stimulation preferentially stimulates CD8+ T cells when compared to CD4+ T cells and leads to their proliferation, survival and cytotoxic effector function via the production of inflammatory cytokines, and also contributes to the differentiation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells. CD137 has also been demonstrated to be expressed specifically on tumour-reactive subsets of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (Weigelin et al., 2016), which provides part of the rationale behind its agonistic engagement in vivo and its use in TIL selection for adoptive transfer. CD137 monotherapy is efficacious in several preclinical immunogenic tumour models such as MC38, CT26 and B cell lymphomas. However, for even more effective treatment of established tumours, CD137 engagement in combination with other agents such as chemotherapy, cytokines and other checkpoint regulators have shown enhanced beneficial effects in tumour growth reduction (Bartkowiak & Curran, 2015). Targeting CD137 in pre-clinical models with agonist antibodies is also associated with liver inflammation and transaminitis that results from increased CD8+ T cell accumulation dependent on IL27 production by myeloid cells (Bartkowiak et al., 2018).

[0012] Agonist antibodies to CD137 are currently in clinical trials for cancer, however clinical progress has been slowed by dose-limiting high-grade liver inflammation, likely resembling the observations made in mice (Sanchez-Paulete et al., 2016). Urelumab (BMS-663513) was the first CD137 agonist antibody to enter clinical trials and showed signs of clinical activity before trials were stopped due to fatal hepatotoxicity at doses above 1 mg / kg (Segal et al., 2017). It is a human IgG4 antibody that is able to activate CD137 in the absence of crosslinking (US 8,137,667 B2), though activity is increased upon crosslinking as expected per the theory of superclustering-mediated full receptor activation. In contrast, no dose-limiting toxicities have been observed with utomilumab (PF-05082566) when tested up to 10 mg / kg (Tolcher et al., 2017). It is a human IgG2 antibody, and is only able to activate CD137 upon crosslinking (US 8,337,850 B2). Additional clinical trials are underway with both antibodies, testing both monotherapies and combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as existing targeted and immuno-oncology therapies. Due to the hepatotoxicity seen with urelumab, this antibody has had to be dosed at very low levels and the early signs of clinical activity have not yet been observed at these levels.

[0013] Several bispecific molecules targeting either CD137 or OX40 are in early stage development by a number of companies. Tumour targeting of CD137 stimulation is being tested by Macrogenics using HER2- and EphA2-targeted CD137 agonist DART molecules, by Roche using FAPalpha- or CD20-targeted CD137 ligand fusion proteins, and by Pieris Pharmaceuticals using HER2-targeted CD137 agonist anticalin molecules. OX40 and CTLA4 dual targeting is being tested by Aligator Biosciences to specifically deplete intratumoral Tregs expected to express high levels of both targets.

[0014] Co-stimulation of OX40 and CD137 in vivo has been shown to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and to induce the cytotoxic function of both antigen experienced and antigen-inexperienced bystander CD4+ T cells. (Qui et al., 2011). Interestingly, dual co-stimulation was able to induce transplanted CD4+ T cells to reduce tumour growth in immune deficient mice inoculated with a melanoma syngeneic tumour model (B16-F10), highlighting the ability of this therapy to induce tumoricidal activity of CD4+ T cells (Qui et al., 2011). A phase I dose escalation clinical trial studying the effect of combining an OX40 agonist (PF-04518600) with a CD137 agonist (utomilumab - PF-05082566) is currently underway (NCT02315066) to evaluate the safety of this combination, and a phase Ib / II clinical trial combining the same TNFR agonists with PD-1 blockade via avelumab is also currently underway (NCT02554812). These studies will look at the combination of simple monospecific agonist antibodies that will require Fc gamma receptor crosslinking for their agonism and may therefore underestimate the clinical activity of targeting these receptors in combination.

[0015] The dual co-stimulation of OX40 and CD137 has also recently been tested in mice using a bispecific antibody approach by chemically conjugating two existing antibodies against OX40 and CD137 (Ryan et al., 2018). The molecule, termed OrthomAb, was able to induce the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-2 and IFNγ in vitro. In vivo, OrthomAb was also able to reduce tumour growth of a melanoma syngeneic tumour model (B16-F10). The bivalent bispecific nature of OrthomAb is predicted to allow for efficient crosslinking of the molecules when engaged to both targets, leading to the clustering of OX40 and CD137 receptors and consequently T cell activation. These results validate the bispecific antibody approach to targeting OX40 and CD137 in a single molecule. The process of manufacture of the OrthomAb molecule generates multiple higher order species as well as the desired antibody dimers that need to be further purified by several rounds of size exclusion steps. This manufacturing process is unlikely to make this approach viable for anything other than a research tool to validate specific combinations of targets. Furthermore, the structure of this bispecific antibody, where two large macromolecules are held together by a small chemical linker, is likely to be unstable in vivo and no pharmacokinetic data to address this was shown. Unfortunately, the in vivo anti-tumour effect of OrthomAb was only compared to the activity of either OX40 or CD137 agonist antibodies and not to their combination, making it unclear whether the molecule was having an effect due to its bispecificity or due to OrthomAb behaving as a combination of single-agent agonist antibodies against OX40 and CD137.

[0016] The rationale for combining the agonism of TNF receptor family members OX40 and CD137 in a single bivalent, bispecific and stable molecule is therefore established and has the potential to perform Fc gamma receptor-independent superclustering of OX40 and CD137, thereby activating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to mount an effective anti-tumour immune response. Based on the preclinical combination data generated with monoclonal antibodies targeting either the OX40 or CD137 pathways, this molecule also has potential as a combination partner to enhance the effect of standard of care cancer therapies to provide patient benefit.

[0017] WO 2016 / 185016 A1 describes bispecific polypeptides such as bispecific antibodies capable of binding to T-cell targets such as OX40, CTLA-4 and CD137.

[0018] WO 2017 / 077085 A2 describes monospecific anti-OX40 antibodies, monospecific anti-CD137 antibodies and the combined use of such antibodies.

[0019] Qui et al. (2011, J. Immunol.) describe the use of (separate) CD137 and OX40 agonists to induce OX40 plus CD137 dual co-stimulation.

[0020] Lee et al. (2004, J. Immunol.) describe CD137 and OX40 dual co-stimulation with separate CD137 and OX40 agonists.

[0021] Wozniak-Knopp et al. (2010, Protein Eng. Des. Sel.) and Hasenhindl et al. (2013, Protein Eng. Des. Sel.) relate to engineering of antibody constant domain structural loops to create antigen-binding sites for target antigens.Statements of invention

[0022] The present inventors have recognised that antibody molecules which bind to both CD137 and OX40 and which are capable of inducing clustering and signalling of OX40 and / or CD137 when bound to both targets, are highly effective in activating immune cells, for example in a tumour microenvironment. In addition, the present inventors recognised that restricting the activation of CD137 to locations where CD137 and OX40 are co-expressed would be highly effective in activating immune cells without eliciting toxicities associated with known anti-CD137 agonist molecules. This is expected to be useful, for example, in immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

[0023] As described in the background section above, it is thought that initial ligation of OX40 ligand or CD137 ligand to OX40 or CD137, respectively, initiates a chain of events that leads to receptor trimerisation, followed by receptor clustering, activation and subsequent initiation of potent anti-tumour T cell activity. For a therapeutic agent to efficiently achieve activation of OX40 or CD137, it is therefore expected that several receptor monomers need to be bridged together in a way that mimics bridging by the trimeric ligand.

[0024] The present inventors have isolated antibody molecules which comprise a complementarity determining region (CDR)-based antigen-binding site for CD137 and an OX40 antigen-binding site located in a constant domain of the antibody molecule. The inventors have shown that such antibody molecules are capable of binding both targets concurrently when both targets are co-expressed. Co-expression in this sense encompasses situations where CD137 and OX40 are expressed on the same cell, for example an immune cell, and situations where CD137 and OX40 are expressed on different cells, for example two different immune cells located adjacent to each other in the tumour microenvironment. Thus, the antibody molecules of the invention are believed to be capable of binding in cis to both targets expressed on a single cell, as well as being capable of binding in trans to the two targets expressed on different cells.

[0025] The present inventors have further shown that an antibody molecule which comprises a CDR-based antigen-binding site for CD137 and an OX40 antigen-binding site located in a constant domain of the antibody molecule, was capable of binding bivalently to both targets. Specifically, the present inventors showed that when such an antibody molecule was allowed to bind to OX40 and CD137, and the resulting complexes were crosslinked and subjected to mass spectrometry analysis, 19% of the complexes were shown to comprise two OX40 moieties and two CD137 moieties, demonstrating that the antibody molecule was bound bivalently to both targets.

[0026] Further, the inventors have shown that when these antibody molecules are bound to both targets they are capable of inducing clustering and signalling of OX40 and CD137 in vitro. By acting in this way, such antibody molecules are termed "dual agonists", i.e. the antibody molecules are capable of inducing signalling via the receptors as a result of crosslinking by dual binding to both OX40 and CD137.

[0027] As demonstrated in the examples, OX40 is preferentially expressed on CD4+ T cells and CD137 is preferentially expressed on CD8+ T cells. The present inventors have demonstrated that the antibody molecules are able to induce agonism of OX40 on CD4+ T cells. In these cases, it is believed that the antibody molecule is binding to CD137 via its CDR-based antigen-binding domain to crosslink the antibody molecule and the OX40 antigen-binding domain is, at the same time, able to bind to, cluster and activate OX40 expressed on the CD4+ T cells. Similarly, the present inventors have demonstrated that the antibody molecules are able to induce agonism of CD137 on CD8+ T cells. In these cases, it is believed that the antibody molecule is binding to OX40 via its OX40 antigen-binding domain to crosslink the antibody molecule and the OX40 antigen-binding domain is, at the same time, able to bind to, cluster and activate CD137 expressed on the CD8+ T cells.

[0028] Furthermore, the inventors have shown that antibody molecules comprising the two antigen-binding sites as detailed above and which had been modified to reduce or abrogate binding to Fcy receptors were able to induce signalling via the receptors when CD137 and OX40 were co-expressed, showing agonism occurred without requiring crosslinking by Fcy receptors. Since Fcy receptor-mediated crosslinking is not required for activity of the antibody molecule of the invention, signalling via the OX40 or CD137 receptors is expected to be localised to sites where both targets are present, such as in the tumour microenvironment. Thus, the antibody molecule is capable of driving agonism autonomously, based on the expression of both specific targets and without the need for additional crosslinking agents.

[0029] Further, since Fcy receptor-binding is needed for ADCC, it is expected that this reduction in binding to Fcy receptors will also result in reduced ADCC such that the target immune cells will not be depleted by the antibody molecules of the invention. The present inventors considered this to be important as the antibody molecules were designed to activate immune cells expressing CD137 and / or OX40 in order to promote an immune response. Depletion of these immune cells is therefore not desired. The inventors demonstrated that antibody molecules having the properties defined herein were able to activate and induce the proliferation of immune cells, in particular T cells that express CD137 and / or OX40.

[0030] The present inventors have further shown that antibody molecules comprising CD137 and OX40 antigen-binding sites as detailed above were capable of supressing tumour growth in vivo in mice. Furthermore, more effective tumour growth suppression was observed with the bispecific antibody molecules as compared to a combination of two monospecific antibody molecules where one of the antibody molecules comprised a CDR-based antigen-binding site for CD137 and the other molecule comprised a CDR-based antigen-binding site for OX40, demonstrating that concurrent engagement and agonism of OX40 and CD137 results in improved anti-tumour efficacy. In addition, the antibody molecules were shown to be able to induce complete tumour regression and establishment of protective immunological memory against re-challenge with tumour cells in a CT26 mouse tumour model. It is therefore expected that the antibody molecules of the invention will show efficacy in the treatment of cancer in human patients. Since these antibody molecules have abrogated ADCC activity, it is expected that they are therefore suppressing tumour growth by agonising the target immune cells without significantly depleting these beneficial T cells (memory and effector cells).

[0031] As observed in the in vivo studies in mice, the activation and proliferation of T cells induced by the antibody molecules described herein was a systemic, rather than a tumour-localised, effect. Furthermore, an increase in proliferation and activation of peripheral central memory and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed in a preliminary dose range finding study in cynomolgus monkeys administered with an antibody molecule of the invention. Thus, as well as targeting of T cells in the tumour microenvironment, peripheral memory T cells expressing OX40 and CD137 are expected to be targeted by the antibody molecule to drive an expansion of tumour-reactive T cells that will then provide their anti-tumour effect.

[0032] Therefore, in addition to the site of the actual tumour itself, the anatomical location affected by the tumour can also be considered to include locations elsewhere in the body, e.g. lymph nodes in the periphery, at which tumour-specific immune responses are generated.

[0033] As explained in the background section above, clinical development of CD137 agonist molecules has been held back at least in part due to treatment being either associated with dose-limiting high-grade liver inflammation (urelumab) or low clinical efficacy (utomilumab).

[0034] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that T cells present in the liver may have the potential to be activated by anti-CD137 agonist molecules, leading to liver inflammation. CD8+ T cells have been shown to promote liver inflammation and apoptosis after sepsis / viral infection (Wesche-Soldato et al., 2007). Anti-CD137 agonist antibody therapy in mice has been shown to result in CD137-dependent T cell infiltration into the liver (Dubrot J et al., 2010). The results from these studies, when taken together, indicate that anti-CD137 agonist antibodies with high activity, such as urelumab, may cause infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells into the liver, thereby leading to liver inflammation. The activity of utomilumab may have been too low for this effect to be observed. Alternatively, the dose-limiting liver toxicity observed with urelumab treatment may be due to the particular epitope bound by this antibody.

[0035] The present inventors conducted an extensive selection program to isolate antibody molecules that bind dimeric human CD137 with high affinity, i.e. are expected to bind CD137 with high avidity. In view of the selection protocol used, the antibody molecules are expected to bind to monomeric CD137 with a lower affinity than the affinity observed for dimeric CD137.

[0036] 'Affinity' as referred to herein may refer to the strength of the binding interaction between an antibody molecule and its cognate antigen as measured by K D . As would be readily apparent to the skilled person, where the antibody molecule is capable of forming multiple binding interactions with an antigen (e.g. where the antibody molecule is capable of binding the antigen bivalently and, optionally, the antigen is dimeric) the affinity, as measured by K D , may also be influenced by avidity, whereby avidity refers to the overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex.

[0037] Expression of CD137 by immune cells, such as T cells, is upregulated on activation. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that due to the high expression of CD137 on activated immune cells, CD137 will be in the form of dimers, trimers and higher-order multimers on the surface of such cells. In contrast, naïve immune cells, such as naïve T cells, express low or negligible levels of CD137 on their cell surface and any CD137 present is therefore likely to be in monomeric form. It is therefore expected that antibody molecules which bind to CD137 with high avidity, will preferentially bind to activated immune cells, such as activated T cells, as opposed to naïve immune cells.

[0038] In light of the above, it is therefore expected that antibody molecules of the invention will be largely unable to activate CD137 in the absence of crosslinking via engagement with OX40. Further, as described above, the present inventors developed antibody molecules in which Fcy receptor mediated crosslinking had been reduced or abrogated with the expectation that this would avoid activation of CD137 at locations where there is little or no co-expression of OX40. Disablement of Fcy receptor binding was shown not to affect the anti-tumour activity of the antibody molecule. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that such antibody molecules will show reduced toxicity when administered to patients. This is thought to be because CD137 activation will be largely restricted to locations where OX40 and CD137 are co-expressed at levels sufficient to drive clustering and activation of CD137. The present inventors have shown that in a preliminary dose range finding study in cynomolgus monkeys, doses of an antibody molecule of the invention were well tolerated up to 30 mg / kg.

[0039] The present inventors have shown that the antibody molecules of the invention are capable of inducing low levels of OX40 clustering and activation even in the absence of crosslinking. Unlike CD137 agonist antibodies, OX40 agonist antibodies have not shown any dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in the clinic and OX40 agonist activity in the absence of crosslinking is therefore not expected to represent a problem for clinical treatment. To the contrary, depending on the condition to be treated, a low level of OX40 agonist activity by the antibody molecules in the absence of crosslinking may be advantageous. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that antibody molecules comprising an OX40 antigen-binding site with this property may be useful in the context of cancer treatment by inducing limited activation and expansion of tumour-reactive T cells in the absence of crosslinking, leading to a larger pool of tumour-reactive T cells which can then be further activated by crosslinked Fcab molecules in the tumour microenvironment.

[0040] A further advantage of the antibody molecules of the invention that have been modified to reduce or abrogate binding to Fcy receptors may be that these antibody molecules have anti-tumour activity that is not reliant on the depletion of OX40-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are located in the periphery, which are potentially protective and may reduce the impact of autoimmunity that may be caused by over-stimulating the immune system (Vignali DA et al., 2008). Thus, it has been postulated that Treg depletion may have a significant effect on reducing tumour growth in mouse models (Bulliard et al., 2014; Simpson et al., 2013). However, there is limited evidence that Treg depletion in human tumours can be achieved by ADCC and, if Treg depletion does occur in humans, this does not seem to result in such dramatic anti-tumour activity as has been observed in mouse models (Powell et al., 2007; Nizar S et al., 2009; Glisson BS et al., 2016; Tran B et al., 2017). Thus, if the antibody molecule does not significantly deplete Tregs but still has anti-tumour activity, this may indicate that the antibody molecule has anti-tumour activity that is independent of Fcy receptor-mediated Treg depletion.

[0041] The antibody molecules have further been shown to be capable of binding with high affinity both to human and cynomolgus CD137 and to human and cynomolgus OX40. This cross-reactivity is advantageous, as it allows dosing and safety testing of the antibody molecules to be performed in cynomolgus monkeys during preclinical development.

[0042] A further feature of the antibody molecules identified by the inventors is that the antigen-binding site for CD137 and the antigen-binding site for OX40 are both contained within the antibody structure itself. In particular, the antibody molecules do not require other proteins to be fused to the antibody molecule via linkers or other means to result in molecule which can bind bivalently to both of its targets. This has a number of advantages. Specifically, the antibody molecules identified by the inventors can be produced using methods similar to those employed for the production of standard antibodies, as they do not comprise any additional fused portions. The structure is also expected to result in improved antibody stability, as linkers may degrade over time, resulting in a heterogeneous population of antibody molecules. Those antibodies in the population having only one protein fused may not be able to act as a dual agonist and signal via the receptors as a result of crosslinking by binding to both OX40 and CD137. Cleavage or degradation of the linker could take place prior to administration or after administration of the therapeutic to the individual (e.g. through enzymatic cleavage or the in vivo pH of the individual), thereby resulting in a reduction of its effectiveness whilst circulating in the individual. As there are no linkers in the antibody molecules identified by the inventors, the antibody molecules are expected to retain the same number of binding sites both before and after administration. Furthermore, the structure of the antibody molecules identified by the inventors is also preferred from the perspective of immunogenicity of the molecules, as the introduction of fused proteins or linkers or both may induce immunogenicity when the molecules are administered to an individual, resulting in reduced effectiveness of the therapeutic.Brief Description of the Figures

[0043] Figure 1 shows an alignment of the sequences of the CH3 domains of Fcabs FS20-22-38, FS20-22-41, FS20-22-47, FS20-22-49, FS20-22-85, FS20-31-58, FS20-31-66, FS20-31-94, FS20-31-102, FS20-31-108, and FS20-31-115, as well as the wild-type (WT) Fcab. The positions of the AB, CD and EF structural loops, as well as any amino acid substitutions, deletions (denoted by a tilde "~") or insertions present in the CH3 domains of the Fcabs compared with the WT sequence are indicated. The numbers of the residues according to the IMGT, IMGT exon (consecutive numbering), EU and Kabat numbering systems are shown. Figure 2 shows the activity of CD137 mAb and OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a human CD137 T cell activation assay in the presence and absence of crosslinking. Figures 2A and Bshow IL2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of anti-CD137mAb and in the presence (Figure 2A) or absence (Figure 2B) of a crosslinking antibody. G1AA / 20H4.9 showed activity in the presence and absence of the crosslinking antibody, whereas activity of the G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 antibodies was observed only in the presence of the crosslinking antibody. Figure 2C and D show IL-2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of anti-CD137 FS30 mAb in mAb 2< format comprising an anti-human OX40 Fcab (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14) in the presence (Figure 2C) or absence (Figure 2D) of a crosslinking agent. Controls were included as follows: anti-CD137 antibody G2 / MOR7480.1 (positive control); anti-OX40 mAb G1 / 11D4 and mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (negative controls); anti-FITC mAb G1 / 4420 (isotype negative control). Figure 2C shows that there was a concentration dependent increase in the activation of DO11.10-hCD137 cells, as evidenced by an increase in mouse IL-2 release, in the presence of the crosslinked positive control mAb (G2 / MOR7480.1) and the anti-CD137 FS30 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14), but not in the presence of the negative control mAbs and mAb 2< (G1 / 4420, FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and G1 / 11D4). Figure 2D shows that in the absence of crosslinking, the positive control G2 / MOR7480.1, the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14, and the negative controls G1 / 4420, FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and G1 / 11D4 showed no to weak T cell activation, as evidenced by the low basal levels of IL-2 measured. Figure 3 shows the activity of CD137 mAb, OX40 Fcab and OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) assays. IL-2 release was measured in the presence of the mAb / mAb 2< indicated and in the presence and absence of crosslinking agents (FITC-dextran for the anti-FITC mAb and OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< controls, and anti-human CH2 antibody for all other molecules tested). Figure 3A shows IL-2 release in the presence of mAbs G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC; isotype control), G1AA / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1AA / FS30-10-16 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 20H4.9 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 11D4 (anti-OX40), FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 plus G1AA / FS30-10-16 in combination, as well as mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, at a concentration of 3.7 nM. The results show that only the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< increased activation of T cells in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents compared to the isotype control, whereas the OX40-targeting antibodies G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9 only showed increased T cell activation in the presence of artificial crosslinking agents compared to the isotype control, and the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 showed no statistically significant activity even in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent. Figure 3B shows IL-2 release in the presence of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 at increasing concentrations in the presence and absence of an artificial crosslinking agent (anti-human CH2 antibody). The results show that the activation of T cells induced by the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in the absence of the anti-human CH2 antibody was comparable to when it was tested in the presence of this artificial crosslinking agent. Figure 3C and Dshow IL-2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of mAb and mAb 2< in the presence (Figure 3D) and absence (Figure 3C) of an artificial crosslinking agent (FITC-dextran for the anti-FITC mAb and OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< controls, and anti-human CH2 antibody for all other molecules tested). The controls were as follows: G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1 / 11D4 (anti-OX40), G2 / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1 / 11D4 plus G2 / MOR7480.1 in combination, and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ). The results show that there was a concentration dependent increase in the activation of T cells when OX40 was bound by the controls G1 / 11D4, both alone and when dosed in combination with anti-CD137 mAb G2 / MOR7480.1, and FS20-22-49A / 4420 when they were crosslinked. The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< had comparable activity in the presence and absence of artificial crosslinking agent, and activity was similar to that of the crosslinked OX40 Fcab (FS20-22-49AA / 4420 Xlink). Little activity was seen with only the anti-CD137 control antibody (G2 / MOR7480.1) both with and without crosslinking. Figure 4 shows the activity of CD137 mAb, OX40 Fcab and OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in human pan-T cell activation assays. IL-2 release was measured in the presence of the mAb / mAb 2< indicated and in the presence and absence of crosslinking agents (FITC-dextran for the anti-FITC mAb and OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< controls, and anti-human CH2 antibody for all other molecules tested). Figure 4A shows IL-2 release in the presence of mAb and mAb 2< at a concentration of 3.7 nM. The results show that only the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< increased activation of T cells in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents. The OX40-targeting antibodies G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9 only showed increased T cell activation in the presence of crosslinking agents. No activity was detected for the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 even in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent, confirming the results of the SEA assay as reported in Figure 3A. Figure 4B shows IL-2 release induced by increasing concentrations of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in the presence and absence of an artificial crosslinking agent (anti-human CH2 antibody). The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< had comparable activity in the presence and absence of the artificial crosslinking agent. Figure 4C shows IL-2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< and controls in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents, while Figure 4D shows IL-2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of the single-agent controls G1 / 4420, G1 / 11D4, G2 / MOR7480.1 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 in the presence of an artificial crosslinking agent (FITC-dextran or anti-human CH2 antibody as appropriate). The results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< had sub-nanomolar or single-digit nanomolar activity in the absence of artificial crosslinking agent. As expected, the G1 / 4420 control had no activity regardless of the presence of crosslinking agent. Without the presence of a crosslinking agent, the controls G1 / 11D4, FS20-22-49AA / 4420, G2 / MOR7480.1, and the combination of G1 / 11D4 and G2 / MOR7480.1 had little or no activity. When crosslinked by anti-human CH2 antibody or FITC-dextran, the single-agent anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 controls exhibited a concentration dependent increase in the activation of T cells, thus demonstrating that the assay was able to detect signalling via either OX40 or CD137 receptors on T cells. Figure 5 shows the activity of human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation assays. Figure 5A and Bshow IL-2 release in a CD4+ T cell activation assay in the presence of increasing concentrations of mAb and mAb 2< , as indicated. mAb and mAb 2< were tested in the presence (Figure 5B) or absence (Figure 5A) of artificial crosslinking agents (FITC-dextran for the anti-FITC mAb and OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< controls, and anti-human CH2 antibody for all other molecules tested). The results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. CD4 +< T cells were activated by the crosslinked anti-OX40 controls G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (alone and in combination with G1AA / FS30-10-16) but not by the single-agent anti-CD137 controls G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16. The anti-OX40 control FS20-22-49AA / 4420 also showed a low level of activity in the presence of CD4+ T cells when not crosslinked, which was greatly increased upon crosslinking of the antibody. The anti-OX40 Fcab shared by both the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< and the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< was therefore shown to be able to activate CD4+ T cells via agonism of OX40 when the antibodies were crosslinked by artificial crosslinking agent or Fab-binding to CD137. Figure 5C and Dshow IL-2 release in a CD8+ T cell activation assay in the presence of increasing concentrations of mAb and mAb 2< , as indicated. mAb and mAb 2< were tested in the presence (Figure 5D) or absence (Figure 5C) of artificial crosslinking agents (see legend to Figures 5A and Bfor details). The results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to activate CD8+ T cells in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. Activation of CD8+ T cells was observed for both anti-CD137 controls G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 (alone and in combination with FS20-22-49AA / 4420), as well as by the anti-OX40 controls FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and, to a lesser extent, G1AA / 11 D4, in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent. The anti-CD137 Fab arms common to both the G1AA / FS30-10-16 control mAb and the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< were therefore shown to be able to agonise CD137 expressed on CD8+ T cells when the antibodies were crosslinked either by artificial crosslinking agent or Fcab-binding to OX40, while the anti-OX40 Fcab shared by both the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< and the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< was able to activate CD8+ T cells via agonism of OX40 when the antibodies were crosslinked by artificial crosslinking agent or Fab-binding to CD137. Figure 5E and Fshow IL-2 release in a CD4+ and a CD8+ T cell activation assay, respectively, in the presence of mAb / mAb 2< at a concentration of 3.7 nM and in the presence or absence of an artificial crosslinking agent (see legend to Figures 5A and Bfor details). Figure 5E shows that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to activate CD4+ T cells in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. CD4+ T cells were activated by the crosslinked anti-OX40 controls G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 but not by the single-agent anti-CD137 controls G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16. The anti-OX40 control FS20-22-49AA / 4420 also showed a low level of activity when not crosslinked, which was greatly increased upon crosslinking of the antibody. The anti-OX40 Fcab shared by both the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< and the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< was therefore shown to be able to activate CD4+ T cells via agonism of OX40 when the antibodies were crosslinked by artificial crosslinking agent or Fab-binding to CD137. Figure 5F shows that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to activate CD8+ T cells in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. Activation of CD8+ T cells was observed for anti-CD137 controls G1AA / 20H4.9 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 (alone and in combination with FS20-22-49AA / 4420) in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent, but not for the anti-CD137 control G1AA / MOR7480.1 or for the crosslinked anti-OX40 controls G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420. Activation of CD8+ T cells was also observed for anti-CD137 control G1AA / 20H4.9 in the absence of artificial crosslinking agent. The anti-CD137 Fab arms common to both the G1AA / FS30-10-16 control mAb and the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< were therefore shown to be able to agonise CD137 expressed on CD8+ T cells when the antibodies were crosslinked either by artificial crosslinking agent or Fcab-binding to OX40. Figure 6 shows that CD4+ T cells express lower levels of CD137 and higher levels of OX40 than CD8+ T cells. The graph shows geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells treated with G1AA / MOR7480.1 or G1AA / 11D4. The binding of G1AA / MOR7480.1 to CD137 is a measure of CD137 expression and the binding of G1AA / 11D4 to OX40 is a measure of OX40 expression. Figure 7 shows the activity of anti-mouse CD137 mAb and mAb 2< in a T cell activation assay. Figure 7A and B show IL-2 release in the presence of increasing concentrations of a mAb 2< which binds mouse OX40 and mouse CD137 receptors (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3), and control antibodies, in the absence (Figure 7A) and presence (Figure 7B) of an artificial crosslinking agent (anti-human CH2 antibody or FITC-dextran as appropriate). Controls were antibodies G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / OX86 (anti-mOX40), G1AA / Lob12.3 (anti-mCD137), G1AA / OX86 plus G1AA / Lob12.3 in combination, and FS20m-232-91AA / 4420 (mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ). The results show that in the absence of a crosslinking agent, the controls G1AA / OX86, FS20m-232-91AA / 4420, G1AA / Lob12.3, and the combination of G1AA / OX86 and G1AA / Lob12.3 had no activity. When crosslinked by anti-human CH2 antibody or FITC-dextran, the G1AA / OX86, FS20m-232-91AA / 4420, and G1AA / OX86 plus G1AA / Lob12.3 controls exhibited a concentration dependent increase in the activation of T cells. A marginal increase in activity was observed for the G1AA / Lob12.3 control when crosslinked. The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< showed good activity regardless of the presence of an artificial crosslinking agent. Figure 7C and D show the activity of different anti-mouse CD137 antibodies (G1AA / Lob12.3 and G1AA / 3H3) in the absence (Figure 7C) or presence (Figure 7D) of a crosslinking antibody (clone MK1A6) in CD3-stimulated DO11.10-mCD137 cells. Activity of G1AA / 3H3 was observed in the presence and absence of the crosslinking antibody whereas the activity of the G1AA / Lob12.3 antibody was observed only in the presence of the crosslinking antibody. Therefore, the G1AA / 3H3 antibody is termed 'crosslink-independent' and the G1AA / Lob12.3 antibody is termed 'crosslink-dependent'. Figure 8 shows a competition assay to test the activity of human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in the presence of a 100-fold excess of a human OX40-targeting mock mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / 4420), an anti-human CD137 antibody (G1AA / FS30-10-16) or their combination. Data from duplicates is shown as mean plus or minus standard deviation (SD). Statistical testing was done by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. Asterisks above error bars represent the significant difference compared to isotype control (G1 / 4420)-treated samples (*** p<0.0002). The results show that the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was greatly reduced when outcompeted by both the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< for binding to OX40 and the G1AA / FS30-10-16 mAb for binding to CD137, as compared to when the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to bind to both receptors in the absence of the anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies. The combination of the OX40-targeting mock mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 mAb G1AA / FS30-10-16 further decreased the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< . These results indicate that in order for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to induce T cell activation via clustering and agonism of OX40 and CD137, dual binding of the mAb 2< to both receptors is required. Figure 9 shows a competition assay to test the activity of mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 in the presence of a 100-fold excess of either the OX40-targeting mock mAb 2< FS20m-232-91AA / 4420, the anti-CD137 mAb G1 / Lob12.3 or the negative control mAb G1AA / 4420 (anti-FITC). The results show that the activity of the mAb 2< was greatly reduced when outcompeted by the G1 / Lob12.3 mAb for binding to CD137 and was also reduced to a low level when outcompeted by the FS20m-232-91AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< for binding to OX40, as compared to when the mAb 2< was able to bind to both receptors in the absence of the anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies. As expected, a similar level of activity was observed for the mAb 2< when in the presence of an excess of the negative control mAb as when in the absence of this and the anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies. These results indicate that in order for the mAb 2< to induce T cell activation via clustering and agonism of OX40 and CD137, dual binding of the mAb 2< to both receptors is required. Figure 10 shows the anti-tumour activity of anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model. In Figure 10A, the mean CT26 tumour volumes (plus or minus the standard error of the mean) of Balb / c mice treated with G1 / OX86 (anti-OX40 positive control without the LALA mutation), G1 / Lob12.3 (anti-CD137 positive control without the LALA mutation), G1 / 4420 (IgG control), the combination of G1 / OX86 and G1 / Lob12.3, the combination of the anti-OX40 mAb G1AA / OX86 and the anti-CD137 mAb G1AA / Lob12.3 (both with the LALA mutation), FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3 (OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< without the LALA mutation) and FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 (OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< with the LALA mutation) are shown. The results show that treatment with the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< both with and without the LALA mutation (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3, respectively) resulted in a reduction in tumour growth compared to treatment with the anti-OX40 antibody G1 / OX86, the anti-CD137 antibody G1 / Lob12.3, the combination of these two antibodies (G1 / OX86 plus G1 / Lob12.3), and the combination of the LALA-containing anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies (G1AA / OX86 plus G1AA / Lob12.3). Figure 10B shows the tumour volumes (over time) of individual CT26 tumour-bearing mice treated via intraperitoneal injection with 3 mg / kg of either isotype control (clone G1AA / 4420), mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< (clone FS20m-232-91AA / 4420), anti-mCD137 mAb (clone G1AA / Lob12.3), the combination of mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< and anti-mCD137 mAb, or mOX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (clone FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3). The horizontal dashed lines indicate where 0 mm 3< lies on the y-axis. Qualitatively, mOX40 / CD137 mAb 2< and the combination of mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< and anti-mCD137 mAb inhibited CT26 tumour growth in a subset of animals. Figure 10C shows the mean tumour volumes (plus or minus the standard error of the mean) of the CT26-tumour bearing mice individually represented in Figure 10B. The group treated with the mOX40 / CD137 mAb 2< had a delayed early tumour growth phase (days 10-22) compared to the isotype control group. The anti-mCD137 mAb and the mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< had no effect on early tumour growth rates either as single agents or in combination. Figure 10D shows a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of the same CT26 tumour-bearing mice represented in Figure 10B and 10C. Survival analysis shows that treatment with the mOX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , but not with the anti-mCD137 mAb and the mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< either as single agents or in combination, resulted in statistically significant increases in survival compared to isotype control. (Pairwise comparison was performed using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test; **** p ≤ 0.0001, ns = not statistically significant .) Figure 11 shows the anti-tumour activity of an anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a B16-F10 syngeneic tumour model. Mice were treated with FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 (OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< ) or G1 / 4420 (IgG control). The mean tumour volume plus or minus the standard error mean is plotted. The results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was able to significantly reduce tumour growth in a B16-F10 syngeneic model compared to mice treated with the G1 / 4420 control antibody. Figure 12 shows the activity of an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in combination with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody in a SEA assay. The mAb 2< tested was FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16. Controls were G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / S1 (anti-PD-L1; Figure 12A), G1AA / 5C4 (anti-PD-1; Figure 12B), tested either in the presence or absence of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< . The results show a concentration-dependent increase in the activation of T cells when the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 was present and that the addition of G1AA / S1 or G1AA / 5C4 to FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< increased the IL-2 release (maximum response) as compared to T cells treated with the mAb 2< alone. No activity was seen when T cells were treated with the control antibodies alone. Statistical testing between groups G1 / 4420 plus FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and G1AA / S1 plus FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 (Figure 12A) or G1 / 4420 plus FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and G1AA / 5C4 plus FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 (Figure 12B) was performed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test with asterisks indicating the p-value (* p < 0.032, ** p < 0.0021, *** p < 0.0002, **** p < 0.0001). Figure 13 shows the anti-tumour activity of an anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< and a PD-1 antagonist in a CT26 mouse tumour model, tested singly and in combination. The tumour volumes in CT26-tumour bearing mice treated with (Figure 13A) a combination of isotype control antibodies (G1AA / 4420 and mIgG1 / 4420), (Figure 13B) an anti-mouse PD-1 antibody, (Figure 13C) an anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< ), or (Figure 13D) a combination of an anti-mouse PD-1 antibody and the anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< are shown. The proportion of mice with regressed tumours (defined as a tumour volume of less than or equal to 62.5 mm 3< ) at the termination of study, 60 days following cell inoculation, are shown for each treatment group. The results show that the combination of an anti-PD-1 antagonist antibody and FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 led to the highest proportion of animals, 7 out of 15 (47%), with complete tumour regression response (Figure 13D). Mice subjected to single agent treatment with anti-PD-1 antibody (Figure 13B) or FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 (Figure 13C) showed 0% and 7% tumour regression at the end of the study, respectively. Figure 13E shows a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of CT26-tumour bearing mice treated as described for Figures 13A-D. Survival analysis showed that the combination of FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and the anti PD-1 antibody, resulted in a statistically significant survival benefit compared to isotype control antibodies (log-rank (Mantel Cox) test, p < 0.0001). No significant survival differences were observed for single agent treatments compared to isotype control antibodies. Figure 14 shows dose-dependent, anti-tumour activity of an anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model. Figure 14A shows tumour volumes of CT26-tumour bearing mice treated via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with either 10 mg / kg isotype control antibody (G1AA / 4420), or 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 or 10 mg / kg of FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3. The proportion of mice with regressed tumours (defined as a tumour volume of less than or equal to 62.5 mm 3< ) at the termination of study, 67 days following cell inoculation, is shown for each treatment group (see top right of each graph). The results show that 0.3, 1, 3 or 10 mg / kg of FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 resulted in tumour regression in 4% (1 / 25), 4% (1 / 25), 8% (2 / 25) and 4% (1 / 25) of animals at the end of the study, respectively. None of the animals in the isotype control and 0.1 mg / kg FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 groups showed tumour regression. Figure 14B shows a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of CT26-tumour bearing mice treated as described for Figure 14A. Survival analysis showed that FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 at all dose levels tested resulted in statistically significant survival benefit compared to isotype control. Comparison of 1 and 3 mg / kg groups, and 3 and 10 mg / kg groups, showed no statistical difference in survival. Pairwise comparison was performed between each group and 10 mg / kg isotype control, unless indicated, using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test; * p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.0005, **** p ≤ 0.0001, ns = not statistically significant . Figure 15 shows a comparison of the anti-tumour efficacy of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< antibodies containing different anti-CD137 Fab clones in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model. Figure 15A shows the mean CT26 tumour volumes in BALB / c mice treated with G1 / 4420 (IgG control), FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 (OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< with crosslink-dependent CD137 agonist clone Lob12.3) and FS20m-232-91AA / 3H3 (OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< with crosslink-independent CD137 agonist clone 3H3). Mean tumour volumes plus or minus the standard error of the mean are shown. The results show that treatment with either of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< antibodies (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 or FS20m-232-91AA / 3H3) resulted in a reduction in tumour growth compared to treatment with the isotype control antibody (G1 / 4420) and that no difference in the level of reduction was observed in mice treated with FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 or FS20m-232-91AA / 3H3. Figure 15B shows a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of CT26-tumour bearing mice treated as described for Figure 15A. Survival analysis showed that treatment with either of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 or FS20m-232-91AA / 3H3) resulted in a statistically significant survival benefit compared to treatment with the isotype control antibody (log-rank (Mantel Cox) test; p < 0.05) but that no difference was observed between mice treated with either of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< . Detailed Description

[0044] Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed with reference to the accompanying figures. Further aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0045] The present invention relates to antibody molecules which bind both to CD137 and OX40. Specifically, the antibody molecules of the present invention comprise a CDR-based antigen binding site for CD137 and an OX40 antigen binding site located in a constant domain of the antibody molecule. The terms "CD137" and "OX40" may refer to human CD137 and human OX40, murine CD137 and murine OX40, and / or cynomolgus monkey CD137 and cynomolgus monkey OX40, unless the context requires otherwise. Preferably the terms "CD137" and "OX40" refer to human CD137 and human OX40, unless the context requires otherwise.

[0046] The term "antibody molecule" describes an immunoglobulin whether natural or partly or wholly synthetically produced. The antibody molecule may be human or humanised, preferably human. The antibody molecule is preferably a monoclonal antibody molecule. Examples of antibodies are the immunoglobulin isotypes, such as immunoglobulin G, and their isotypic subclasses, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, as well as fragments thereof. The antibody molecule may be isolated, in the sense of being free from contaminants, such as antibodies able to bind other polypeptides and / or serum components.

[0047] The term "antibody molecule", as used herein, thus includes antibody fragments, provided said fragments comprise a CDR-based antigen binding site for CD137 and an OX40 antigen binding site located in a constant domain. Unless the context requires otherwise, the term "antibody molecule", as used herein, is thus equivalent to "antibody molecule or fragment thereof".

[0048] It is possible to take monoclonal and other antibodies and use techniques of recombinant DNA technology to produce other antibodies or chimeric molecules which retain the specificity of the original antibody. Such techniques may involve introducing the CDRs, or variable regions, and / or the constant domain sequences providing the OX40 antigen binding site, into a different immunoglobulin. Introduction of the CDRs of one immunoglobulin into another immunoglobulin is described for example in EP-A-184187, GB 2188638A or EP-A-239400. Similar techniques could be employed for the relevant constant domain sequences. Alternatively, a hybridoma or other cell producing an antibody molecule may be subject to genetic mutation or other changes, which may or may not alter the binding specificity of antibodies produced.

[0049] As antibodies can be modified in a number of ways, the term "antibody molecule" should be construed as covering antibody fragments, derivatives, functional equivalents and homologues of antibodies, including any polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetic. Chimeric molecules comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, or equivalent, fused to another polypeptide are therefore included. Cloning and expression of chimeric antibodies are described in EP-A- 0120694 and EP-A-0125023.

[0050] An example of an antibody fragment comprising both CDR sequences and CH3 domain is a minibody, which comprises an scFv joined to a CH3 domain (Hu et al., 1996).

[0051] The antibody molecule of the present invention binds to CD137 and OX40. Binding in this context may refer to specific binding. The term "specific" may refer to the situation in which the antibody molecule will not show any significant binding to molecules other than its specific binding partner(s), here CD137 and OX40. The term "specific" is also applicable where the antibody molecule is specific for particular epitopes, such as epitopes on CD137 and OX40, that are carried by a number of antigens in which case the antibody molecule will be able to bind to the various antigens carrying the epitope. In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule of the present invention does not bind, or does not show any significant binding to, to TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, GITR, NGFR, CD40 and / or DR6.

[0052] Antibodies and methods for their construction and use are well-known in the art and are described in, for example, Holliger and Hudson 2005. It is possible to take monoclonal and other antibodies and use techniques of recombinant DNA technology to produce other antibodies or chimeric molecules which retain the specificity of the original antibody. Such techniques may involve introducing CDRs or variable regions of one antibody molecule into a different antibody molecule (EP-A-184187, GB 2188638A and EP-A-239400).

[0053] A CDR-based antigen-binding site is an antigen-binding site in an antibody variable region. A CDR-based antigen-binding site, may be formed by three CDRs, such as the three light chain variable domain (VL) CDRs or three heavy chain variable domain (VH) CDRs. Preferably the CDR-based antigen-binding site is formed by six CDRs, three VL CDRs and three VH CDRs. The contributions of the different CDRs to the binding of the antigen may vary in different antigen binding sites.

[0054] The three VH domain CDRs of the antigen-binding site may be located within an immunoglobulin VH domain and the three VL domain CDRs may be located within an immunoglobulin VL domain. For example, the CDR-based antigen-binding site may be located in an antibody variable region.

[0055] The antibody molecule comprises one VH and one VL domain but preferably comprises two VH and two VL domains, i.e. two VH / VL domain pairs, as is the case in naturally-occurring IgG molecules, for example.

[0056] The VH and VL domain sequences of the antibody molecules are: (i) the VH and VL domain sequences of FS30-10-16 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 14 , respectively; (ii) the VH and VL domain sequences of FS30-10-3 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 14 , respectively; (iii) the VH and VL domain sequences of FS30-10-12 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 14 , respectively; (iv) the VH and VL domain sequences of FS30-35-14 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 170 and 172 , respectively; and (v) the VH and VL domain sequences of FS30-5-37 shown in SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 42 , respectively.

[0057] The skilled person would have no difficulty in determining the sequences of the CDRs from these VH and VL domain sequences. The CDR sequences may, for example, be determined according to Kabat (Kabat et al., 1991) or the international ImMunoGeneTics information system (IMGT) (Lefranc et al., 2015).

[0058] The VH domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibody molecule according to IMGT numbering may be the sequences located at positions 27-38, 56-65, and 105-117, of the VH domain of the antibody molecule, respectively.

[0059] The VH domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibody molecule according to Kabat numbering may be the sequences at located positions 31-35, 50-65, and 95-102 of the VH domain, respectively.

[0060] The VL domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibody molecule according to IMGT numbering may be the sequences located at positions 27-38, 56-65, and 105-117, of the VL domain, respectively.

[0061] The VL domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 sequences of the antibody molecule according to Kabat numbering may be the sequences at located positions 24-34, 50-56, and 89-97 of the VL domain, respectively.

[0062] The antibody molecule comprises the sequence of the VH domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 3 , respectively [FS30-10-16 ]; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 16 , respectively [FS30-10-3 ]; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 2 and 21, respectively [FS30-10-12] ; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 25 , 26 and 27, respectively [FS30-35-14] ; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 33 , 34 and 35, respectively [FS30-5-37] , wherein the CDR sequences are defined according to the ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) numbering scheme.

[0063] The antibody molecule comprises the sequence of the VH domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 7 , 8 and 9 , respectively [FS30-10-16] ; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 7 , 8 and 17 , respectively [FS30-10-3] ; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 7 , 8 and 22 , respectively [FS30-10-12] ; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 29 , 30 and 31 , respectively [FS30-35-14] ; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 37 , 38 and 39 , respectively [FS30-5-37] , wherein the CDR sequences are defined according to the Kabat numbering scheme.

[0064] The antibody molecule comprises the sequence of the VL domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 4 , 5 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-16 ]; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 4 , 5 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-3 ]; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 4 , 5 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-12] ; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 4 , 5 and 28 , respectively [FS30-35-14] ; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 4 , 5 and 36 , respectively [FS30-5-37] , wherein the CDR sequences are defined according to the ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) numbering scheme.

[0065] The antibody molecule comprises the sequence of the VL domain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 10 , 11 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-16 ]; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 10 , 11 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-3 ]; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 10 , 11 and 6 , respectively [FS30-10-12] ; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 10 , 11 and 28 , respectively [FS30-35-14] ; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 10 , 11 and 36 , respectively [FS30-5-37] , wherein the CDR sequences are defined according to the Kabat numbering scheme.

[0066] The VH and VL sequences of antibodies FS30-10-16, FS30-10-3 , and FS30-10-12 are identical with the exception of the residue at position 109 of the VH according to the IMGT numbering scheme (residue 97 of the VH according to the Kabat numbering scheme). The antibody molecule may comprise the VH domain sequence and VL domain sequence of antibody FS30-10-16 .

[0067] The CDR-based antigen-binding site comprises the VH and VL domains of antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , FS30-35-14 , or FS30-5-37 , preferably antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , or FS30-35-14 , more preferably antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , or FS30-10-12 , most preferably antibody FS30-10-16 .

[0068] The VH domain of antibodies FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , FS30-35-14 , and FS30-5-37 have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12 , 18 , 23 , 170 , and 40 , respectively. The VL domain of antibodies FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , FS30-35-14 , and FS30-5-37 have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 14 , 14 , 14 , 172 , and 42 , respectively.

[0069] Amino acid residue positions of the constant domain are numbered herein according to the ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) numbering scheme, unless otherwise indicated. The IMGT numbering scheme is described in Lefranc et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol., 29, 185-203 (2005).

[0070] The antibody molecule of the invention comprises an OX40 antigen-binding site located in a CH3 domain of the antibody molecule. The CH3 domain has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 . The CH3 domain of the antibody molecule may optionally comprise an additional lysine residue (K) at the immediate C-terminus of the CH3 domain sequence.

[0071] The OX40 antigen-binding site comprises a first, second, and third sequence, located in a first, second, and third structural loop of a CH3 domain, respectively. Engineering of antibody constant domain structural loops to create antigen-binding sites for target antigens is known in the art and is described, for example, Wozniak-Knopp et al., 2010, and patent publication nos. WO2006 / 072620 and WO2009 / 132876. The first, second, and third structural loops are the AB, CD, and EF structural loops of the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule, respectively. In the CH3 domain, the AB, CD, and EF structural loops are located at residues 11-18, 43-78 and 92-101 of the CH3 domain, respectively. Modification of the structural loop sequences of antibody constant domains to create new antigen-binding sites is described, for example, in WO2006 / 072620 and WO2009 / 132876.

[0072] The OX40 antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule comprises the first, second, and third sequence of FS20-22-49 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 51 , 52 and 53 , respectively.

[0073] The OX40 antigen-binding site comprises the AB, CD and EF structural loop sequences of FS20-22-49, wherein the AB, CD and EF structural loops are the sequences located at residues 11-18, 43-78 and 92-101 of the CH3 domain, respectively and the CH3 domain of FS20-22-49 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 .

[0074] The OX40 antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule comprises the first, second, and third sequence of FS20-22-49 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 51 , 52 and 53 , respectively. The OX40 antigen-binding site comprises the AB, CD and EF structural loop sequences of FS20-22-49 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 56 , 57 and 58 , respectively.

[0075] The first, second, and third sequence of FS20-22-49 are located at positions 14 to 18, 45.1 to 77, and 93 to 101 of the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule, respectively.

[0076] The AB, CD and EF structural loop sequences of FS20-22-49 are located at positions 11 to 18, 43 to 78, and 92 to 101 of the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule, respectively.

[0077] As an alternative to IMGT numbering, amino acid residue positions in the constant domain, including the position of amino acid sequences, substitutions, deletions and insertions as described herein, may be numbered according to IMGT exon numbering (also referred to as consecutive numbering), EU numbering, or Kabat numbering. The concordance between IMGT numbering, IMGT exon numbering, EU numbering, and Kabat numbering of the residue positions of the CH3 domain are shown in Figure 1.

[0078] Thus, for example, where the present application refers to the first, second and third sequence being located at positions 14 to 18, 45.1 to 77, and 93 to 101 of the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule, respectively, where the residue positions are numbered in accordance with the IMGT numbering scheme, the first, second and third sequence are located at positions 18 to 22, 46 to 50, and 74 to 82 of the CH3 domain, where the residue positions are numbered in accordance with the IMGT exon numbering scheme, as shown in Figure 1.

[0079] In addition, the antibody molecule of the invention may comprise a CH2 domain of an immunoglobulin G molecule, such as a CH2 domain of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 molecule. Preferably the antibody molecule of the invention comprises a CH2 domain of an IgG1 molecule. The CH2 domain may have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 .

[0080] The CH2 domain of the antibody molecule may comprise one or more mutations that reduce or abrogate binding of the CH2 domain to one or more Fcy receptors, such as FcγRI, FcyRlla, FcyRllb, FcγRIII, and / or to complement. The inventors postulate that reducing or abrogating binding to Fcy receptors will decrease or eliminate ADCC mediated by the antibody molecule. Similarly, reducing or abrogating binding to complement is expected to reduce or eliminate CDC mediated by the antibody molecule. Mutations to decrease or abrogate binding of the CH2 domain to one or more Fcy receptors and / or complement are known in the art (Wang et al., 2018). These mutations include the "LALA mutation" described in Bruhns et al., 2009 and Hezareh et al., 2001, which involves substitution of the leucine residues at IMGT positions 1.3 and 1.2 of the CH2 domain with alanine (L1.3A and L1.2A). Alternatively, the generation of a-glycosyl antibodies through mutation of the conserved N-linked glycosylation site by mutating the asparagine (N) at IMGT position 84.4 of the CH2 domain to alanine, glycine or glutamine (N84.4A, N84.4G or N84.4Q) is also known to decrease IgG1 effector function (Wang et al., 2018). As a further alternative, complement activation (C1q binding) and ADCC are known to be reduced through mutation of the proline at IMGT position 114 of the CH2 domain to alanine or glycine (P114A or P114G) (Idusogie et al., 2000; Klein et al., 2016). These mutations may also be combined in order to generate antibody molecules with further reduced or no ADCC or CDC activity.

[0081] Thus, the antibody molecule may comprise a CH2 domain, wherein the CH2 domain comprises: (i) alanine residues at positions 1.3 and 1.2; and / or (ii) an alanine or glycine at position 114; and / or (iii) an alanine, glutamine or glycine at position 84.4; wherein the amino acid residue numbering is according to the IMGT numbering scheme.

[0082] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises a CH2 domain, wherein the CH2 domain comprises: (i) an alanine residue at position 1.3; and (ii) an alanine residue at position 1.2; wherein the amino acid residue numbering is according to the IMGT numbering scheme.

[0083] For example, the CH2 domain may have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49 .

[0084] In an alternative preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises a CH2 domain, wherein the CH2 domain comprises: (i) an alanine residue at position 1.3; (ii) an alanine residue at position 1.2; and (iii) an alanine at position 114; wherein the amino acid residue numbering is according to the IMGT numbering scheme.

[0085] For example, the CH2 domain may have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 50 .

[0086] The antibody molecule that binds to CD137 and OX40 comprises: (a) a VH domain and a VL domain comprising the CDR-based antigen binding site for CD137; and (b) a CH3 domain which comprises, has, or consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54 [FS20-22-49] ; wherein the VH and VL domain consists of the VH and VL of antibody FS30-10-16.

[0087] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule that binds to CD137 and OX40 comprises the heavy chain and light chain of antibody: (i) FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95 and 97 , respectively; (ii) FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 99 and 97 , respectively; (iii) FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 103 and 97 , respectively; (iv) FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 105 and 107 , respectively; or (v) FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 109 and 111, respectively; wherein the antibody molecule preferably comprises the light chain and heavy chain set out in (i) to (iv), more preferably comprises the light chain and heavy chain set out in (i) to (iii), most preferably comprises the light chain and heavy chain set out in (i).

[0088] The antibody molecules of the present invention may also comprise variants of a CH2 domain, CH2 and CH3 domain, light chain and / or heavy chain sequences disclosed herein. Suitable variants can be obtained by means of methods of sequence alteration, or mutation, and screening. In a preferred embodiment, an antibody molecule comprising one or more variant sequences retains one or more of the functional characteristics of the parent antibody molecule, such as binding specificity and / or binding affinity for CD137 and OX40. For example, an antibody molecule comprising one or more variant sequences preferably binds to CD137 and / or OX40 with the same affinity, or a higher affinity, than the (parent) antibody molecule. The parent antibody molecule is an antibody molecule which does not comprise the amino acid substitution(s), deletion(s), and / or insertion(s) which have been incorporated into the variant antibody molecule.

[0089] For example, an antibody molecule of the invention may comprise a CH2 domain, CH2 and CH3 domain, light chain and / or heavy chain sequence which has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity to a CH2 domain, CH2 and CH3 domain, light chain or heavy chain sequence disclosed herein.

[0090] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule has or comprises a CH2 domain sequence, which has at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9% sequence identity to the CH2 domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 or 49 .

[0091] Sequence identity is commonly defined with reference to the algorithm GAP (Wisconsin GCG package, Accelerys Inc, San Diego USA). GAP uses the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm to align two complete sequences, maximising the number of matches and minimising the number of gaps. Generally, default parameters are used, with a gap creation penalty equalling 12 and a gap extension penalty equalling 4. Use of GAP may be preferred but other algorithms may be used, e.g. BLAST (which uses the method of Altschul et al., 1990), FASTA (which uses the method of Pearson and Lipman, 1988), or the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith and Waterman, 1981), or the TBLASTN program, of Altschul et al., 1990 supra, generally employing default parameters. In particular, the psi-Blast algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997) may be used.

[0092] An antibody molecule of the invention may also comprise a CH2 domain, CH2 and CH3 domain, light chain and / or heavy chain which has one or more amino acid sequence alterations (addition, deletion, substitution and / or insertion of an amino acid residue), preferably 20 alterations or fewer, 15 alterations or fewer, 10 alterations or fewer, 5 alterations or fewer, 4 alterations or fewer, 3 alterations or fewer, 2 alterations or fewer, or 1 alteration compared with a CH2 domain, CH2 and CH3 domain, light chain or heavy chain sequence disclosed herein. In particular, alterations may be made in one or more framework regions of the antibody molecule outside the VH and VL domain sequences.

[0093] In a further preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule comprises a CH2 domain sequence, with one or more amino acid sequence alterations (addition, deletion, substitution and / or insertion of an amino acid residue), preferably 20 alterations or fewer, 15 alterations or fewer, 10 alterations or fewer, 5 alterations or fewer, 4 alterations or fewer, 3 alterations or fewer, 2 alterations or fewer, or 1 alteration compared with the CH2 domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48 or 49.

[0094] In preferred embodiments in which one or more amino acids are substituted with another amino acid, the substitutions may be conservative substitutions, for example according to the following Table. In some embodiments, amino acids in the same category in the middle column are substituted for one another, i.e. a non-polar amino acid is substituted with another non-polar amino acid for example. In some embodiments, amino acids in the same line in the rightmost column are substituted for one another. ALIPHATICNon-polarG A PI L VPolar - unchargedC S T MN QPolar - chargedD EK RAROMATICH F W Y

[0095] In some embodiments, substitution(s) may be functionally conservative. That is, in some embodiments the substitution may not affect (or may not substantially affect) one or more functional properties (e.g. binding affinity) of the antibody molecule comprising the substitution as compared to the equivalent unsubstituted antibody molecule.

[0096] The antibody molecule preferably binds to human CD137 and human OX40. Preferably, the antibody molecule is capable of simultaneously binding to human CD137 and human OX40, wherein human CD137 and human OX40 are co-expressed. Co-expression in this sense encompasses situations where CD137 and OX40 are expressed on the same cell, for example an immune cell such as a T cell, and situations where CD137 and OX40 are expressed on different cells, for example two different immune cells located adjacent to each other in the tumour microenvironment. Thus, the antibody molecules of the invention are believed to be capable of binding to both targets on a single cell in cis as well as being capable of binding to the two targets expressed on different cells in trans.

[0097] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric human CD137 with an affinity (K D ) of 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, or 0.3 nM or with a higher affinity. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to human CD137, with an affinity (K D ) of 0.3 nM, or with a higher affinity. The antibody molecule may bind dimeric CD137 with a higher affinity than monomeric CD137. The human CD137 may, for example, have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 127 .

[0098] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric human OX40 with an affinity (K D ) of 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, or 0.3 nM or with a higher affinity. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to human OX40, with an affinity (K D ) of 0.3 nM, or with a higher affinity. The antibody molecule may bind dimeric OX40 with a higher affinity than monomeric OX40. The human OX40 may, for example, have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 130 .

[0099] The antibody molecule preferably binds to cynomolgus CD137 and cynomolgus OX40. Binding to cynomolgus CD137 and OX40 as well as human CD137 and OX40 is beneficial as it permits testing of the antibody molecule in cynomolgus monkeys for efficacy and toxicity prior to administration to humans. Preferably, the antibody molecule is capable of simultaneously binding to cynomolgus CD137 and cynomolgus OX40, wherein cynomolgus CD137 and cynomolgus OX40 are co-expressed.

[0100] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric cynomolgus CD137 with an affinity (K D ) of 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, 1 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, or 0.3 nM or with a higher affinity. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to dimeric cynomolgus CD137, with an affinity (K D ) of 0.3 nM, or with a higher affinity. The cynomolgus CD137 may, for example, have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 129.

[0101] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric cynomolgus OX40 with an affinity (K D ) of 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2.5 nM, 2 nM, 1.5 nM, or 1 nM or with a higher affinity. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to cynomolgus OX40, with an affinity (K D ) of 1 nM, or with a higher affinity. The cynomolgus OX40 may, for example, have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 131 .

[0102] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric cynomolgus OX40 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 10-fold, 9-fold, 8-fold, 7-fold, 6-fold, or 5-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human OX40. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to dimeric cynomolgus OX40 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 5-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human OX40.

[0103] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric cynomolgus CD137 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 30-fold, 20-fold, 10-fold, 5-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, or 2-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human CD137. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to dimeric cynomolgus CD137 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 2-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human CD137.

[0104] As described in the present Examples, it is thought that the similarity in binding to human and cynomolgus antigens may be advantageous as it would be hoped that the behaviour of the mAb 2< in cynomolgus monkey studies could be extrapolated to humans. This is thought to be beneficial for carrying out efficacy and toxicity studies carried out with the antibody molecule in cynomolgus monkeys, which may be predictive of the efficacy and toxicity of the antibody molecule in humans.

[0105] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric human CD137 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 10-fold, 9-fold, 8-fold, 7-fold, 6-fold, or 5-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human OX40. Preferably, the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human CD137 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 2-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric human OX40.

[0106] The antibody molecule preferably binds to dimeric cynomolgus CD137 with an affinity (K D ) that is within 10-fold, 9-fold, 8-fold, 7-fold, 6-fold, or 5-fold of the affinity (K D ) that the antibody molecule binds to dimeric cynomolgus OX40.

[0107] As described in the present Examples, it is thought that an antibody molecule having similar affinity for binding to both targets, i.e. CD137 and OX40 may be advantageous because the antibody molecule would be more likely to bind to cells which express both targets.

[0108] The binding affinity of an antibody molecule to a cognate antigen, such as human OX40, human CD137, cynomolgus OX40, or cynomolgus CD137 can be determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), such as Biacore, for example. The binding affinity of an antibody molecule to OX40 or CD137 expressed on a cell surface can be determined by flow cytometry.

[0109] The antibody molecules have been shown to have range of activities on ligand binding. For example the antibody molecule may be capable of blocking, may not be capable of blocking, or may be capable of partially blocking binding of CD137L to CD137.

[0110] Preferably, the antibody molecule may be capable of blocking, may not be capable of blocking, or may be capable of partially blocking binding of CD137L to CD137. More preferably, the antibody molecule is capable of partially blocking binding of CD137L to CD137.

[0111] Preferably, the antibody molecule is capable of inducing signalling of OX40 and / or CD137 as a result of crosslinking by dual binding to both OX40 and CD137 when the two targets are co-expressed. By acting in this way, such antibody molecules are termed "dual agonists", i.e. the antibody molecules are capable of inducing signalling via the receptors as a result of crosslinking by dual binding to both OX40 and CD137. Thus, preferably the antibody molecule is capable of eliciting dual agonism when both OX40 and CD137 are co-expressed. As described herein, such dual agonists are expected to be advantageous. For example, it is believed that such a dual agonist may be able to elicit a stronger stimulation of the immune response, as it could combine the activation of different immune cells, e.g. combine the activity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells by binding to both targets on different cells in trans. As a further example, it is believed that such a dual agonist may be able to result in the activation of a single cell co-expressing both targets without the requirement of two cells interacting together, by binding to both targets in cis.

[0112] More preferably, the dual agonist should be able to drive agonism autonomously by simultaneous engagement with its specific targets (OX40 and CD137) and without the need for additional crosslinking, e.g. crosslinking agents or Fcy receptors. As described herein, such autonomous activity is expected to be advantageous as it will be restricted to locations where both targets are co-expressed and therefore is expected to reduce toxicity potentially associated with activation of CD137 at locations where there is little or no co-expression of OX40.

[0113] The ability of an antibody molecule to activate T cells can be measured using a T cell activation assay. T cells release IL-2 on activation. A T cell activation assay may therefore measure IL-2 release to determine the level of T cell activation induced by the antibody molecule.

[0114] For example, the ability of the antibody molecule to activate T cells is determined by measuring the concentration of the antibody molecule required to achieve half-maximal release of IL-2 by the T cells in a T cells activation assay. This is referred to as the EC 50 below.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule has an EC 50 in a T cell activation assay which is within 50-fold, 40-fold, 30-fold, 20-fold, 10-fold, or 5-fold of the EC 50 of FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in the same assay, wherein FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 consists of the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 95 and the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 97 .

[0116] For example, the antibody molecule may have an EC 50 in a T cell activation assay of 30 nM or less, 25 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 14 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 4 nM or less, 3 nM or less, 2 nM or less, 1.5 nM, 1 nM or 0.5 nM or less, preferably 1.5 nM or less, more preferably 1 nM or less when crosslinked.

[0117] In addition, or alternatively, the ability of an antibody molecule to activate T cells may be determined by measuring the maximum concentration of IL-2 released by the T cells in a T cell activation assay in the presence of the antibody molecule.

[0118] In a preferred embodiment, the maximum concentration of IL-2 released by the T cells in a T cell activation assay in the presence of the antibody molecule is within 20%, or 10% of the maximum concentration of IL-2 released by the T cells in the presence of FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in the same assay, wherein FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 consists of the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 95 and the light chain of SEQ ID NO: 97 .

[0119] The T cell activation assay preferably comprises T cells co-expressing OX40 and CD137. In a preferred embodiment, the T cell activation assay does not comprise any agents capable of crosslinking the antibody molecules other than CD137 and OX40.

[0120] The T cell activation assay may be a T cell assay as described herein, such as a pan-T cell assay, a CD4+ T cell assay, or a CD8+ T cell assay as described in the present Examples.

[0121] For example, a T cell activation assay may be an IL-2 release assay based on T cells isolated from human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). A CD4+ T cell activation assay or a CD8+ T cell activation assay may be an IL-2 release assay based on CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells isolated from human PBMCs, respectively. As explained in the present Examples, an antibody molecule which is capable of activating T cells in both a CD4+ and a CD8+ T cell assay, is capable of activating both OX40 and CD137 (also referred to as a 'dual agonist') . For example, the T cell activation assay may comprise isolating human PBMCs from leucocyte depletion cones. Methods for isolating PBMCs are known in the art and described in the present examples. The T cells may then be isolated from the PBMCs. Methods for isolating T cells (all T cells, CD4+ T cells, or CD8+ T cells) from PBMCs are again known in the art and described in the present Examples.

[0122] The activation assay may involve preparing the required number of T cells for example in experimental media, such as a T cell medium. The required number of T cells may be prepared at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. T cells may then be stimulated using a suitable T cell activation reagent that provides the signals required for T cell activation. For example, the T cell activation reagent may be a reagent comprising CD3 and CD28, such as beads comprising CD3 and CD28. Isolated T cells may be incubated overnight with the T cell activation reagent to activate the T cells. Following this, the activated T cells may be washed to separate the T cells from the T cell activation reagent and resuspended in T cell medium at a suitable concentration, such as 2.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. Activated T cells may then be added to plates coated with anti-human CD3 antibody.

[0123] A suitable dilution of each test antibody molecule may be prepared and added to the wells. The T cells may then be incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 24 hours with the test antibody. Supernatants may be collected and assayed to determine the concentration of IL-2 in the supernatant. Methods for determining the concentration of IL-2 in a solution are known in the art and described in the present examples. The concentration of human IL-2 may be plotted versus the log concentration of the antibody molecule. The resulting curves may be fitted using the log (agonist) versus response equation.

[0124] The antibody molecule may be conjugated to a bioactive molecule or a detectable label. In this case, the antibody molecule may be referred to as a conjugate. Such conjugates find application in the treatment of diseases as described herein.

[0125] For example, the bioactive molecule may be an immune system modulator, such as a cytokine, preferably a human cytokine. For example, the cytokine may be a cytokine which stimulates T cell activation and / or proliferation. Examples of cytokines for conjugation to the antibody molecule include IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma.

[0126] Alternatively, the bioactive molecule may be a ligand trap, such as a ligand trap of a cytokine, e.g. of TGF-beta or IL-6.

[0127] Alternatively, the bioactive molecule may be a therapeutic radioisotope.

[0128] Radioimmunotherapy is used in cancer treatment, for example. Therapeutic radioisotopes suitable for radioimmunotherapy are known in the art and include yttrium-90, iodine-131, bismuth-213, astatine-211, lutetium 177, rhenium-188, copper-67, actinium-225, and iodine-125 and terbium-161.

[0129] Suitable detectable labels which may be conjugated to antibody molecules are known in the art and include radioisotopes such as iodine-125, iodine-131, yttrium-90, indium-111 and technetium-99; fluorochromes, such as fluorescein, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, Texas Red and cyanine dye derivatives for example,Cy7 and Alexa750; chromogenic dyes, such as diaminobenzidine; latex beads; enzyme labels such as horseradish peroxidase; phosphor or laser dyes with spectrally isolated absorption or emission characteristics; and chemical moieties, such as biotin, which may be detected via binding to a specific cognate detectable moiety, e.g. labelled avidin.

[0130] The antibody molecule may be conjugated to the bioactive molecule or detectable label by means of any suitable covalent or non-covalent linkage, such as a disulphide or peptide bond. Where the bioactive molecule is a cytokine, the cytokine may be joined to the antibody molecule by means of a peptide linker. Suitable peptide linkers are known in the art and may be 5 to 25, 5 to 20, 5 to 15, 10 to 25, 10 to 20, or 10 to 15 amino acids in length.

[0131] In some embodiments, the bioactive molecule may be conjugated to the antibody molecule by a cleavable linker. The linker may allow release of the bioactive molecule from the antibody molecule at a site of therapy. Linkers may include amide bonds (e.g. peptidic linkers), disulphide bonds or hydrazones. Peptide linkers for example may be cleaved by site specific proteases, disulphide bonds may be cleaved by the reducing environment of the cytosol and hydrazones may be cleaved by acid-mediated hydrolysis.

[0132] The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule or molecules encoding an antibody molecule of the invention. The skilled person would have no difficulty in preparing such nucleic acid molecules using methods well-known in the art.

[0133] The nucleic acid molecule or molecules may, for example, comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55 or 113 , both of which encode the CH3 domain of FS20-22-49. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule or molecules comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113 , which encodes the CH3 domain of FS20-22-49. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule or molecules comprise the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 55 , which encodes the CH3 domain of FS20-22-49 .

[0134] The nucleic acid molecule or molecules encode(s) the VH domain and VL domain of antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , FS30-35-14 , or FS30-5-37 , preferably antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , FS30-10-12 , or FS30-35-14 , more preferably antibody FS30-10-16 , FS30-10-3 , or FS30-10-12 , most preferably antibody FS30-10-16 . The VH and VL domain sequences of these antibodies are described herein.

[0135] For example, the nucleic acid molecule(s) may comprise: (i) the VH domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-16 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 , and / or the VL domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-16 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 ; or (ii) the VH domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-3 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19 , and / or the VL domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-3 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 ; (iii) the VH domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-12 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24 , and / or the VL domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-10-12 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20 ; (iv) the VH domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-35-14 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 171, and / or the VL domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-35-14 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 32 ; or (v) the VH domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-5-37 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41 , and / or the VL domain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS30-5-37 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43 .

[0136] The nucleic acid molecule or molecules may encode the heavy chain and / or light chain, preferably the heavy chain and light chain of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 , FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 , FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 , FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 , or FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 , preferably antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 , FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 , or FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 , more preferably antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 , FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 or FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 , most preferably FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 . The heavy and light chain sequences of these antibodies are described herein.

[0137] For example, the nucleic acid molecule(s) may comprise: (i) the heavy chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96 , and / or the light chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98 ; or (ii) the heavy chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100 , and / or the light chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102 ; (iii) the heavy chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104 , and / or the light chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102 ; (iv) the heavy chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 106 , and / or the light chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 108 ; or (v) the heavy chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110 , and / or the light chain nucleic acid sequence of antibody FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112 .

[0138] Where the nucleic acid encodes the VH and VL domain, or heavy and light chain, of an antibody molecule of the invention, the two domains or chains may be encoded on two separate nucleic acid molecules.

[0139] An isolated nucleic acid molecule may be used to express an antibody molecule of the invention. The nucleic acid will generally be provided in the form of a recombinant vector for expression. Another aspect of the invention thus provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid as described above. Suitable vectors can be chosen or constructed, containing appropriate regulatory sequences, including promoter sequences, terminator fragments, polyadenylation sequences, enhancer sequences, marker genes and other sequences as appropriate. Preferably, the vector contains appropriate regulatory sequences to drive the expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, viral e.g. phage, or phagemid, as appropriate.

[0140] A nucleic acid molecule or vector as described herein may be introduced into a host cell. Techniques for the introduction of nucleic acid or vectors into host cells are well established in the art and any suitable technique may be employed. A range of host cells suitable for the production of recombinant antibody molecules are known in the art, and include bacterial, yeast, insect or mammalian host cells. A preferred host cell is a mammalian cell, such as a CHO, NS0, or HEK cell, for example a HEK293 cell.

[0141] Another aspect of the invention provides a method of producing an antibody molecule of the invention comprising expressing a nucleic acid encoding the antibody molecule in a host cell and optionally isolating and / or purifying the antibody molecule thus produced. Methods for culturing host cells are well-known in the art. The method may further comprise isolating and / or purifying the antibody molecule. Techniques for the purification of recombinant antibody molecules are well-known in the art and include, for example HPLC, FPLC or affinity chromatography, e.g. using Protein A or Protein L. In some embodiments, purification may be performed using an affinity tag on antibody molecule. The method may also comprise formulating the antibody molecule into a pharmaceutical composition, optionally with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or other substance as described below.

[0142] As explained above, CD137 and OX40 are both expressed on cells of the immune system, including T cells. For example, OX40 is expressed on cells of the immune system, including activated T cells, in particular CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, type 1 T helper (Th1) cells, type 2 T helper (Th2) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, and tumour-infiltrating T cells, as well as activated natural killer (NK) cells. CD137 is expressed on cells of the immune system, including T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). CD137 is expressed at a lower level on CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells (see Example 14 and Figure 6) but has also been shown to be involved in inducing proliferation and activation of some subsets of CD4+ T cells (Wen et al., 2002).

[0143] OX40 activation has been shown to play a role in enhancing T cell activation, T cell clonal expansion, T cell differentiation and survival, and the generation of memory T cells. CD137 activation has been shown to play a role in enhancing proliferation, survival and the cytotoxic effector function of CD8+ T cells, as well as CD8+ T cell differentiation and maintenance of memory CD8+ T cells. Activation of CD137 has also been demonstrated to enhance NK cell-mediated ADCC, as well as B cell proliferation, survival and cytokine production.

[0144] In light of the immune response enhancing activity of OX40 and CD137, OX40 and CD137 agonist molecules have been investigated in the context of cancer treatment, and are also expected to find application in the treatment of infectious diseases.

[0145] The antibody molecules as described herein may thus be useful for therapeutic applications, in particular in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.

[0146] An antibody molecule as described herein may be used in a method of treatment of the human or animal body. Related aspects of the invention provide an antibody molecule described herein for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual.

[0147] The individual may be a patient, preferably a human patient.

[0148] Treatment may be any treatment or therapy in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition or delay of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, cure or remission (whether partial or total) of the condition, preventing, ameliorating, delaying, abating or arresting one or more symptoms and / or signs of the condition or prolonging survival of an individual or patient beyond that expected in the absence of treatment.

[0149] Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e. prophylaxis) is also included. For example, an individual susceptible to or at risk of the occurrence or re-occurrence of a disease such as cancer may be treated as described herein. Such treatment may prevent or delay the occurrence or re-occurrence of the disease in the individual.

[0150] A method of treatment as described may comprise administering at least one further treatment to the individual in addition to the antibody molecule. The antibody molecule described herein may thus be administered to an individual alone or in combination with one or more other treatments. Where the antibody molecule is administered to the individual in combination with another treatment, the additional treatment may be administered to the individual concurrently with, sequentially to, or separately from the administration of the antibody molecule. Where the additional treatment is administered concurrently with the antibody molecule, the antibody molecule and additional treatment may be administered to the individual as a combined preparation. For example, the additional therapy may be a known therapy or therapeutic agent for the disease to be treated.

[0151] Whilst an antibody molecule may be administered alone, antibody molecules will usually be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, which may comprise at least one component in addition to the antibody molecule. Another aspect of the invention therefore provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody molecule as described herein. A method comprising formulating an antibody molecule into a pharmaceutical composition is also provided.

[0152] Pharmaceutical compositions comprise, in addition to the antibody molecule, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient well known to those skilled in the art. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" as used herein pertains to compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Each excipient must also be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation. The precise nature of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which may be by infusion, injection or any other suitable route, as discussed below.

[0153] For parenteral, for example subcutaneous or intravenous administration, e.g. by injection, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody molecule may be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles, such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and / or other additives may be employed as required including buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens, such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3'-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamine, asparagines, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose or dextrins; chelating agents, such as EDTA; sugars, such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions, such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); and / or nonionic surfactants, such as TWEEN ™< , PLURONICS ™< or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

[0154] In some embodiments, antibody molecules may be provided in a lyophilised form for reconstitution prior to administration. For example, lyophilised antibody molecules may be re-constituted in sterile water and mixed with saline prior to administration to an individual.

[0155] Administration may be in a "therapeutically effective amount", this being sufficient to show benefit to an individual. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated, the particular individual being treated, the clinical condition of the individual, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the composition, the type of antibody molecule, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration and other factors known to medical practitioners. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage etc., is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors, and may depend on the severity of the symptoms and / or progression of a disease being treated. Appropriate doses of antibody molecules are well known in the art (Ledermann et al., 1991; Bagshawe et al., 1991). Specific dosages indicated herein, or in the Physician's Desk Reference (2003) as appropriate for an antibody molecule being administered, may be used. A therapeutically effective amount or suitable dose of an antibody molecule can be determined by comparing in vitro activity and in vivo activity in an animal model. Methods for extrapolation of effective dosages in mice and other test animals to humans are known. The precise dose will depend upon a number of factors, including whether the size and location of the area to be treated, and the precise nature of the antibody molecule.

[0156] A typical antibody dose is in the range 100 µg to 1 g for systemic applications, and 1 µg to 1 mg for topical applications. An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses, may be administered. This is a dose for a single treatment of an adult individual, which may be proportionally adjusted for children and infants, and also adjusted for other antibody formats in proportion to molecular weight.

[0157] Treatments may be repeated at daily, twice-weekly, weekly or monthly intervals, at the discretion of the physician. The treatment schedule for an individual may be dependent on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibody composition, the route of administration and the nature of the condition being treated.

[0158] Treatment may be periodic, and the period between administrations may be about two weeks or more, e.g. about three weeks or more, about four weeks or more, about once a month or more, about five weeks or more, or about six weeks or more. For example, treatment may be every two to four weeks or every four to eight weeks. Suitable formulations and routes of administration are described above.

[0159] In a preferred embodiment, an antibody molecule as described herein may be for use in a method of treating cancer.

[0160] Cancer may be characterised by the abnormal proliferation of malignant cancer cells. Where a particular type of cancer, such as breast cancer, is referred to, this refers to an abnormal proliferation of malignant cells of the relevant tissue, such as breast tissue. A secondary cancer which is located in the breast but is the result of abnormal proliferation of malignant cells of another tissue, such as ovarian tissue, is not a breast cancer as referred to herein but an ovarian cancer.

[0161] The cancer may be a primary or a secondary cancer. Thus, an antibody molecule as described herein may be for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual, wherein the cancer is a primary tumour and / or a tumour metastasis.

[0162] A tumour of a cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein may comprise TILs that express OX40 and / or CD137, e.g. on their cell surface. In one embodiment, the tumour may have been determined to comprise TILs that express one or both of OX40 and CD137. Methods for determining the expression of an antigen on a cell surface are known in the art and include, for example, flow cytometry.

[0163] For example, the cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein may be selected from the group consisting of leukaemias, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); lymphomas, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma; and solid cancers, such as sarcomas (e.g. soft tissue sarcomas), skin cancer (e.g. Merkel cell carcinoma), melanoma, bladder cancer (e.g. bladder urothelial carcinoma), brain cancer (e.g. glioblastoma multiforme), breast cancer, uterine / endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer (e.g. ovarian serous cystadenoma), prostate cancer, lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), such as lung squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)), colorectal cancer (e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma), cervical cancer (e.g. cervical squamous cell cancer and endocervical adenocarcinoma), liver cancer (e.g. hepatocellular carcinoma), head and neck cancer (e.g. head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma), oesophageal cancer (e.g. oesophageal carcinoma), pancreatic cancer, renal cancer (e.g. renal cell cancer), adrenal cancer, stomach cancer (e.g. stomach adenocarcinoma), testicular cancer (e.g. testicular germ cell tumours), cancer of the gall bladder and biliary tracts (e.g. cholangiocarcinoma), thyroid cancer, thymus cancer, bone cancer, and cerebral cancer.

[0164] In a preferred embodiment, the cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a solid cancer.

[0165] More preferably, the cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a solid cancer selected from the group consisting of melanoma, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer and stomach cancer.

[0166] In a further preferred embodiment, the cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein may be a cancer which is responsive to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors, such as an antibody which binds PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA4. Such tumours are thought to have higher TIL levels and / or higher tumour mutational burden than tumours which are not responsive to check-point inhibitor therapy. Such tumours are also referred to as warm or hot tumours.

[0167] Examples of such tumours include head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC), melanoma, lung cancer (such as squamous lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma [NSCLC], or small-cell lung carcinoma [SCLC]), prostate cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, colorectal cancer (MSI or MSS; e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma), oesophageal cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), gastric cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, mesothelioma, and urothelial cancer. In a preferred embodiment, the cancer is gastric cancer. The cancer may further be a cancer which has not previously been treated with a chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent, i.e. the individual to be treated may be a cancer patient which has not received treatment with a chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic agent for the cancer in question. In a preferred embodiment, the antibody molecule as described herein is for use in a method of treating a cancer which is responsive to one or more immune-checkpoint inhibitors in an individual, wherein the method comprises treating the patient with the antibody molecule in combination with an agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1.

[0168] Alternatively, the cancer to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein may be a cancer, such as pancreatic cancer or prostate cancer which is not responsive to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors, such as an antibody which binds PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA4. Such tumours are also referred to as cold tumours.

[0169] The present inventors have shown that tumours which did not respond to treatment with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody alone, were responsive to treatment with the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein. Thus, the antibody molecule of the invention may be for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual, wherein the cancer is not responsive, or is refractory, to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors alone, and wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule to the individual in combination with an agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. A method of treating a cancer in an individual, wherein the cancer is not responsive, or is refractory, to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors alone, and wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule to the individual in combination with an agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 is also contemplated.

[0170] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that treatment of a cancer which is not responsive to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors alone, with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, an immunotherapeutic agent, such as an immunostimulatory agent, or an anti-tumour vaccine will result in cancer cell death which in turn will result in an increase in TILs in the tumour and higher expression of immunosuppressive receptors, which in turn will make the cancer responsive to treatment with check-point inhibitors, i.e. turn a cold tumour into a warm tumour. Thus, the antibody molecule of the invention may be for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual, wherein the cancer is not responsive, or is refractory, to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors alone, and wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule to the individual in combination with a chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, or immunostimulatory agent, or an anti-cancer vaccine and optionally an agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. A method of treating a cancer in an individual, wherein the cancer is not responsive, or is refractory, to treatment with one or more check-point inhibitors alone, and wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule to the individual in combination with a chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, or immunostimulatory agent, or an anti-cancer vaccine and optionally an agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 is also contemplated. In a preferred embodiment, the agent which inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 is an antibody which binds PD-1 or PD-L1.

[0171] In the context of cancer, treatment may include inhibiting cancer growth, including complete cancer remission, and / or inhibiting cancer metastasis, as well as inhibiting cancer recurrence. Cancer growth generally refers to any one of a number of indices that indicate change within the cancer to a more developed form. Thus, indices for measuring an inhibition of cancer growth include a decrease in cancer cell survival, a decrease in tumour volume or morphology (for example, as determined using computed tomographic (CT), sonography, or other imaging method), a delayed tumour growth, a destruction of tumour vasculature, improved performance in delayed hypersensitivity skin test, an increase in the activity of anti-cancer immune cells or other anti-cancer immune responses, and a decrease in levels of tumour-specific antigens. Activating or enhancing immune responses to cancerous tumours in an individual may improve the capacity of the individual to resist cancer growth, in particular growth of a cancer already present in the subject, and / or decrease the propensity for cancer growth in the individual.

[0172] In the context of cancer treatment, an antibody molecule as described herein may be administered to an individual in combination with another anti-cancer therapy or therapeutic agent, such as an anti-cancer therapy or therapeutic agent which has been shown to be suitable, or potentially suitable, for the treatment of the cancer in question. For example, the antibody molecule may be administered to the individual in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent, radiotherapy, a radionuclide, an immunotherapeutic agent, an anti-tumour vaccine, an oncolytic virus, an adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy, such as adoptive NK cell therapy or therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, autologous TILs or gamma / delta T cells, or an agent for hormone therapy. An antibody molecule as described herein may also be administered to an individual in combination with an adjuvant or neoadjuvant, such as a neoadjuvant hormone therapy, an anti-angiogenic agent, such as an anti-VEGF or anti-VEGFR2 antibody, or a cytotoxic agent.

[0173] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the antibody molecule described herein may act as an adjuvant in anti-cancer therapy. Specifically, it is thought that administration of the antibody molecule to an in individual in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, for example, will trigger a greater immune response against the cancer than is achieved with chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone.

[0174] One or more chemotherapeutic agents for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be selected from the group consisting of: taxanes, cytotoxic antibiotics, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, B-Raf enzyme inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, c-MET inhibitors, VEGFR inhibitors, PDGFR inhibitors, alkylating agents, platinum analogues, nucleoside analogues, antifolates, thalidomide derivatives, antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents and others. Taxanes include docetaxel, paclitaxel and nab-paclitaxel; cytotoxic antibiotics include actinomycin, bleomycin, and anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and valrubicin; tyrosine kinase inhibitors include erlotinib, gefitinib, axitinib, PLX3397, imatinib, cobemitinib and trametinib; PARP inhibitors include piraparib; B-Raf enzyme inhibitors include vemurafenib and dabrafenib; alkylating agents include dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide and temozolomide; platinum analogues include carboplatin, cisplatin and oxaliplatin; nucleoside analogues include azacitidine, capecitabine, fludarabine, fluorouracil and gemcitabine and ; antifolates include methotrexate and pemetrexed. Other chemotherapeutic agents suitable for use in the present invention include defactinib, entinostat, eribulin, irinotecan and vinblastine. A chemotherapeutic agent for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be a fluropyrimidine. For example, where the cancer to be treated is HER2 negative, such as HER2 negative gastric cancer, the antibody molecule as described herein may be administered in combination with platinum a platinum analogue and a fluoropyrimidine. Where the cancer to be treated is HER2 positive, such as HER2 positive gastric cancer, the antibody molecule as described herein may be administered in combination with platinum or a platinum analogue, a fluoropyrimidine and trastuzumab.

[0175] Preferred therapeutic agents for administration with an antibody molecule as described herein are doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin.

[0176] A radiotherapy for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy.

[0177] Radionuclides for administration with an antibody molecule as described herein may be selected from the group consisting of: yttrium-90, iodine-131, bismuth-213, astatine-211, lutetium 177, rhenium-188, copper-67, actinium-225, iodine-125 and terbium-161.

[0178] An immunotherapeutic agent for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be a therapeutic antibody molecule, nucleotide, cytokine, or cytokine-based therapy. For example, the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind to an immune regulatory molecule, e.g. an inhibitory checkpoint molecule or an immune costimulatory molecule, a receptor of the innate immune system, or a tumour antigen, e.g. a cell surface tumour antigen or a soluble tumour antigen. Examples of immune regulatory molecules to which the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind include CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, VISTA, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), CD47, CD73, CSF-1R, KIR, CD40, HVEM, IL-10 and CSF-1. Examples of receptors of the innate immune system to which the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind include TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, RIG-I-like receptors (e.g. RIG-I and MDA-5), and STING. Examples of tumour antigens to which the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind include HER2, EGFR, CD20 and TGF-beta.

[0179] The present inventors have shown that administration of an antibody molecule of the invention in combination with an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody resulted in enhanced T cell activation and tumour regression in a mouse tumour model compared with treatment with either the antibody molecule of the invention or an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody alone. Without wishing to be bound by theory, these results suggest that administration of the antibody molecule of the invention in combination with an agent capable of inhibiting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 results in enhanced anti-tumour effects, as well as that such a combined administration may be suitable for the treatment of tumours which are refractory or resistant or have relapsed following PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody monotherapy.

[0180] Thus, the antibody molecule of the invention may be for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual, wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule in combination with an agent which is capable of inhibiting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. Also provided is an agent capable of inhibiting the interaction between PD1 and PD-L1, such as an antibody molecule which binds PD-1 or PD-L1, for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual, wherein the method comprises administering the agent which is capable of inhibiting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 in combination with an antibody of the invention. A method of treating cancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody molecule of the invention and a therapeutically effective amount of an agent which is capable of inhibiting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1.

[0181] In a preferred embodiment, the agent which is capable of inhibiting the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 is an antibody molecule which binds PD-1 or PD-L1. Antibodies which bind to PD-1 are known in the art and include nivolumab (5C4) and pembrolizumab. Known antibodies which bind to PD-L1 include YW243.55.S1, durvalumab, atezolizumab and avelumab. The antibody molecule of the invention may be for administration with one of these known anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibodies, or with another anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody. The preparation of alternative antibodies which bind to PD-1 or PD-L1 is within the capabilities of the skilled person using routine methods.

[0182] The nucleic acid for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be an siRNA.

[0183] The cytokines or cytokine-based therapy may be selected from the group consisting of: IL-2, prodrug of conjugated IL2, GM-CSF, IL-7, IL-12, IL-9, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and type I interferon.

[0184] Anti-tumour vaccines for the treatment of cancer have both been implemented in the clinic and discussed in detail within scientific literature (such as Rosenberg, 2000). This mainly involves strategies to prompt the immune system to respond to various cellular markers expressed by autologous or allogenic cancer cells by using those cells as a vaccination method, both with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF provokes a strong response in antigen presentation and works particularly well when employed with said strategies.

[0185] An antibody molecule as described herein may also be administered to an individual with cancer, in particular an individual with gastric cancer, in combination with ramucirumab and / or paclitaxel; irinotecan and docetaxel or paclitaxel; or pembrolizumab. Treatment with an antibody molecule as described herein in combination with pembrolizumab is preferred in the treatment of MSI-H and / or dMMR gastric cancer.

[0186] In light of the immune response enhancing activity of OX40 and CD137, OX40 and CD137 dual agonist molecules are expected to find application in the treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, in an example, the antibody molecule as described herein may be for use in a method of treating an infectious disease, such as an acute or a persistent infectious disease.

[0187] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that OX40 and CD137 agonist molecules may be able to enhance the immune response against an acute infectious disease caused by a pathogen by inducing rapid infiltration and activation of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, thereby facilitating the clearance of the pathogen responsible for the acute infectious disease. Therefore, in a further example, the antibody molecule as described herein may be for use in a method of treating an acute infectious disease, such as an acute bacterial disease. In an example, the acute infectious disease is an acute bacterial disease caused by an infection by a gram-positive bacterium, such as a bacterium of the genus Listeria, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus.

[0188] Infectious diseases are normally cleared by the immune system but some infections persist for long periods of time, such as months or years, and are ineffectively combatted by the immune system. Such infections are also referred to as persistent or chronic infections.

[0189] In an example, the antibody molecule as described herein is used to treat a persistent infectious disease, such as a persistent viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection, preferably a persistent viral or bacterial infection.

[0190] In an example, the persistent viral infection to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a persistent infection of: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Varicella Zoster virus.

[0191] In an example, the persistent bacterial infection to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a persistent infection of: Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Helicobacter pylori, Treponema pallidum, Enterococcus faecalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[0192] CD137 agonism has been described to be beneficial in the context of treatment of infections by gram positive bacteria. Thus, in an example, the persistent bacterial infection to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a persistent infection by a gram-positive bacterium. In an example, the persistent bacterial infection is a persistent infection by a gram-positive bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium leprae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[0193] In an example, the persistent fungal infection to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a persistent infection of: Candida, e.g. Candida albicans, Cryptococcus (gattii and neoformans), Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffe, Microsporum, e.g. Microsporum audouinii, and Trichophyton tonsurans.

[0194] In an example, the persistent parasitic infection to be treated using an antibody molecule as described herein is a persistent infection of: Plasmodium, such as Plasmodium falciparum, or Leishmania, such as Leishmania donovani.

[0195] In the context of treatment of a persistent infectious disease, the antibody molecule may be administered to an individual in combination with a second therapy or therapeutic agent which has been shown to be suitable, or is expected to be suitable, for treatment of the pathogen in question. For example, the antibody molecule may be administered to the individual in combination with an immunotherapeutic agent. An immunotherapeutic agent for administration in combination with an antibody molecule as described herein may be a therapeutic antibody molecule. For example, the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind to a receptor of the innate immune system. Examples of receptors of the innate immune system to which the therapeutic antibody molecule may bind include TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, RIG-I-like receptors (e.g. RIG-I and MDA-5), and STING.

[0196] Where the antibody molecule is used to prevent an infectious disease, the antibody molecule may be administered in combination with a vaccine for the pathogen in question. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the antibody molecule described herein may act as an adjuvant in vaccination. Specifically, it is thought that administration of the antibody molecule to an in individual in combination with vaccine, will trigger a greater immune response against the pathogen than is achieved with the vaccine alone.

[0197] In the context of the treatment of a persistent infectious disease, treatment may include eliminating the infection, reducing the pathogenic load of the individual, and preventing recurrence of the infection. For example, the treatment may comprise preventing, ameliorating, delaying, abating or arresting one or more symptoms and / or signs of the persistent infection. Alternatively, the treatment may include preventing an infectious disease.

[0198] The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or in the following claims, or in the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for obtaining the disclosed results, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

[0199] For the avoidance of any doubt, any theoretical explanations provided herein are provided for the purposes of improving the understanding of a reader. The inventors do not wish to be bound by any of these theoretical explanations.

[0200] Any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0201] Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" and "include", and variations such as "comprises", "comprising", and "including" will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0202] Any references to the methods of treatment by therapy or surgery of this description are to be interpreted as references to compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments of the present invention for use in those methods.

[0203] It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and / or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. The term "about" in relation to a numerical value is optional and means for example + / - 10%.Examples

[0204] The present inventors aimed to generate mAb 2< that were capable of agonising both OX40 and CD137 in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents or Fcy receptor-mediated crosslinking and that were capable of producing an enhanced immune response against diseases such as cancer. In this context, a mAb 2< is an antibody molecule that comprises a CDR-based antigen-binding site that binds CD137 and an OX40 antigen-binding site located in the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule.

[0205] In order to achieve this aim, the present inventors firstly used selection and affinity maturation methods to identify Fcabs that were able to bind OX40 and induce T cell activation in humans and mouse, respectively (see Examples 2 and 3). The inventors subsequently introduced the OX40 antigen-binding site from these Fcabs into a mAb 2< format and show that several of these anti-human OX40 "mock" mAb 2< were able to bind human and cynomolgus OX40 with a high affinity and activate T cells when cross linked (see Example 4). Out of these, clone FS20-22-49 showed the highest increase in agonistic activity upon crosslinking and also had the lowest EC 50 for its agonistic activity in the presence of crosslinking and was therefore taken forward as the OX40 antigen-binding site for development of the subject mAb 2< .

[0206] In order to develop the CDR-based antigen binding site that binds and is capable of agonising CD137, the present inventors used selection methods to identify monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that could bind human CD137 and were only capable of activating T cells when cross linked (see Example 5). The CDRs from these identified mAbs were subsequently cloned into mAb 2< that comprised the FS20-22-49 OX40 antigen binding site. The CDRs of these mAb 2< were sequence optimised in order to produce the following mAb 2:< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 (see Example 6). All of these mAb 2< were demonstrated to have a high level of specificity to human CD137 and were able to activate CD137 when crosslinked in a T cell activation assay (see Example 7). None of the mAb 2< showed any significant ability to activate CD137 in the absence of crosslinking.

[0207] Having established that the FS20-22-49AA OX40 antigen-binding site in the selected mAb 2< was capable of binding and activating OX40 when crosslinked and that, separately, the FS30-10-3, FS30-10-12, FS30-10-16, FS30-35-14 and FS30-5-37 CD137 CDR-based antigen-binding sites were capable of binding and activating CD137 when crosslinked, the present inventors sought to demonstrate that the mAb 2< containing these antigen-binding domains were capable of activating both OX40 and CD137 (also referred to as 'dual agonism'). Such a dual agonist would be able to i) bind to OX40 to crosslink the mAb 2< and bind to, cluster and activate (agonise) CD137, and ii) bind to CD137 to crosslink the mAb 2< and bind to, cluster and activate (agonise) OX40. Importantly, the dual agonist should be able to drive agonism autonomously, based on the expression of the specific targets (OX40 and CD137) and without the need for additional crosslinking agents.

[0208] The present inventors demonstrated that the tested mAb 2< molecules were able to bind human CD137, human OX40, cynomolgus CD137 and cynomolgus OX40 (see Example 8) and that the tested mAb 2< molecules were capable of binding to human CD137 and human OX40 simultaneously (see Example 9). The present inventors showed that the 'LALA' mutation in the CH2 domain of the mAb 2< reduced their binding to Fcy receptors and that mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 was unable to induce ADCC activation in an ADCC bioassay (see Example 10).

[0209] The present inventors also showed that the tested OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< molecules bound to cell-expressed human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137, with no non-specific binding observed (see Example 11).

[0210] The present inventors then demonstrated that the tested mAb 2< molecules containing this LALA mutation were able to induce T-cell activation in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents in a T cell activation assay using staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA; see Example 12). The present inventors also demonstrated that the tested mAb 2< molecules could induce T-cell activation in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents in a pan-T cell activation assay and that this activity is dependent on the mAb 2< engaging both OX40 and CD137 at the same time (see Example 13 and 16). The inventors additionally confirmed that the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< was able to activate these receptors in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, in the absence of crosslinking (see Example 14).

[0211] As the anti-human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< did not bind to mouse proteins, in order to test the potential of an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to illicit a T-cell mediated anti-tumour response a parallel mAb 2< was made targeting mouse OX40 and mouse CD137, both with and without the LALA mutation (labelled FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3, respectively). The inventors showed that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< can induce T cell activation without any additional crosslinking agents and that this activity is dependent on the mAb 2< engaging both OX40 and CD137 at the same time (see Examples 15 and 16).

[0212] The present inventors demonstrate that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3 mAb 2< have anti-tumour efficacy in vivo in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model (see Example 17). The inventors additionally demonstrate that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< has an effect on circulating T cells, increasing the frequency of activated and proliferating T cells (see Examples 18 and 19). The inventors demonstrated that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< has anti-tumour efficacy in vivo in a B16-F10 syngeneic tumour model (see Example 20).

[0213] The inventors carried out an analytical characterisation and preliminary stability assessment of the mAb 2< (see Example 21). All five mAb 2< tested showed favourable analytical characterisation and favourable stability.

[0214] The present inventors have demonstrated that the combination of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< with an anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1 antibody in a T cell activation assay using SEA can result in an increase in the maximal activity of T cells in vitro above that seen with the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< alone. The present inventors have further shown that treatment with the combination of the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< and an anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo in a CT26 mouse tumour model was able to result in an increase in anti-tumour activity, to provide a survival benefit, and to enhance pharmacodynamic modulation of proliferating T cells and NK cells compared to treatment with either single agent (see Example 22).

[0215] The present inventors have demonstrated that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< has dose-dependent anti-tumour activity in vivo in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model up to a certain dose level and that this activity was maintained at higher dose levels. The inventors have also shown that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< can induce establishment of protective immunological memory in "complete responder" mice and protect against re-inoculation with CT26 cells (see Example 23). The inventors have demonstrated that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< has an effect on circulating T cells, significantly increasing the frequency of proliferating (Ki67+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at varying dose levels (see Example 24). The inventors have further shown that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< is able to increase the frequency of activated (CD69+) and proliferating (Ki67+) CD8 T cells, and that CD4 T-cell depletion has a detrimental effect on this peripheral pharmacodynamic response mediated by the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< (see Example 25). The inventors have shown that the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< had similar functional activity in a primary cynomolgus monkey PBMC assay compared to an equivalent human assay, that the mAb 2< was well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at doses up to 30 mg / kg, and that it was able to induce a drug-related increase in proliferation and activation of central memory and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells in cynomolgus monkeys (see Example 26).

[0216] The inventors have also shown that when studied in BALB / c mice, the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< induced a moderate and transient increase in levels of T cell infiltration and proliferation in the liver compared to a crosslink-independent CD137 agonist, which induced elevated and sustained liver T cell infiltration, proliferation and activation (see Example 27). Lastly, in a CT26 syngeneic mouse tumour model, the inventors have shown that between mice treated with either the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< or an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< comprising the same OX40 Fcab paired with a crosslink-independent anti-CD137 Fab clone, there were no differences in tumour growth or survival, despite the ability of the crosslink-independent Fab clone to induce increased T cell levels and proliferation as compared to the crosslink-dependent anti-CD137 Lob12.3 clone of the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< (see Example 28).

[0217] These experiments are described in more detail in the following Examples.Example 1 - Antigen selection and characterisation

[0218] The selection and screening methods used to identify mAb 2< that are capable of binding and agonising both OX40 and CD137 required the use of various OX40 and CD137 antigens. The production of these antigens is described in more detail below.1.1 OX40 antigens

[0219] OX40 antigens used for the selection of Fcabs specific for human and mouse OX40 and for testing cross-reactivity of selected Fcabs with cynomolgus OX40 were either prepared in-house or obtained from commercial sources as described below.1.1.1 Preparation of recombinant, soluble human, cynomolgus and mouse OX40 antigens

[0220] To prepare recombinant, soluble, dimeric OX40 antigens, the extracellular domain of OX40 was fused to mouse Fc, which improved the solubility and stability of the antigen. Specifically, the extracellular domain of the relevant OX40 (human, cynomolgus or mouse) was cloned into the pFUSE-mlgG2aFc2 vector (Invivogen cat no pfuse-mg2afc2) using EcoRI-HF and Bglll restriction enzymes to produce antigens with a mouse IgG2a Fc domain at the C-terminus. The recombinant OX40 antigens were then produced by transient expression in HEK293-6E cells (National Research Council of Canada) and purified using mAb Select SuRe protein A columns (GE Healthcare, 11003494), followed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to ensure that the resulting antigen was a single species and did not contain aggregates.

[0221] To prepare biotinylated versions of the recombinant OX40 antigens, the antigens were biotinylated using EZ-Link ™< Sulfo-NHS-SS-Biotin kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat no 21331) following the manufacturer's protocol. Biotinylated OX40 antigen was used for the selection experiments described below but not for binding affinity measurements. Purification of the biotinylated OX40 antigens was performed in two steps, using a PD-10 desalting column (GE Healthcare, 17-0851-01) followed by an Amicon 30k spin column Millipore, UFC903024) according to manufacturer's instructions. Biophysical properties of the recombinant antigens were characterized by SE-HPLC analysis to ensure that no aggregates were present and by PAGE to verify the size of the molecules. Size determination by PAGE indicated that the soluble antigens were dimeric, as their estimated molecular weight was double that of the predicted molecular weight of a monomer. The recombinant antigens were also analysed by gel-shift analysis which showed that the extent of biotinylation was above 90%. ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were used to confirm that the biotinylated, recombinant human (hOX40-mFc), mouse (mOX40-mFc) and cynomolgus (cOX40-mFc) OX40 antigens could be bound by OX40-specific antibodies (antibody 11D4 [European Patent No. 2242771] for human and cynomolgus OX40; polyclonal sheep anti-human OX40 antibody for cynomolgus OX40 [R&D Systems cat no AF3388]; antibody ACT35 for human OX40 [Biolegend cat no 35002] and antibody OX86 for mouse OX40 [Biolegend cat no 119408]). These antigens are listed in Table 2 below.1.1.2 Preparation of cell lines expressing human, cynomolgus and mouse OX40

[0222] Human, cynomolgus and mouse OX40 (see Table 1 for sequences) were cloned into vector pLVX-EF1a-IRES-puro (Clontech, Cat. No 631253) using Spel-HF and Notl-HF restriction enzymes. The vectors were then transformed into the Lenti-X 293T cell line (Clontech, Cat. No 632180) together with a Lenti-X HTX packaging mix (Clontech cat no. 631249) to generate lentivirus. The lentivirus were then used to transduce DO11.10 cells (National Jewish Health). Cells overexpressing OX40 were selected by incubation of the cells with 5µg / ml puromycin (Life Technologies cat no A11113803) for approximately 2 weeks, followed by cell line cloning by serial dilution. Expression of OX40 by the cell lines was tested by flow cytometry using fluorescently-labelled OX40-specific antibodies (OX86; ACT35; and polyclonal sheep anti-human OX40, as described in Example 1.1.1 and Table 2). Cell lines expressing human (DO11.10-hOX40), mouse (DO11.10-mOX40) or cynomolgus (DO11.10-cOX40) OX40, in which all cells showed at least 10-fold higher fluorescence values than non-transduced cells in the flow cytometry analysis, were selected. These cell lines are listed in Table 2 below. Table 1: OX40 sequencesGene of interest Species Source Clone ID (catalogue no) Genbank accession number SEQ ID NO OX40HumanThermo Fisher ScientificMHS6278-202858046BC105070132OX40CynomolgusGene synthesisN / AXP_005545179134OX40MouseGene synthesisN / ANM_011659.2133 1.1.3 Commercially available OX40 antigens

[0223] Several commercially available OX40 antigens were tested.

[0224] Recombinant His-tagged human OX40 extracellular domain was obtained from SinoBiologicals (Cat #10481-H08H-50). However, SE-HPLC analysis of this antigen showed that less than 50% of the antigen was in a monomeric, non-aggregated form. This antigen was therefore not used in subsequent analysis.

[0225] Recombinant human OX40 / human Fc (hOX40-hFc) and recombinant mouse OX40 / human Fc (mOX40-hFc), which comprised the human IgG1 Fc domain at the C-terminus, were obtained from R&D Systems (hOX40-hFc: Cat # 3388-OX-050; mOX40-hFc: Cat # 1256-OX-050) and biotinylated in-house. The biophysical properties of these soluble antigens were characterised by SE-HPLC analysis to ensure that no aggregates were present and by PAGE to verify the size of the molecules. Size determination by PAGE indicated that the soluble antigens were dimeric, as their estimated molecular weight was twice that expected for the monomeric antigen. The soluble antigens were also analysed by gel-shift analysis which showed that the extent of biotinylation was above 90%. ELISA and SPR were used to confirm that the biotinylated, recombinant human (hOX40-hFc) and mouse (mOX40-hFc) OX40 antigens could be bound by OX40-specific antibodies (11D4; ACT35; and OX86 as described in Example 1.1.1 and Table 2 below. Table 2: OX40 antigensAntigen name Source (commercial / prepared in-house) Biotinylated version prepared? Species Soluble / cell-expressed antigen Antigen format SEQ ID NO / Source of antigen hOX40-mFcin-houseyeshumansolubledimeric135mOX40-mFcin-houseyesmousesolubledimeric136cOX40-mFcin-houseyescynomolgussolubledimeric137DO11.10-hOX40in-housenohumancell-expressednatural conformation132DO11.10-mOX40-in-housenomousecell-expressednatural conformation133DO11.10-cOX40in-housenocynomolguscell-expressednatural conformation134hOX40-hFccommercialyeshumansolubledimericCat no 3388-OX-050 (R&D Systems)mOX40-hFccommercialyesmousesolubledimericCat no 1256-OX-050 (R&D Systems) 1.2 CD137 antigens

[0226] CD137 antigens used for the selection of mAbs specific for human CD137 and for testing cross-reactivity of selected Fcabs with cynomolgus OX40 were either prepared in-house or obtained from commercial sources as described below.1.2.1 Preparation of recombinant, soluble human and cynomolgus CD137 antigens

[0227] As several commercially available recombinant antigens were found to be unsuitable for use, e.g. due to unacceptable levels of aggregates being present when tested, the following recombinant dimeric and monomeric antigens (Table 3) were produced in-house for use in selections, screening and further characterisation of the anti-CD137 mAbs. Table 3: Recombinant human and cynomolgus CD137 antigensType Designation Species Soluble or cell-expressed Biotinylated version prepared? Antigen Format SEQ ID NOs RecombinanthCD137-mFc-AviHumanSolubleYesDimer138 & 141RecombinanthCD137-Avi-HisHumanSolubleYesMonomer158RecombinantcCD137-mFc-AviCynomolgus monkeySolubleYesDimer140 & 141

[0228] The monomeric antigen was produced by cloning DNA encoding the extracellular domain of human CD137 along with an Avi sequence and six C-terminal histidine residues into modified pFUSE vectors (Invivogen cat no pfuse-mg2afc2) using EcoRI-HF and BamHI-HF restriction enzymes. The vectors were transfected into HEK293-6E cells, and expressed CD137 was purified using a HisTrap ™< excel nickel column (GE Healthcare, 17-3712-06) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to ensure that the antigen was a single species and did not contain aggregates.

[0229] To produce the dimeric antigens, DNA constructs encoding the extracellular domain of the human or cynomolgus (cyno) CD137 fused with the mIgG2a Fc domain along with an Avi sequence were cloned into modified pFUSE vectors and transfected into HEK293-6E cells. Recombinant CD137 was purified using MabSelect SuRe ™< protein A column (GE Healthcare, 11003494) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to ensure antigen was a single species and did not contain aggregates.

[0230] Biotinylated versions of the dimeric and monomeric CD137 antigens were prepared using a BirA biotin-biotin protein ligase reaction kit (Avidity LLC, BirA500) to produce monomeric CD137 antigen labelled with a single biotin molecule and dimeric CD137 antigens labelled with two biotin molecules, one per each of the two monomers. Specifically, 3 mg of the CD137 antigen was mixed with 7.8 µl BirA enzyme mix to a molar ratio of enzyme to substrate of 1:50. Additives were then added in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations (142 µl Biomix A, 142 µl Biomix B, 142 µl Biotin) and the reaction mix was incubated for two hours at room temperature. To maintain the integrity of the biotinylated antigens, the reaction mix was immediately buffer exchanged to DPBS using Amicon 30 µm filters.

[0231] The CD137 antigens were further purified by SEC to ensure removal of the BirA enzyme and produce a final high quality monodispersed protein preparation with no high molecular weight aggregates. Specifically, antigens from the same production lot were mixed together and analysed for stability and purity by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS). Complete biotinylation of the proteins was confirmed by a streptavidin-shifting SDS-PAGE gel. The recombinant human CD137 antigens were confirmed to bind an anti-human CD137 positive control antibody, 20H4.9 (US Patent No. 7288638), in vitro by surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) and to DO11.10 cells expressing human CD137 ligand by flow cytometry. The recombinant cyno CD137 antigen was confirmed to bind to DO11.10 cells expressing cyno CD137 ligand by flow cytometry. To ensure as high a purity as possible for the CD137 antigens used in the selection protocols, thorough protein characterisation of the antigens was performed to ensure that the percentage of protein aggregates present did not exceed 2%.1.2.2 Preparation of cell lines expressing human, cynomolgus and mouse CD137

[0232] DO11.10 cells (National Jewish Health) expressing full-length human or cyno CD137, designated 'DO11.10-hCD137' and 'DO11.10-cCD137' respectively (see Table 4), were produced in order to present the antigen in its most natural confirmation during selection and further characterisation of the selected anti-CD137 mAbs.

[0233] DO11.10 cells expressing full-lenth mouse CD137, designated 'DO11.10-mCD137', were also generated in order to determine the binding of an anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to bind cell-expressed mouse CD137 (see Example 11.2).

[0234] Lentiviral transduction was used to generate DO11.10 cells over-expressing human, cyno or mouse CD137 receptors using the Lenti-X HTX Packaging System (Clontech, 631249). Lenti-X expression vector (pLVX) (Clontech, 631253) containing cDNA encoding the human CD137 (SEQ ID NO: 126), cyno CD137 (SEQ ID NO:128) or mouse CD137 (SEQ ID NO: 164) was co-transfected with a Lenti-X HTX Packaging Mix into the Lenti-X 293T Cell Line (Clontech, 632180) to generate virus. The DO11.10 cell line was then transduced with these lentiviral vectors.

[0235] Expression of human, cyno or mouse CD137 on these cells was confirmed by binding of anti-CD137 positive control antibodies (20H4.9, MOR7480.1 (Patent Publication No. US 2012 / 0237498 A1) and Lob12.3 (University of Southampton), respectively) to the cells using flow cytometry. Table 4: Cell surface-expressed human and cynomolgus CD137 antigensType Designation Species Presentation SEQ ID CellDO11.10-hCD137HumanCell surface-expressed126CellDO11.10-cCD137Cynomolgus monkeyCell surface-expressed128CellDO11.10-mCD137MouseCell surface-expressed164 Example 2 - Selection and characterisation of anti-human OX40 Fcabs2.1 Naïve selection of anti-human OX40 Fcabs

[0236] In order to select Fcabs specific for human OX40 from naïve phage libraries both recombinant biotinylated soluble, dimeric human OX40 (hOX40-mFc; see Table 2) and cell-expressed human OX40 (DO11.10-hOX40) were used as antigens. Cells expressing human OX40 were used in addition to recombinant biotinylated soluble, dimeric human OX40 in some of the selection protocols to ensure that the selected Fcabs were capable of binding to OX40 in its natural conformation on the cell surface.

[0237] Six naïve phage libraries displaying the CH3 domain (IMGT numbering 1.4-130) comprising partially randomised AB loops (residues 14 to 18 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) and EF loops (residues 92 to 101 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) in the CH3 domain were constructed. One of the six libraries additionally comprised clones with an insertion of either two or four amino acids (encoded by two or four NNK codons) at position 101 in the EF loop of the CH3 domain (inserted residues are numbered 101.1 to 101.4 according to the IMGT numbering scheme).

[0238] All six libraries were subjected to three rounds of selection using recombinant biotinylated soluble, dimeric human OX40 (hOX40-mFc; see Table 2). All six libraries were also subjected to a further selection campaign using hOX40-mFc in a first round of selection followed by cell-expressed human OX40 (DO11.10-hOX40 in two further selection rounds; see Table 2).

[0239] 2133 clones identified following the third round of selection from the six libraries were screened by ELISA for binding to human OX40. This resulted in 32 unique positive binders being identified, which were sub-cloned and expressed as soluble Fcabs (consisting of a truncated hinge [SEQ ID NO: 101], CH2 and CH3 domain) in HEK Expi293 cells (Fcabs cloned into pTT5 vector [National Research Council of Canada] transfected using ExpiFectamine 293 Transfection kit [Life Technologies, A14524] into Expi293F cells [Life technologies, A14527]).

[0240] The 32 unique Fcabs were tested for their ability to bind cell-expressed human OX40 (DO11.10-hOX40). 15 of the 32 Fcabs screened showed cell binding to DO11.10-hOX40 and the EC 50 for these interactions ranged from 0.1 to 62 nM. The 15 Fcabs that showed binding to DO11.10-hOX40 were tested using an in-house human NF-κB reporter assay that tests for activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Six of the 15 Fcabs showed an increase in activity when crosslinked with an anti-human Fc antibody in the human NF-κB reporter assay, suggesting that these Fcabs would be able to activate OX40 signalling. Fcabs designated FS20-22 and FS20-31 showed high levels of activity in this assay, and their activity increased when the Fcab was crosslinked with an anti-human CH2 mAb (clone MK1A6 (Jefferis et al., 1985 and Jefferis et al., 1992), produced in-house). These were selected for affinity maturation.2.2 Affinity maturation of anti-human OX40 Fcabs

[0241] Affinity maturation libraries for FS20-22 and FS20-31 were created by randomizing five residues in the AB loop (residues 14 to 18) or five residues in the CD loop (residues 45.1 to 77) of the CH3 domain using randomized primers from ELLA Biotech using an equimolar distribution of amino acids excluding cysteines, or by randomizing portions of the EF loop (residues 92 to 94 and 97 to 101 of the CH3 domain (all residue numbering according to the IMGT numbering scheme).

[0242] 1410 Fcabs from the outputs of the affinity maturation were screened by ELISA for binding to human OX40 and 204 unique positive binders were identified, sub-cloned and expressed as soluble Fcabs in HEK Expi293 cells as described in Example 2.1 above.

[0243] The off-rates of the soluble Fcabs when bound to hOX40-mFc were measured using a Biacore 3000 (GE Healthcare) in the absence and presence of anti-CH2 crosslinking using anti-human CH2 mAb clone MK1A6 (see Example 2.1). Fcabs with improved off-rates as compared to the relevant parental Fcab were further screened for binding to cell-expressed human OX40 and for activity in the in-house human T cell activation assay. All of the Fcabs bound cell-expressed human OX40. 10 Fcabs from the FS20-22 lineage and 18 Fcabs from the FS20-31 lineage showed high levels of activity in the human T cell activation assay were selected for loop shuffling as described below.

[0244] For the FS20-22 lineage, two loop-shuffled libraries were generated by shuffling three CD loops, six EF loops and either the parental AB loop or an affinity matured AB loop. For the FS20-31 lineage, one loop-shuffled library was generated containing four AB loops, seven CD loops and seven EF loops.

[0245] Shuffled sequences were expressed as soluble Fcabs in HEK Expi293 cells as described in Example 2.1 above and screened for binding to biotinylated hOX40-mFc antigen using Dip and Read ™< Streptavidin Biosensors (Pall FortéBio, 18-5050) on an Octet QK e< System (Pall FortéBio). Fcabs with an improved off-rate when bound to hOX40-mFc as compared to the parental Fcab were sequenced, resulting in 35 unique Fcab from the FS20-22 lineage and 62 from the FS20-31 lineage. The unique Fcabs identified were tested for binding to hOX40-mFc antigen in the presence and absence of CH2 crosslinking using anti-human CH2 mAb clone MK1A6 using a Biacore 3000 instrument (GE Healthcare).

[0246] For the FS20-22 lineage, 18 Fcabs were chosen for expression in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format and further characterisation on the basis of the slowest off-rate with CH2 crosslinking when bound to hOX40-mFc, the greatest difference in the off-rate between non-crosslinked and CH2 crosslinked off-rates when bound to hOX40-mFc and the strength of binding to hOX40-mFc as above. For the FS20-31 lineage, the nine Fcabs with the slowest off-rate when bound to hOX40-mFc with CH2 crosslinking and the nine Fcabs with the slowest off-rate when bound to hOX40-mFc without CH2 crosslinking were chosen for expression and further characterisation in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format. As a number of Fcabs were common to both these groups of nine Fcabs, additional Fcabs which showed slow off-rates when bound to hOX40-mFc in the absence of CH2 crosslinking were chosen from the FS20-31 lineage to bring the total number of Fcabs from this lineage for expression and further characterisation in mock mAb 2< format to 18. Using the data from the T cell activation assay, a further six Fcabs from the FS20-22 lineage and eight Fcabs from the FS20-31 lineage were identified which showed high activity in this assay and which were therefore also expressed in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format and further characterised (see Example 4). Example 3 - Selection and characterisation of anti-mouse OX40 Fcabs3.1. Naïve selection of anti-mouse OX40 Fcabs

[0247] A naïve yeast library displaying CH1 to CH3 domains of human IgG1, which contained randomisations in the AB loop (residues 11-18 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) and the EF loop (residues 92-101 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) of the CH3 domain and included a five-residue randomised insertion between residues 16 and 17 (according to the IMGT numbering scheme) of the AB loop, was used for selections. The yeast were incubated with biotinylated recombinant murine OX40 fused to a human IgG Fc domain (mOX40-hFc; Table 2) and sorted by MACS using streptavidin coated beads. Three rounds of FACS selections were then performed using decreasing concentrations of biotinylated mOX40-hFc in the presence of a fivefold molar excess of hFc. The cells were stained with streptavidin-allophycocyanin (APC) (BD Bioscience, 349024) or anti-Biotin-APC (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-090-856) and sorted using a FACSAria (BD Bioscience) cell sorter. 182 individual Fcabs from enriched populations were screened for antigen binding and two unique positive binders were subcloned and expressed as soluble Fcabs as previously described in Example 2.1. Fcabs were characterised for binding to mOX40-hFc by ELISA and for activity in an in-house mouse NF-κB reporter assay. Only one Fcab, FS20m-232, was active in the NF-κB reporter assay and showed binding to cells expressing mouse OX40 so this Fcab was selected for affinity maturation.3.2 Affinity maturation of mOX40 Fcab

[0248] Three phage display affinity maturation libraries were constructed by randomising seven residues in the AB loop (residues 15 - 16.5 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) (Library 1), six residues in the CD loop (residues 45.1-78 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) (Library 2) or five residues in the EF loop (residues 92-94 and 97-98 according to the IMGT numbering scheme) (Library 3) of the FS20m-232 Fcab using randomized primers from ELLA Biotech using an equimolar distribution of amino acids excluding cysteine.

[0249] Three selection rounds were performed on the affinity maturation libraries using recombinant biotinylated mOX40-mFc alternatingly captured on streptavidin-coated (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11205D) and neutravidin-coated (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 14203 and A2666) Dynabeads. Decreasing antigen concentrations from 50 nM (Round 1) to 10 nM (Round 2), to 1 nM (Round 3) were used to identify high affinity binders. 1655 individual phage from the third selection round were screened by phage ELISA for binding to mOX40-mFc and 98 unique positive binders were identified, subcloned and expressed as soluble Fcabs in HEK Expi293 cells as described in Example 2.1. The Fcabs were further screened for cell binding and activity in a mouse NF-κB reporter assay. The most active Fcabs were selected for loop shuffling.

[0250] A loop-shuffled library was generated containing 27 CD loops (all 26 unique sequences identified from the affinity maturation and the WT sequence) shuffled with 37 EF loops (those with the best binding to mouse OX40 in phage ELISA and WT sequence), with all shuffled clones containing the AB loop of the FS20m-232 Fcab. 750 shuffled sequences were expressed as soluble Fcabs (containing a truncated hinge) in HEK Expi293 cells as described above. HEK supernatants containing the Fcabs were screened for improved off-rates by measuring binding of the Fcabs to biotinylated mOX40-mFc (Table 2) using Dip and Read ™< Streptavidin Biosensors (Pall FortéBio, 18-5050) on an Octet QK e< System (Pall FortéBio). The 11 unique AB loop randomized Fcabs and 60 unique EF loop randomized Fcabs were subcloned and expressed as soluble Fcabs in HEK Expi293 cells as described above. These Fcabs were further screened alongside the 43 shuffled Fcabs with the slowest off-rates for cell binding and activity in a mouse T cell activation assay. The FS20m-232-91 Fcab had the slowest off-rate when bound to biotinylated mOX40-mFc and the highest activity in the mouse T cell activation assay when crosslinked by anti-human CH2 mAb clone MK1A6 and was therefore selected as the mouse (surrogate) Fcab for use in subsequent experiments.Example 4 - Construction, expression and characterization of anti-OX40 Fcab in mAb 2< format4.1 Construction and expression of mock mAb 2<

[0251] "Mock" mAb 2< comprising the anti-human OX40 and anti-mouse OX40 Fcabs identified above were prepared in order to allow the characterization of these Fcabs in mAb 2< format. These mock mAb 2< were prepared from the anti-OX40 Fcabs and the variable regions of anti-FITC antibody 4420 (Bedzyk et al., 1989 and Bedzyk et al., 1990) in a human IgG1 backbone (see SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 115, and SEQ ID NO: 116 for details) or the variable regions of anti-hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) antibody D1.3 (Braden et al., 1996) in a human IgG1 backbone (see SEQ ID NO: 117 and SEQ ID NO: 118 for details) by replacing the CH3 domains of the anti-FITC and anti-HEL antibodies with the CH3 domains of the anti-OX40 Fcabs within Xhol and BamHI sites present in the sequence of the unmodified CH3 domain of human IgG1. The mock mAb 2< comprised the light chain of the anti-FITC mAb 4420 (SEQ ID NO: 116) or of the anti-HEL mAb D1.3 (SEQ ID NO: 118), respectively, and also contained the LALA mutation in the CH2 domain of the heavy chain to reduce Fc-gamma receptor interaction and potential Fc-gamma receptor-induced crosslinking. The presence of the LALA mutation in mock mAb 2< and mAb 2< referred to in these examples is denoted by the suffix 'AA' at the end of the Fcab part of their clone names.

[0252] The mock mAb 2< were produced by transient expression in HEK293-6E cells and purified using mAb Select SuRe protein A columns.4.2 Binding affinity of anti-human OX40 Fcabs in mock mAb 2< format to cell-expressed human and cynomolgus OX40

[0253] The affinity of the anti-human OX40 Fcabs in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format for binding to cell-expressed human or cynomolgus OX40 (DO11.10 cells expressing either human [DO11.10-hOX40] or cynomolgus OX40 [DO11.10-cOX40]; see Table 2) was measured using flow cytometry. Non-specific binding was also assessed by testing for binding to HEK cells not expressing OX40 by flow cytometry.

[0254] Mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< and control mAb dilutions (2 x final concentration) were prepared in triplicate in 1 x DPBS (Gibco, 14190-094). DO11.10-hOX40 or DO11.10-cOX40 or HEK cell suspensions were prepared in PBS+2% BSA (Sigma, A7906) and seeded at 4 x 10 6< cell / ml with 50 µl / well in V-bottomed 96-well plates (Costar, 3897). 50µl of the mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< or control mAb (anti-human OX40 mAb, 11D4) dilutions were added to the wells containing cells (final volume 100 µl) and incubated at 4°C for 1 hour. The plates were washed and 100 µl / well of secondary antibody (anti-human Fc-488 antibody, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 109-546-098) diluted 1:1000 in PBS+2% BSA was then added and incubated for 30 mins at 4°C in the dark. The plates were washed and resuspended in 100 µl of PBS containing DAPI (Biotium, cat no 40043) at 1 µg / ml. The plates were read using a Canto II flow cytometer (BD Bioscience). Dead cells were excluded and the fluorescence in the FITC channel (488nm / 530 / 30) was measured. The data was fit using log (agonist) vs response in GraphPad Prism Software.

[0255] The Fcabs (all tested in mock [4420 LALA] mAb 2< format) and the positive-control anti-human OX40 mAb, 11D4, in a human IgG1 backbone and containing the LALA mutation in the CH2 domain of the heavy chain (G1AA / 11D4; SEQ ID NOs: 173 and 175), bound to human OX40 with a range of affinities. Five clones from the FS20-22 lineage and six from the FS20-31 lineage were tested for their ability to bind cell-expressed human and cynomolgus OX40; the binding affinities of these clones are set out in Table 5. Table 5: Binding affinity of anti-OX40 Fcabs in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format to cell-expressed human or cynomolgus OX40mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< / mAb Binding to DO11.10-hOX40 EC 50 (nM) Binding to DO11.10-cOX40 EC 50 (nM) FS20-22-38AA / 44200.83150.5925FS20-22-41 AA / 44200.29910.1821FS20-22-47AA / 44200.76550.5809FS20-22-49AA / 44200.74120.3197FS20-22-85AA / 44200.44861.058FS20-31-58AA / 44200.74661.454FS20-31-66AA / 44200.26772.038FS20-31-94AA / 44200.61323.52FS20-31-102AA / 44200.53660.3948FS20-31-108AA / 44200.65160.3716FS20-31-115AA / 44200.78531.235G1AA / 11D40.81430.2126 4.3 Activation of OX40 in vitro by anti-OX40 Fcabs in mock mAb 2< format

[0256] Activated T cells express OX40 on their cell surface. Binding of the trimeric OX40 ligand to OX40 results in trimerisation of the receptor. As the OX40 ligand is expressed as clusters on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells, the interaction between the OX40 ligand and OX40 results in the clustering of OX40, which is known to be essential for OX40 signalling and further T cell activation. Antibodies that agonise OX40 must mimic this clustering activity of the OX40 ligand. In the case of monospecific anti-OX40 antibodies, Fc gamma receptors bind to the Fc domains of the antibodies and crosslink them, resulting in OX40 clustering.

[0257] The anti-human OX40 and anti-mouse OX40 Fcabs in LALA mutation-containing mock (4420) mAb 2< format described above were tested in T cell activation assays for their ability to activate OX40 expressed on T cells upon crosslinking of the Fcabs in the presence of a crosslinking agent. The human T cell activation assay for testing of the anti-human OX40 Fcabs in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format involved the isolation of T cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tested for the release of IL-2, which is a marker of T cell activation. The assays were carried out in a similar manner to that described later in Example 13 and involved the use of anti-human CH2 mAb clone MK1A6 or FITC-dextran (Sigma) in order to crosslink the positive-control antibody (11D4) or the Fcabs in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format, respectively.

[0258] The anti-human OX40 Fcabs in mock (4420 LALA) mAb 2< format when crosslinked by the Fab target (FITC-dextran) showed a range of activities in the T cell activation assay. All of the Fcabs had the ability to co-stimulate T cells in the presence of an anti-CD3 antibody and induce the production of human IL2. The Fcabs from the FS20-22 and FS20-31 lineages showed an activity both with and without crosslinking. Specifically, the Fcabs from these lineages had activity in the absence of a crosslinking agent which was significantly increased upon crosslinking. Since these Fcabs have high cross-reactivity to cynomolgus OX40 (comparable to binding human OX40), toxicology studies would be possible in this species. Of the clones in the FS20-22 lineage, clones FS20-22-41, FS20-22-47, FS20-22-49 and FS20-22-85 had the lowest EC 50 values for their agonistic activity when crosslinked and are therefore the preferred clones from this lineage. Of these, clone FS20-22-49 showed the highest increase in agonist activity upon crosslinking and also had the lowest EC 50 for it agonist activity in the presence of crosslinking and is therefore the preferred clone.

[0259] As described above, the present inventors aimed to generate mAb 2< that are capable of agonising both OX40 and CD137 in the absence of additional crosslinking agents. The above experiments demonstrate that the FS20-22-49 Fcab is able to activate OX40 in the presence of an additional crosslinking agent. In order to generate a dual agonist that does not require additional crosslinking agents, the inventors elected to generate anti-CD137 antibodies with the intention of using the CDRs from these antibodies in the eventual OX40-and CD137-targeting mAb 2< molecule.Example 5 - Selection and characterisation of anti-human CD137 antibodies

[0260] Synthetic naive phagemid libraries displaying the Fab domain of human germlines with randomisation in the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 (MSM Technologies) were used for naive selections of anti-human CD137 mAbs with the recombinant and cell surface-expressed CD137 antigens described in Example 1.2.

[0261] Fab libraries were selected in three rounds using Streptavidin Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 11205D) and Neutravidin-binding protein coupled to Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 31000) to isolate the phage bound to biotinylated human CD137-mFc-Avi or human CD137-Avi-His. To ensure Fab binding to cell surface-expressed CD137, first round outputs from the selections using recombinant CD137 antigen were also subjected to two further rounds of selections using DO11.10-hCD137 cells and a fourth round with DO11.10-cCD137 cells.

[0262] About 2200 clones from the round 3 and 4 outputs were screened by phage ELISA for binding to human and cyno CD137-mFc-Avi. Biotinylated mFc was included as a negative control. The variable regions of the positive clones (clones with a CD137 binding signal at least 4-fold higher than the binding signal to mFc) were sequenced which led to the identification of 36 unique VH / VL sequence combinations. Sequences identified originated from both selections using recombinant CD137 antigen and cell surface-expressed CD137 antigen with several clones isolated using both selection strategies. Based on the phage ELISA, 22 out of the 36 clones were cynomolgus monkey (cyno) crossreactive, but as the sensitivity of the phage ELISA might not have been sufficient to detect weak cyno crossreactive binders, all 36 clones were taken forward for reformatting into IgG1 molecules. For each clone the VH and VL domains were individually cloned into pTT5 expression vector (National Research Council of Canada) containing either CH1, CH2 (with a LALA mutation in the CH2 domain and CH3 domains, or CL domains, respectively. The resulting pTT5-FS30 VH with LALA mutation (AA) and pTT5-FS30 VL vectors were transiently cotransfected into HEK293-6E cells. Twenty-eight clones expressed as soluble IgG1 molecules. These were purified by mAb Select SuRe Protein A columns and subjected to further testing.

[0263] The binding of the anti-CD137 mAbs was analysed in an ELISA using human and cyno CD137-mFc-Avi. Of the 28 clones tested, 10 showed dose-dependent binding to human CD137-mFc-Avi, and no binding to human OX40-mFc-Avi, mFc or streptavidin. Within this group, four clones, FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-15 and FS30-16, were crossreactive to cyno CD137-mFc-Avi. Due to the low number of cyno crossreactive clones obtained, additional clones were screened and expressed as described above. This resulted in the isolation of one additional cyno crossreactive binder FS30-35.

[0264] The anti-human CD137 mAbs FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-15 and FS30-16 were tested for binding to cells expressing human or cynomolgus CD137 (DO11.10-hCD137 or DO11.10-cCD137) using flow cytometry. Non-specific binding was also assessed by testing binding to DO11.10 cells and HEK293 cells lacking CD137 expression. Binding affinities were compared with those of two positive control mAbs, MOR7480.1 (US Patent No. 2012 / 0237498) and 20H4.9 (US Patent No. 7288638), the variable domains of which were cloned and expressed in human IgG1 format comprising the LALA mutation in the CH2 domain (G1AA format).

[0265] The FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-15 and FS30-16 clones were found to bind to cell surface-expressed human and cyno CD137 receptors with EC 50 values in the range of 0.15-0.57 nM, comparable to the positive control mAbs. No binding to parental DO11.10 or HEK293 cells was observed showing the specificity of the binding. No binding of the 20H4.9 positive control anti-CD137 antibody to cyno CD137 was observed in these cells. Published data (US Patent No. 7288638) show that 20H4.9 in IgG1 format does bind to cyno CD137 on PMA (Phorbol Myristate Acetate) induced cyno PMBCs. In the hands of the present inventors, the 20H4.9 in G1AA format bound to recombinant cyno CD137 but the affinity was much lower than for human CD137 (data not shown), which may explain the lack of binding observed with the antibody to DO11.10-cCD137 cells.

[0266] In order to determine the biophysical characteristics of the FS30 mAbs, they were subjected to Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and the percentage of the monomeric fraction analysed. All four FS30 mAbs tested showed a single-peak profile and were >97% monomeric. This high level of monomeric protein allowed functional activity testing to proceed.

[0267] The functional activity of the anti-CD137 mAbs was then analysed in a primary T cell activation assay. In vivo, anti-CD137 mAbs induce agonism by recruitment of Fcy receptors, thereby causing clustering of the mAbs and the CD137 receptor. To mimic the maximum ability of the mAbs to cluster surface CD137 receptor molecules, FS30 mAbs were crosslinked using an anti-human CH2 antibody (clone MK1A6, produced in-house) prior to the assay. T cell activation was compared to non-crosslinked mAbs. The anti-hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) antibody D1.3 in a human IgG1 backbone with the LALA mutation (G1AA / HelD1.3) was included as a negative control.

[0268] When crosslinked, the FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-15 and FS30-16 mAbs showed potent activity in the T cell activation assay, with EC 50 values of less than 10 nM and a maximum level of IL-2 (E max ) similar to the positive control anti-CD137 mAbs (anti-CD137 MOR7480.1 mAb, 5637 hIL-2 pg / ml; and anti-CD137 20H4.9 mAb, 10232 hIL-2 pg / ml). The E max of the FS30-6 mAb (1512 hIL-2 pg / ml) was significantly lower than that of the positive controls and the other FS30 mAbs, indicating a lower overall level of T cell activation. Unlike the positive control anti-CD137 20H4.9 mAb, which showed activity in the absence of crosslinking (hIL-2 production of 3174 pg / ml), the FS30 mAbs showed no activity (when not crosslinked as indicated by the background response levels of IL-2 measured).Example 6 - Construction and expression of mAb 2< targeting human OX40 and human CD137

[0269] mAb 2< comprising an anti-human OX40 Fcab paired with anti-human CD137 Fabs were prepared. The human OX40-targeting Fcab FS20-22-49 was selected for pairing with the CD137-targeting Fabs because of its higher activity in T cell assays (see Example 4.3).6.1 Expression and characterisation of mAbs in mAb 2< format

[0270] mAb 2< molecules were prepared which consisted of an IgG1 molecule, comprising the CDRs of either the FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-15, FS30-16 or FS30-35 clone and including the LALA mutation in the CH2 domain, and the FS20-22-49 human OX40 receptor-binding site in the CH3 domain. These mAb 2< molecules were generated by replacing the VH domain of an anti-human OX40 mAb 2< , FS20-22-49AA / HelD1.3, with the corresponding VH domains of the FS30 clones and cotransfecting the generated VH with the corresponding light chain of the FS30 mAbs. The LALA mutation in the CH2 domain of the IgG1 molecule was retained in the resulting mAb 2< molecules. These mAb 2< molecules were designated FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-15, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35. The mAb 2< were produced by transient expression in HEK293-6E cells and purified using mAb Select SuRe protein A columns.

[0271] CD137 belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) of cytokine receptors (Moran et al., 2013). To analyse the specificity of the anti-CD137 Fab binding site of the five mAb 2< molecules, binding of the mAb 2< to human CD137 and five closely-related human TNFRSF members (TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, GITR, NGFR and CD40) was tested using SPR. The aim was to demonstrate 1000-fold specificity by showing no binding of the mAb 2< to closely-related antigens at a concentration of 1 µM, but showing binding to CD137 receptors at a concentration of 1 nM.

[0272] Whereas the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35 mAb 2< showed a high level of specificity (close to 1000-fold), the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-15 mAb 2< showed non-specific binding to all five closely-related TNFRSF members tested. The non-specific binding exhibited by this clone was about 5-10 fold lower on average than the binding to CD137 receptors at the same concentration, and was concluded to be due to the Fab binding site of the mAb 2< molecule, as the FS30-15 mAb showed the same binding profile when tested for binding to the same five TNFRSF members closely related to CD137. Based on this data, the FS30-15 clone was omitted from further selection campaigns.6.2 Sequence optimisation of anti-CD137 mAbs

[0273] Whilst the FS30-5, FS30-10, FS30-16 and FS30-35 anti-CD137 mAbs showed high affinity and specificity for CD137, and activity in a T cell activation assay, they contained one or more potential post-translational modification (PTM) sites within the CDR loops. It was decided to further engineer these clones in an attempt to identify amino acid residues which could be substituted at these sites while retaining or improving binding and activity. The potential PTM sites identified included methionine residues in the VH CDR3 (Kabat position M100D and M100H in FS30-5, M97 in FS30-10, M100A in FS30-16, and M100F in FS30-35), a potential aspartate isomerisation motif in the VH CDR2 (Kabat position D54G55 in FS30-16) and a potential deamidation site in the VL CDR3 (Kabat position Q90G91 in FS30-16).

[0274] Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out using the five FS20-22-49AA / FS30 mAb 2< clones as templates and primers that contained the degenerate codon NNK at the sites encoding methionine, aspartate or glycine residues to allow for all possible amino acid substitutions. Cysteine residues and amino acids capable of producing novel potential PTM motifs were excluded. Clones were expressed and screened for binding to DO11.10-hCD137 cells. Clones with similar (within two-fold) or improved binding at 10 nM compared to the parental mAb 2< clones were selected for expression at 30-50 ml scale, purified on Protein A columns and screened in a T cell activation assay using DO11.10-hCD137 cells and the anti-human CH2 antibody MK1A6 as crosslinking agent.

[0275] DO11.10-hCD137 cells were washed once in PBS and resuspended in DO11.10 cell medium (RPMI medium (Life Technologies) with 10% FBS (Life Technologies) and 5 µg / ml puromycin (Life Technologies, A11113803)) at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. 96-well flat-bottomed plates were coated with anti-mouse CD3 antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, clone 17A2) by incubation with 0.1 µg / ml anti-mouse CD3 antibody diluted in PBS for 2 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and then washed twice with PBS. DO11.10-hCD137 cells were added to the plates at 1 x 10 5< cell / well. A 2 µM dilution of each test antibody was prepared in DPBS (Gibco) and further diluted 1:10 in DO11.10 cell medium (30 µl + 270 µl) to obtain a 200 nM dilution. The MK1A6 crosslinking agent was added to the wells in a 1:1 molar ratio with the test antibody samples to be crosslinked. In a 96-well plate, serial dilutions of each antibody or antibody / crosslinking agent mixture were prepared. 100 µl of diluted antibody or antibody / crosslinking agent mixture was added to the DO11.10-hCD137 cells on the plate. Cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 72 hours. Supernatants were collected and assayed with a mouse IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience or R&D Systems) following the manufacturer's instructions. Plates were read at 450 nm using the plate reader with Gen5 Software, BioTek. Absorbance values of 630 nm were subtracted from those of 450 nm (Correction). The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four-parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). The concentration of mouse IL-2 (mIL-2) was plotted vs the log concentration of antibody and the resulting curves were fitted using the log (agonist) vs response equation in GraphPad Prism.

[0276] For each of the clones, a limited number of amino acids which retained or improved binding to cell-surface CD137 were identified for substitution of the methionine residue in the heavy chain CDR3. The FS20-22-49AA / FS30-16 mAb 2< clone contained three potential PTM sites and mutation of each of them led to a small reduction in binding affinity. When these were combined in one molecule the reduced binding was additive (data not shown) and, consequently, this clone was not pursued further. Few mutations were found that improved binding to CD137 and functional activity, compared with the relevant parent clone. Three mutant mAb 2< clones, all derived from the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10 mAb 2< clone, were found to have improved binding affinity and functional activity. These mAb 2< contained either an asparagine, a threonine or a leucine residue substituted for the methionine residue at position 97 in the parent FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10 mAb 2< and were designated FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, respectively. Although the EC 50 values for mutant clones derived from the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35 parent mAb 2< clone showed no improvement in functional activity compared to the parent clone, one mutant clone, designated FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14, which contained an alanine residue substituted for the methionine residue at position 100F in the parent clone, did however show improved binding. In the case of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5 parent mAb 2< clone, both the methionine residue at position 100D and the methionine residue at position 100H were changed, respectively, for an isoleucine residue and a leucine residue in the same molecule to result in a mutant mAb 2< clone, designated FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37. The FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 clones were selected for further characterisation.6.3 Human CD137 ligand blocking assays

[0277] The CD137-CD137L interaction is required for activation of the CD137 receptor. Agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies may drive activation of CD137 by mimicking the ligand interaction, thereby potentially blocking ligand binding, or driving clustering and activation of the receptors without interfering with ligand binding. Where the antibody potentially mimics the CD137L, it may block the interaction of the receptor and the ligand. It is known in the art that MOR7480.1 blocks the ligand / receptor interaction (US 2012 / 0237498), whereas the 20H4.9 antibody has previously been reported to not block the interaction between CD137 and its ligand (US Patent No. 7288638).

[0278] The anti-human CD137 mAb 2< clones FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 were tested for their ability to block the CD137-CD137L interaction using an ELISA-based method. Anti-OX40 mAb 11D4 (European Patent No. 2242771) in IgG1 format (G1 / 11D4; SEQ ID NOs: 174 and 175) was used as an isotype / negative control; the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / 4420 comprising the anti-OX40 Fcab clone FS20-22-49AA and Fab region of the anti-FITC antibody 4420 was used as a negative control mAb 2< for OX40 binding; and anti-CD137 mAbs G1 / MOR7480.1 (SEQ ID NOs: 119 and 120) and G1 / 20H4.9 (SEQ ID NOs: 121 and 122) as positive controls for CD137 binding and ligand blocking activity.

[0279] Specifically, recombinant human CD137-mFc-Avi antigen was coated overnight at 4°C on Maxisorp 96-well plates at a concentration of 1 µg / ml in PBS. The following day, plates were washed with PBST (PBS + 0.05% Tween20 ™< ) and blocked with PBS + 1% BSA (Sigma, A3059-500G) for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation. After blocking, the plates were washed again with PBST. A 100 nM dilution of each test antibody was prepared in PBS + 1% BSA and added to the CD137-coated plates and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation. After this incubation, the plates were washed with PBST and then incubated with 20 ng / ml CD137L-His (R&D Systems, 2295-4L-025 / CF) in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation. The plates were then washed with PBST and then incubated with anti-his secondary antibody (R&D Systems, MAB050H) at a 1 in 1000 dilution in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation. The plates were then washed with PBST and incubated with TMB detection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 002023) until the positive control wells turned blue and then the reaction was stopped with the addition of 2N H 2 SO 4 . Plates were read at 450 nm using the plate reader with Gen5 Software, BioTek. Absorbance values of 630 nm were subtracted from those of 450 nm (Correction). The subtracted absorbance values were plotted vs the log concentration of antibody and the resulting curves were fitted using the log (inhibitor) vs response equation in GraphPad Prism. Values were normalised by setting the G1 / 11D4 and G1 / MOR7480.1 control mAbs as 0 and 100% blocking values, respectively. The data was analysed using a one-way ANOVA test and Holm-Sidak's multiple comparisons test using GraphPad Prism.

[0280] A range of blocking activities was observed for the five anti-human CD137 mAb 2< clones tested. FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 showed, like the positive control antibodies, complete inhibition of the receptor-ligand interaction. All mAb 2< clones containing the Fab regions of the anti-CD137 mAbs of the FS30-10 lineage (i.e., FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) inhibited the interaction between CD137 and CD137L by 49-54% and were therefore considered partial blockers. By only partially blocking the interaction between CD137 and CD137L, it is possible that these mAbs may not completely inhibit the natural interaction of CD137L with its receptor such that some CD137 signalling may still occur via this mechanism, even if one of these antibodies is bound. The FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 clone, like the negative control FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mAb 2< molecule, lacked the ability to significantly inhibit the receptor-ligand interaction and was therefore considered to be a non-blocker.

[0281] In summary, the results of this ELISA-based assay showed that the panel of anti-CD137 mAbs tested showed a range of ligand blocking abilities, including complete, partial and no blocking activity. Clones FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 each showed a blocking activity that was different from that of the positive-control anti-CD137 mAbs. Since a range of ligand blocking activities was identified, the functional activity of each of the antibodies was tested.

[0282] Clones FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 were further tested for their ability to block the CD137-CD137L interaction using a cell-based method. A range of blocking activities was observed, with FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 showing, like the positive control antibody (G1 / MOR7480.1) used in this assay, complete inhibition of the receptor-ligand interaction. All three mAb 2< clones containing the Fab regions of the anti-CD137 mAbs of the FS30-10 lineage (i.e., FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) inhibited the interaction between CD137 and CD137L by 46-76% and were therefore considered partial blockers. The results of this assay were therefore similar to those of the ELISA-based blocking assay and showed that the panel of anti-CD137 mAbs tested exhibited a range of ligand blocking abilities from complete to partial blocking activity. Clones FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 each showed a blocking activity that was different from that of the positive-control antibody.Example 7 - Binding specificity and functional activity of mAb and mAb 2< clones in a human CD137 T cell activation assay7.1 Binding specificity of mAb 2< clones

[0283] CD137 and OX40 belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) of cytokine receptors (Moran et al., 2013). To analyse the specificity of the anti-CD137 Fab as well as the OX40 Fcab binding site of the five mAb 2< molecules, binding of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37 mAb 2< to human CD137, human OX40 and six closely-related human TNFRSF members was tested using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The aim was to demonstrate 1000-fold specificity by showing no binding of the mAb 2< to closely-related antigens at a concentration of 1 µM, but showing binding to CD137 and OX40 receptors at a concentration of 1 nM. The anti-CD137 mAb MOR7480.1 and anti-OX40 mAb 11D4 were used as positive controls.

[0284] Briefly, flow cells on CM5 chips were immobilised with approx. 1000 RU of either human CD137-mFc-Avi (Table 3), OX40-mFc (Table 2), recombinant human TNFRSF1A-Fc, recombinant human TNFRSF1B-Fc, recombinant human GITR-Fc, recombinant human NGFR-Fc, recombinant human CD40-Fc or recombinant human DR6-Fc. Flow cell 1 was left for blank immobilisation. The five mAb 2< were diluted to 1 µM and 1 nM in 1x HBS-EP buffer (GE Healthcare, product code BR100188), allowed to flow over the chip for 3 min and then allowed to dissociate for 4 minutes. A 30-second injection of 10 mM glycine pH 1.5 was used for regeneration. Positive control mAbs were injected at 50-100 nM to demonstrate the coating of each antigen. Binding levels were determined at the end of the association phase and compared.

[0285] All of the selected mAb 2< showed a high level of specificity for the human CD137 and OX40 receptors similar to or higher than the MOR7480.1 and 11D4 positive controls, respectively.7.2 Functional activity of CD137 agonist antibodies in a human CD137 T cell activation assay

[0286] To understand the activity of different anti-CD137 agonist antibodies, a T cell activation assay using DO11.10-hCD137 cells was used. The anti-CD137 agonist antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 (SEQ ID NOs: 125 and 120), G1AA / 20H4.9 (SEQ ID NOs: 165 and 122) and G1AA / FS30-10-16 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 97) were tested, as well as the anti-FITC antibody 4420 in IgG1 format (G1 / 4420; SEQ ID NOs: 115 and 116) as an isotype negative control. The antibody molecules were tested both in the presence and absence of the crosslinking anti-human CH2 antibody MK1A6 (see Example 2.1). Mouse IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation.

[0287] DO11.10-hCD137 cells were washed once in PBS and resuspended in DO11.10 cell media (RPMI medium (Life Technologies) with 10% FBS (Life Technologies) and 5 µg / ml puromycin (Life Technologies, A11113803) at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. 96-well flat-bottomed plates were coated with anti-mouse CD3 antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, clone 17A2) by incubation with 0.1 µg / ml anti-mouse CD3 antibody diluted in PBS for 2 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and then washed twice with PBS. DO11.10-hCD137 cells were added to the plates at 1 x 10 5< cell / well. A 2 µM dilution of each test antibody was prepared in DPBS (Gibco) and further diluted 1:10 in DO11.10 cell medium (30 µl + 270 µl) to obtain a 200 nM dilution. The MK1A6 crosslinking agent was added to the wells in a 1:1 molar ratio with the test antibodies where required. In a 96-well plate, serial dilutions of the antibody or antibody / crosslinking antibody mixture were prepared. 100 µl of the diluted antibody or antibody / crosslinking antibody mixture was added to the DO11.10-hCD137 cells on the plate. Cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 72 hours. Supernatants were collected and assayed with mouse IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience or R&D Systems) following the manufacturer's instructions. Plates were read at 450 nm using the plate reader with the Gen5 Software, BioTek. Absorbance values of 630 nm were subtracted from those of 450 nm (Correction). The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). The concentration of mouse IL-2 (mIL-2) was plotted vs the log concentration of antibody and the resulting curves were fitted using the log (agonist) vs response equation in GraphPad Prism.

[0288] The results of the assay are shown in Figure 2C and D. The anti-CD137 antibodies differed in their requirement for the crosslinking antibody for their activity, with all three anti-CD137 antibodies showing a concentration-dependent increase in IL-2 production in the presence of the crosslinking antibody, but only the G1AA / 20H4.9 antibody showing activity in the absence of the crosslinking antibody. Therefore, G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 required the addition of the crosslinking antibody, i.e. their activity was 'crosslink-dependent', whereas G1AA / 20H4.9 showed activity both in the presence and absence of the crosslinking antibody, i.e. its activity was 'crosslink-independent'.7.3 Functional activity of mAb 2< clones in a human CD137 T cell activation assay

[0289] The functional activity of the selected FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< clones was tested in a T cell activation assay using DO11.10-hCD137 cells. Anti-FITC antibody 4420 in IgG1 format (G1 / 4420; SEQ ID NOs: 115 and 116) was used as an isotype negative control; anti-OX40 mAb G1 / 11D4 (SEQ ID NOs: 174 and 175) and mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (SEQ ID NOs: 123 and 116) were used as negative controls; and anti-CD137 antibody MOR7480.1 in both IgG1 (G1 / MOR7480.1; SEQ ID NOs: 119 and 120) and IgG2 (G2 / MOR7480.1; SEQ ID NOs: 124 and 120) formats, the IgG2 format being the format in which the antibody has been tested in clinical trials (Gopal et al., 2017; Tolcher et al., 2017), was used as a positive control. The mAb and mAb 2< molecules were crosslinked with the anti-human CH2 antibody, MK1A6 (see Example 2.1), and in one experiment the activity of non-crosslinked mAb and mAb 2< molecules was investigated. Mouse IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation. The experiment was performed as described in Example 7.2.

[0290] When crosslinked, all five selected mAb 2< clones showed potent activity in the T cell activation assay, with average EC 50 values of less than 15 nM and average E max values in the range of about 16000-20000 pg / ml IL-2 (Table 6 and Figure 2A). No activity of the tested mAb 2< clones was observed in the absence of crosslinking ( Figure 2B). The MOR7480.1 positive control antibody was observed to be active only when crosslinked (EC 50 of 3.3 nM and E max of 12575 pg / ml for G1 / MOR7480.1, and EC 50 of 2.4 nM and E max of 8547 pg / ml for G2 / MOR7480.1). The combination of a lack of activity of the crosslinked anti-OX40 mAb (G1 / 11D4) and the low background signals observed for non-crosslinked anti-OX40 Fcab-containing mAb 2< molecules shows that the results of this assay are a read-out of CD137 activity only, most likely due to the high levels of CD137 receptor expression and non-detectable levels of OX40 receptor expression by the DO11.10 cells (data not shown). Table 6: Activity of mAb2 in the human CD137 T cell activation assaymAb / mAb 2< Activity of non-crosslinked mAbs / mAb 2< (n=1) Activity of crosslinked mAbs / mAb 2< (Mean of n=2) EC 50 (nM) E max (mIL-2 pg / ml) EC 50 (nM) E max (mIL-2 pg / ml) G1 / 4420N / AN / AN / AN / AG1 / 11D4N / AN / AN / AN / AG1 / MOR7480.1NMNM3.312575G2 / MOR7480.1N / AN / A2.48547FS20-22-49AA / 4420N / AN / AN / AN / AFS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37N / AN / A13.418129FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3N / AN / A6.117049FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12N / AN / A9.517183FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16N / AN / A4.716310FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14N / AN / A5.119837N / A: not applicable as low signal did not allow a meaningful EC 50 / Emax determination NM: not measured

[0291] Thus, mAb 2< comprising CDRs of the anti-human CD137 monoclonal antibodies FS30-5-37, FS30-10-3, FS30-10-12, FS30-10-16 and FS30-35-14 showed potent activity in being able to activate CD137 in the DO11.10-hCD137 T cell activation assay when cross-linked. No significant activity was observed in the absence of crosslinking. These mAb 2< contain the CH3 domain from the anti-human OX40 Fcab FS20-22-49, which also showed high activity when crosslinked in a T cell assay (see Example 4.3). The mAb 2< prepared with the LALA mutation were designated FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16.

[0292] These mAb 2< were selected for further analysis in order to determine if they were capable of acting as a dual agonist that can agonise both OX40 and CD137 autonomously, based on the expression of the specific targets and without the need for additional crosslinking agents.Example 8 - Binding affinity of mAb 2< for human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137

[0293] For CD137 affinity determination, a Biacore CM5 chip (GE Healthcare) was coated with anti-human Fc using a Human Antibody Capture Kit (GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer's conditions, to a surface density of approximately 4000 RU. Samples of the test antibodies (mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, anti-CD137 positive control G1 / MOR7480.1 and anti-hOX40 negative control G1 / 11D4) were captured to approximately 80 RU. Human or cynomolgus CD137 (hCD137-mFc-Avi or cCD137-mFc-Avi) was flowed over at a range of concentrations in a three-fold dilution series starting at 200 nM, at a flow rate of 70 µl / min. The association time was 2 min and the dissociation time was 8 min. Running buffer was HBS-EP (GE Healthcare BR100188). Flow cells were regenerated by injecting 3M magnesium chloride at a flow rate of 30 µl / min for 30 seconds.

[0294] For OX40 affinity determination a Biacore CM5 chip was coated with anti-human Fab using a Human Fab Capture Kit (GE Healthcare 28958325) according to manufacturer's conditions, to a surface density of approximately 8000 RU. Samples of the test antibodies (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< , G1 / MOR7480.1 (negative control) and G1 / 11D4 (positive control)) were captured to approximately 80 RU and then human or cynomolgus OX40 antigen (hOX40-mFc or cOX40-mFc) was flowed over at a range of concentrations in a three-fold dilution series starting at 200 nM at a flow rate of 70 µl / min. The association time was 2 min and the dissociation time was 8 min. Running buffer was HBS-EP. Flow cells were regenerated by injecting glycine-HCl at pH 2.1 at a flow rate of 30 µl / min for 30 seconds.

[0295] The data were analysed by double referencing against a flow cell which was intentionally left blank (no antibody binding). The binding kinetics were fit with a 1:1 Langmuir model to generate binding association (k a ) and dissociation (k d ) rates. Equilibrium binding constants (K D ) were calculated by dividing the dissociation rate by the association rate for each sample. Data analysis was performed with BiaEvaluation software version 3.2. The results are shown in Table 7. Table 7: Binding affinity of mAb 2< to human and cynomolgus CD137 and OX40 as determined by SPRCD137 OX40 mAb / mAb 2< Human K D (nM) Cynomolgus K D (nM) Human K D (nM) Cynomolgus K D (nM) G1 / MOR7480.10.127NMNBNBG1 / 11D4NBNB0.0337NMFS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-373.856.420.3851.63FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-30.3420.3180.2851.11FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-120.2557.240.371.02FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.170.150.2140.861NB - No binding detected. NM - Not measured.

[0296] The binding affinities for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< show that these molecules bind with high affinity to both receptors. The affinity of these molecules for human OX40 is similar, which is to be expected as these molecules all share the OX40 Fcab. The affinity for cynomolgus OX40 is within 5-fold of human OX40. The affinity for human CD137 ranges from 4-0.2 nM and the cross-reactivity to cynomolgus CD137 is also variable as the anti-CD137 Fabs are different in each molecule. FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 has higher affinity for human CD137, as well as similar affinity for cynomolgus CD137. The similarity in binding to human and cyno antigens may be advantageous as it would be hoped that the behaviour of the mAb 2< in cynomolgus monkey studies could be extrapolated to humans.

[0297] Also, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 has similar affinity for human OX40 and human CD137 so it is expected that the mAb 2< should bind equally well to both targets when these are co-expressed.

[0298] A mAb 2< which binds to OX40 and CD137 and drives clustering and activation of both targets simultaneously, is expected to act as a dual agonist. Both OX40 and CD137 are known to be present on T cells (Ma, et al., 2005). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that a mAb 2< having similar affinity for binding to both targets may be advantageous as a dual agonist because the mAb 2< would be more likely to bind to cells which express both targets. A mAb 2< which preferentially bound one target with significantly higher affinity than the other may not be able to act as a dual agonist as it may preferentially bind to cells which do not express both targets.Example 9 - Simultaneous binding of mAb 2< to OX40 and CD1379.1 Simultaneous binding of mAb 2< to human OX40 and human CD137

[0299] The ability of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 to bind simultaneously to OX40 and CD137 was tested by SPR on a Biacore 3000. G1 / MOR7480.1 was used as a control. In accordance with manufacturer's instructions, biotinylated human CD137 (hCD137 -mFc-Avi-Bio) was diluted to 100 nM in HBS-EP buffer and immobilised on a Streptavidin (SA) chip (GE Healthcare BR100032) to a surface density of approximately 1000 RU, and a flow cell was activated and deactivated without any protein immobilised for background subtraction. The antibodies, diluted to 100 nM in HBS-EP buffer, were co-injected with either 100 nM of human OX40 (hOX40-mFc) or HBS-EP buffer at a flow rate of 30 µl / min. For each binding step, dissociation was followed for 3 minutes. The sensor chip was regenerated after each cycle with a 15 µl injection of Glycine 2.5 (GE Healthcare) at a flow rate of 30 µl / min. All mAb 2< tested were capable of simultaneously binding to OX40 and CD137. The control mAb, G1 / MOR7480.1, only bound to CD137.9.2 Simultaneous binding of murine receptor-targeting mAb 2< to murine OX40 and murine CD137

[0300] A mAb 2< comprising an anti-mouse OX40 Fcab with an anti-mouse CD137 Fab was prepared for testing of its ability to bind simultaneously to murine OX40 and murine CD137. The mouse OX40-targeting Fcab FS20m-232-91 was selected because of its higher activity in T cell assays and the Fab of the anti-mouse CD137 antibody Lob12.3 (Taraban et al., 2002) in human IgG1 isotype format (G1 / Lob12.3; University of Southampton) was selected for pairing with the FS20m-232-91 Fcab, as this showed good cell binding to mouse CD137-expressing cells and is widely used in the literature as an agonistic CD137 antibody with activity in vitro and in vivo. The mAb 2< containing the FS20m-232-91 CH3 domain and the Fab of the anti-mouse CD137 antibody Lob12.3 and the LALA mutation was designated 'FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3', whilst the mAb 2< containing the FS20m-232-91 CH3 domain and the Fab of the anti-mouse CD137 antibody Lob12.3 without the LALA mutation was designated 'FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3'.

[0301] The ability of FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< to bind simultaneously to its two targets was tested by SPR on a BIAcore 3000 instrument (GE Healthcare). G1 / Lob12.3 was used as a positive control. In accordance with manufacturer's instructions, recombinant mouse CD137 (mCD137-hFc; R&D Systems, cat. no. 937-4B-050) was diluted to 200 nM in Sodium Acetate pH 5.0 (GE Healthcare) and immobilised on a Biacore CM5 chip to a surface density of approximately 1000 RU, and a flow cell was activated and deactivated without any protein immobilised for background subtraction. The mAb 2< and positive control, diluted to 100 nM in HBS-EP buffer, were co-injected with either 100 nM of human OX40 (mOX40-mFc) or HBS-EP buffer at a flow rate of 30 µl / min. For each binding step dissociation was followed for 3 minutes. The sensor chip was regenerated after each cycle with a 30-second injection of aqueous glycine-HCl at pH 1.7 at a flow rate of 20 µl / min. The mAb 2< was capable of simultaneously binding to OX40 and CD137. The G1 / Lob12.3 mAb only bound to CD137.Example 10 - Binding of mAb 2< to Fcy receptors

[0302] It is known from the literature that agonistic antibodies targeting TNFR family members require crosslinking via Fcy receptors to drive clustering and activation of the target for in vivo activity (Wajant, 2015). However, this may not be desirable for an antibody which is intended to be a dual agonist. It was therefore decided to reduce the ability of the mAb 2< to bind to Fcy receptors by insertion of the LALA mutation.

[0303] Human IgG1 isotype antibodies are capable of binding to Fcy receptors. This can result in them inducing effector function, such as Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC), of cells expressing the target, when they bind to Fcy receptors, resulting in cell lysis. Since the intended mechanism of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< is to activate cells expressing OX40 and CD137 without killing them, reduction of ADCC induced by the mAb 2< is desirable. Also, since the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< are intended to function as dual agonists, their intended mechanism of action is to signal via the receptors as a result of crosslinking by dual binding to both OX40 and CD137 when either co-expressed on the same cell or expressed on different cells, and so the ability to crosslink via Fcy receptors is not a requirement for function.

[0304] Further, it is known that CD137-targeting antibodies have shown liver toxicity in the clinic (Segal et al., 2017) and, although the toxicity mechanism is not known, it is possible that it relies on FcyR-mediated crosslinking of anti-CD137 antibodies and activation of CD137-expressing cells in the liver or in the periphery. Preventing CD137 agonism via FcyR-mediated crosslinking may decrease any toxicity risk of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< of the invention as these molecules will only crosslink via dual binding to OX40 and CD137.

[0305] Binding by SPR was used to confirm that the presence of the LALA mutation in the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 had reduced binding affinity for Fcy receptors, specifically hFcyR1 (R&D Systems, cat. no. 1257-FC-050 / CF), hFcyR2a (R&D Systems, cat. no. 1330-CD-050 / CF), hFcyR2b (R&D Systems, cat. no. 1460-CD-050 / CF) and hFcyR3a (R&D Systems, cat. no. 4325-FC-050 / CF). Anti-hOX40 mAbs G1AA / 11 D4 and G1 / 11D4 (with and without the LALA mutation, respectively) and anti-CD137 mAbs G1AA / 20H4.9 and G1 / 20H4.9 (with and without the LALA mutation, respectively), all in hIgG1 isotype format, and anti-hCD137 mAb G4 / 20H4.9, in hIgG4 isotype format, were used as control antibodies.

[0306] Binding was tested on a Biacore 3000 instrument (GE Healthcare). Human OX40 (BPS Bioscience cat no 71310) and human CD137 (produced in house) biotinylated his-tagged antigens were coated onto an SA chip (GE Healthcare cat no BR100398) at 2µM concentration. Human OX40 and human CD137 were coated on separate flow cells, while another flow cell was left blank for background subtraction. Regeneration conditions were determined to be 12µl aqueous 10 mM glycine-HCl at pH2.0 at 20 µl / min flow rate. Antibodies (see Table 8) and human FcyRs (see Table 8) were diluted to 100 nM (antibodies) or 500 nM (human FcyRs) in HBS-P (0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.005% v / v Surfactant P20, GE Healthcare, BR-1003-68) and co-injected at 20 µl / min flow rate and the dissociation was followed for 5 min.

[0307] Data analysis was performed with BiaEvaluation software version 3.2 RC1 by referencing against the blank flow cell and aligning the curves after the association of the antibody. Values for binding response at the end of the association phase were generated by subtracting the absolute response at the end of the association phase of the FcyR from the absolute response at the end of the association phase of the antibody to normalize the effect of the antibody binding to the OX40 and CD137 receptors.

[0308] Measuring values for binding response at the end of the dissociation phase of FcyRI was done to demonstrate the effect of the LALA mutation in increasing the off-rate of FcγRI binding in the absence of the complete elimination of binding to this FcyR. These were generated by subtracting the absolute response at the end of the association phase of the FcyR from the absolute response at the end of the dissociation phase of the FcyR. Values for anti-CD137 antibodies were taken from the flow cell coated with CD137-his antigen, values for anti-OX40 antibodies were taken from the flow cell coated with OX40-his antigen, and for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< from both the flow cell coated with OX40-his antigen and the flow cell coated with CD137-his antigen. The results are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Binding response of antibodies to human Fcγ receptors by SPRmAb / mAb 2< Antigen on chip Binding response at end of association phase of FcyR (RU) (on rate) Decrease of binding response at end of dissociation phase of FcyR (RU) FcγRIIa FcγRIIb FcγRIIIa FcγRI FcγRI G1 / 11D4OX40-his12389.7142.7370.346.4G1AA / 11D4OX40-his64.560.967.3292.3202.6G1 / 20H4.9CD137-his224.8158.5297.4741-16.3G1AA / 20H4.9CD137-his97.595.4129.4504.6380.6G4 / 20H4.9CD137-his156163.9113.1693.357.1FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16OX40-his37.434.331.4237.5234.8FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16CD137-his10.9917.3245.8367.3

[0309] The mAb 2< and control antibodies without the LALA mutation all bound to each of the Fcy receptors, as expected, in both IgG1 and IgG4 format. The mAb 2< and control antibodies in IgG1 format containing the LALA mutation showed significantly reduced binding at the end of the association phase (on-rate) to each of the tested Fcy receptors, except for FcyRl, compared to the control antibodies in IgG1 format without the LALA mutation and the control antibody in IgG4 format. On rate binding of the high affinity Fcy receptor, FcyRl, to hIgG1 LALA-containing antibodies decreased only marginally as compared to non-LALA-containing IgG1 antibodies, such that it was not significantly changed by introduction of the mutation. However, the off-rate for FcyRI was faster for the antibodies containing the LALA mutation than those without LALA, as shown by a larger decrease of the binding response at the end of the dissociation phase of FcyRI (over 200 RU for each of the LALA containing antibodies compared to less than 60 RU for the non-LALA containing antibodies).

[0310] Overall, the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< containing the LALA mutation reduced binding to Fcy receptors when compared to a wild type human IgG1, in a similar manner to other LALA-containing hIgG1 antibodies and at a lower level than the IgG4 control antibody. Since Fcy receptor-binding is needed for ADCC activity, it is expected that this reduction in binding to Fcy receptors caused by the LALA mutation will also result in reduced ADCC such that the target cells will not be depleted by the mAb 2< binding. This is considered to be important since the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< are agonistic antibodies and therefore depletion of the target cells is not desired as these are the cells the mAb 2< aim to stimulate.

[0311] FcyRllla is expressed on immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, and has been shown to be important in mediating ADCC (Chan et al., 2015). To determine whether the reduced binding of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< to FcγRIIIa, as confirmed by the SPR data, translated into low or negligible activation of the ADCC pathway, an ADCC bioassay was performed using engineered Jurkat cells expressing FcyRllla as effector cells, and Raji cells overexpressing either human OX40 or human CD137 as target cells. The mAb 2< was observed not to induce ADCC activation in either the OX40-expressing or CD137-expressing Raji cells, as compared to the responses observed for the negative and positive control antibodies used in the assay.

[0312] It is known that other agonistic antibodies rely on Fcy receptor-crosslinking of antibodies to create higher order structures (Stewart et al., 2014; Wajant, 2015), resulting in clustering and activation of receptors on the cell surface to exert their agonistic activity. Since Fcy receptor-mediated crosslinking is not required for activity of the mAb 2< of the invention, agonism of cells will be localised to sites where both targets are present. As the LALA mutation in the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< results in reduced binding to Fcy receptors, it is not expected that Fcy receptor crosslinking-driven activation via CD137-binding alone is possible. Consequently, the mAb 2< are unlikely to activate CD137-expressing cells in the absence of expression of OX40. Since there is a known liver toxicity risk associated with targeting CD137 in humans (for example, as seen in treatment with urelumab (BMS-663513) (Segal et al., 2017) it is hoped that the reduction in likelihood of Fcy receptor-induced crosslinking of the mAb 2< containing the LALA mutation will reduce the chances of such liver toxicity occurring upon treatment with the mAb 2< , as CD137 will only be activated where OX40 is also expressed. The current theory of CD137-induced liver toxicity indicates that myeloid cells expressing CD137 are the cell type responsible for the liver inflammation seen in mice treated with CD137 agonists (Bartkowiak, et al., 2018).

[0313] Macrophages are known to express FcyRI which could potentially mediate crosslinking of a CD137 targeting antibody, however, these cells are not known to express OX40. Therefore, the mAb 2< of the invention, containing the LALA mutation, should in theory not be able to activate liver macrophages which express CD137 but not also OX40. This is considered to reduce the liver toxicity risk of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< of the invention when compared to either a CD137 agonist that requires Fcy receptor crosslinking for activity or a CD137 agonist that does not require crosslinking for activity. In the case of OX40, while some residual activity of the Fcab has been observed in the absence of crosslinking which may lead to some activation of OX40 in the absence of CD137 binding, as dose-limiting toxicities have not been reported to date in clinical studies with OX40 agonists, this is not considered to be a risk.Example 11 - Binding of mAb 2< to cells expressing OX40 or CD13711.1. Binding of mAb 2< to cells expressing human or cynomolgus OX40 or CD137

[0314] The binding affinity of the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 for cell-expressed human or cynomolgus OX40 and CD137 was determined using flow cytometry. Dilutions (2 x final concentration) of these mAb 2< antibodies and control antibodies G1 / 4420 (FITC), G1 / 11D4 (OX40), G1 / MOR7480.1 (CD137) and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) (all in IgG1 isotype format) were prepared in 1 x DPBS (Gibco, 14190-094). DO11.10-hOX40, DO11.10-cOX40, DO11.10-hCD137, DO11.10-cCD137 or HEK cell suspensions were prepared in PBS+2% BSA (Sigma, A7906) and seeded at 4 x 10 6< cell / ml with 50 µl / well in V-bottomed 96-well plates (Costar, 3897). 50 µl of the antibody dilutions were added to the wells containing cells (final volume 100 µl) and incubated at 4°C for 1 hour. The plates were washed and 100 µl / well of secondary antibody (anti-human Fc-488 antibody, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 109-546-098) diluted 1:1000 in PBS+2% BSA was then added and incubated for 30 mins at 4°C in the dark. The plates were washed and resuspended in 100 µl of PBS containing DAPI (Biotium, cat no 40043) at 1 µg / ml. The plates were analysed using a Canto II flow cytometer (BD Bioscience) and the data analysed using FlowJo. Dead cells were identified by their higher fluorescence on the UV (405nm / 450 / 50) channel and excluded from analysis. The geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) in the FITC channel (488nm / 530 / 30) was used as a measure of antibody binding. The GMFI data was fit using log (agonist) vs response (three parameters) in GraphPad Prism Software to generate EC 50 values. Table 9: Binding affinity of anti-OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< for DO11.10 cells expressing human or cynomolgus OX40 or CD137 as determined by flow cytometry.Human OX40 Cynomolgus OX40 Human CD137 Cynomolgus CD137 HEK mAb EC 50 (nM) EC 50 (nM) EC 50 (nM) EC 50 (nM) EC 50 (nM) G1 / 4420NBNBNBNBNBG1 / 11D40.12480.09408NBNBNBG1 / MOR7480.1NBNB0.076820.06119NBFS20-22-49AA / 44200.16190.3262NBNBNBFS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-370.20070.35520.25780.1105NBFS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-30.1750.3940.11970.0682NBFS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.15660.37980.12910.08027NBFS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-120.15170.36840.28990.1074NBNB: no binding observed.

[0315] The results confirm that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< tested bind to human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137 expressed on DO11.10 cells. The mAb 2< and the positive-controls (anti-human OX40 mAb, G1 / 11D4, in a human IgG1 backbone; and anti-human CD137 mAb G1 / MOR7480.1, in a human IgG1 backbone) bound to both human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137 with a range of affinities (see Table 9). No cross-reactivity with other proteins expressed on the surface of the HEK cell line was observed as no binding could be detected with this cell line for any of the tested antibodies. Therefore, the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< bound specifically to human OX40 and human CD137, with no non-specific binding observed.11.2 Binding of FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< and component parts thereof to cells expressing human or cynomolgus OX40 or CD137

[0316] To compare the affinity of the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and its components parts, i.e. the OX40 Fcab (in OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< format; FS20-22-49AA / 4420) and the CD137 Fab (in IgG1 format; FS30-010-016), for cell-expressed human or cynomolgus OX40 and CD137, the same method as described in Example 11.1 was used. However, in this experiment, instead of using HEK cells to analyse the non-specific binding, non-transduced DO11.10 cells were used. The G1 / 4420 anti-FITC antibody was used as a control. The experiment was repeated three times to increase the reliability of the EC 50 values calculated. The mean average EC 50 values for the molecules tested are shown in Table 10. Table 10: Binding affinity of anti-OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and its component parts to DO11.10 cells expressing human or cynomolgus OX40 or CD137 as determined by flow cytometry.Human OX40 Cynomolgus OX40 Human CD137 Cynomolgus CD137 Non-transduced DO11.10 mAb EC 50 Avg ± SD (nM) EC 50 Avg ± SD (nM) EC 50 Avg ± SD (nM) EC 50 Avg ± SD (nM) EC 50 Avg ± SD (nM) G1 / 4420NBNBNBNBNBFS20-22-49AA / 44200.23 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.14NBNBNBG1 / FS30-10-16NBNB0.10 ± 0.050.09 ± 0.01NBFS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.22 ± 0.010.71 ± 0.210.11 ± 0.020.12 ± 0.01NBAvg: Mean average; SD: Standard deviation; NB: no binding observed.

[0317] The results confirm that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) binds to human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137 expressed on DO11.10 cells with subnanomolar affinity, that the OX40 Fcab component of the mAb 2< binds to human and cynomolgus OX40 with comparable affinity to the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , and that the CD137 Fab component of the mAb 2< binds to human and cynomolgus CD137 with comparable affinity to the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< . No non-specific binding to non-transduced DO11.10 cells was observed for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , either of its component parts or the isotype control antibody (G1 / 4420). The results indicate that the affinity of the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< and the FS20-22-49AA OX40 Fcab for cell-expressed cynomolgus OX40 is greater (as shown by the lower EC 50 values) than previously observed (Example 11.1 and Table 9) and similar to the affinity results determined by SPR (Example 8 and Table 7). Since the mean EC 50 values detailed in Table 10 are the product of three independent experiments, these are a better representation of the affinity of the tested molecules for human and cynomolgus OX40 and CD137 expressed on DO11.10 cells.11.3 Binding of mAb 2< to cells expressing mouse OX40 or CD137

[0318] The binding affinity of the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< for cell-expressed mouse OX40 and CD137 was determined using flow cytometry. Dilutions (2 x final concentration) of FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and control antibodies G1 / 4420 (FITC), G1 / Lob12.3 (CD137), G1 / OX86 (OX40) and FS20m-232-91AA / HEL D1.3 (OX40 / HEL mock mAb 2< ) were prepared in 1 x DPBS (Gibco, 14190-094). DO11.10-mOX40, DO11.10-mCD137, or HEK cell suspensions were prepared in PBS+2% BSA (Sigma, A7906) and seeded at 4 x 10 6< cell / ml with 50 µl / well in V-bottomed 96-well plates (Costar, 3897). 50µl of the antibody dilutions were added to the wells containing cells (final volume 100 µl) and incubated at 4°C for 1 hour. The plates were washed and 100µl / well of secondary antibody (anti-human Fc-488 antibody, Jackson ImmunoResearch, 109-546-098) diluted 1:1000 in PBS+2% BSA was then added and incubated for 30 mins at 4°C in the dark. The plates were washed and resuspended in 100 µl of PBS containing DAPI (Biotium, cat no 40043) at 1 µg / ml. The plates were analysed using a Canto II flow cytometer (BD Bioscience) and the data analysed using FlowJo. Dead cells were identified by their higher fluorescence on the UV (405nm / 450 / 50) channel and excluded from analysis. The geometric mean fluorescence intensity (GMFI) in the FITC channel (488nm / 530 / 30) was used as a measure of antibody binding. The GMFI data was fit using log (agonist) vs response (three parameters) in GraphPad Prism Software to generate EC 50 values. The results are shown in Table 11. Table 11: Binding affinity of anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< for DO11.10 cells expressing mouse OX40 or CD137 as determined by flow cytometry.Mouse OX40 Mouse CD137 mAb EC 50 (nM) EC 50 (nM) G1 / 4420NBNBG1 / Lob12.3NB0.1206G1 / OX860.5381NBFS20m-232-91AA / HEL D1.30.2677NBFS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.30.1590.118NB: no binding observed.

[0319] The results confirm that FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< binds to mouse OX40 and CD137 expressed on DO11.10 cells. The mAb 2< and the positive-controls (anti-mouse OX40 mAb, OX86, in a human IgG1 backbone; and anti-mouse CD137 mAb Lob12.3, in a human IgG1 backbone) bound to mouse OX40 and / or CD137 with a range of affinities (see Table 11). No cross-reactivity with other proteins expressed on the surface of the HEK cell line was observed as no binding could be detected with this cell line for any of the tested antibodies.

[0320] Therefore, the anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< bound specifically to mouse OX40 and mouse CD137, with no non-specific binding observed.Example 12 - Activity of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< targeting co-expressed receptors in a staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) assay

[0321] OX40 expression on tumour infiltrating lymphocytes is likely to be accompanied by expression of CD137 as these two molecules are often co-expressed on activated T cells (Ma et al., 2005). Agonising OX40 and CD137 by a mAb 2< targeting these two co-expressed receptors can induce the proliferation and production of inflammatory cytokines by preactivated T cells.

[0322] To become fully activated, T cells require two signals, a first signal which is antigen specific and is provided through the T-cell receptor which interacts with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules displaying peptide antigen on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (APCs), and a second, antigen-nonspecific signal - the costimulatory signal - which is provided by the interaction between costimulatory molecules expressed on the membrane of the APC and the T cell.

[0323] To test the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , a T cell activation assay using staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) superantigen as the first signal was established. SEA crosslinks MHC class II molecules on the surface of APCs and the TCR of T cells, thereby providing the first signal for T cell activation. For their full activation, the T cells must also receive the second, costimulatory signal, by the control molecules or mAb 2< crosslinked as appropriate. This assay is performed with isolated PBMCs from blood and should represent more closely what is expected to happen in vivo compared to an assay performed with isolated T cells.

[0324] The SEA-stimulation assay was used to establish the activity of different OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies, and an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< antibody, in the presence or absence of artificial crosslinking agents, to compare different OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones, and to establish a representative EC 50 value for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in a group of 10 PBMC donors.12.1 Activity of OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies on SEA-stimulated PBMCs

[0325] To establish the sensitivity of the SEA assay to different OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies, the mAb 2< antibody (FS22-20-49AA / FS30-10-16) and control antibodies listed in Table 12 were tested for their activity in the assay. G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1AA / FS30-10-16 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 20H4.9 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 11D4 (anti-OX40), and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were used as controls. IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation. Table 12: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1AA / MOR7480.1hCD137nonehIgG1Yesa-hCH2125120G1AA / FS30-10-16hCD137nonehIgG1Yesa-hCH215497G1AA / 20H4.9hCD137nonehIgG1Yesa-hCH2165122G1AA / 11D4hOX40nonehIgG1Noa-hCH2173175FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH29597

[0326] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from leucocyte depletion cones (NHS Blood and Transplant service), a by-product of platelet donations. Briefly, leucocyte cone contents were flushed with PBS and overlaid on a Ficoll gradient (GE Lifesciences cat no 17144002). PBMCs were isolated by centrifugation and recovery of cells that did not cross the Ficoll gradient. PBMCs were further washed with PBS and remaining red blood cells were lysed through the addition of 10 ml red blood cell lysis buffer (eBioscience) according to the manufacturer's instructions. PBMCs were counted and resuspended to 2.0 x 10 6< cells / ml in T cell medium (RPMI medium (Life Technologies) with 10% FBS (Life Technologies), 1x Penicillin Streptomycin (Life Technologies), Sodium Pyruvate (Gibco), 10mM Hepes (Gibco), 2mM L-Glutamine (Gibco) and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol (Gibco)). SEA (Sigma cat no S9399) was then added to PBMCs at 200 ng / ml and cells were added to the plates at 2 x 10 5< cell / well (100 µl / well).

[0327] 2 µM dilutions of each test antibody (see Table 12 for details) were prepared in DPBS (Gibco) and further diluted 1:10 in T cell medium (30 µl + 270 µl) to obtain 200 nM dilutions. The artificial crosslinking agents (anti-human CH2 antibody (clone MK1A6, produced in-house) or FITC-dextran (Sigma) (see Table 12) were added to the wells in a 1:1 molar ratio with the test antibodies where needed. In a 96-well plate, serial dilutions of the test antibodies were prepared and 100 µl of the diluted antibody mixture was added to the activated T cells on the plate.

[0328] Cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 120 hours. Supernatants were collected and IL-2 release was measured using a human IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience or R&D Systems) following the manufacturer's instructions. Plates were read at 450 nm using the plate reader with the Gen5 Software, BioTek. Absorbance values of 630 nm were subtracted from those of 450 nm (Correction). The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four-parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). The concentration of human IL-2 (hIL-2) was plotted vs the log concentration of the test antibodies and the resulting curves were fitted using the log (agonist) vs response equation in GraphPad Prism. Table 13 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed in the SEA assay in the presence or absence of crosslinking with artificial crosslinking agents. Figure 3A shows the levels of IL-2 release induced by the tested antibodies at a single concentration (3.7 nM) in the SEA assay. The concentration at which these antibodies induced the highest levels of IL-2 production was chosen for this analysis. Statistical analysis was done by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Asterisks above error bars represent the significant difference compared to isotype control (G1 / 4420)-treated samples (* p<0.032, ** p<0.0021, *** p<0.0002, **** p<0.0001). Figure 3B shows plots of IL-2 release induced by the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) in the presence or absence of artificial crosslinking agent in the SEA assay. Table 13: SEA assay with OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies and mAb 2< No Crosslink Crosslink mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / MOR7480.1NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / FS30-10-16NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / 20H4.9NADNADNADNAD0.30620.1224 to 0.737643243904 to 4762G1AA / 11D4NADNADNADNAD0.071630.01113 to 0.291042693693 to 4864FS20-22-49AA / 4420NADNADNADNAD0.33640.1377 to 0.774387197943 to 9532FS20-22-49AA / 4420 + G1AA / FS30-10-16NADNADNADNAD0.37930.1665 to 0.857876446964 to 8358FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.25480.1050 to 0.608289318028 to 98770.18770.06915 to 0.494599308920 to 10990NAD = no activity detected.

[0329] The results show that only the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) was able to increase IL-2 levels in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents and that the addition of artificial crosslinking agent did not increase the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , either in terms of EC 50 or maximum response. Activity of the OX40-targeting antibodies G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9 was observed only in the presence of artificial crosslinking agents, and no statistically significant activity was detected for the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16, as compared to the isotype control, even in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent. The anti-OX40 antibody G1AA / 11D4 induced higher IL-2 levels than the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16, and a comparable IL-2 level to the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9, although the G1AA / 11D4 antibody was observed to have greater potency than the G1AA / 20H4.9 antibody as indicated by its markedly lower EC 50 value. These results indicate that this SEA assay is more sensitive to OX40 agonism than to CD137 agonism. This is possibly related to OX40 being preferentially expressed on CD4+ T cells and CD137 being preferentially expressed on CD8+ T cells (Croft, 2014 and internal data shown in Figure 6), and because there are typically more CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells in human PBMCs.12.2 Activity of different OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones on SEA-stimulated PBMCs

[0330] Five different OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones were tested for their activity in an SEA assay. Details of the mAb 2< and control antibodies used in the assay are provided in Table 14. G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1 / 11D4 (anti-OX40), G2 / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1 / 11D4 plus G2 / MOR7480.1 in combination, and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were used as controls. The assay was performed as described in Example 12.1. Table 14: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1 / 11D4hOX40nonehIgG1Noa-hCH2174175G2 / MOR7480.1hCD137nonehIgG2Noa-hCH2124120FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH2109111FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH29997FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH210397FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH29597FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH2105107

[0331] Table 15 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed in the SEA assay in the presence or absence of crosslinking with artificial crosslinking agents. Figure 3C and D shows plots of IL-2 release for the SEA assay. Table 15: SEA assay with mAb 2< targeting OX40 and CD137No Crosslink Crosslink mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1 / 11D4NADNADNADNAD0.130.01 to 0.776614.004743 to 8561G2 / MOR7480.1*NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1 / 11D4 + G2 / MOR7480.1NADNADNADNAD0.11NAD to 0.799451.006633 to 12384FS20-22-49AA / 44208.530.83 to 58.93808.70328.7 to 16020.310.15 to 0.6828603.0024885 to 32460FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-370.510.26 to 0.9729242.0026131 to 324650.500.26 to 0.9130748.0027773 to 33822FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-30.290.15 to 0.5534945.0031391 to 386160.380.20 to 0.6933919.0030775 to 37170FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-121.360.73 to 2.6524912.0022201 to 277992.331.25 to 4.5823721.0021156 to 26587FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.140.077 to 0.2535115.0032213 to 380740.100.06 to 0.1833761.0031415 to 36145FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-140.090.021 to 0.3032363.0027164 to 376910.140.07 to 0.3032212.0028906 to 35597NAD = no activity detected

[0332] Figure 3C and D and Table 15 show that no IL-2 production was observed with the non-crosslinked or crosslinked anti-FITC antibody G1 / 4420 or with the non-crosslinked anti-OX40 antibody (G1 / 11D4 alone or in combination with G2 / MOR7480.1), as expected. IL-2 was produced by the T cells when OX40 was activated by binding of the anti-OX40 positive control antibody but only when artificial crosslinking agent was present (EC 50 of 0.13 nM for G1 / 11D4 alone, and EC 50 of 0.11 nM when in combination with G2 / MOR7480.1). The OX40-targeting Fcab in mock mAb 2< format (4420 LALA) FS20-22-49AA / 4420 showed some agonistic activity in the absence of crosslinking in this assay (EC 50 of 8.53 nM) but when crosslinked by binding of the Fab arms to FITC-dextran, had increased activity as demonstrated by the decrease in EC 50 (0.31 nM) and increase in the maximum amount of IL-2 produced (max response), as shown by the increased production of IL-2.

[0333] No activity was observed with the crosslinked CD137-targeting antibody G2 / MOR7480.1 alone, and the activity of the combination of the OX40-targeting antibody G1 / 11D4 and CD137-targeting antibody G2 / MOR7480.1 when crosslinked was similar to that of the crosslinked OX40-targeting antibody G1 / 11D4 alone.

[0334] In this SEA T cell activation assay, the activity of the five OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones (see Table 15) was comparable regardless of the presence of artificial crosslinking agent. The activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent was also comparable to the crosslinked FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< . These results of this SEA assay show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< are able to signal via OX40, without artificial crosslinking agents being required, as a result of crosslinking provided by the engagement of the anti-CD137 Fab arms of the mAb 2< .

[0335] Although no activity was detected for the crosslinked CD137-targeting antibody G2 / MOR7480.1 in this assay, it is expected that CD137 was expressed at a level on the T cells to allow crosslinking of the mAb 2< to occur. This expression is assumed to have been at a level at which each of the five mAb 2< clones, when bound to CD137, could also bind to OX40 and drive its activation to a much higher degree than the low level of activity induced by the non-crosslinked FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< .

[0336] The T cell activation observed with the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in the absence of artificial crosslinking agent also suggests that these molecules will be able to activate T cells where both OX40 and CD137 are expressed in vivo.12.3 Activity of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 on SEA-stimulated PBMCs from 10 PBMC donors

[0337] The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 was tested in an SEA assay with PBMCs from 10 different donors to establish accurate EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values for its activity. The assay was performed as described in Example 12.1 in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. Mean values plus or minus standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the raw data for each donor. To calculate EC 50 values, the raw data was fit to a logistic function (4 parameters: Top, Bottom, Hill slope, and EC 50 ): y log c = Bottom + Top − Bottom 1 + 10 log EC 50 − log c ⋅ HillSlope

[0338] The y-axis shows the response measured (IL-2 levels), as a function of log 10 (c), where c denotes the concentration of the test article.

[0339] Each parameter estimate from the fit has a standard error, which is indicative of the precision of that estimate. Since different donor and / or technical replicates for a given experiment will give different parameter estimates and different levels of precision (depending, for example, on the quality of the data in each case), the parameters from each donor and / or technical replicates were included into a weighted average. The weights were defined as the inverse of the square of the standard error of the parameter, under an assumption of parameter normality.

[0340] Additionally, the log 10 (EC 20 ) and log 10 (EC 30 ) values were calculated by fitting the data to similar equations: y log c = Bottom + Top − Bottom 1 + 4 ⋅ 10 log EC 20 − log c ⋅ HillSlope y log c = Bottom + Top − Bottom 1 + 7 / 3 ⋅ 10 log EC 30 − log c ⋅ HillSlope

[0341] All logistic fits were performed using GraphPad Prism, and the weighted averaging was done using Microsoft Excel. The formulae used for the weighted average and the standard error of the weighted average are given below: x ¯ = ∑ w i x i ∑ w i SEM = SD ∑ w i 2 ∑ w i 2 wherein the weighted standard deviation has been estimated as: SD = N ∑ w i x i − x ¯ 2 N − 1 ∑ w i

[0342] The EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values for the IL-2 release observed for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in the SEA assay are shown in Table 16. Table 16: EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in the SEA assayEC 50 (nM) EC 30 (nM) EC 20 (nM) Donor 1 0.210.090.05Donor 2 0.380.140.08Donor 3 0.340.180.12Donor 4 0.360.180.11Donor 5 0.300.110.06Donor 6 0.410.170.10Donor 7 0.440.210.13Donor 8 0.290.150.10Donor 9 0.170.100.07Donor 10 0.040.020.02Weighted Average 0.320.140.0995% Conf. Int. 0.25-0.410.11-0.180.07-0.12

[0343] These results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< has comparable activity with PBMCs from different donors.Example 13 - Activity of human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a pan-T cell activation assay

[0344] The SEA T cell activation assay described in Example 12 used PBMCs and the superantigen SEA to stimulate T cells. To assess the effect of OX40 and CD137 agonists on isolated T cells, a T cell activation assay was established. In this assay, T cells were isolated and stimulated using an anti-CD3 antibody immobilised on a plastic surface. The immobilised anti-CD3 antibody is able to cluster the TCR of T cells, providing the first signal required for T cell activation and the test molecules provided the second signal.

[0345] The T cell-stimulation assay was used to establish the activity of different OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies and an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< antibody in the presence or absence of crosslinking agents, to compare different OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones, and to establish a representative EC 50 value for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in a group of nine PBMC donors.13.1 Activity of OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies in a pan-T cell activation assay

[0346] To establish the sensitivity of the T cell activation assay to different OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies, the mAb 2< antibody (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) and control antibodies listed in Table 17 were tested for their activity in the assay. G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1AA / FS30-10-16 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 20H4.9 (anti-CD137), G1AA / 11D4 (anti-OX40), and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were used as controls. IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation. Table 17: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb ?2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1AA / MOR7480.1hCD137nonehIgG1Yesa-hCH2125120G1AA / FS30-10-16hCD137nonehlgG1Yesa-hCH215497G1AA / 20H4.9hCD137nonehlgG1Yesa-hCH2165122G 1 AA / 11 D4hOX40nonehlgG1Noa-hCH2173175FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH29597

[0347] Human PBMCs were isolated as described in Example 12.1. T cells were then isolated from the PBMCs using a Pan T Cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi Biotec Ltd) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0348] Human T-Activator CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads (Life technologies11452D) were resuspended by vortexing. Beads were washed twice with T cell medium (RPMI medium (Life Technologies) with 10% FBS (Life Technologies), 1x Penicillin Streptomycin (Life Technologies), Sodium Pyruvate (Gibco), 10mM Hepes (Gibco), 2mM L-Glutamine (Gibco) and 50µM 2-mercaptoethanol (Gibco)).

[0349] The required number of T cells at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 6< cells / ml in T cell medium were stimulated with the washed human T-Activator CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads at a 2:1 cell to bead ratio in a T-25 flask (Sigma) and incubated overnight at 37°C, 5% CO 2 to activate the T cells. Activated T cells were washed from the Dynabeads and resuspended in T cell medium at a concentration of 2.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. 96-well flat-bottomed plates were coated with anti-human CD3 antibody through incubation with 2.5 µg / ml anti-human CD3 antibody (R&D Systems clone UHCT1) diluted in PBS for 2 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and then washed twice with PBS. Activated T cells were added to the plates at 2 x 10 5< cell / well.

[0350] 2 µM dilutions of each test antibody (see Table 17 for details) were prepared and added to the wells in a 1:1 molar ratio with crosslinking agent (anti-human CH2 antibody (clone MK1A6, produced in-house) or FITC-dextran (Sigma) (see Table 17)) where required, as described above in Example 12.1. In a 96-well plate, serial dilutions of the test antibodies were prepared and 100 µl of the diluted antibody mixture was added to the activated T cells on the plate.

[0351] T cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 72 hours. Supernatants were then collected, IL-2 release was measured and the data was prepared as described in Example 12.1. Table 18 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed in the T cell activation assay in the presence or absence of crosslinking with crosslinking agents. Figure 4A shows the levels of IL-2 release induced by the tested antibodies at a single concentration (3.7 nM) in the T cell activation assay. The concentration at which these antibodies induced the highest levels of IL-2 production was chosen for this analysis. Statistical analysis was done by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Asterisks above error bars represent the significant difference compared to isotype control (G1 / 4420)-treated samples (* p<0.032, ** p<0.0021, *** p<0.0002, **** p<0.0001). Figure 4B shows plots of IL-2 release induced by the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) in the presence or absence of crosslinking agent in the T cell activation assay. Table 18: T cell activation assay with OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies and mAb 2< No Crosslink Crosslink mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / MOR7480.1NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / FS30-10-16NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / 20H4.9NADNADNADNAD0.2340.04154 to 1.05753034068 to 6620G1AA / 11D4NADNADNADNAD0.13010.01642 to 0.635641303266 to 5037FS20-22-49AA / 4420NADNADNADNAD0.2780.1611 to 0.47901245011440 to 13488FS20-22-49AA / 4420 + G1AA / FS30-10-16NADNADNADNAD0.17460.05500 to 0.52091500112556 to 17552FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.093060.03231 to 0.24301692714533 to 193890.079160.01737 to 0.28511443411757 to 17202NAD - no activity detected

[0352] The results show that only the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) was able to increase IL-2 levels in the absence of artificial crosslinking agents and that the addition of artificial crosslinking agent did not increase the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< , either in terms of EC 50 or maximum response. Activity of the OX40-targeting antibodies G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9 was observed only in the presence of artificial crosslinking agents, and no activity was detected for the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 even in the presence of artificial crosslinking agent. The OX40 agonist antibody FS20-22-49AA / 4420 induced higher IL-2 levels than all three CD137 agonist antibodies. The anti-OX40 antibody G1AA / 11D4 induced higher IL-2 levels than the anti-CD137 antibodies G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16, and a comparable IL-2 level to the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9, although the G1AA / 11D4 antibody was observed to have greater potency than the G1AA / 20H4.9 antibody as indicated by its lower EC 50 value. These results indicate that this T cell activation assay is more sensitive to OX40 agonism than to CD137 agonism. As surmised in Example 12.1, this is possibly related to OX40 being preferentially expressed on CD4+ T cells and CD137 being preferentially expressed on CD8+ T cells (Croft, 2014 and internal data shown in Figure 6), and because there are typically more CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells in human PBMCs.13.2 Multiple cytokine analysis of the activity of OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies in a pan-T cell activation assay

[0353] To better understand the effect of OX40 and CD137 stimulation on the T cell activation assay, the levels of multiple cytokines were analysed. The antibodies and mAb 2< antibody (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) and control antibodies listed in Table 19 were used. The control antibodies G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / FS30-10-16 (anti-CD137) and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were tested in the presence of artificial crosslinking agents and the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was tested in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. All antibodies were used at a single concentration (10 nM). The assay was performed as described in Example 13.1. Table 19: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1AA / FS30-10-16hCD137nonehIgG1Yesa-hCH215497FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesnone9597

[0354] The levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL12p70, IL-13, TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 in the supernatants collected after incubation were then determined using the Pro-inflammatory V-plex kit (MSD, K15049D-1) according to manufacturer's instructions. The results showed that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) and the crosslinked OX40-targeting antibody (FS20-22-49AA / 4420) increased IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-13 and TNFα cytokine release and decreased IL-10 release by T cells. No activity was detected for the anti-CD137 antibody (G1AA / FS30-10-16).13.3 Activity of different OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clones in a pan-T cell activation assay

[0355] Details of the molecules tested in this assay and their respective crosslinking agents, where applicable, are provided in Table 20 below. G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1 / 11D4 (anti-OX40), G2 / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137), G1 / 11D4 plus G2 / MOR7480.1 in combination, and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were used as controls. All molecules were tested in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent. The single-agent controls G1 / 4420, G1 / 11D4, G2 / MOR7480.1 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 were additionally tested in the presence of an artificial crosslinking agent. The assay was performed as described in Example 13.1. Table 20: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1 / 11D4hOX40nonehIgG1Noanti-hCH2174175G2 / MOR7480.1hCD137nonehIgG2Noanti-hCH2124120FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesn / a109111FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesn / a9997FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesn / a10397FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesn / a9597FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesn / a105107

[0356] Table 21 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed for all molecules tested in the T cell activation assay in the absence of crosslinking. Table 22 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed for the single-agent controls G1 / 4420, G1 / 11D4, G2 / MOR7480.1 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 additionally tested in the presence of crosslinking agents. Figure 4C and Dshows plots of IL-2 release for the T cell activation assay. Table 21: T cell activation assay with mAb 2< targeting co-expressed receptors in the absence of crosslinking agentNo Crosslinking Agent mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADG1 / 11D4NADNADNADNADG2 / MOR7480.1NADNADNADNADG1 / 11 D4 + G2 / MOR7480.1NADNADNADNADFS20-22-49AA / 44205.020.2478 to 25831508926.2 to 26580FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-371.2010.1358 to 15.0636632817 to 4979FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-30.29050.01754 to 3.86742193204 to 5408FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-120.8450.01871 to 85.7239392388 to 7001FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-160.20190.0108 to 3.07138733012 to 4897FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-140.2285ND to 14.7743792915 to 6181NAD = no activity detected ND = not determined Table 22: Single-agent controls in the presence of crosslinking agent With Crosslinking Agent mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADG1 / 11D40.05132ND to 0.354563755385 to 7400G2 / MOR7480.12.381.231 to 4.75423062090 to 2545FS20-22-49AA / 44200.061290.01408 to 0.193958065242 to 6386 NAD = no activity detected ND = not determined

[0357] Table 21 and Figure 4C show that the non-crosslinked OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< had activity (EC 50 values ranging from 0.2019 to 1.201 nM) and were therefore capable of binding to both targets resulting in clustering of one or both of them to induce T cell activation. No IL-2 production was observed with the non-crosslinked or crosslinked anti-FITC antibody G1 / 4420, as expected, or with the non-crosslinked anti-OX40 antibody (G1 / 11D4 alone or in combination with G2 / MOR7480.1). IL-2 was produced by T cells when the OX40 receptor was targeted by the anti-OX40 positive control antibody in the presence of crosslinking agent (EC 50 of 0.05 nM for G1 / 11D4 alone, and EC 50 of 0.02 nM when in combination with G2 / MOR7480.1).

[0358] The OX40-targeting Fcab in the mock mAb 2< format (4420 LALA) FS20-22-49AA / 4420 had some agonistic activity in the absence of crosslinking (an EC 50 of 5.02 nM and a maximum response of 1508 pg / ml hIL-2), as seen in the SEA assay, and this activity was further enhanced when the mock mAb 2< was crosslinked by binding of its Fab arms to FITC-dextran.

[0359] No activity was observed with the non-crosslinked anti-CD137 antibody G2 / MOR7480.1 alone but, when crosslinked, it was capable of inducing T cell activation, indicating that, unlike the SEA T cell activation assay (Example 12), this assay is able to measure CD137 signalling by this anti-CD137 clone as well as the OX40 signalling confirmed above. The difference in activity observed for this crosslinked antibody compared to the same anti-CD137 clone in IgG1 format (G1AA / MOR7480.1) in Example 13.1, for which no activity was detected in either the absence or presence of artificial crosslinking agent, may be explained by T-cell donor variability whereby some donors may respond better to CD137 stimulation than others.

[0360] In the human CD137 T cell activation assay using DO11.10-hCD137 cells described in Example 7.1, the test OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-5-37, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-3, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-12, FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 and FS20-22-49AA / FS30-35-14) and the G2 / MOR7480.1 control potently induced IL-2 production. It is therefore assumed that the anti-CD137 Fab arms of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< are also capable of agonising T cell-expressed CD137 to produce a detectable IL-2 signal in the primary T cell activation assay of the present example.13.4 Activity of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 in a pan-T cell activation assay with T cells from nine PBMC donors

[0361] The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< clone FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 was tested in a T cell activation assay with PBMCs from nine different donors to establish accurate EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values for its activity. The assay was performed as described in Example 13.1 in the absence of an artificial crosslinking agent.

[0362] Mean values plus or minus standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the raw data as described in Example 12.3 for each donor. EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values for the IL-2 release observed for the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) in the T cell assay were also calculated as described in Example 12.3 and are shown in Table 23. Table 23: EC 20 , EC 30 and EC 50 values of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a T cell activation assayEC 50 (nM) EC 30 (nM) EC 20 (nM) Donor 1 0.1700.2030.280Donor 2 0.0670.1030.153Donor 3 0.1670.1580.193Donor 4 0.2510.2260.223Donor 5 0.1750.1820.222Donor 6 0.1160.1770.264Donor 7 0.1140.2970.467Donor 8 0.1210.2830.448Donor 9 0.1990.1740.194Weighted Average 0.1790.0670.04095% Conf. Int. 0.154-0.2080.049-0.0900.026-0.061

[0363] These results show that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< has comparable activity on T cells from different donors.Example 14 - Activity of human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation assays

[0364] T cells can be subdivided into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells according to their function in the immune system. CD4+ T cells are termed T helper cells and produce cytokines that modulate the immune response and CD8+ T cells are termed T killer cells and eliminate target cells directly. The expression of OX40 has been observed to be higher than CD137 expression on CD4+ T cells and, vice-versa, the expression of CD137 has been seen to be higher than OX40 expression on CD8+ T cells (Croft, 2014 and see Figure 6). Despite this difference in expression levels, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells co-express the two receptors (Ma et al., 2005).

[0365] To further explore the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in these two populations of T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were isolated for testing of the ability of the molecules listed in the Table 24 below to activate each T cell population in separate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation assays. In this assay, co-expression of OX40 and CD137 was utilised to determine crosslinking of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16. G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / 11D4 (anti-OX40), G1AA / MOR7480.1 (anti-CD137) G1AA / FS30-10-16 (anti-CD137), FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (OX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ), and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 plus G1AA / FS30-10-16 in combination were used as controls. IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation. Table 24: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotyp e LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1NoFITC-dextran115116G1AA / 11D4hOX40nonehIgG1Yesanti-hCH2173175G1AA / MOR7480.1hCD137nonehIgG1Yesanti-hCH2125120G1AA / FS30-10-16hCD137nonehIgG1Yesanti-hCH215497G1AA / 20H4.9hCD137NonehIgG1Yesanti-hCH2165122FS20-22-49AA / 4420FITChOX40hIgG1YesFITC-dextran123116FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16hCD137hOX40hIgG1Yesanti-hCH29597

[0366] To isolate human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, PBMCs were firstly isolated as described in Example 13.1. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were then separately isolated from the PBMCs using, respectively, a CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit (human) (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-096-533) and a CD8+ T Cell Isolation Kit (human) (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-096-495) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0367] The CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were activated overnight in the required amount at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 6< cells / ml in T cell medium using Human T-Activator CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads as described in Example 13.1.

[0368] The activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were washed from the Dynabeads and resuspended in T cell medium at a concentration of 2.0 x 10 6< cells / ml. 96-well flat-bottomed plates were coated with anti-human CD3 antibody through incubation with either 2.5 µg / ml (for the CD4+ T cell activation assay) or 10 µg / ml (for the CD8+ T cell activation assay) anti-human CD3 antibody (R&D Systems, clone UHCT1) diluted in PBS for 2 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 and then washed twice with PBS. Activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were then added to the respective plates at 2 x 10 6< cells / well.

[0369] 2 µM dilutions of each test antibody (see Table 24 for details) were prepared and added to the wells in a 1:1 molar ratio with crosslinking agent (anti-human CH2 antibody or FITC-dextran (Sigma) (see Table 24)) where required, as described in Example 6. In a 96-well plate, serial dilutions of the test antibodies were prepared and 100 µl of the diluted antibody mixture was added to the activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells on the respective plates.

[0370] T cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 for 72 hours. Supernatants were collected, IL-2 release measured and the data was prepared as described in Example 12.1. Table 25 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed in the separate T cell activation assays in the presence or absence of crosslinking with crosslinking agents. Figures 5A to Cshow plots of IL-2 release for the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell activation assay, respectively.

[0371] After supernatants were collected, T cells were washed in PBS and stained with an Alexa Fluor 488-labelled anti-human Fc secondary antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch, cat. no. 109-546-098) diluted 1 in 1000 in PBS for 1 hour at 4°C. The cells were then washed once with PBS and resuspended in 100 µl / well PBS with DAPI (Biotium, cat. no. 89139-054) at 1µg / ml. The cells were then analysed on a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Figure 6 shows the geometric mean fluorescence intensity in the 488 channel of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells treated with G1AA / MOR7480.1 or G1AA / 11D4. Table 25: CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation assay with mAb 2< targeting co-expressed receptorsCD4+ T cells No Crosslinking Crosslinking EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response mAbs / mAb 2< (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420 NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / 11D4 NADNADNADNAD0.08130.01883 to 0.279688177129 to 10561G1AA / MOR7480.1 NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / FS30-10-16 NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADFS20-22-49AA / 4420 0.56410.06536 to ND22421578 to +infinity0.15530.06145 to 0.37651887216200 to 21634FS20-22-49AA / 4420 + G1AA / FS30-10-16 22.541.881 to 162.838202403 to 84130.1810.08648 to 0.37281889516953 to 20903FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 0.11310.04802 to 0.25291623214326 to 181910.083340.03012 to 0.21131623214031 to 18494CD8+ T cells No Crosslinking Crosslinking EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response mAbs / mAb 2< (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (hIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420 NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1 AA / 11 D4 NADNADNADNAD0.099640.004042 to 1.04387.6306.3 to 474.2G1AA / MOR7480.1 NADNADNADNAD1.0110.2837 to 3.6581066849.8 to 1308G1AA / FS30-10-16 NADNADNADNAD3.8752.547 to 5.94325602344 to 2796FS20-22-49AA / 4420 NADNADNADNAD0.2680.1418 to 0.502416631510 to 1821FS20-22-49AA14420 + G1AA / FS30-10-16 NADNADNADNAD0.43120.1721 to 1.08125342185 to 2905FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 0.11830.06831 to 0.203249154592 to 52461.980.3441 to 8.77973976071 to 9139NAD = no activity detected ND = not determined

[0372] Table 25 and Figure 5B show that CD4+ T cells can be activated by the crosslinked anti-OX40 controls G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420 (both alone and in combination with G1AA / FS30-10-16) but not by the single-agent anti-CD137 controls G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16. Figure 5C shows that CD8+ T cells, on the other hand, were activated by both anti-CD137 controls G1AA / MOR7480.1 and G1AA / FS30-10-16 when crosslinked, as well as by the crosslinked anti-OX40 controls G1AA / 11D4 and FS20-22-49AA / 4420, although the level of response to the single-agent anti-CD137 control G1AA / FS30-10-16 was greater than to both single-agent anti-OX40 controls. As was observed in the SEA assay (Example 12.2) and the human pan-T cell activation assay (Example 13.3), the OX40 Fcab in mock mAb 2< format (FS20-22-49AA / 4420) showed some activity in the absence of crosslinking in the presence of CD4+ T cells and this activity was increased when the antibody was crosslinked. The OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) showed activity in the presence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the absence of crosslinking, as was expected from previous results (see Examples 12 and 13).

[0373] Figure 6 shows that CD4+ T cells express lower levels of CD137 and higher levels of OX40 than CD8+ T cells. The binding of G1AA / MOR7480.1 to CD137 is a measure of CD137 expression and the binding of G1AA / 11D4 to OX40 is a measure of OX40 expression.

[0374] This T cell assay with isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was repeated following the same protocol as described above but with T cells isolated from a different PBMC donor and with the addition of the anti-CD137 antibody G1AA / 20H4.9 (see Table 24). In agreement with the results shown in Figures 5A to D, Figures 5E and 5F show that CD8+ T cells respond more to CD137 agonism and CD4+ T cells respond more to OX40 agonism. The anti-OX40 antibodies (G1AA / 11D4 and the anti-OX40 Fcab in mock mAb 2< format FS20-22-49AA / 4420) when crosslinked activated CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells, and the CD137 antibodies (G1AA / 20H4.9 and G1AA / FS30-10-16) when crosslinked activated CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. The G1AA / 20H4.9 antibody also activated CD8+ T cells in the absence of crosslinking antibody, similar to the results obtained in the DO11.10-hCD137 cell assay described in Example 7.1. In this repeat experiment the G1AA / MOR7480.1 antibody did not activate CD8+ T cells when crosslinked. Some PBMC donors can be more susceptible to CD137 co-stimulation than others and the different results obtained in this experiment can be the result of this natural variation.

[0375] These data indicate that CD4+ T cells are more sensitive to activation via OX40 agonism than CD8+ T cells, and, conversely, that CD8+ T cells are more sensitive to activation via CD137 agonism than CD4+ T cells. This correlates with the reported differences in expression levels of OX40 and CD137 receptors on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, the former expressing higher levels of OX40 than CD137, and the latter expressing higher levels of CD137 than OX40. The activity in the presence of CD8+ T cells of the crosslinked anti-CD137 control antibody G1AA / FS30-10-16, the Fab arms of which are present in the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, demonstrates that the mAb 2< has the ability to activate the CD137 receptor when crosslinked by binding of its Fcabs to OX40. Furthermore, the activity in the presence of CD4+ T cells of the crosslinked anti-OX40 Fcab in mock mAb 2< format (FS20-22-49AA / 4420), which is also present in the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16, shows that the mAb 2< has the ability to activate the OX40 receptor when crosslinked by binding of its Fab arms to CD137. It can thus be concluded that the FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 mAb 2< has the potential to function as a dual agonist by activating CD4+ T cells via agonism of OX40 and CD8+ T cells via agonism of CD137 and to a lesser extent OX40. The activation of OX40 by the mAb 2< occurs via its Fcabs and is increased by crosslinking of the mAb 2< when bound to CD137 via its Fab arms, while the activation of CD137 occurs via binding of its Fab arms to CD137 and crosslinking of the mAb 2< when bound to OX40 via its Fcabs.Example 15 - Activity of mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< and anti-mouse CD137 antibodies in T cell activation assays

[0376] As the anti-human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< do not bind to mouse proteins, in order to test the potential of an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to illicit a T-cell mediated anti-tumour response a parallel reagent was made targeting mouse OX40 and mouse CD137 (see Example 8.2). 15.1 Activity of mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a pan-T cell activation assay

[0377] In order to test if the mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3) targeting these two co-expressed receptors could induce the production of inflammatory cytokines by preactivated T cells, a mouse T cell activation assay was established. Antibodies G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), G1AA / OX86 (anti-mOX40), G1AA / Lob12.30 (anti-mCD137), G1AA / OX86 and G1AA / Lob12.3 in combination, and FS20m-232-91AA / 4420 (mOX40 / FITC mock mAb 2< ) were used as controls (see Table 26 for details) and IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell stimulation. Table 26: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Crosslinker Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCNonehIgG1noFITC dextran115116G1AA / OX86mOX40NonehIgG1Yesa-hCH2155156G1AA / Lob12.3mCD137NonehIgG1Yesa-hCH2University of SouthamptonFS20m-232-91AA / 4420FITCmOX40hIgG1YesFITC dextran157116FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3mCD137mOX40hIgG1Yesa-hCH2Creation described above in Example 9.2

[0378] To isolate T cells, spleens were collected from 4-8 week old female Balb / C mice (Charles River). Mice were humanely euthanized and spleens were isolated by dissection. Splenocytes were isolated by pushing the spleens through a 70 µm cell strainer (Corning) using the inside of a 5 ml plastic syringe. The cell strainer was washed 10 times with 1ml Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) (Gibco) and the eluant collected in a 50ml tube. Red blood cells present in the eluant were lysed through the addition of 10 ml red blood cell lysis buffer (eBioscience) according to the manufacturer's instructions. T cells were isolated from the splenocytes present in the eluant using a Pan T cell Isolation Kit II (mouse) (Miltenyi Biotec Ltd) according to the manufacturer's instructions and were then activated and used in a protocol essentially the same as the human T cell activation assay described in Example 13.1 but instead using Mouse T-Activator CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads (Life Technologies) for activation of T cells, anti-mouse CD3 antibody (Biolegend clone 145-2C11) for coating of plates, and a mouse IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience or R&D systems) for measurement of IL-2 release.

[0379] Table 27 shows the EC 50 values and maximum response of the IL-2 release observed in the T cell activation assay in the presence of the mAb 2< and mAbs tested. Figure 7A and Bshow representative plots of IL-2 release for the T cell activation assay. Table 27: T cell activation assay with mAb 2< targeting co-expressed receptorsNo Crosslink Crosslink mAbs / mAb 2< EC 50 (nM) Max response EC 50 (nM) Max response (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (mIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. (nM) 95% Conf. Int. (mIL-2 pg / ml) 95% Conf. Int. G1 / 4420NADNADNADNADNADNADNADNADG1AA / OX86NADNADNADNAD2.4131.730 to 3.3651454413647 to 15441G1AA / Lob12.3NADNADNADNAD1.1790.001061 to 1309373.6139.3 to 607.8G1AA / OX86 + G1AA / Lob12.3NADNADNADNAD1.7220.9596 to 3.0901283411531 to 14138FS20m-232-91AA / 4420NADNADNADNAD0.25680.1181 to 0.55851467213279 to 16065FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.30.11410.01023 to 1.27387506614 to 108850.10110.04358 to 0.23461356312485 to 14640NAD = no activity detected

[0380] Table 27 and Figure 7B show that there is an increase in the activation of T cells when the OX40 receptor is targeted and the anti-OX40 antibodies are crosslinked. No T cell activation was observed with the crosslinked or non-crosslinked anti-FITC antibody G1 / 4420 as expected or with the non-crosslinked anti-OX40 antibody (G1AA / OX86 alone or in combination with G1AA / Lob12.3). IL-2 was produced by T cells when the OX40 receptor was targeted by the anti-OX40 antibody G1AA / OX86 in the presence of crosslinking agent (EC 50 of 2.41 nM for G1AA / OX86 alone, and EC 50 of 1.72 nM when in combination with G1AA / Lob12.3).

[0381] The OX40-targeting Fcab in mock mAb 2< format (FS20m-232-91AA / 4420) had no agonistic activity in the absence of crosslinking but when crosslinked by binding of the Fab arms to FITC-dextran showed potent T cell activation. When the OX40-targeting Fcab was paired with anti-CD137 Fab (Lob12.3), the mAb 2< showed T cell activity in the absence of any additional crosslinking agents. This indicates that the mAb 2< is crosslinked by binding to the co-expressed receptors on the same cell surface.

[0382] Marginal activity was observed with the crosslinked CD137-targeting antibody G1AA / Lob12.3 alone, and the activity of the combination of the OX40-targeting antibody G1AA / OX86 and CD137-targeting antibody G1AA / Lob12.3 when crosslinked was comparable to that of the crosslinked OX40-targeting antibody G1AA / OX86 alone, indicating that the assay has low sensitivity for detection of agonism of CD137 by Lob12.3. This is in contrast to the human T cell assay described in Example 13.3 in which a stronger CD137-specific signal (maximum response of IL-2 release) was observed for the crosslinked anti-CD137 control G2 / MOR7480.1. This difference in functional activity seen for the anti-mouse CD137 and anti-human CD137 control antibodies may be related to their having different affinities for their respective CD137 targets. This may also reflect the source of the cells (human PBMCs versus mouse splenocytes) or subtle differences between the target biology in mouse versus human systems.

[0383] This data shows that the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< can induce T cell activation without any additional crosslinking agents, by engaging both receptors at the same time.

[0384] As the anti-human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< molecules are not mouse cross-reactive, and the anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< are functionally comparable to the human leads in parallel in vitro experimental systems, the anti-mouse molecules are considered suitable surrogates to infer the potential for an OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to induce anti-tumour immunity in vivo.15.2 Activity of anti-mouse CD137 antibodies in a mouse CD137 T cell activation assay

[0385] Since little or no activity of the anti-CD137 Fab clone (Lob12.3) of the mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was detected in the pan-T cell assay of Example 15.1, to understand the activity of different anti-CD137 agonist antibodies, a T cell activation assay using DO11.10-mCD137 cells was performed. The anti-CD137 agonist antibodies G1AA / Lob12.3 (see Table 26) and G1AA / 3H3 (SEQ ID NOs: 166 and 167) were tested, as well as the anti-FITC antibody 4420 in IgG1 format (G1 / 4420; SEQ ID NOs: 115 and 116) as an isotype negative control. The mAb molecules were tested both in the presence and absence of the crosslinking anti-human CH2 antibody, MK1A6 (see Example 2.1). Mouse IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation.

[0386] The assay was performed as described in Example 6.2 but using DO11.10-mCD137 cells instead of DO11.10-hCD137 cells. Plates were read at 450 nm using the plate reader with Gen5 Software (BioTek). Absorbance values of 630 nm were subtracted from those of 450 nm (Correction). The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). The concentration of mouse IL-2 (mIL-2) was plotted vs the log concentration of antibody and the resulting curves were fitted using the log (agonist) vs response equation in GraphPad Prism.

[0387] The results are shown in Figure 7C and D. The anti-CD137 antibodies differed in their requirement for the crosslinking antibody to induce activity. Whereas G1AA / Lob12.3 was observed to require the addition of the crosslinking antibody for activity, i.e. was crosslink-dependent for its activity, G1AA / 3H3 showed activity both in the presence and absence of the crosslinking antibody and so had crosslink-independent activity.Example 16 - Dual engagement of OX40 and CD137 is required for the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< 16.1 Human OX40 / CD137 mAb 2<

[0388] The OX40 / CD137-targeting mAb 2< showed activity in the absence of additional crosslinking agents in the SEA (Example 12), human pan-T cell (Example 13) and human CD4+ and CD8+ T cell (Example 14) assays in which T cells co-express OX40 and CD137. In order to test if this activity requires the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to bind simultaneously to the two receptors, a T cell competition assay was performed to assess the ability of the mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16 to activate isolated T cells in the presence of a 100-fold excess of either the OX40-targeting FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< , the anti-CD137 mAb G1AA / FS30-10-16, a combination of the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< plus the G1AA / FS30-10-16 mAb, or the isotype control mAb G1 / 4420. IL-2 production was used as a measure of T cell activation.

[0389] T cells were isolated as described in Example 13. The isolated T cells were then activated and plates were coated with anti-CD3 antibody as described in Example 13. Activated T cells were supplemented with 2 nM OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20-22-49AA / FS30-10-16) and added to the plates at 2 x 10 5< cells / well in 100 µl. The final concentration of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< was therefore 1 nM.

[0390] 2 µM dilutions of each test antibody were prepared in DPBS (Gibco) and further diluted 1:10 in T cell medium (30 µl + 270 µl) to obtain 200 nM dilutions and 100µl of each diluted antibody was added to the activated T cells on the plate.

[0391] T cells were incubated, supernatants were collected and IL-2 release was measured as described in Example 13. The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four-parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test using the GraphPad Prism software package.

[0392] Figure 8 shows IL-2 release for the competition assay. The activity of the mAb 2< was greatly reduced when outcompeted by both the FS20-22-49AA / 4420 mock mAb 2< for binding to OX40 and the G1AA / FS30-10-16 mAb for binding to CD137, as compared to when the mAb 2< was able to bind to both receptors in the absence of the anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies. The combination of the OX40-targeting mock mAb 2< FS20-22-49AA / 4420 and the anti-CD137 mAb G1AA / FS30-10-16 further decreased the activity of the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< . These results indicate that in order for the mAb 2< to induce T cell activation via clustering and agonism of OX40 and CD137, dual binding of the mAb 2< to both receptors is required.16.2 Mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2<

[0393] The mouse OX40 / CD137-targeting mAb 2< shows activity in the absence of additional crosslinking agents in the T cell assay where T cells co-express the two receptors. In order to test if this activity requires the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< to bind simultaneously to the two receptors, a competition assay was performed to assess the ability of the FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 mAb 2< to activate isolated T cells in the presence of a 100-fold excess of either the OX40-targeting mock mAb 2< FS20m-232-91AA / 4420, the anti-CD137 mAb G1 / Lob12.3 or the negative control mAb G1AA / 4420 (FITC). T cells were isolated as described in Example 15.1. The isolated T cells were then activated and plates were coated with anti-CD3 antibody as described in Example 13.1 (human pan-T cell activation assay) but instead using Mouse T-Activator CD3 / CD28 Dynabeads (Life Technologies) for activation of T cells and anti-mouse CD3 antibody (Biolegend clone 145-2C11) for coating of plates. Activated T cells were supplemented with 2 nM OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3) and added to the plates at 2 x 10 5< cells / well.

[0394] 2 µM dilutions of each test antibody were prepared in DPBS (Gibco) and further diluted 1:10 in T cell medium (30 µl + 270 µl) to obtain 200 nM dilutions and 100µl of each diluted antibody was added to the activated T cells on the plate.

[0395] T cells were incubated, supernatants were collected and IL-2 release was measured as described in Example 12.1 but instead using a mouse IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience or R&D systems) for measurement of IL-2 release. The standard curve for calculation of cytokine concentration was based on a four parameter logistic curve fit (Gen5 Software, BioTek). Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test and Dunnett's multiple comparisons test using the GraphPad Prism software package. Figure 9 shows a representative plot of IL-2 release for the competition assay.

[0396] Figure 9 shows that there is a decrease in the amount of IL-2 production induced by the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< when antibodies competing for OX40 or CD137 binding are introduced in excess. The competing antibodies used were the mAb 2< component parts (the Fcab in mock (4420) mAb 2< format and the Fab without the Fcab) in order to ensure the same epitope is targeted. The addition of these competing antibodies reduced the amount of IL-2 release induced by the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< indicating this molecule requires dual binding for its activity. This shows that the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< activity is dependent on engaging both OX40 and CD137 at the same time, thereby clustering and agonising both receptors.Example 17 - Activity of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in a CT26 syngeneic tumour model17.1 Comparison of anti-tumour activity of OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< with or without LALA mutation

[0397] A CT26 Balb / c syngeneic mouse colorectal tumour model was used to test the anti-tumour activity of the anti-mouse OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< in vivo. The CT26 tumour model has previously been shown to be sensitive to both OX40 and CD137 agonist antibodies (Sadun et al., 2008), and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from CT26 tumours are anticipated to express both OX40 and CD137. The antibodies tested are detailed in Table 28. Table 28: Details of antibodies and mAb 2< testedmAb / mAb 2< Fab binding to Fcab binding to Isotype LALA mutation Heavy chain SEQ ID Light chain SEQ ID G1 / 4420FITCnonehIgG1No115116G1 / OX86mOX40nonehIgG1No159156G1AA / OX86mOX40nonehIgG1Yes155156G1 / Lob12.3mCD137nonehIgG1NoUniversity of SouthamptonG1AA / Lob12.3mCD137nonehIgG1YesUniversity of SouthamptonFS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3mCD137mOX40hIgG1NoCreation described above in Example 9.2 FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3mCD137mOX40hIgG1Yes

[0398] The ability of the mAb 2< , with or without the LALA mutation (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3, respectively), to inhibit tumour growth was compared to isotype control mAb G1 / 4420 (anti-FITC), single-agent mAb G1 / OX86 (anti-OX40 control without the LALA mutation) or G1 / Lob12.3 (anti-CD137 control without the LALA mutation), a combination of G1 / OX86 plus G1 / Lob12.3, or a combination of G1AA / OX86 (anti-OX40 mAb with the LALA mutation) plus G1AA / Lob12.3 (anti-CD137 mAb with the LALA mutation).

[0399] BALB / c female mice (Charles River) aged 8-10 weeks and weighing approximately 20 g each were acclimatised for one week prior to the study start. All animals were micro-chipped and given a unique identifier. Each cohort had 12 mice. The CT26 colon carcinoma cell line (ATCC, CRL-2638) was expanded, banked, and then pre-screened by IDEXX Bioresearch for pathogens using the IMPACT I protocol and shown to be pathogen free. CT26 cells (approximately 3-5x10 6< ) were thawed from -150°C storage and added to 20 ml DMEM (Gibco, 61965-026) with 10% FCS (Gibco, 10270-106) in a T175 tissue culture flask. Mice were anaesthetised using isoflurane (Abbott Laboratories) and each animal received 1 x 10 6< cells injected subcutaneously in the left flank to generate tumours. On day 10 following tumour cell inoculation, tumours were measured and mice were randomised into study cohorts based on tumour volume. Any mice which did not have tumours at this point were removed from the study.

[0400] Within 24 hours prior to injection, the antibodies were analysed by SEC-HPLC profiling and checked for impurities. Antibodies were diluted to a final concentration of 0.1 mg / ml in PBS, and 200 µl / mouse was injected intraperitoneally (IP), giving a final dose of 1 mg / kg for a 20 g mouse. Injections were performed on days 13, 15 and 17 (three doses every two days) following tumour inoculation. Animals were health screened under anaesthesia three times a week, during which time accurate measurements of tumours were taken. Tumour volume measurements were taken with callipers to determine the longest axis and the shortest axis of the tumour. The following formula was used to calculate the tumour volume: L × S 2 / 2 (Where L = longest axis; S= shortest axis)

[0401] The trial was halted at day 27 when tumour volume reached the humane endpoint in accordance with the United Kingdom Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act and EU Directive EU86 / 609.

[0402] For statistical testing the tumour volumes are analysed on the log scale using a mixed model. A separate model was fitted to each pair of treatments of interest. The model is: log 10 volume = A + B × day − start day + ε

[0403] A and B are the intercept and slope respectively; they are different for each mouse, and include a fixed effect for the group and a random effect for the animal: A = A 0 + A 1 T + ε A B = B 0 + B 1 T + ε B

[0404] T is a dummy variable representing the treatment group with value 0 in one group and 1 in the other. The random effects are distributed with a normal distribution: ε A ∼ N 0 σ A , ε B ∼ N 0 σ B where σ A and σ B are the standard deviations of the inter-animal variability in the intercept and slope respectively. The intra-animal variability is also normally distributed with standard deviation σ: ε ∼ N 0 σ

[0405] For each pair of treatments, the model above was fitted to the data. For A 1 and B 1 , the (two-sided) p-value for a difference from zero was calculated; a p-value below 0.05 is statistically significant evidence for a difference between the treatment groups.

[0406] The results are shown in Figure 10A. The mean CT26 tumour volumes plus or minus the standard error mean are plotted. The results show that treatment with the OX40 / CD137 mAb 2< both with and without the LALA mutation (FS20m-232-91AA / Lob12.3 and FS20m-232-91 / Lob12.3, respectively) resulted in a reduction in tumour growth compared to treatment with the anti-OX40 control (G1 / OX86), the anti-CD137 control (G1 / Lob12.3), the combination of these two antibodies (G1 / OX86 + G1 / Lob12.3), or the combination of the LALA-containing anti-OX40 and anti-CD137 antibodies (G1AA / OX86+ G1AA / Lob12.3).

[0407] The results show that there is...

Claims

1. An antibody molecule that binds to CD137 and OX40, comprising: (a) the VH domain and VL domain set forth in: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 14, respectively; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 18 and 14, respectively; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 14, respectively; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 170 and 172, respectively; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 42, respectively; and (b) an OX40 antigen-binding site located in a CH3 domain of the antibody molecule, wherein the antibody molecule comprises the CH3 domain sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 54.

2. The antibody molecule according to claim 1, wherein the antibody molecule comprises the heavy chain and light chain set forth in: (i) SEQ ID NOs: 95 and 97, respectively; (ii) SEQ ID NOs: 99 and 97, respectively; (iii) SEQ ID NOs: 103 and 97, respectively; (iv) SEQ ID NOs: 105 and 107, respectively; or (v) SEQ ID NOs: 109 and 111, respectively.

3. The antibody molecule according to claim 1, wherein the antibody molecule comprises the VH domain and VL domain set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 14, respectively.

4. The antibody molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the antibody molecule comprises the heavy chain and light chain set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 95 and 97, respectively.

5. The antibody molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the CH3 domain of the antibody molecule comprises an additional lysine residue (K) at the immediate C-terminus of the CH3 domain sequence.

6. The antibody molecule according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antibody molecule has been modified to reduce or abrogate binding of the CH2 domain of the antibody molecule to one or more Fcy receptors.

7. A nucleic acid molecule or molecules encoding the antibody molecule according to any one of the preceding claims.

8. A vector or vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecule or molecules according to claim 7.

9. A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule(s) according to claim 7, or the vector(s) according to claim 8.

10. A method of producing the antibody molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 6 comprising culturing the recombinant host cell of claim 9 under conditions for production of the antibody molecule, optionally further comprising isolating and / or purifying the antibody molecule.

11. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

12. The antibody molecule according to any one of claims 1 to 6 for use in a method of treating cancer in an individual.

13. The antibody molecule for use in a method of treating cancer according to claim 12, wherein the method comprises administering the antibody molecule to the individual in combination with a second therapeutic agent, optionally wherein the second therapeutic agent is an antibody that binds PD-1 or PD-L1.

14. The antibody molecule for use in a method of treating cancer according to claim 13, wherein the second therapeutic agent is pembrolizumab or nivolumab.

15. The antibody molecule for use in a method of treating cancer according to claim 14, wherein the second therapeutic agent is pembrolizumab.