Electrochemical cells in the solid state, methods for preparing same and uses thereof

Abstract

Disclosed are electrochemical cells in an entirely solid state, containing a composite consisting of inorganic particles and polymer, where the polymer is a cross-linked polymer and the content of inorganic particles in the composite is at least 50% by weight. Also disclosed are the methods for preparing such electrochemical cells in an entirely solid state, solid-state batteries containing such cells and uses thereof in roaming devices, electric or hybrid vehicles or for storing renewable energy.

Description

[0001]SOLID-STATE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS, METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USES RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority under applicable law from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 015,952 filed on April 27, 2020, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. TECHNICAL FIELD This technology relates generally to the field of electrochemical cells comprising a composite material of ion-conducting inorganic particles and a crosslinked aprotic polymer, and their manufacturing methods. PRIOR TECHNOLOGY Lithium ion-conducting polymer electrolytes enable the development of safer and more affordable manufacturing methods, which are readily scaled up for large-format, all-solid-state batteries (e.g., see U.S. Patent No. 6,903,174).However, the low ionic conductivity limits its application at room temperature and results in relatively low charge / discharge rates compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries. On the other hand, solid inorganic electrolytes are promising candidates for solid-state batteries because they provide higher lithium ion conductivity, comparable to liquid electrolytes. Furthermore, the unique ion conduction property of inorganic electrolytes allows for lower concentration polarization at the lithium-metal interface, enabling high-speed battery charging and discharging.Despite their high ionic conductivity in the densified bulk phase, complete cells using solid ceramic electrolytes suffer from poor electrochemical performance due to significant interface resistance at the grain boundaries of the ceramic particles and between the particles of the composite electrodes made of a mixture of active material particles, carbon additive, and solid electrolyte. This is similar to the conduction of Li ions. +If the process must be carried out in particle-by-particle mode, the electrochemical performance is limited by the poor distribution of the solid electrolyte particles and the presence of voids between the particles (see Figure 1). The group of K. Yoshima et al. described a hybrid electrolyte comprising LLZO particles and a gel-polymer electrolyte in a composite cathode, which showed lower interfacial resistance and improved electrochemical performance. However, the presence of liquid electrolyte carries a risk of electrolyte leakage that could cause safety problems due to its flammability (see K. Yoshima et al., Journal of Power Sources, (2016), vol. 302, 283–290). L. Cong et al. incorporated a low molecular weight PVdF-HFP polymer into LGPS (Li) particles. 10 GeP2S 12This improved the film's mechanical properties and ease of processing, but the insulating polymer interferes with the conduction of Li ions. +and reduces the ionic conductivity of the hybrid solid electrolyte (see L. Cong et al., Journal of Power Sources, (2020), vol. 446, 227365). D. Sugiura et al. used butadiene rubber as an additive to control the particle size of a solid sulfide ceramic and to form a self-supporting electrolytic film, but again, the presence of an insulating polymer increases the interfacial resistance and reduces the ionic conductivity (see US20140093785A1). The group of J. Zhang et al. reported that adding 5 to 20 wt% poly(ethylene oxide) (POE) to argyrodite (Li6PS5X) particles improves mechanical properties and stabilizes the electrolyte interface with a reduction in lithium dendrite formation (see J. Zhang et al., Journal of Power Sources, (2019), vol. 412, 78). However,The high molecular weight POE homopolymer used must be dissolved in large quantities of polar solvent. These conditions are not favorable for application in a large-scale manufacturing process and can cause technical problems such as particle sedimentation and increased porosity resulting from solvent evaporation. Consequently, there is a need for the development of new solid-state electrolytes and batteries and the development of processes for their production. SUMMARY According to a first aspect, this document relates to an all-solid-state electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode including an electrochemically active positive electrode material, a negative electrode including an electrochemically active negative electrode material, and an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes, wherein: the positive electrode,The negative electrode and the electrolyte each form a solid layer; and at least one of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte comprises a composite material including alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles and a crosslinked aprotic polymer, wherein: the inorganic particle content in the composite material is in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight; and the crosslinked aprotic polymer is in solid form at 25°C while its polymer precursor before crosslinking is in liquid form at 25°C. In one embodiment, the inorganic particles comprise an amorphous, ceramic, or glass-ceramic ion-conducting inorganic compound, such as, for example, from the oxide, sulfide, or oxysulfide family. In another embodiment, the inorganic particles comprise a compound having a structure selected from garnets, NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON,LIPON, perovskite, antiperovskite, argyrodites, or comprise a compound comprising the element combinations MPS, MPSO, MPSX, MPSOX, where M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and X is F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture thereof, the element combination optionally comprising one or more additional elements (metals, metalloids, or nonmetals), the compound being in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic, or a mixture of two or more of these forms. In another embodiment, the inorganic particles comprise at least one of the MLZO compounds (such as M7La3Zr2O, 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Al b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Ga b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr (2- b) Your b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Number b O 12 ); MLTaO (such as M7La3Ta2O 12 , M5La3Ta2O 12, M6La3Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); MLSnO (such as M7La3Sn2O12 ); MAGP (tel que M 1+a To the a Ge 2-a (PO4)3); MATP (tel que M 1+a To the a You 2- a (PO4) 3, ); MLTiO (tel que M 3a There (2 / 3-a) TiO3); MZP (tel que M a Zr b (PO4) c ); MCZP (tel que M a Ca b Zr c (PO4) d ); MGPS (tel que M a Ge b P c S d , par exemple M 10 GeP2S 12 ); MGPSO (tel que M a Ge b P c S d OR e ); MSiPS (tel que M a Yes b P c S d , par exemple M 10 SiP2S 12 ); MSiPSO (tel que M a Yes b P c S d OR e ); MSnPS (tel que M a Sn b P c S d , par exemple M 10 SnP2S 12 ); MSnPSO (tel que M a Sn b P c S d OR e); MPS (tel que M a P b S c , par exemple M7P3S11); MPSO (tel que M a P b S c O d ); MZPS (tel que M a Zn b P c S d ); MZPSO (tel que M a Zn b P c S d O e ); xM2S-yP2S5; xM2S-yP2S5-zMX; xM2S-yP2S5- zP2O5; xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wMX; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5- wP2O5; xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; xM2S-ySiS2; MPSX (tel que M a P b S c Xd, par exemple M7P3S 11 X, M7P2S8X, M6PS5X); MPSOX (tel que M a P b S c O d X e ); MGPSX (M a Ge b P c S d X e ); MGPSOX (M a Ge b P c S d O e X f ); MSiPSX (M a Si b P c S d X e ); MSiPSOX (M a Si b P c Sd O e X f ); MSnPSX (M a Sn b P c S d X e ); MSnPSOX (M a Sn b P c S d O e X f ); MZPSX (M a Zn b P c S d X e ); MZPSOX (M a Zn b P c S d O e X f ); M3OX; M2HOX; M3PO4; M3PS4; ou M a PO b N c(with a=2b+3c-5); in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic, or a mixture of two or more of these forms; wherein: M is an ion of an alkali metal, an ion of an alkaline earth metal, or one of their combinations, and wherein the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality when M comprises an ion of an alkaline earth metal; X is F, Cl, Br, I, or one of their combinations; a, b, c, d, e, and f are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to obtain a stable compound. In one embodiment, M is chosen from Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or one of their combinations; for example, M is lithium. In the alternative, M comprises Li and at least one of Na, K, Rb, or Ba. b, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. In other embodiments, M is Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or one of their combinations, or M is Na, K, Mg, or one of their combinations. In another embodiment, the crosslinked aprotic polymer is stable at >4V (vs. Li + / Li). In another embodiment, the crosslinked aprotic polymer comprises at least one aprotic polymer segment selected from polyether, polythioether, polyester, polythioester, polycarbonate, polythiocarbonate, polysiloxane, polyimide, polysulfonimide, polyamide, polysulfonamide, polyphosphazene, polyurethane, or a copolymer or combination of two or more of these segments. In one embodiment, the crosslinked aprotic polymer comprises at least one aprotic polymer segment comprising a block copolymer with at least two different repeating units to reduce the crystallinity of the crosslinked polymer. In another embodiment, the aprotic polymer segment comprises, prior to crosslinking, a block copolymer comprising at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-solvating segment and a crosslinkable segment comprising crosslinkable units.In one embodiment, the alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion solvating segment is chosen from homo- and copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (I): in which,. R is chosen from H, C1-C 10 alkyl, and –(CH2-OR a R b ); R a is (CH2-CH2-O) y ; and R b is a C1-C grouping 10alkyl. In another embodiment, the crosslinkable units comprise functional groups selected from acrylates, methacrylates, allyls, vinyls, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the composite material forms the electrolyte layer, and, for example, the crosslinked aprotic polymer is present between the inorganic particles.In another embodiment, the electrolyte layer further comprises at least one salt, for example comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and an anion selected from the following anions: hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidide (FSI-), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imidide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R. x - (where Rx = C 2-4 alkyl), and one of their combinations. In one embodiment, the alkali or alkaline earth metal cation of the salt is identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles. In another embodiment, the electrolyte layer further comprises an ionic gel or liquid, for example, comprising a cation selected from the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, and morpholinium cations, or the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium (PY) cations 13 + ), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (PY 14 + ), n-propyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 13 + ) and n-butyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 14 +), and an anion selected from among the anions PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, ClO4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSI), (FSO2)2N- (FSI), (FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-, (C2F5SO2)2N- (BETI), PO2F2- (DFP), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (TDI), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA), bis-oxalato borate (BOB), and (BF2O4R x )- (where R x(= C2- C4alkyl), and in which said ionic liquid is present in such quantity that the electrolyte layer remains in the solid state.In another embodiment, the electrolyte layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C, for example, selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propanesultone (PS), triethyl phosphate (TEPa), triethyl phosphite (TEPi), trimethyl phosphate (TMPa), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl phosphonate (DEEP), tris(trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFFP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and one of their mixtures, and wherein said aprotic solvent is present in such quantity that the electrolyte layer remains in the solid state.According to another embodiment, the electrochemically active positive electrode material present in the positive electrode layer comprises a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a metal phosphate, a metal fluorophosphate, a metal oxyfluorophosphate, a metal sulfate, a metal halide, sulfur, selenium, or a mixture of at least two of these. In one embodiment, the metal of the metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal oxysulfide, metal phosphate, metal fluorophosphate, metal oxyfluorophosphate, metal sulfate, or metal halide comprises a metal selected from iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) and combinations of two or more of these, optionally further comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal.In one embodiment, the electrochemically active positive electrode material comprises a lithium metal oxide, for example, lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) oxide. In another embodiment, the electrochemically active positive electrode material comprises a lithium metal phosphate, for example, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). In yet another embodiment, the positive electrode layer further comprises an electronically conductive material comprising at least one of the following: carbon blacks (for example, Ketjenblack™ or Super P™), acetylene blacks (for example, Shawinigan Black or Denka Black™), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers or nanofibers (for example, gas-formed carbon fibers (VGCFs)), carbon nanotubes (for example, single-walled (SWNT), multi-walled (MWNT)), or metal powders.In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer comprises the composite material, for example, the cross-linked aprotic polymer being present between the inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active positive electrode material, and optionally the electronically conductive material if present.In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer further comprises a polymer binder selected from crosslinked aprotic polymers as defined herein, fluorinated polymers (e.g., PVDF, HFP, PTFE, and copolymers or mixtures of two or three of these), polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEB) copolymers, and synthetic rubbers (e.g., SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber), and combinations thereof, optionally further comprising a carboxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkylcellulose, or a combination thereof).In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer further comprises at least one salt, for example, a salt as defined herein comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, preferably the alkali or alkaline earth metal cation of the salt being identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles. In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer further comprises an ionic gel or liquid such as those described for the electrolyte layer. In yet another embodiment, the positive electrode layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C, for example, selected from those described herein. It is understood that the quantity of the ionic liquid and / or the aprotic solvent is such that the positive electrode layer remains in the solid state.In one embodiment, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film of an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising at least one of these; for example, the alkali or alkaline earth metal is lithium or an alloy comprising it. In an alternative embodiment, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film of a non-alkaline and non-alkaline earth metal (such as In, Ge, Bi), or an intermetallic alloy or compound (for example, SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2) of these. In one embodiment, the metallic film has a thickness in the range of 5 µm to 500 µm, preferably in the range of 10 µm to 100 µm.In yet another embodiment, the electrochemically active negative electrode material is in the form of particles and has a lower redox potential than that of the electrochemically active positive electrode material. In one embodiment, the negative electrode electrochemically active material comprises a non-alkali or non-alkaline earth metal (such as In, Ge, Bi), an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (such as LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide or a combination thereof, or carbon (such as graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), silicon oxide (SiO). x ), silicon-carbon oxide composite (SiO₂) x-C), tin (Sn), tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), tin oxide (SnO x ), tin-carbon oxide composite (SnO x -C) and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formula M' b O c (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or one of their combinations, and b and c are numbers such that the c:b ratio lies in the range of 2 to 3, such as MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides M'M”2O4 (such as NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4) and Li a M' b O c (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or one of their combinations, such as lithium titanate (like Li4Ti5O) 12) or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O13). In one embodiment, the negative electrode layer further comprises an electronically conductive material such as those defined for the positive electrode layer. In another embodiment, the negative electrode layer comprises the composite material, for example, the crosslinked aprotic polymer being present between the inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active negative electrode material, and the electronically conductive material when present. In other embodiments, the negative electrode layer further comprises a polymer binder selected from the crosslinked aprotic polymers as defined herein, fluoropolymers (such as PVDF, HFP, PTFE, and copolymers or mixtures of two or three of these), polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEB) copolymers,and synthetic rubbers (such as SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber), and combinations thereof, optionally further comprising a carboxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkylcellulose, or a combination thereof). In another embodiment, the negative electrode layer further comprises at least one salt as defined herein, for example, comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal; for example, the alkali or alkaline earth metal cation of the salt may be identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles. In another embodiment, the negative electrode layer further comprises an ionic liquid such as those defined herein. In another embodiment,The negative electrode layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C. It is understood that the amount of the ionic liquid and / or the aprotic solvent is such that the negative electrode layer remains in the solid state. In some embodiments, the all-solid-state electrochemical cell further comprises an intermediate layer between the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer and / or between the negative electrode layer and the electrolyte layer. In one embodiment, the intermediate layer is a polymer layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, a layer comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, or a combination thereof; preferably, the intermediate layer is a polymer layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions (for example, a lithium-ion-conducting polymer). According to a second aspect,This document relates to a method for preparing an all-solid-state electrochemical cell as defined herein, said method comprising the steps of: (i) preparing the positive electrode layer comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material on a current collector; (ii) preparing the electrolyte layer; (iii) preparing or obtaining the negative electrode layer comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material, optionally on a current collector; and (iv) assembling the all-solid-state electrochemical cell by combining the positive electrode layer, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer; wherein steps (i) to (iii) are carried out in any order and step (iv) is carried out after steps (i) to (iii), or simultaneously with one or two of steps (i) to (iii).or is carried out partly after two of steps (i) to (iii) have been carried out; wherein at least one of steps (i), (ii), and (iii) further comprises mixing alkali metal or alkaline earth ion-conducting inorganic particles with a polymer precursor and optionally a solvent, wherein said polymer precursor is an aprotic polymer segment comprising crosslinkable units and is in liquid form at 25°C, and crosslinking the crosslinkable units of the polymer precursor, wherein the crosslinked polymer is in solid form at 25°C; and wherein the inorganic particle content in the particle-polymer precursor mixture is in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight. In a first embodiment of the process,Step (i) includes the preparation of a positive electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to a current collector; step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support; the process includes the assembly of the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer, and the removal of the electrolyte layer support before or after assembly with the positive electrode layer, optionally followed by the application of pressure and / or heat. In one embodiment, step (i) further includes the application of an intermediate layer over the positive electrode layer. In a second embodiment of the process, step (i) includes the preparation of a positive electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to a current collector.optionally followed by the application of an intermediate layer on the positive electrode layer; and step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to the positive electrode layer or to the intermediate layer when present. In a third embodiment of the process, step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support; and step (i) includes the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to the electrolyte layer, optionally preceded by the application of an intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer, wherein the support is removed from the electrolyte layer before or after the formation of the positive electrode. In some embodiments of the first, second, or third embodiment of the process,The electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises: - a metallic film and step (iii) comprises the preparation of the metallic film and its application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application; or - in the form of particles and step (iii) comprises the preparation of a mixture of negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer,optionally including the formation of an intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer and application of the negative electrode material mixture onto the intermediate layer; or - in particulate form and step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application onto a current collector to form the negative electrode layer, and the application of the negative electrode layer onto the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer, optionally including the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application. In a fourth embodiment of the process,Step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its optional application to a current collector; step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support, the process comprising the assembly of the negative electrode layer and the electrolyte layer, and the removal of the support from the electrolyte layer before or after assembly with the negative electrode layer, optionally followed by the application of pressure and / or heat. In one embodiment, step (iii) further includes the application of an intermediate layer over the negative electrode layer. In a fifth embodiment of the process,Step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its optional application to a current collector, optionally followed by the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer; step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and its application to the negative electrode layer or to the intermediate layer when present. In a sixth embodiment of the process, step (ii) includes the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support; and step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application to the electrolyte layer, optionally preceded by the application of an intermediate layer to the electrolyte layer or to the negative electrode layer.in which the support is removed from the electrolyte layer before or after the formation of the negative electrode. In certain embodiments of the fourth, fifth, or sixth embodiment of the process, step (i) comprises: - the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the negative electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer and the application of the mixture of positive electrode material to the intermediate layer; or - the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to a current collector to form the positive electrode layer.and application of the positive electrode layer onto the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the negative electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the positive electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application. In some embodiments of the fourth, fifth, or sixth embodiment of the process, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film, and step (iii) includes the preparation of the metallic film. In other embodiments of the fourth, fifth, or sixth embodiment of the process, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a material in particulate form, and step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material prior to application. In one of the preceding embodiments of the process,When the electrochemically active negative electrode material is in particulate form, then the negative electrode material mixture may further comprise an electronically conductive material, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. In one embodiment, the negative electrode material mixture further comprises a polymer binder. In another embodiment, the negative electrode material mixture further comprises the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (iii) further comprises crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the mixture. Alternatively, the negative electrode material mixture is a solid mixture further comprising the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, and step (iii) comprises applying the solid mixture.the addition of the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersion of the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking. In one of the preceding embodiments of the process, the electrolyte composition comprises a polymer or a polymer precursor, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. In one embodiment of one of the preceding embodiments of the process, the electrolyte composition comprises the alkali metal or alkaline earth ion-conducting inorganic particles, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (ii) further comprises crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the composition. Alternatively, the electrolyte composition is a solid composition comprising the alkali metal or alkaline earth ion-conducting inorganic particles, and step (ii) comprises the application of the solid composition,the addition of the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid composition for infiltration of the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking of the polymer precursor. In another embodiment of one of the preceding embodiments of the process, the positive electrode material mixture further comprises an electronically conductive material, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. In one embodiment, the positive electrode material mixture further comprises a polymer binder. In another embodiment, the positive electrode material mixture further comprises the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (iii) further comprises crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the mixture. Alternatively,The positive electrode material mixture is a solid mixture further comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, and step (iii) comprises applying the solid mixture, adding the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersion of the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking. In another embodiment, the process further comprises a photoinitiator, with crosslinking being carried out by UV irradiation, or a thermal initiator, with crosslinking being carried out by heat treatment, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, crosslinking is carried out by electron beam or other energy source with or without the use of an initiator. In a third aspect,This document relates to an all-solid-state battery comprising at least one of the following all-solid-state electrochemical cells. In one embodiment, the all-solid-state battery is a rechargeable battery. In another embodiment, the all-solid-state battery is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery. In yet another embodiment, the all-solid-state battery is for use in portable devices, such as mobile phones, cameras, tablets, or laptops, or in electric or hybrid vehicles.or in renewable energy storage. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 (comparative) illustrates a solid-state battery comprising inorganic electrolyte particles without a polymer electrolyte and without a polymer binder. Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of the present electrochemical cells comprising an electrolyte consisting of inorganic particles interconnected by a crosslinked polymer, a positive electrode layer comprising inorganic particles and a crosslinked polymer, and a metallic film used as the negative electrode material. Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present electrochemical cells comprising a polymer electrolyte layer between the positive electrode and a metallic negative electrode,where the positive electrode layer comprises inorganic particles and a cross-linked polymer. Figure 4 illustrates another embodiment of the present electrochemical cells comprising an intermediate polymer layer between the positive electrode and electrolyte layers, each comprising inorganic particles and a cross-linked polymer, and a metallic film as the negative electrode material. Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of the present electrochemical cells comprising an intermediate polymer layer between the positive electrode and electrolyte layers, each comprising inorganic particles and a cross-linked polymer, and a second intermediate polymer layer between the negative electrode and electrolyte layers.the negative electrode layer comprising a metallic film. Figure 6 illustrates another embodiment of the present electrochemical cells where the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer each comprise inorganic particles and the crosslinked polymer, and the cell includes an intermediate polymer layer between the negative electrode layer and the electrolyte layer, the negative electrode layer comprising a metallic film. Figure 7 illustrates another embodiment of the present electrochemical cells where the active material of the negative electrode is in the form of particles and where the positive electrode layer, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer each comprise inorganic particles and a crosslinked polymer. Figure 8 shows the capacitance retention results as a function of the number of cycles (lifetime) when cycled at 30°C between 4.0V and 2,0V with a C / 12 ratio for the solid-state battery of Example 1. Figure 9 shows the capacity retention results as a function of the number of cycles (lifetime) when cycled at 30°C between 4.0V and 2.0V with a C / 6 or C / 12 ratio for the solid-state battery of Example 2. Figure 10 shows the scanning electron microscopy images of (a) the secondary electron slice, and (b) the backscattered electron slice, of the half-cell prepared in Example 3(b). Figure 11 shows the capacitance results for a charge and discharge cycle between 2.5V and 4.3V as a function of the applied current for the cell prepared in Example 3. Figure 12 shows the capacitance results for a charge and discharge cycle between 2.5V and 4.3V as a function of the applied current for the cell prepared in Example 4. Figure 13 shows the scanning electron microscopy images of (a) the surface (top), and (b) the cross-section.of the electrolyte layer prepared in Example 5. Figure 14 shows the ionic conductivity results as a function of temperature for the electrolyte layer prepared in Example 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION All technical and scientific terms and expressions used herein have the same meaning as that generally understood by a person versed in the art of this technology. The definitions of certain terms and expressions used are nevertheless provided below for clarity. When the term "about" is used herein, it means approximately, in the region of, and around. When the term "about" is used in relation to a numerical value, it may change that value, for example, above and below its nominal value by a variation of 10%. This term may also take into account, for example,of the experimental error specific to a measuring device or the rounding of a value. Where a range of values ​​is mentioned in this application, the lower and upper bounds of the range are, unless otherwise indicated, always included in the definition. Where a range of values ​​is mentioned in this application, then all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as individual values ​​included within the ranges of values, are included in the definition. Where the article "a" is used to introduce an element in this application, it does not mean "only one," but rather "one or more." Of course, where the description states that a particular step, component, element, or feature "may" or "could" be included, that step, component,This particular element or feature is not required to be included in every embodiment. This document describes solid-state electrochemical cells comprising a positive electrode including an electrochemically active positive electrode material, a negative electrode including an electrochemically active negative electrode material, and an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes, wherein the positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte are each in the form of a solid layer. The electrochemical cells are characterized in that at least one of the layers of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte comprises a composite material as defined herein. The composite material present in one or more of the above layers comprises ion-conducting inorganic particles of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and a crosslinked aprotic polymer.where the concentration of inorganic particles in the composite material is at least 50% by weight, for example, in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight; and the crosslinked aprotic polymer is in solid form at 25°C while the polymer precursor before crosslinking is in liquid form at 25°C. While the concentration of inorganic particles in the composite material is at least 50% by weight (for example, between 50% and 99.9% by weight), other values ​​in this range may be preferred depending on the inorganic particles used (for example, depending on particle size, specific surface area, etc.) and whether the composite is present in the electrolyte layer or as part of an electrode material. Non-limiting examples of inorganic particle concentration ranges include 50% to 80% by weight, 60% to 80% by weight, 55% to 75% by weight, 70% to 99.9% by weight, 80% to 99.9% by weight,from 75% to 90% by weight, from 65% to 85% by weight, in other similar ranges. For example, inorganic particles may include an inorganic compound of the oxide, sulfide or oxysulfide type, or a compound having a structure selected from the garnet, NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON, LIPON, perovskite, antiperovskite, argyrodite types, and / or may include a compound comprising the elements MPS, MPSO, M-PSX, or MPSOX (where M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and X is F, Cl, Br, I or a mixture thereof) which may further include one or more additional elements (metals, metalloids, or non-metals) and may be in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic form, or a mixture of two or more of these. Non-limiting examples of inorganic compounds forming the particles include MLZOs (such as M7La3Zr2O, 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Al b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Ga b O 12 , M(7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Your b O 12 , M (7- a) La3Zr (2-b) Number b O 12 ); the MLTaO (such as M7La3Ta2O 12 , M5La3Ta2O 12, M6La3Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); MLSnO (such as M7La3Sn2O 12 ); the MAGPs (such as M 1+a Al a Ge 2-a (PO4)3); MATPs (such as M 1+a Al a Ti 2-a (PO4) 3, ); the MLTiO (such as M 3a There (2 / 3-a) MZPs (such as M a Zr b (PO4) c ); MCZPs (such as M a That b Zr c (PO4) d ); the MGPS (such as M a Ge b P c S d like M 10 GeP2S 12 ); the MGPSOs (such as M a Ge b P c S d O e ); MSiPS (such as M a If b P c S d like M 10 SiP2S 12); MSiPSOs (such as M a If b P c S d O e ); MSnPS (such as M a Sn b P c S d , like M 10 SnP2S 12 ); MSnPSO (such as M a Sn b P c S d O e ); MPS (such as M a P b S c , like M7P3S 11 ); MPSOs (such as M a P b S c O d ); MZPS (such as M a Zn b P c S d ); MZPSOs (such as M a Zn b P c S d O e ); the xM2S-yP2S5; the xM2S-yP2S5-zMX; the xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5; the xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5-wMX; the xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; the xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wMX; the xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5; the xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; the xM2S-ySiS2; the MPSX (such as M a P b S c X d , like M7P3S 11X, M7P2S8X, M6PS5X); the MPSOX (such as M a P b S c O d X e ); the MGPSX (such as M a Ge b P c S d X e ); the MGPSOX (such as M a Ge b P c S d O e X f ); MSiPSX (such as M a If b P c S d X e ); MSiPSOX (such as M a If b P c S d O e X f ); MSnPSX (such as M a Sn b P c S d X e ); MSnPSOX (such as M a Sn b P c S d O e X f ); the MZPSX (such as M a Zn b P c S d X e ); the MZPSOX (such as M a Zn b P c S d O e X f ); the M3OX; the M2HOX; the M3PO4; the M3PS4; the M aPObNc (with a = 2b + 3c - 5); in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic, or a mixture of two or more of these forms, wherein M is an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof, and wherein, when M comprises an alkali metal ion, the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality; X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination thereof; a, b, c, d, e, and f are nonzero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are nonzero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to obtain a stable compound. For example, the alkali or alkaline earth metal (M) is chosen from Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof. According to one example, M is lithium or a combination of Li and at least one of Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.In the alternative, M is Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination of at least two of these; for example, M is Na, K, Mg, or a combination of at least two of these. In the composite, the crosslinked aprotic polymer is generally prepared from a polymer precursor in the form of an aprotic polymer segment comprising heteroatoms (e.g., O, N, P, S, Si, etc.) and crosslinkable units. The crosslinked polymer is solid at room temperature and has a glass transition temperature T. v -40°C or lower. The polymer preferably exhibits high chain flexibility to facilitate lithium ion transfer. The crosslinked aprotic polymer is preferably electrochemically stable at 4V and above (vs. Li + / Li) and / or is compatible with high-capacity positive electrode materials (>150 mAh / g). The crosslinked aprotic polymer preferably comprises an aprotic polymer segment such as a polyether, polythioether, polyester, polythioester, polycarbonate, polythiocarbonate, polysiloxane, polyimide, polysulfonimide, polyamide, polysulfonamide, polyphosphazene, polyurethane, or a copolymer or mixture thereof. For example, the aprotic polymer segment comprises a block copolymer with different repeating units to reduce the polymer's crystallinity after crosslinking. In some examples, the aprotic polymer segment comprises, prior to crosslinking, a block copolymer consisting of at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-solvating segment and at least one crosslinkable segment comprising crosslinkable units.For example, the alkali or alkaline-earth metal ion solvating segment is chosen from homo- and copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (I):. in which R is chosen from H, C1-C 10 alkyl, or –(CH2-OR a R b ); R a is (CH2-CH2-O) y ; and R b is a C1-C group 10Alkyl. Crosslinkable units typically include unsaturated bonds, which can be crosslinked after film casting. The polymer may contain more than one crosslinkable functional group to form a multidimensional network after crosslinking, including multi-branching or hyper-branching networks. Examples of functional groups present in crosslinkable units include at least one group selected from acrylates, methacrylates, allyls, and vinyls. Branches of the polymer may also include grafted copolymers containing block copolymer segments. The copolymer may also further include non-solvent segments that can improve the mechanical strength of the film.As mentioned above, the aprotic polymer is in liquid phase at room temperature prior to crosslinking, which facilitates its insertion into the electrolyte particle network, at the electrode / electrolyte interface, and / or within the electrode material without the use of substantial amounts of additional solvent. The pores between the inorganic particles (and the electrode material in the case of electrodes) are filled with the liquid-phase polymer precursor before crosslinking. The average molecular weight of the polymer precursor is preferably in the range of 250 to 50,000 g / mol before crosslinking. The electrolyte may consist of a layer of the composite material or it may comprise the composite material and additional components.Alternatively, when the composite material is present in one of the electrodes, the electrolyte layer may be a solid polymer electrolyte layer, for example, comprising a cross-linked aprotic polymer as defined herein, and possibly additional components. The electrolyte layer may further comprise at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal salt.Non-limiting examples of salts include an alkali or alkaline earth metal cation, and an anion selected from hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidide (FSI-), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imidide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), a compound of formula BF2O4R. x - (R x(= C2-4-alkyl), and a combination of two or more of these. For example, the molar ratio of aprotic polymer heteroatom to alkali or alkaline earth metal ion of the salt may be in the range of 4:1 to 50:1, preferably in the range of 10:1 to 30:1. According to some preferred examples, the alkali or alkaline earth metal forming the cation of the salt is identical to an alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles. The electrolyte present may also further comprise at least one ionic liquid. Non-limiting examples of ionic liquids include a cation selected from imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, and morpholinium, or a cation selected from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium (PY 13 + ), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (PY 14 + ), n-propyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 13+ ) and n-butyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 14 + ), and an anion selected from among the anions PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, ClO4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSI), (FSO2)2N- (FSI), (FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-, (C2F5SO2)2N- (BETI), PO2F2- (DFP), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (TDI), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA), bis-oxalato borate (BOB), and (BF2O4R x )- (R x(= C2-C4 alkyl), where the ionic liquid is present in such an amount that the electrolyte layer remains solid (for example, less than 30% by weight, or less than 20% by weight, or less than 10% by weight of the solid electrolyte layer). An aprotic solvent with a boiling point above 150°C may also be included in the electrolyte.Examples of such aprotic solvents include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propane sultone (PS), triethyl phosphate (TEPa), triethyl phosphite (TEPi), trimethyl phosphate (TMPa), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), tris(trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TFFP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), or a mixture thereof, where the aprotic solvent is present in such an amount that the electrolyte layer remains solid (by for example, less than 30% by weight, or less than 20% by weight, or less than 10% by weight of the solid layer of the electrolyte).The positive electrode layer preferably comprises an electrode material on a current collector, where this material includes at least one electrochemically active material. Non-limiting examples of electrochemically active positive electrode materials include a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a metal phosphate, a metal fluorophosphate, a metal oxyfluorophosphate, a metal sulfate, a metal halide, sulfur, selenium, or a mixture of at least two of these. For example, metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal oxysulfide, metal phosphate, metal fluorophosphate, metal oxyfluorophosphate, metal sulfate, or metal halide comprises a metal selected from the elements iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb) and a combination of at least two of these.In some examples, the metal further includes an alkali or alkaline earth metal (e.g., lithium). According to a preferred example, the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode includes a lithium metal oxide, for example, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM). According to another preferred example, the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode includes a lithium metal phosphate, for example, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). The positive electrode may also include additional elements such as one or more electronically conductive materials, binders, and / or ion-conducting inorganic materials (e.g., alkali or alkaline earth metal ion conductor). Examples of electronically conductive materials include, but are not limited to, carbon blacks (such as Ketjen black). MC and the Super P MC ), acetylene blacks (such as Shawinigan black and Denka black) MC), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers or nanofibers (e.g., gas-formed carbon fibers (VGCF)), carbon nanotubes (e.g., single-walled (SWNT), multi-walled (MWNT)), or metal powders. In some cases, the positive electrode material comprises the composite as described here, with the cross-linked aprotic polymer acting as a binder and present between the inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode.In the alternative, the positive electrode layer further comprises a polymer binder selected from crosslinked aprotic polymers as defined herein, fluorinated polymers (such as PVDF, HFP, PTFE, or a copolymer or mixture of two or more of these), polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEB) copolymers, and synthetic rubbers (e.g., SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber), and others like them, possibly further comprising a carboxyalkylcellulose or hydroxyalkylcellulose). Optionally, the positive electrode layer may also further comprise a salt, an ionic liquid and / or a high boiling point aprotic solvent as defined herein.In some cases, the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode comprises a metallic film. For example, the metallic film is a film of an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy thereof, such as a film of lithium or one of its alloys. Alternatively, the metallic film is made of a non-alkali and non-alkaline earth metal (e.g., In, Ge, Bi), or an intermetallic alloy or compound (such as SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2). Preferably, the metallic film has a thickness of 5 µm to 500 µm, preferably 10 µm to 100 µm. In other cases, the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode comprises a material in particulate form having a lower redox potential than that of the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode.Non-limiting examples of electrochemically active negative electrode material include a non-alkali and non-alkaline earth metal (e.g., In, Ge, Bi), an intermetallic compound (such as SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (such as LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide or a combination thereof, or carbon (such as graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), a silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), silicon oxide (SiO). x ), a silicon-carbon oxide composite (SiO₂) x -C), tin (Sn), a tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), tin oxide (SnO x ), a tin-carbon oxide composite (SnO x-C) or a mixture thereof. Examples of metal oxides include, without limitation, compounds of formula M' b O c (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or a combination thereof, and where b and c are numbers such that the ratio of c to b is 2 to 3, such as MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides of formula M'M'2O4 (such as NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4) and oxides of formula LiaM'bOc (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or a combination thereof, such as lithium titanate (e.g., Li4Ti5O) 12 ) or lithium molybdenum oxide (e.g., Li2Mo4O 13When the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode is in particulate form, the negative electrode may also include additional components such as electronically conductive materials, binders, and / or lithium-ion-conducting inorganic materials. Possible examples of electronically conductive materials and binders are those defined above with respect to the positive electrode material. Optionally, the negative electrode layer may also include a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or a high-boiling-point aprotic solvent as defined herein. In some examples, the negative electrode material comprises the present composite, with the crosslinked aprotic polymer acting as a binder and present between the inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode.The electrochemical cell may also further include an intermediate layer between the electrolyte layer and the positive electrode layer, between the electrolyte layer and the negative electrode layer, or between the electrolyte layer and each of the positive and negative electrode layers. Such an intermediate layer is a solid film, preferably thinner than the electrolyte layer, and comprises a polymer layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, or a film comprising an inorganic layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the intermediate layer is a polymer layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions (for example, a lithium-ion-conducting polymer).The role of the intermediate layer may include protecting the electrode material from the electrolyte or the electrolyte layer from the electrode material, or promoting adhesion between the electrode and electrolyte layers. This intermediate layer should exhibit alkali or alkaline earth metal ion conduction properties and resistance to electron tunneling.The present all-solid-state electrochemical cell is preferably prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (i) preparing a solid positive electrode layer comprising an electrochemically active positive electrode material on a current collector; (ii) preparing a solid electrolyte layer; (iii) preparing or procuring a solid negative electrode layer comprising an electrochemically active negative electrode material, optionally on a current collector; and (iv) assembling the solid-state electrochemical cell by combining the solid positive electrode layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the solid negative electrode layer. Steps (i) through (iii) may be performed in any order, and step (iv) may be carried out after steps (i) through (iii), or simultaneously with one or two of steps (i) through (iii), or may be partially carried out after two of steps (i) through (iii) have been completed.In this process, at least one of steps (i), (ii), and (iii) further comprises mixing inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions with a polymer precursor and optionally a solvent, where the polymer precursor is an aprotic polymer segment comprising crosslinkable units and is in the liquid state at 25°C. The process further comprises a step of crosslinking the crosslinkable units of the polymer precursor to obtain a crosslinked polymer in solid form at 25°C. The concentration of inorganic particles in the particle-polymer precursor mixture is in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight.In one alternative, each of the solid positive electrode layer, solid electrolyte layer, and solid negative electrode layer is formed separately, and the three layers are joined together in a single operation. Alternatively, one of the electrode layers and the electrolyte layer are joined together, followed by the other electrode layer on the free surface of the electrolyte layer. The formation of the electrolyte layer may involve the use of a support, which can be subsequently removed or may serve as an interlayer between the electrolyte and one of the electrodes. Such a process involving the independent formation of the layers may further include pressing two or three layers together, with or without heating.Alternatively, a multilayer material can be prepared by forming a first layer (electrode or electrolyte) followed by the direct application of a second layer (electrolyte or electrode) onto the first layer. The layers are formed by following steps (i), (ii), and (iii) above and / or as exemplified below. For example, step (ii) includes preparing an electrolyte composition and applying the resulting mixture. The electrolyte composition comprises a polymer or polymer precursor, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. The application is followed by drying and / or crosslinking the applied mixture.The electrolyte composition may also include inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent as defined herein, and step (ii) further includes crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the composition; or the electrolyte composition is a solid composition comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, and step (ii) includes adding the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid composition for precursor infiltration between the particles and crosslinking of the polymer precursor. The electrolyte composition may be applied to a support before assembly with, or application of, the positive or negative electrode to the preformed electrolyte layer.Alternatively, the electrolyte composition is applied to the positive electrode layer, the negative electrode layer, or an intermediate layer (to be placed between the electrolyte layer and the electrode layer). The other electrode layer (positive or negative) is then formed on top of the electrolyte layer or preformed on a current collector and assembled with the electrolyte. An intermediate layer may also be applied to the electrolyte layer or the electrode before assembly. Step (i) typically involves preparing a mixture of positive electrode material, including the electrochemically active positive electrode material, and applying it to a current collector, an intermediate layer, or the solid electrolyte layer (as explained above).The positive electrode material mixture may further comprise an electronically conductive material, and optionally a binder, a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent as defined herein. For example, the positive electrode material mixture may further comprise the inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and the process may further comprise a step of crosslinking the polymer precursor after the application of the mixture; or the positive electrode material mixture may be a solid mixture that further comprises the inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, and the process may comprise applying the solid mixture, adding the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersion between the particles, and crosslinking.In one example, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film, and step (iii) includes the preparation of the metallic film as defined herein. In another example, the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a material in particulate form, and step (iii) includes the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material prior to its application. The negative electrode material mixture may also include an electronically conductive material, and optionally a binder, a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. The negative electrode material mixture may further include inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, a polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (iii) further includes the crosslinking of the polymer precursor after application of the mixture.In the alternative, the negative electrode material mixture is a solid mixture further comprising the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, and step (iii) comprises the application of the solid mixture, the addition of the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersion between the particles, and crosslinking. In the above process, the polymer to be crosslinked may further comprise a photoinitiator, and crosslinking may be carried out by UV irradiation, or it may comprise a thermal initiator, and crosslinking may be carried out by heat treatment, or a combination thereof. In the alternative, crosslinking is carried out by electron beam or other energy source, with or without the use of an initiator. Figure 1 illustrates, for comparison, a possible configuration for all-solid-powder cells.This example includes a positive electrode layer (1) containing particles of electrochemically active positive electrode material (5), an electronically conductive material (6), and inorganic particles (7) on a current collector (4). The electrolyte layer (2) includes inorganic particles (7), and the negative electrode layer (3) includes a metallic film (8). Contact between the particles is maintained only under compression. Figure 2 illustrates a possible configuration for these cells, where the composite material is present in both the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte. This example includes a positive electrode layer (1) containing particles of electrochemically active positive electrode material (5), an electronically conductive material (6), inorganic particles (7), and a crosslinked aprotic polymer (9) on a current collector (4).The electrolyte layer (2) comprises the composite made of inorganic particles (7) and crosslinked aprotic polymer (9). In this example, the negative electrode layer (3) includes a metallic film (8). Since the polymer precursor is liquid before crosslinking, the crosslinked aprotic polymer is found within the pores, thus forming a network of particles interconnected by the polymer in the positive electrode and electrolyte layers. The polymer precursor can be added to the suspension (e.g., the positive electrode suspension) before application, or it can be infiltrated into the pores after the formation of dry solid films. The positive electrode and electrolyte films can be cast separately, followed by rolling under pressure and heat. Preferably, the electrolyte suspension can be cast directly onto the dry positive electrode to form the electrolyte layer.Figure 3 presents an alternative configuration of these cells, where the composite is present in the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte consists of a crosslinked aprotic polymer layer (9), preferably containing at least one salt. In this case, the polymer electrolyte layer (2) can be applied to the positive electrode layer (1), which comprises the electrochemically active positive electrode material (5), an electronically conductive material (6) such as carbon, and the inorganic particles (7) as defined herein. The polymer then forms a thin polymer electrolyte layer between the positive electrode and the metallic film (8) of the negative electrode material. The solid crosslinked polymer electrolyte layer typically has a thickness in the range of approximately 3 µm to approximately 100 µm, preferably in the range of approximately 5 µm to approximately 30 µm.The polymer inside the positive electrode layer acts as a binder and can be added during the suspension preparation (mixing) step or infiltrated into the pores within the porous film of the positive electrode layer when it is coated with the electrolyte layer. Figure 4 shows a configuration where an intermediate layer (10) (as a protective layer) is inserted between the electrolyte layer (2) and the positive electrode layer (1). The intermediate layer in this example is a film of the crosslinked aprotic polymer (9) and may further comprise at least one salt as defined herein. This intermediate layer can be formed on the positive electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer before the formation of the other layer and can improve adhesion and reduce the interface resistance between the positive electrode layer and the hybrid electrolyte layer.Figure 5 illustrates a configuration where an intermediate layer (10) is inserted between the electrolyte layer (2) and the positive electrode layer, and an intermediate layer (11) is inserted between the electrolyte layer (2) and the negative electrode layer. The intermediate layers in this example are films of the crosslinked aprotic polymer (9) and may further comprise at least one salt as defined herein. However, the intermediate layer (10) and the intermediate layer (11) may also be different. Preferably, the intermediate layer (10) has high oxidation stability at >4V, and the intermediate layer (11) in contact with the negative electrode demonstrates high reduction stability against the negative electrode metallic material (8) used. These intermediate layers can be formed by application onto the electrode layers or onto the electrolyte layer before the formation of the other layers.Figure 6 shows a configuration where an intermediate layer (11) is inserted between the electrolyte layer and the negative electrode layer. The intermediate layer in this example can be a film of the crosslinked aprotic polymer and further comprise at least one salt as defined herein, or it can be composed of a dense inorganic material distinct from the inorganic particles of the electrolyte. The intermediate layer typically possesses ionic conductivity to an alkali or alkaline earth metal while exhibiting high resistance to electron tunneling. The intermediate layer can be formed on the negative electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to formation or assembly with the other layer. Figure 7 illustrates the configuration of an example of the present cells, where the composite material is present in the positive electrode layer, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer.This example includes a positive electrode layer (1) comprising particles of electrochemically active positive electrode material (5), an electronically conductive material (6), inorganic particles (7), and the crosslinked aprotic polymer (9) on a current collector (4). The electrolyte layer (2) comprises the composite of inorganic particles (7) and the crosslinked aprotic polymer (9). The negative electrode layer (3) comprises particles of electrochemically active negative electrode material (12) as defined herein, an electronically conductive material (6), inorganic particles (7), and the crosslinked aprotic polymer (9) on a current collector (4), which may be made of a different material than that of the positive electrode. The crosslinked aprotic polymer is then present within the pores of the entire cell, thus forming a network of particles interconnected by the polymer in all elements.The polymer precursor can be added to the suspension (e.g., of the positive or negative electrode) before application, or it can be infiltrated into the pores of pre-prepared dry solid films. The electrode and electrolyte films can be cast separately, followed by lamination under pressure and heat. Preferably, the electrolyte suspension can be cast directly onto a dry solid film of the positive or negative electrode to form a coating over the electrolyte layer. All-solid-state batteries comprising at least one electrochemical cell as defined herein are also considered in this document. For example, an all-solid-state battery is a rechargeable battery. In some examples, the all-solid-state battery is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery.Also envisaged are the uses of these all-solid-state batteries in portable devices, such as mobile phones, cameras, tablets, or laptops, in electric or hybrid vehicles, or in renewable energy storage. EXAMPLES The following non-limiting examples are illustrative embodiments and should not be interpreted as further limiting the scope of the present invention. These examples will be better understood by referring to the accompanying figures. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, preparation conditions, concentrations, properties, etc., used herein should be understood as being modified in all circumstances by the term "approximately".At the very least, each numerical parameter should be interpreted in light of the number of significant figures reported and by applying standard rounding techniques. Consequently, unless otherwise stated, the numerical parameters presented here are approximations that may vary depending on the properties one seeks to obtain. Notwithstanding the fact that the numerical ranges and parameters indicating the broad scope of the embodiments are approximations, the numerical values ​​presented in the following examples are reported as accurately as possible. However, every numerical value inherently contains some errors resulting from variations in experiments, test measurements, statistical analyses, etc. The crosslinkable polymer (polymer precursor) used in the following examples is an aprotic poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer comprising acrylate functional groups.The polymer used has a molecular weight of approximately 8000 g / mol and is in liquid phase at 25°C before crosslinking. Example 1: (a) Preparation of the positive electrode film (C-LFP with LLZO) A ​​powder of C-LFP particles (carbon-coated LiFePO4, 6.50g) with an average diameter of 200 nm was mixed with c-LLZO (Li7La3Zr2O). 12 cubic phase (1.90 g) with an average diameter of 5 µm and carbon black (0.20 g) were used to form a dry powder mixture. A polymer solution was prepared separately by dissolving LiTFSI (0.16 g), 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (4 mg) as an initiator, and the crosslinkable polymer (0.67 g) in a mixture of toluene (0.31 g) and acetonitrile (1.24 g). The polymer solution was added to the dry powder mixture and blended using a planetary-type centrifugal mixer (Thinky mixer). MCARE-250). Additional solvent (acetonitrile and toluene in an 8:2 volume ratio) was added to the suspension to achieve a suitable viscosity (~10,000 cP) for spreading. The resulting thick suspension was applied to a carbon-coated aluminum foil using a doctor blade. After drying the solvent at 60 °C for 10 minutes, the film was irradiated with UV light in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere for 5 minutes. (b) Preparation and deposition of the c-LLZO-polymer electrolyte (half-cell) c-LLZO (20 g) and the crosslinkable polymer (7.2 g) were mixed in a 100 mL polypropylene bottle with 30% of the volume occupied by stainless steel beads (1:1 mixture of 1 mm and 3 mm beads) in a glove box. The mixture was then blended in a high-energy ball mill (8000 M Mixer / Mill). MC SPEX SamplePrep MCLLC) for 2 hours with intermittent breaks to avoid overheating (> 60 °C). Additional solvent (acetonitrile and toluene in an 8:2 volume ratio) was added to the suspension to achieve a suitable viscosity (~10,000 cP) for spreading. The initiator 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (36 mg) was added to the suspension, and the mixture was re-mixed for an additional minute. The suspension was then applied to the free surface of the electrode film obtained in (a) and placed under vacuum for 30 minutes to allow the composite electrolyte to infiltrate the pores. The spread film was then irradiated with UV light in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere for 2 minutes. The ceramic-polymer electrolyte layer on the positive electrode was 28 µm thick.(c) Cell Assembly The half-cell as prepared in step (b) was placed on a thin metallic lithium film (approximately 40 µm) and the cell was pressed at 100 psi for 10 minutes between two plates heated to a temperature of 80°C. The cell was then vacuum-sealed in a metallized plastic bag. The active area of ​​the assembled cell was 4 cm². 2(d) Electrochemical Test: The cell was cycled at 30°C between 4.0V and 2.0V at a rate of C / 12. The same current was applied during charging and discharging. The discharge capacitance results for this cell are shown in Figure 8. Example 2: (a) Preparation of the Positive Electrode Film (C-LFP): A powder of C-LFP particles (6.80 g) with an average diameter of 200 nm was mixed with carbon black (0.20 g). A polymer solution was prepared separately by dissolving LiTFSI (0.32 g), 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (8 mg), and the crosslinkable polymer (1.59 g) in a mixture of toluene (0.74 g) and acetonitrile (2.97 g). The polymer solution was added to the dry powder and the mixture was blended using a planetary-type centrifugal mixer (Thinky mixer). MCARE-250). Additional solvent (acetonitrile and toluene at 8:2 v / v) was added to the suspension to achieve a suitable viscosity (~10,000 cP) for spreading. The suspension was applied to a carbon-coated aluminum foil using a squeegee. After drying the solvent at 60 °C for 10 minutes, the film was irradiated with UV light in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere for 5 minutes. (b) Preparation and Deposition of the c-LLZO-Polymer Electrolyte (Half-Cell) Liquid c-LLZO (16.67 g) and the crosslinkable polymer (9.72 g) were mixed in a 100 mL polypropylene bottle with 30% of the volume occupied by stainless steel beads (1:1 mixture of 1 mm and 3 mm beads) in a glove box. The mixture was then blended in a high-energy ball mill (8000M Mixer / Mill MC SPEX SamplePrep MCLLC) for 2 hours with intermittent breaks to avoid overheating (> 60 °C). Additional solvent (acetonitrile and toluene at 8:2 v / v) was added to the suspension to achieve a suitable viscosity (~10,000 cP) for spreading. LiTFSI (1.94 g) and 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (49 mg) were added to the suspension, and the mixture was re-mixed for five minutes. The suspension was then applied to the free surface of the electrode film obtained in (a) and placed under vacuum for 30 minutes to allow the composite electrolyte to infiltrate the pores. The spread film was then irradiated with UV light in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere for 2 minutes. The electrolyte layer on the positive electrode was 20 µm thick.The electrolyte film was laminated to the positive electrode by placing the combined layer between two hot plates at 100 psi and 80°C to complete the formation of the half-cell. (c) Cell Assembly A thin metallic lithium film (approximately 40 µm) was placed on the half-cell as prepared in step (b), and the cell was laminated at 100 psi and 80°C. The cell was then vacuum-sealed in a metallized plastic bag. The active area of ​​the assembled cell was 4 cm². 2(d) Electrochemical Test The cell was cycled at 30°C between 4.0V and 2.0V at C / 6 and C / 12 rates. The same current was applied during charging and discharging. The discharge capacitance results for this cell are shown in Figure 9. Example 3: (a) Preparation of the Positive Electrode Film (NMC) Carbon black (0.8g) was dispersed in anhydrous xylene (22.8g) in the presence of NBR (nitrile-butadiene rubber 1.2g) by high-energy grinding for 15 minutes with intermittent pauses to prevent the mixture temperature from rising above 60°C. An NCM powder (Li[Ni]) was then prepared. 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.22.0 g of argyrodite (Li₆PS₅Cl) with an average particle diameter of 7 µm and 0.71 g of argyrodite (Li₆PS₅Cl) with an average diameter of 3 µm were added to 1.77 g of the mixture. The mixture was then blended to form a homogeneous suspension. The suspension was spread onto carbon-coated aluminum foil using a squeegee and dried under vacuum at 120°C to evaporate the solvent. The procedure was performed under argon with a humidity level of less than 10 ppm. (b) Preparation and deposition of the electrolyte (half-cell) LiTFSI (6g) was dissolved in the crosslinkable polymer (30g) in liquid phase with 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one (15mg) in a 300mL glass bottle by rolling the bottle for 24 hours at room temperature.The solution was poured onto the positive electrode film obtained in (a) and placed under vacuum for 1 hour to fill the pores of the electrode material with the liquid-phase polymer precursor, which was then crosslinked by UV irradiation under nitrogen for 5 minutes. Figure 10 shows scanning electron microscopy images of (a) the secondary electron slice and (b) the backscattered electron slice of the half-cell, where, from bottom to top, one can see: the current collector, the positive electrode layer prepared in (a) and including the crosslinked polymer infiltrated into the pores, and the crosslinked polymer electrolyte layer. (c) Cell Assembly The cell was assembled into a button cell using the half-cell obtained in (b) and a thin metallic lithium foil (approximately 40 µm) and pressed at 70°C under 100 psi. (d) Electrochemical test The cell was cycled at 30°C between 2.5V and 4.3V at a rate of C / 10.The same current was applied during both charging and discharging. The capacitance results for one charge / discharge cycle as a function of the applied current for this cell are shown in Figure 11. Example 4: A half-cell was prepared as in Examples 3(a) and (b). Argyrodite particles (100 mg) with an average diameter of 100 µm were pressed at 300 MPa between two stainless steel plates. The molded argyrodite pellet was placed between the half-cell and a thin film of metallic lithium (approximately 40 µm) and pressed at 70°C under a pressure of 100 psi. The cell was cycled as in Example 3(d). The capacity results for a charge and discharge cycle as a function of the applied current of this cell are shown in Figure 12. Example 5: Argyrodite particles are mixed with the crosslinkable polymer in liquid phase in a 100mL polypropylene bottle in a glove box.The suspension was mixed in a mixer for 15 minutes with intermittent pauses to prevent overheating. Additional solvent (acetonitrile + toluene at 8:2 v / v) was added to the suspension as needed to achieve a suitable viscosity (~10,000 cP) for spreading. LiTFSI (20 wt% of the polymer) and AIBN (0.5 wt% of the polymer) were added to the suspension, and the mixture was mixed again for 5 minutes. The suspension was poured onto an aluminum film and placed under vacuum to evaporate the solvent. Figure 13 shows scanning electron microscopy images of (a) the surface (top) and (b) the cross-section of the electrolyte layer containing the composite. The ionic conductivity of the prepared film was then measured as a function of temperature between 0°C and 80°C. The results are shown in Figure 14.Several modifications could be made to any of the embodiments described above without departing from the scope of the present invention as contemplated. References, patents, or scientific literature documents referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode comprising an electrochemically active positive electrode material, a negative electrode comprising an electrochemically active negative electrode material, and an electrolyte between the positive and negative electrodes, wherein: the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte each form a solid layer; and at least one of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte comprises a composite material comprising alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles and a crosslinked aprotic polymer, and wherein: the inorganic particle content in the composite material is in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight; and the crosslinked aprotic polymer is in solid form at 25°C while its polymer precursor before crosslinking is in liquid form at 25°C. 2.An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the inorganic particles comprise an ionically conductive inorganic compound of the amorphous, ceramic or glass-ceramic type, for example, oxide, sulfide or oxysulfide.

3. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein the inorganic particles comprise an oxide, sulfide, or oxysulfide compound having a structure selected from garnets, NASICON, LISICON, thio-LISICON, LIPON, perovskite, antiperovskite, argyrodites, or comprise a compound comprising the element combinations MPS, MPSO, MPSX, MPSOX, where M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof, the element combination optionally comprising one or more additional elements (metals, metalloids, or non-metals), the compound being in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic form, or a mixture of two or more thereof. 4.Electrochemical cell in all-solid state of claim 2, wherein the inorganic particles comprise at least one compound selected from:. - MLZO (such as M7La3Zr2O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2Al b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr2GabO 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Your b O 12 , M (7-a) La3Zr (2-b) Number b O 12 ); - MLTaO (such as M7La3Ta2O 12 , M5La3Ta2O 12 , M6La3Ta 1.5 Y 0.5 O 12 ); - MLSnO (such as M7La3Sn2O 12 ); - MAGP (such as M 1+a Al a Ge 2-a (PO4)3); - MATP (such as M 1+a Al a Ti 2-a (PO4)3,); - MLTiO (such as M 3a La(2 / 3-a)TiO3); - MZP (such as M a Zr b (PO4) c ); - MCZP (such as M a That b Zr c (PO4) d ); - MGPS (such as M a Ge b P c S d, par exemple M 10 GeP2S 12 ); - MGPSO (tel que M a Ge b P c S d OR e ); - MSiPS (tel que M a Yes b P c S d , par exemple M 10 SiP2S 12 ); - MSiPSO (tel que M a Yes b P c S d OR e ); - MSnPS (tel que M a Sn b P c S d , par exemple M 10 SnP2S 12 ); - MSnPSO (tel que M a Sn b P c S d OR e ); - MPS (tel que M a P b S c , par exemple M7P3S 11 ); - MPSO (tel que M a P b S c OR d ); - MZPS (tel que M a Zn b P c S d ); - MZPSO (tel que M a Zn b P c S d OR e); - xM2S-yP2S5; - xM2S-yP2S5-zMX; - xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5; - xM2S-yP2S5-zP2O5-wMX; - xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5; - xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wMX; - xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5; - xM2S-yM2O-zP2S5-wP2O5-vMX; - xM2S-ySiS2; - MPSX (tel que M a P b S c X d , par exemple M7P3S 11 X, M7P2S8X, M6PS5X); - MPSOX (tel que M a P b S c O d X e ); - MGPSX (M a Ge b P c S d X e ); - MGPSOX (M a Ge b P c S d O e X f ); - MSiPSX (M a Si b P c S d X e ); - MSiPSOX (M a Si b P c S d O e X f ); - MSnPSX (M a Sn b P c S d X e ); - MSnPSOX (M a Sn b P c S d O e X f ); - MZPSX (M a Zn bP c S d X e ); - MZPSOX (M a Zn b P c S d O e X f ); - M3OX; - M2HOX; - M3PO4; - M3PS4; ou - M aPObNc (with a = 2b + 3c - 5); in crystalline, amorphous, glass-ceramic, or a mixture of two or more of these forms; wherein: M is an ion of an alkali metal, an ion of an alkaline earth metal, or a combination thereof, and wherein, when M comprises an ion of an alkaline earth metal, the number of M is adjusted to achieve electroneutrality; X is F, Cl, Br, I, or a combination thereof; a, b, c, d, e, and f are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to achieve electroneutrality; and v, w, x, y, and z are non-zero numbers and are, independently in each formula, chosen to obtain a stable compound.

5. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 3 or 4, wherein M is selected from Li, Na, K, R b6. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 3 or 4, wherein M is lithium.

7. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 3 or 4, wherein M comprises Li and at least one of Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

8. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 3 or 4, wherein M is Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof.

9. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 3 or 4, wherein M is Na, K, Mg, or any combination thereof.

10. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the crosslinked aprotic polymer is stable at >4V (vs. Li + / Li).

11. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the crosslinked aprotic polymer comprises at least one aprotic polymer segment selected from the following segments: polyether, polythioether, polyester, polythioester, polycarbonate, polythiocarbonate, polysiloxane, polyimide, polysulfonimide, polyamide, polysulfonamide, polyphosphazene, polyurethane, or a copolymer or combination of two or more of these.

12. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the crosslinked aprotic polymer comprises at least one aprotic polymer segment comprising a block copolymer with at least two different repeating units to reduce the crystallinity of the crosslinked polymer. 13.

14. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 12, wherein the aprotic polymer segment comprises, prior to crosslinking, a block copolymer comprising at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal ion solvating segment and a crosslinkable segment comprising crosslinkable units.

15. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 13, wherein the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion solvating segment is selected from homo- and copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (I): Formula (I) in which R is selected from H, C1-C. 10 alkyl, and –(CH2-OR a R b ); R a is (CH2-CH2-O) y ; and R b is a C1-C grouping 10 alkyl.

15. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 13 or 14, wherein the crosslinkable units comprise functional groups selected from acrylates, methacrylates, allyls, vinyls, and any combination thereof.

16. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the composite material forms the electrolyte layer.

17. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the crosslinked aprotic polymer is present between inorganic particles.

18. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the electrolyte layer further comprises at least one salt, for example comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and an anion selected from the following anions: hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidide (FSI-),(fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imidide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)- O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R, x - (where R x = C 2-4alkyl), and one of their combinations.

19. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 18, wherein the cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal in the salt is identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles.

20. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the electrolyte layer further comprises an ionic liquid, for example, comprising a cation selected from the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, and morpholinium cations, or the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) and 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium (PY) cations. 13 + ), 1-butyl-1- methylpyrrolidinium (PY 14 + ), n-propyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 13 + ) and n-butyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 14 + ), and an anion chosen from among the anions PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, ClO4-, CF3SO3- , (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSI), (FSO2)2N- (FSI), (FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-, (C2F5SO2)2N- (BETI), PO2F2- (DFP), 2-trifluorométhyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (TDI), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA), bis-oxalato borate (BOB), et (BF2O4R x )- (où R x(= C2-C4alkyl), and wherein said ionic liquid is present in such an amount that the electrolyte layer remains in the solid state. 21.An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the electrolyte layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C, for example, selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propanesultone (PS), triethyl phosphate (TEPa), triethyl phosphite (TEPi), trimethyl phosphate (TMPa), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl phosphonate (DEEP), phosphate of tris(trifluoroethyl) (TFFP), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and one of their mixtures, and wherein said aprotic solvent is present in such an amount that the electrolyte layer remains in the solid state.

22. All-solid state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the electrochemically active positive electrode material comprises a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide, a metal phosphate, a metal fluorophosphate, a metal oxyfluorophosphate, a metal sulfate, a metal halide, sulfur, selenium, or a mixture of at least two of these.

23. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 22, wherein the metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal oxysulfide, metal phosphate, metal fluorophosphate, metal oxyfluorophosphate, metal sulfate, or metal halide comprises a metal selected from iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), and combinations of two or more of these. 24.Electrochemical cell in all-solid state of claim 23, wherein the metal is metal oxide, metal sulfide, metal oxysulfide, metal phosphate. Metal fluorophosphate, metal oxyfluorophosphate, metal sulfate, or metal halide further comprises an alkali or alkaline earth metal.

25. All-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 24, wherein the electrochemically active positive electrode material comprises a lithium metal oxide, for example, lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) oxide.

26. All-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 24, wherein the electrochemically active positive electrode material comprises a lithium metal phosphate, for example, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). 27.

28. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the positive electrode layer further comprises an electronically conductive material comprising at least one of the following: carbon blacks (e.g., Ketjenblack™ or Super P™), acetylene blacks (e.g., Shawinigan Black or Denka Black™), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers or nanofibers (e.g., gas-formed carbon fibers (VGCFs)), carbon nanotubes (e.g., single-walled (SWNT), multi-walled (MWNT)), or metal powders.

29. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the positive electrode layer comprises the composite material.

29. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 28, wherein the cross-linked aprotic polymer is present between inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active positive electrode material. 30.An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the positive electrode layer further comprises a polymer binder selected from crosslinked aprotic polymers as defined in any one of claims 10 to 15, fluoropolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEB) copolymers, and synthetic rubbers.

31. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 30, wherein the polymer binder comprises a fluoropolymer selected from PVDF, HFP, PTFE, and copolymers or mixtures of two or three of these.

32. All-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 30, wherein the polymer binder comprises a synthetic rubber selected from SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber), and combinations thereof, optionally further comprising a carboxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkylcellulose, or a combination thereof.

33. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein the positive electrode layer further comprises at least one salt, for example comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and an anion selected from the following anions: hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidide (FSI-), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide ((FSI)(TFSI)-),2-Trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imidide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-), tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)- O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R, x - (where R x = C 2-4alkyl), and one of their combinations.

34. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 33, wherein the alkali or alkaline earth metal cation of the salt is identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles.

35. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the positive electrode layer further comprises an ionic liquid, for example, comprising a cation selected from the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, and morpholinium cations, or the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) and 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium (PY) cations. 13 + ), 1-butyl-1- methylpyrrolidinium (PY 14 + ), n-propyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 13 + ) and n-butyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP 14 +), and an anion chosen from the anions PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, ClO4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSI), (FSO2)2N- (FSI), (FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-, (C2F5SO2)2N- (BETI), PO2F2- (DFP), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (TDI), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA), bis-oxalato borate (BOB), and (BF2O4R x )- (where R x(= C2-C4alkyl), and wherein said ionic liquid is present in such quantity that the positive electrode layer remains in the solid state.

36. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the positive electrode layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C, for example, selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propanesultone (PS), triethyl phosphate (TEPa), triethyl phosphite (TEPi), trimethyl phosphate (TMPa), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl phosphonate (DEEP), phosphate of tris(trifluoroethyl) (TFFP),fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and a mixture thereof, wherein said aprotic solvent is present in such an amount that the positive electrode layer remains in the solid state.

37. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film of an alkali or alkaline earth metal or an alloy comprising at least one of these.

38. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 37, wherein the alkali or alkaline earth metal is lithium or an alloy comprising it.

39. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film of a non-alkali and non-alkaline earth metal (such as In, Ge, Bi), or an intermetallic alloy or compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb,FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2) of these.

40. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein the metallic film has a thickness in the range of 5 µm to 500 µm, preferably in the range of 10 µm to 100 µm.

41. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 36, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material is in particulate form and has a lower redox potential than the electrochemically active positive electrode material. 42.An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 41, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a non-alkaline or non-alkaline-earth metal (such as In, Ge, Bi), an intermetallic compound (e.g., SnSb, TiSnSb, Cu2Sb, AlSb, FeSb2, FeSn2, CoSn2), a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal phosphate (such as LiTi2(PO4)3), a metal halide, a metal sulfide, a metal oxysulfide or a combination thereof, or carbon (such as graphite, graphene, reduced graphene oxide, hard carbon, soft carbon, exfoliated graphite, and amorphous carbon), silicon (Si), silicon-carbon composite (Si-C), silicon oxide (SiO). x ), silicon-carbon oxide composite (SiO₂) x -C), tin (Sn), tin-carbon composite (Sn-C), tin oxide (SnO x ), tin-carbon oxide composite (SnO x-C) and mixtures thereof.

43. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 42, wherein the metal oxide is selected from compounds of formula M'bOc (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or one of their combinations, and b and c are numbers such that the c:b ratio is in the range of 2 to 3, such as MoO3, MoO2, MoS2, V2O5, and TiNb2O7), spinel oxides M'M”2O4 (such as NiCo2O4, ZnCo2O4, MnCo2O4, CuCo2O4, and CoFe2O4), and Li a M' b O c (where M' is Ti, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Fe, Zn, Nb or one of their combinations, such as lithium titanate (like Li4Ti5O) 12 ) or a lithium molybdenum oxide (such as Li2Mo4O 13)).

44. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 43, wherein the negative electrode layer further comprises an electronically conductive material comprising at least one of the following: carbon blacks (e.g., Ketjenblack™ or Super P™), acetylene blacks (e.g., Shawinigan Black or Denka Black™), graphite, graphene, carbon fibers or nanofibers (e.g., gas-formed carbon fibers (VGCFs)), carbon nanotubes (e.g., single-walled (SWNT), multi-walled (MWNT)), or metal powders.

45. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 44, wherein the negative electrode layer comprises the composite material.

46. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 45, wherein the crosslinked aprotic polymer is present between inorganic particles and between the particles of the electrochemically active negative electrode material.

47. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 46, wherein the negative electrode layer further comprises a polymer binder selected from crosslinked aprotic polymers as defined in any one of claims 10 to 15, fluoropolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene) (SEB) copolymers, and synthetic rubbers. 48.

49. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 47, wherein the polymer binder comprises a fluoropolymer selected from PVDF, HFP, PTFE, and copolymers or mixtures of two or three of these.

50. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 47, wherein the polymer binder comprises a synthetic rubber selected from SBR (styrene butadiene rubber), NBR (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber), HNBR (hydrogenated NBR), CHR (epichlorohydrin rubber), ACM (acrylate rubber), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber), and combinations thereof, optionally further comprising a carboxyalkylcellulose, a hydroxyalkylcellulose, or a combination thereof.An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 49, wherein the negative electrode layer further comprises at least one salt, for example comprising a cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal, and an anion selected from the following: hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide (TFSI-), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imidide (FSI-), (fluorosulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidide ((FSI)(TFSI)-), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazolate (TDI-), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA-), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imidide (BETI-), difluorophosphate (DFP-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), bis(oxalato)borate (BOB-), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), fluoride (F-), perchlorate (ClO4-), hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6-), trifluoromethanesulfonate (SO3CF3-) (Tf-), fluoroalkylphosphate [PF3(CF2CF3)3-] (FAP-),. tetrakis(trifluoroacetoxy)borate [B(OCOCF3)4]- (TFAB-), bis(1,2-benzenediolato(2-)- O,O')borate [B(C6O2)2]- (BBB-), difluoro(oxalato)borate (BF2(C2O4) -) (FOB-), an anion of formula BF2O4R x - (where R x = C2-4-alkyl), and one of their combinations.

51. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 50, wherein the alkali or alkaline earth metal cation of the salt is identical to the alkali or alkaline earth metal present in the inorganic particles.

52. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 51, wherein the negative electrode layer further comprises an ionic liquid, for example, comprising a cation selected from the imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, phosphonium, sulfonium, and morpholinium cations, or the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium (PY13) cations. + ), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (PY14 +), n-propyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP13 + ) and n-butyl-n-methylpiperidinium (PP14 + ), and an anion selected from among the anions PF6-, BF4-, AsF6-, ClO4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO2)2N- (TFSI), (FSO2)2N- (FSI), (FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-, (C2F5SO2)2N- (BETI), PO2F2- (DFP), 2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (TDI), 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (DCTA), bis-oxalato borate (BOB), and (BF2O4R x )- (where R x(= C2-C4 alkyl), and wherein said ionic liquid is present in such quantity that the negative electrode layer remains in the solid state.

53. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 41 to 52, wherein the negative electrode layer further comprises an aprotic solvent having a boiling point above 150°C, for example, selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (γ-BL), poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), 1,3-propylene sulfite, 1,3-propanesultone (PS), triethyl phosphate (TEPa), triethyl phosphite (TEPi), trimethyl phosphate (TMPa), trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl phosphonate (DEEP), phosphate of tris(trifluoroethyl) (TFFP),fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and one of their mixtures, wherein said aprotic solvent is present in such an amount that the negative electrode layer remains in the solid state.

54. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 53, further comprising an intermediate layer between the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.

55. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of any one of claims 1 to 54, further comprising an intermediate layer between the negative electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.

56. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 54 or 55, wherein the intermediate layer is a polymeric layer that conducts alkali metal or alkaline earth ions, a layer comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali metal or alkaline earth ions, or a combination thereof.

57. An all-solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 56,wherein the intermediate layer is a polymeric layer that conducts alkali or alkaline earth metal ions (for example, a lithium ion-conducting polymer).

58. A method for preparing an all-solid-state electrochemical cell as defined in any one of claims 1 to 57, said method comprising the steps of: (i) preparing the positive electrode layer comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material on a current collector; (ii) preparing the electrolyte layer; (iii) preparing or obtaining the negative electrode layer comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material, optionally on a current collector; and (iv) assembling the all-solid-state electrochemical cell by combining the positive electrode layer, the electrolyte layer,and the negative electrode layer; wherein steps (i) to (iii) are carried out in any order and step (iv) is carried out after steps (i) to (iii), or simultaneously with one or two of steps (i) to (iii), or is carried out partly after two of steps (i) to (iii) have been carried out; wherein at least one of steps (i), (ii) and (iii) further comprises the mixing of inorganic particles conducting alkali metal or alkaline earth ions and a, polymer precursor and optionally a solvent, wherein said polymer precursor is an aprotic polymer segment comprising crosslinkable units and is in liquid form at 25°C, and crosslinking of the crosslinkable units of the polymer precursor, wherein the crosslinked polymer is in solid form at 25°C; and wherein the content of inorganic particles in the mixture of particles and polymer precursor is in the range of 50% to 99.9% by weight. 59.The method of claim 58, wherein step (i) comprises preparing a mixture of positive electrode material including the electrochemically active positive electrode material and applying it to a current collector; step (ii) comprises preparing an electrolyte composition and applying the composition to a support; the method comprising assembling the positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer, and removing the electrolyte layer from the support before or after assembly with the positive electrode layer, optionally followed by the application of pressure and / or heat.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein step (i) further comprises applying an intermediate layer to the positive electrode layer. 61.The method of claim 58, wherein step (i) comprises the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to a current collector, optionally followed by the application of an intermediate layer to the positive electrode layer; and step (ii) comprises the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to the positive electrode layer or to the intermediate layer when present. 62.The method of claim 58, wherein step (ii) comprises the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support; and step (i) comprises the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and its application to the electrolyte layer, optionally preceded by the application of an intermediate layer to the electrolyte layer, wherein the support is removed from the electrolyte layer before or after the formation of the positive electrode.

63. A method of any one of claims 59 to 62, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film and step (iii) comprises the preparation of the metallic film and its application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application. 64.A method of any one of claims 59 to 62, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a material in particulate form and step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer and application of the negative electrode material mixture to the intermediate layer. 65.A method of any one of claims 59 to 62, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a material in particulate form and step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application to a current collector to form the negative electrode layer, and the application of the negative electrode layer to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the positive electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application. 66.The method of claim 58, wherein step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its optional application to a current collector; step (ii) comprises the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support, the method comprising the assembly of the negative electrode layer and the electrolyte layer, and the removal of the support from the electrolyte layer before or after assembly with the negative electrode layer, optionally followed by the application of pressure and / or heat.

67. A method of claim 66, wherein step (iii) further comprises the application of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer.

68. A method of claim 58, wherein step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its optional application to a current collector, optionally followed by the formation of an intermediate layer on the negative electrode layer; step (ii) comprising the preparation of an electrolyte composition and its application to the negative electrode layer or to the intermediate layer when present. 69.The method of claim 58, wherein step (ii) comprises the preparation of an electrolyte composition and the application of the composition to a support; and step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material and its application to the electrolyte layer, optionally preceded by the application of an intermediate layer to the electrolyte layer or to the negative electrode layer, wherein the support is removed from the electrolyte layer before or after the formation of the negative electrode. 70.A method of any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein step (i) comprises the preparation of a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and application to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the negative electrode layer, optionally further comprising the formation of an intermediate layer on the electrolyte layer and application of the mixture of positive electrode material to the intermediate layer. 71.A method of any one of claims 66 to 69, wherein step (i) comprises preparing a mixture of positive electrode material comprising the electrochemically active positive electrode material and applying it to a current collector to form the positive electrode layer, and applying the positive electrode layer to the surface of the electrolyte layer opposite the negative electrode layer, optionally further comprising forming an intermediate layer on the positive electrode layer or on the electrolyte layer prior to application.

72. A method of any one of claims 66 to 71, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a metallic film and step (iii) comprises the preparation of the metallic film.

73. A method of any one of claims 66 to 71, wherein the electrochemically active negative electrode material comprises a material in particulate form and step (iii) comprises the preparation of a negative electrode material mixture comprising the electrochemically active negative electrode material prior to application.

74. A method of any one of claims 64, 65, and 73, wherein the negative electrode material mixture further comprises an electronically conductive material, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent.

75. A method of any one of claims 64, 65, 73, and 74, wherein the negative electrode material mixture further comprises a polymer binder. 76.A method of any one of claims 64, 65, and 73 to 75, wherein the negative electrode material mixture further comprises alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (iii) further comprises crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the mixture.

77. A method of any one of claims 64, 65, and 73 to 75, wherein the negative electrode material mixture is a solid mixture further comprising alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, and step (iii) comprises applying the solid mixture, adding the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersion of the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking. 78.A method of any one of claims 59 to 77, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a polymer or a polymer precursor, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. A method of any one of claims 59 to 77, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises inorganic particles that conduct alkali metal ions. alkaline earth metal, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (ii) further includes crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the composition.

80. A method of any one of claims 59 to 77, wherein the electrolyte composition is a solid composition comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, and step (ii) includes applying the solid composition, adding the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid composition for infiltration of the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking the polymer precursor.

81. A method of any one of claims 59 to 77, wherein the positive electrode material mixture further comprises an electronically conductive material, and optionally a salt, an ionic liquid, and / or an aprotic solvent. 82.A method of any one of claims 59 to 81, wherein the positive electrode material mixture further comprises a polymer binder.

83. A method of any one of claims 59 to 82, wherein the positive electrode material mixture further comprises the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion-conducting inorganic particles, the polymer precursor, and optionally a solvent, and step (iii) further comprises crosslinking the polymer precursor after application of the mixture. 84.A method of any one of claims 59 to 82, wherein the positive electrode material mixture is a solid mixture further comprising inorganic particles that conduct alkali or alkaline earth metal ions, and step (iii) comprises applying the solid mixture, adding the polymer precursor and optionally a solvent to the applied solid mixture for dispersing the polymer precursor between the particles, and crosslinking. A method of any one of claims 58 to 84, further comprising a photoinitiator, crosslinking being carried out by UV irradiation, or a thermal initiator, crosslinking being carried out by heat treatment, or a combination thereof.

86. A method of any one of claims 58 to 84, wherein the crosslinking is carried out by electron beam or other energy source, with or without the use of an initiator.

87. An all-solid-state battery comprising at least one all-solid-state electrochemical cell as defined in any one of claims 1 to 57.

88. An all-solid-state battery of claim 87, which is a rechargeable battery.

89. An all-solid-state battery of claim 87 or 88, which is a lithium battery or a lithium-ion battery.

90. An all-solid-state battery of any one of claims 87 to 89, for use in portable devices, such as mobile phones, cameras, tablets, or laptops, in electric or hybrid vehicles, or in renewable energy storage.

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