AMINO ACID SUGARS

Description

FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure pertains to uses of derivatives of amino acids , wherein the amino acid derivatives have surface-active properties. The present disclosure also provides uses of a formulation comprising a surfactant.BACKGROUND

[0002] Surfactants (molecules with surface-active properties) are an important class of molecules with highly sought-after characteristics. Surfactants may be uncharged, zwitterionic, cationic, or anionic. Often, these compounds are amphiphilic molecules with a water-insoluble hydrophobic "tail" group and a watersoluble hydrophilic "head" group. These compounds may adsorb at an interface, such as an interface between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. In the case of an interface between water and oil, the hydrophilic head group extends into the water, while the hydrophobic tail extends into the oil. When added to water, the hydrophilic head group extends into the water, while the hydrophobic tail extends into the air. The presence of the surfactant disrupts the intermolecular interaction between water molecules, replacing it with weaker interactions between water molecules and the surfactant. This results in lowered surface tension and can also serve to stabilize the interface.

[0003] At sufficiently high concentrations, surfactants may form aggregates to limit the exposure of the hydrophobic tail to the polar solvent. One such aggregate is a micelle, in which the molecules are arranged in a sphere with the hydrophobic tails inside the sphere and the hydrophilic heads on the outside to interact with a polar solvent. The effect that a given compound has on surface tension and the concentration at which it forms micelles may serve as defining characteristics for a surfactant.

[0004] Surfactants are widely used in commercial applications in formulations ranging from detergents to hair care products to cosmetics. Compounds with surface-active properties are used as soaps, detergents, lubricants, wetting agents, foaming agents, and spreading agents, among others. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify and synthesize such compounds.

[0005] However, solely from its structure, it may be difficult to predict whether a given compound would have surface-active properties, let alone other important characteristics such as interfacial adsorption dynamics, minimum surface tension achievable, and / or ability to wet hydrophobic and / or oleophobic surfaces, which are also integral to whether the compound would become a useful surfactant. Certain amino acids and their derivatives, for example, are desirable as building blocks for surfactants, but the selection of which amino acids to use is far from intuitive. Synthesis of such compounds adds another layer of difficulty due to the differences of solubilities attributable to different elements and moieties present in the same molecules. There remains a need for high-efficacy surfactants that can be readily synthesized at commercial scale via straightforward routes. M. Novonty et. al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2010, 20(9), 2726 / 2728 discloses transkarbam 12, an ammonium carbamate formed by the reaction of dodecyl 6-aminohexanoate with carbon dioxide, as a highly active, broad-spectrum, nontoxic, and nonirritant transdermal permeation enhancer. EP0826661A2 discloses hydrolytically cleavable active ingredient derivative compounds, hair treatment compositions containing them and methods for treating hair with the compositions.SUMMARY

[0006] The present disclosure provides uses of derivatives of amino acids that have surface-active properties, as surfactants . The amino acids may be naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids, or they may be obtained via ring-opening reactions of molecules such as lactams, for example caprolactam. The amino acids may be functionalized to form compounds with surface-active properties. Characteristically, these compounds may have low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) and / or the ability to reduce the surface tension of a liquid.

[0007] The present disclosure provides uses as a surfactant of compounds of Formula II, below, also referred to herein as the surfactant: wherein X in an anion chosen from chloride, bromide, and iodide.

[0008] One specific use provided by the present disclosure is the use as a surfactant of 6-(dodecyloxy)-6-oxohexan-1-aminium chloride, having the following formula:

[0009] The above mentioned and other features of the disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Fig. 1 shows a plot of surface tension versus concentration measured at pH = 7 as described in Example 2, wherein the Y axis depicts the surface tension (y) in millinewtons per meter (mN / m) and the X axis depicts the concentration (c) in millimoles (mM). Fig. 2 shows a plot of dynamic surface tension as change in surface tension versus time as described in Example 3, wherein the Y axis depicts the surface tension in millinewtons per meter (mN / m) and the X axis depicts the surface age in milliseconds (ms). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] As used herein, the phrase "within any range defined between any two of the foregoing values" literally means that any range may be selected from any two of the values listed prior to such phrase regardless of whether the values are in the lower part of the listing or in the higher part of the listing. For example, a pair of values may be selected from two lower values, two higher values, or a lower value and a higher value.

[0012] As used herein, the word "alkyl" means any saturated carbon chain, which may be a straight or branched chain.

[0013] As used herein, the phrase "surface-active" means that the associated compound is able to lower the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and / or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, may be adsorbed at the liquid / vapor and / or other interfaces. The term "surfactant" may be applied to such a compound.

[0014] With respect terminology of inexactitude, the terms "about" and "approximately" may be used, interchangeably, to refer to a measurement that includes the stated measurement and that also includes any measurements that are reasonably close to the stated measurement. Measurements that are reasonably close to the stated measurement deviate from the stated measurement by a reasonably small amount as understood and readily ascertained by individuals having ordinary skill in the relevant arts. Such deviations may be attributable to measurement error or minor adjustments made to optimize performance, for example. In the event it is determined that individuals having ordinary skill in the relevant arts would not readily ascertain values for such reasonably small differences, the terms "about" and "approximately" can be understood to mean plus or minus 10% of the stated value.

[0015] The present disclosure provides uses as a surfactant of derivatives of amino acids. The amino acids may be naturally occurring or synthetic, or they may be obtained from ring-opening reactions of lactams, such as caprolactam. The compounds as used in the present disclosure have been shown to have surface-active properties, and may be used as surfactants and wetting agents, for example.

[0016] The present disclosure provides uses as a surfactant of compounds of Formula II, shown below: Wherein X is an anion chosen from chloride, bromide, and iodide.

[0017] One specific use provided by the present disclosure is the use as a surfactant of 6-(dodecyloxy)-6-oxohexan-1-aminium chloride, having the following formula:

[0018] These compounds may be synthesized by various methods. One such method includes opening a lactam to yield an amino acid having a C-terminus and an N-terminus. The C-terminus may then react with an alcohol under acidic conditions to yield an amino acid ester having an N-terminus. The N-terminus of the amino acid ester may then react with an acid to yield the desired quaternary amine salt.

[0019] The amino acid may be naturally occurring or synthetic or may be derived from a ring opening reaction of a lactam, such as propiolactam, butyrolactam, valerolactam, and caprolactam, for example. The ring-opening reaction may be either an acid or alkali catalyzed reaction, and an example of an acid catalyzed reaction is shown below in Scheme 1.

[0020] The amino acid may have as few as 2 or as many as 5, namely 2, 3, 4, or 5, carbons between the N- and C-termini. The alkyl chain may be branched or straight. The alkyl chain may be interrupted with nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. The alkyl chain may be further substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino, amido, sulfonyl, sulfonate, carboxyl, and carboxylate. The N-terminal nitrogen may be acylated or alkylated with one or more alkyl groups. For example, the amino acid may be 6-aminohexanoic acid.

[0021] The derivative of the amino acid may be synthesized as shown below in Scheme 2. As shown, 6-aminohexanoic acid is reacted with an alcohol, in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) in toluene to give the corresponding ester, dodecyl 6-aminohexanoate. The N-terminus is protonated with hydrochloric acid to give the desired hydrochloride salt.

[0022] The compounds as used in the present disclosure demonstrate surface-active properties. These properties may be measured and described by various methods. One method by which surfactants may be described is by the molecule's critical micelle concentration (CMC). CMC may be defined as the concentration of a surfactant at which micelles form, and above which all additional surfactant is incorporated into micelles.

[0023] As surfactant concentration increases, surface tension decreases. Once the surface is completely overlaid with surfactant molecules, micelles begin to form. This point represents the CMC, as well as the minimum surface tension. Further addition of surfactant will not further affect the surface tension. CMC may therefore be measured by observing the change in surface tension as a function of surfactant concentration. One such method for measuring this value is the Wilhemy plate method. A Wilhelmy plate is usually a thin iridium-platinum plate attached to a balance by a wire and placed perpendicularly to the air-liquid interface. The balance is used to measure the force exerted on the plate by wetting. This value is then used to calculate the surface tension (y) according to Equation 1: γ = F / l cos θ wherein I is equal to the wetted perimeter (2w + 2d, in which w and d are the plate thickness and width, respectively) and cos θ, the contact angle between the liquid and the plate, is assumed to be 0 in the absence of an extant literature value.

[0024] Another parameter used to assess the performance of surfactants is dynamic surface tension. The dynamic surface tension is the value of the surface tension for a particular surface or interface age. In the case of liquids with added surfactants, this can differ from the equilibrium value. Immediately after a surface is produced, the surface tension is equal to that of the pure liquid. As described above, surfactants reduce surface tension; therefore, the surface tension drops until an equilibrium value is reached. The time required for equilibrium to be reached depends on the diffusion rate and the adsorption rate of the surfactant.

[0025] One method by which dynamic surface tension is measured relies upon a bubble pressure tensiometer. This device measures the maximum internal pressure of a gas bubble that is formed in a liquid by means of a capillary. The measured value corresponds to the surface tension at a certain surface age, the time from the start of the bubble formation to the occurrence of the pressure maximum. The dependence of surface tension on surface age can be measured by varying the speed at which bubbles are produced.

[0026] Surface-active compounds may also be assessed by their wetting ability on solid substrates as measured by the contact angle. When a liquid droplet comes in contact with a solid surface in a third medium, such as air, a three-phase line forms among the liquid, the gas and the solid. The angle between the surface tension unit vector, acting at the three-phase line and tangent at the liquid droplet, and the surface is described as the contact angle. The contact angle (also known as wetting angle) is a measure of the wettability of a solid by a liquid. In the case of complete wetting, the liquid is completely spread over the solid and the contact angle is 0°. Wetting properties are typically measured for a given compound at the concentration of 1-100x CMC, however, it is not a property that is concentration-dependent therefore measurements of wetting properties can be measured at concentrations that are higher or lower.

[0027] In one method, an optical contact angle goniometer may be used to measure the contact angle. This device uses a digital camera and software to extract the contact angle by analyzing the contour shape of a sessile droplet of liquid on a surface.

[0028] Potential applications for the surface-active compounds as used in the present disclosure include formulations for use as shampoos, hair conditioners, detergents, spot-free rinsing solutions, floor and carpet cleaners, cleaning agents for graffiti removal, wetting agents for crop protection, adjuvants for crop protection, and wetting agents for aerosol spray coatings.

[0029] It will be understood by one skilled in the art that small differences between compounds may lead to substantially different surfactant properties, such that different compounds may be used with different substrates, in different applications.

[0030] The following non-limiting embodiments are provided to demonstrate the different properties of the different surfactants.

[0031] The compounds are effective as surface-active agents, useful for wetting or foaming agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, and detergents, among other applications.

[0032] The compounds as used in the present disclosure may be useful in both the applications described above and some further special applications such as surface treatments, such as in personal hair care products, and can also be used to generate water repellant surfaces.

[0033] The amount of the compounds disclosed herein used in a formulation may be as low as about 0.001 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.%, about 1 wt. %, about 2 wt.%, or about 5 wt. %, or as high as about 8 wt.%, about 10 wt.%, about 15 wt.%, about 20 wt.%, or about 25 wt.%, or within any range defined between any two of the foregoing values.EXAMPLES

[0034] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed on a Bruker 500 MHz spectrometer. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined by the Wilhelmy plate method at 23° C with a tensiometer (DCAT 11, DataPhysics Instruments GmbH) equipped with a Pt-Ir plate. Dynamic surface tension was determined with a bubble pressure tensiometer (Krüss BP100, Krüss GmbH), at 23° C. Contact angle was determined with the optical contact angle goniometer (OCA 15 Pro, DataPhysics GmbH) equipped with a digital camera.Example 1:Synthesis of 6-(dodecyloxy)-6-oxohexan-1-aminium chloride

[0035] 6-Aminohexanoic acid (5.0 g, 38.11 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) in a round bottom flask equipped with a Dean-Stark trap. Dodecanol (6.41 g, 38.11 mmol) and p-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) (7.24 g, 38.11 mmol) were then added. The reaction was heated to reflux for 24 hours, until no further water was noted in the Dean-Stark trap. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resultant solid was washed with hexanes. The solid was dissolved in dichloromethane (200 mL) and washed with saturated sodium carbonate to give dodecyl 6-aminohexanoate in 40% yield.

[0036] Dodecyl 6-aminohexanoate (100 mg, 0.363 mmol) was dissolved in water (10 mL). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (13.23 mg, 0.363 mmol) was then added.Example 2:Determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC)

[0037] The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was tested. From the change in surface tension with concentration in water, the CMC was determined to be about 0.75 mmol. The plateau value of minimum surface tension that can be reached by this surfactant is about 23 mN / m, namely 23 mN / m ± 2.3 mN / m. Fig. 1 is a plot of these results, showing surface tension versus concentration. From the plot of the results, the surface tension at the CMC is about 23 mN / m, and surface tension is equal to or less than 23.2 mN / m at a concentration of 0.7 mmol or greater.Example 3:Determination of dynamic surface tension

[0038] The dynamic surface tension was determined with a bubble pressure tensiometer which measures the change of surface tension of a freshly created air-water interface with time. Fig. 2 shows a plot of the results as surface tension versus time, showing that the compound fully saturated the surface in approximately 1.5 seconds. From the plot, the dynamic surface tension is equal to or less than 28.5 mN / m at a surface age of 3185 ms or greater.Example 4:Determination of wetting properties

[0039] In addition to surface tension and surface dynamics, the wetting properties of the compound were tested on various surfaces. For example, hydrophobic substrates such as polyethylene-HD exhibit surface wetting with a very low contact angle of 16.6°. On oleophobic and hydrophobic substrates such as Teflon, the measured contact angle was much less than that of water, 39.3° (Table 1). TABLE 1Substrate CA of Surfactant (°) Concentration CA of water (°) Teflon39.310x CMC119Polyethylene-HD16.610x CMC93.6Nylon18.210x CMC50Polyethylene terephthalate15.310x CMC65.3 Example 5:Formulation for shampoo

[0040] In this Example, a formulation for use as a shampoo is provided. This formulation is useful in providing hair with a smooth and silky feel. The components of the formulation are shown below in Table 2. Additionally, the formulation may include other natural oils and ingredients, as well as vitamins for consumer appeal, in an amount of less than 1 wt.%. Table 2Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant0.1-10Ammonium lauryl sulfateFoaming agent10-25Cocamidopropyl betaineCo-surfactant0.1-5Cocamide diethanolamineFoam booster1-4Xantan gum or acrylate copolymerThickener / rheology modifier0-5Citric acidpH stabilizer0.1-0.3Fragrance0.02-0.1Water49.5-89 Example 6:Formulation for hair conditioner

[0041] In this Example, a formulation for use as a hair conditioner is provided. This formulation may be used to replace or reduce polyquaternium-10, polyquaternium-7 and dimethicone oils, while preserving the easy combability and silky-soft feel that hair conditioners provide.

[0042] The formulation is shown below in Table 3. TABLE 3Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant0.1-10Sodium cumene sulfonateHydrotrope1-3Ammonium lauryl sulfateSurfactant0.1-6Ammonium laureth-3 sulfateSurfactant0.1-6Cocoamide diethanolamineFoaming agent0.5-2PEG-55 propylene glycol oleateEmulsifier0.01-1Fragrance0.02-0.1Water61.9-97.2 Example 7:Formulation for car washing detergents for removal of difficult spots from the surface

[0043] In this Example, a formulation for use as car washing detergents for removal of difficult spots from the surface is provided.

[0044] The formulation is shown below in Table 4. TABLE 4Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant0.1-10Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid or Ammonium lauryl sulfateFoam ing / detersive agent5-14Monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolaminepH stabilizer<0.5Cocoamide diethanolamineFoam stabilizer0.1-2Propylene glycolSolubilizing agent0.05-1.6Fragrance0.02-0.1Coloring agent0-0.1Water71.6-95.0 Example 8:Formulation for a spot-free rinsing or drying solution

[0045] In this Example, a formulation for a spot-free rinsing or drying solution is provided. The solution may be applied to the windows or body of a car after the main wash is complete.

[0046] The formulation is shown below in Table 5. TABLE 5Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant0.001-2Water98-99.999 Example 9:Formulation for a heavy-duty carpet cleaner

[0047] In this Example, a formulation for a heavy-duty carpet cleaner is provided. The cleaner is a high-foaming deep cleaner.

[0048] The formulation is shown below in Table 6. TABLE 6Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant1-15Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid or Ammonium lauryl sulfateFoam ing / detersive agent0.001-10Sodium cumene sulfonateHydrotrope0.001-3Monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, or triethanolaminepH stabilizer0.01-1Water74.95-99 Example 10:Formulation for a heavy-duty surface cleaner

[0049] In this Example, a formulation for a heavy-duty surface cleaner is provided. This cleaner may be used for manual or automated surface cleaning machines.

[0050] The formulation is shown below in Table 7. TABLE 7Component Function Weight % SurfactantSurfactant0.001-25Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid or Ammonium lauryl sulfateFoaming / detersive agent0.001-10Sodium cumene sulfonateHydrotrope<0.5Propylene glycolSolubilizing agent0.01-5Water59.5-99.99 Example 11:Formulation for a concentrated graffiti removal detergent

[0051] In this Example, a formulation for a concentrated graffiti removal detergent is provided. The detergent may be used in a high-pressure hose.

[0052] The formulation is shown below in Table 8. TABLE 8Component Function Weight % Surfactant 4Surfactant0.001-15Sodium cumene sulfonateHydrotrope0.001-3Propylene glycolSolubilizing agent0.01-5Water67-99.99 Example 12:Formulation for a wetting agent in aerosol sprays

[0053] In this Example, a formulation for a wetting agent adjuvant in aerosol sprays is provided. The aerosol sprays may be used to apply pesticides or other crop protecting agents. The provided formulation aims to reduce the amount of surfactant chemicals in pesticide and crop protection (typically between 2-5%) by providing better performance through excellent wetting and low CMC, thus providing a greener option.

[0054] The formulation is shown below in Table 9. TABLE 9Component Function Weight % SurfactantCo-wetting agent0.001-2Pesticide and / or other crop protection agent(s)0.1-10Water88-99.899 Example 13:Formulation of additives for aerosol spray paint

[0055] In this Example, a formulation for an additive for a water-based aerosol spray paint or coating is provided. The formulation aims to provide good dynamic wetting of aerosol droplets on surfaces upon application, thus preventing paint cratering and other such problems.

[0056] The formulation is shown below in Table 10. TABLE 10Component Function Weight % SurfactantWetting agent / flow leveling agent / slip control agent0.001-5Gas propellentPropellant5-30Oil-in-water emulsionPigmentation0.1-25Tamol 731ADispersant agent1-4Isopropanol (97-99% purity)Solvent / carrier7-15Efka SI2022 or SI 2723Anti-foaming agent0.001-2Water19-86.9

Claims

1. Use as a surfactant of a compound of the following formula: wherein X is an anion chosen from chloride, bromide, and iodide.

2. Use according to Claim 1, wherein the compound is 6-(dodecyloxy)-6-oxohexan-1-aminium chloride, having the following formula:

3. Use according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the compound has a critical micelle concentration (CMC) in water of 0.75 mmol.

4. Use according to any one of Claims 1-3, wherein the compound has a plateau value of a minimum surface tension in water of about 23 mN / m.

5. Use according to any one of Claims 1-4, wherein the compound has a surface tension in water equal to or less than 23.2 mN / m at a concentration of 0.7 mmol or greater.

6. Use according to any one of Claims 1-4, wherein the compound has a surface tension in water equal to or less than 29 mN / m at a surface age of 3185 ms or greater.

7. Use of a formulation comprising a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6, as a shampoo, hair conditioner, detergent, spot-free rinsing solution, floor and carpet cleaner, cleaning agent for graffiti removal, wetting agent for crop protection, adjuvant for crop protection, or wetting agent for aerosol spray coatings, wherein the compound is a surfactant.