Security document and method for producing a security document

Abstract

The invention relates to a security document, a method for producing a security document, and a system for producing a security document. The security document (1) comprises an absorption region (30) for forming at least one item of personalised information (3), wherein the security document (1) is processed and / or can be processed in the absorption region (30) in such a way that absorption of light incident on a first side makes the at least one personalised item of information (3) visible. The security document also comprises a first security element (2) having an optically variable effect, wherein, when viewed on the first side, the first security element (2) is located behind the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (2) is located in a first region (20), wherein the first region (20) partially or fully overlaps with the absorption region (30) and, in a background region (21) directly adjacent to the absorption region (30), the first region (20) does not overlap with the absorption region (30) such that, in a second region (22) which is formed at least by a partial region of the absorption region (30) and a directly adjacent partial region of the background region (21), the at least one item of personalised information (3) has a contrast that depends on the angle of vision, in particular a brightness contrast.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a security document and a method for producing a security document.

[0002] Security documents, such as identity cards or passports, typically contain a photograph of the document holder as well as other personalized data, such as date of birth, gender, place of residence, nationality, or similar information. Counterfeiters attempt to manipulate this personalized data, for example, by altering or replacing it. To prevent forgery, personalized data is currently protected by an optically variable security element. This is intended to make manipulation from the front of the document, such as altering the photograph by pressing on the surface, particularly more difficult.

[0003] The personalized data on the security document, however, is statically represented as a printed layer or blackened by laser radiation. It therefore lacks any optically variable effect, making it relatively easy for counterfeiters to manipulate and alter. Furthermore, the contrast, particularly the brightness contrast, of the personalized data against a static background, such as offset printing on or over a diffusely scattering, opaque substrate or layer, is limited.

[0004] Furthermore, manipulation attempts are made from the center of the security document, such as by splitting the layers of the document, or from the back, such as sanding down the backing material to the photo layer and then printing a different photo. Previous solutions to hinder manipulation from the center or the back are based, for example, on an optically variable security element placed on the back of the document or on a window near the photo. However, these existing solutions are complex to set up and to verify, as they require, for example, examining several sides of the security element and thus completely turning the document over relative to the viewer.Furthermore, security features on the back are costly, as a complex and sensitive design is necessary to guarantee a certain level of protection against counterfeiting.

[0005] Document EP 3633422 A1 concerns an information recording body and an individual certification body.

[0006] Document EP 3674099 A1 concerns laminates, identification documents and verification procedures for identification documents.

[0007] Document WO 2018 / 142127 A1 concerns a procedure for creating a security document.

[0008] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved security document and an improved method for producing a security element, in particular to provide improved protection against forgery and easier verification of the authenticity of the security document.

[0009] The problem is solved by a security document according to claim 1.

[0010] A system for producing a security document according to the invention is possible. The system for producing the security document comprises an auxiliary carrier, wherein a first sub-element of the security document and a second sub-element of the security document are arranged on the auxiliary carrier, the first sub-element being able to be brought into overlap with the second sub-element by bending the auxiliary carrier.The first sub-element comprises the first safety element, and the second sub-element comprises an adhesive layer and at least one cover and / or a second safety element, preferably transparent and / or partially metallized and preferably extending over the entire surface of the second sub-element, wherein the adhesive layer is arranged on the side of the cover and / or the second safety element facing away from the auxiliary carrier, and wherein the absorption layer with the absorption area is arranged or attachable to the side of the first sub-element facing away from the auxiliary carrier. Preferably, the first sub-element comprises an optional first carrier element, and the second sub-element comprises an optional second carrier element.

[0011] Furthermore, the problem is solved by a method according to claim 14 for producing a security document.

[0012] The invention enables personalized information to be partially or fully embedded using a flexible and cost-effective optically variable security element. This simultaneously reduces costs, increases counterfeit protection, and simplifies authentication. Advantageously, alterations and / or falsifications of personal data are more easily detected by the human eye, and manipulation can be readily identified even by viewing only one page, namely the first page of the security document. Thus, even a layperson can recognize manipulation attempts without needing specialized equipment.This is achieved because the personal information, which, for example, has absorbing properties due to its application via laser inking or printing, locally obscures and largely eliminates the optically variable effect of the first security element. This allows the human eye to perceive that a genuine security document exhibits perfect register, meaning a precisely defined spatial relationship at the boundary between absorption and background areas. Since the background area directly borders the absorption area and the first area extends into the absorption area, a perfect register between the more brightly luminous background and the less brightly luminous or even non-luminous absorption area can be discerned by the human observer when tilting the security document.In particular, this allows for particularly easy verification of authenticity by checking registration tolerances, since, for example, manipulating the absorption layer by attempting to apply the luminous background area in front of the absorption area and leaving it uncovered according to the absorption area always results in reduced positional accuracy or a registration tolerance. The optically variable effect underlying the personalization of the first security element cannot be imitated, especially by placing a corresponding optically variable effect on the front of the security document. Because it is impossible for a counterfeiter to perfectly adapt the subsequently applied optically variable effect to the contour of the personalized data, it becomes more readily apparent that a forgery exists.

[0013] The verification of the security document is facilitated, in particular, by the fact that the recognizability of personal information, such as a photograph, personalized data, or document markings, can be improved through increased brightness contrast, which is present at a specific viewing angle. This increased brightness contrast of the personalized information can be achieved, in particular, through the optically variable effect of the first security element, which can be perceived as a "backlighting" of the personalized information. Furthermore, the personalized information or its background, especially the background of a photograph of the document owner, can appear optically variable when the security document is tilted and / or rotated, so that the personalized information is no longer seen as static.Additionally, verification of the security document can be sufficiently performed from one side, for example, the front. It might even be possible to forgo checking the back of the security document, since the first security element is already visible from the front. This first security element is nevertheless positioned behind the absorption layer used to create the personalized information, thus protecting it from being abrasioned from the back. This speeds up the verification of the security document, which is helpful, for example, during long waiting times at border control.

[0014] Furthermore, disruptive influences at a specific viewing angle, such as mirror reflections or diffractive effects of a diffractive optically variable security element located above and overlapping the personalized information, can be overexposed, thus ensuring good recognizability of the personalized information and simplifying the verification of the security document.

[0015] A particularly high level of counterfeit protection for the security document can also be achieved by ensuring that the personalized data can be at least partially overlapped by security elements on both the front and back, by applying an additional security element to the front. Any attempt at manipulation thus poses a risk to the forger from any side, as the security elements will be damaged, rendering the security document unusable.

[0016] Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims.

[0017] It is conceivable to use the unclaimed system for the production of the security document according to the invention, in particular in the method according to the invention.

[0018] The security document is preferably a passport, identity card, identification card, driver's license, sticker, or vignette, or something usable for these purposes. At least one piece of personalized information is preferably selected individually or in combination from an image, portrait, or motif.

[0019] A motif is selected, in particular, individually or in combination, from: a graphically designed outline, a figurative representation, an image, a symbol, a logo, a portrait, an alphanumeric character, a text, a grid.

[0020] The term "motif-shaped" is understood to refer specifically to the form of a motif.

[0021] The term "visible to the human eye" refers in particular to wavelengths visible from 380 nm to 780 nm, and especially from 430 nm to 690 nm. The wavelengths visible to humans lie particularly in the range between 380 nm (i.e., especially violet) and 780 nm (i.e., especially deep red) of the electromagnetic spectrum, wherein the relative sensitivity of the eye below 430 nm and above 690 nm is less than 1% of the maximum value at 555 nm. The term "transparent" preferably refers to a transmittance of over 70%, and especially over 90%, particularly for wavelengths in the range from 430 nm to 690 nm, and preferably for wavelengths in the visible wavelength range."Semi-transparent" preferably refers to a transmittance in the range of 30% to 70%, particularly for wavelengths in the range of 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the visible spectrum. "Opaque" preferably refers to a transmittance of less than 30%, and particularly less than 10%, particularly for wavelengths in the range of 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Transmittance is preferably understood to be the ratio of the amount of light incident on a medium to the amount of light exiting the medium, preferably without any significant change in the light's spectrum. The non-transmitted light is preferably reflected, scattered, and / or absorbed by the medium.For example, with a transmittance of 0.9 or 90%, 90% of the incident light is perceptible on the opposite side of the medium. When considering the transmittance of a layer, reflections at the interfaces of that layer are not taken into account.

[0022] The security document according to the invention is or is processed in the absorption area, preferably in the method according to the invention, such that the at least one personalized piece of information is visible, particularly to the human eye, through absorption of light incident on the first side. Advantageously, light incident outside the absorption area is reflected and / or scattered more strongly on the first side than within the absorption area.

[0023] In the arrangement of the absorption layer and the first security element, the absorption layer and the first security element are or are connected to each other and, in particular afterwards, at least one personalized piece of information is preferably introduced or applied by creating the absorption area.

[0024] The absorption area is preferably bounded by one or more contours, wherein a contour is formed by connecting absorbing areas adjacent to the background area, and wherein the connected absorbing areas are jointly assigned to personalized information, such as a portrait, in particular a halftone portrait, or an alphanumeric character. In the case of multiple pixels produced by laser or printing technology, e.g., in a halftone image, the outermost pixels adjacent to the background area, which are assigned to a specific piece of information, form a contour of the absorption area.

[0025] The background area is preferably understood to be an area or sub-area of ​​the second area directly adjacent to the absorption area, which does not contain any personalized information, but preferably provides a contrasting background so that the personalized information is visible.

[0026] In this context, "area" refers specifically to a defined surface of a layer, film, or layer that is viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by that layer, film, or layer. Areas, overlaps, widths, and lengths are considered when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by a layer, preferably where the spanned plane is negligible in terms of the layer thickness. Areas extend through the security document or system, with the area thus defined as their base. A layer is preferably a substantially planar structure. In particular, a layer itself can be single-layered or multi-layered.

[0027] An optically variable effect can be selected, in particular individually or in combination, from: viewing angle-dependent contrast, especially changes in brightness; viewing angle-dependent color changes; viewing angle-dependent motion effects; viewing angle-dependent motif changes; holographic representation; and cinematographic representation. The viewing angle of a security element, in particular the first security element, can be varied by a viewer, in particular by tilting, rotating, and / or bending the security element. Preferably, a security element is formed as a laminating film or from a transfer layer of a transfer film.

[0028] The terms "in register" and "register-accurate" refer to the positional accuracy of two or more layers, elements, areas, and / or strata relative to each other. The register accuracy should fall within a predefined register tolerance and be as low as possible. At the same time, the register accuracy of multiple layers, elements, areas, and / or strata relative to each other is an important characteristic for increasing process reliability and / or product quality, as well as counterfeit protection. Register-accurate positioning can be achieved, in particular, using sensor-based, preferably optically detectable, register markers. These register markers can either represent specific, separate layers, elements, areas, and / or strata or be part of the layers, elements, areas, and / or strata themselves. A "perfect register" is understood to mean, in particular, that no register tolerance exists.

[0029] The viewing angle-dependent contrast is in particular a viewing angle-dependent brightness contrast, which is preferably provided by a defined brightness difference and / or preferably by a defined difference of brightness differences when viewed from different defined viewing angles.

[0030] The first side of the security element can be viewed from predefined viewing angles, at which, for example, the brightness contrast assumes defined values. These predefined viewing angles can also be determined by angular ranges and do not necessarily correspond to single values. The defined viewing angles are, in particular, angular ranges that prevail between the incident light, a plane spanned by a layer or position of the first security element, or the normal to the spanned plane, and the viewer or receiver.In particular, the first safety element can be set to an ON state in which the optically variable effect is visible to the human eye at a defined viewing angle, and to an OFF state in which the optically variable effect is not visible to the human eye at another defined viewing angle. According to the invention, the optically variable effect of the first safety element is visible at the predefined first viewing angle and not visible at the second predefined viewing angle, wherein the first safety element is transparent at the second viewing angle.

[0031] From a predefined first viewing angle, preferably without visible specular reflections, a maximum of light reflected or diffracted by the first security element is visible. Advantageously, by reflecting or diffracting, in particular, 20% of the total incident light, the structure of the first security element appears very bright to the observer, since most of the reflected or diffracted light is concentrated within a narrow angular range and directed towards the observer. The remaining, in particular, 80% of the incident light is diffusely scattered from the first side of the security element, especially a substrate, and appears dark in comparison. The substrate can, for example, be formed by at least one preferably opaque layer core or a paper substrate.Advantageously, at least one personalized piece of information is particularly easy to recognize when viewed from the predefined first viewing angle, since the absorption area, especially the blackening, lies at least partially in front of the first security element and, for example, attenuates the reflected portion compared to the brightly luminous background area according to the absorption area, especially the blackening. Viewing from the first predefined angle of the security document preferably corresponds to an ON state of the first security element, in particular wherein the first security element illuminates at least in partial areas and preferably illuminates homogeneously at least in some areas or homogeneously across the entire surface.

[0032] From a third predefined viewing angle, a specular reflection is preferably visible. In particular, a light source reflecting off the first page of the security document is visible. This situation can occur especially with security documents made of plastic with a smooth surface. The typical reflection of approximately 5% of the incident light can overwhelm the personalized information. The absorption area, which includes, for example, areas of darkness, is barely perceptible because, for instance, a predominantly light background scatters the light diffusely and appears too dim to the viewer.

[0033] A second predefined viewing angle is understood to be, in particular, a viewing angle outside the first predefined viewing angle, under which a specular reflection of a light source is not directly visible, and thus preferably also outside the predefined third viewing angle. Viewing under the second predefined angle of the security document preferably corresponds to an OFF state of the first security element.

[0034] The brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area in the second area is preferably greater at a predefined first viewing angle than at a predefined second viewing angle. "Greater" specifically means that the Delta ON value described below is greater than Delta OFF.

[0035] In particular, in the absorption area, light incident on the first page of the security document is reflected less strongly than in surrounding areas, making the personalized information visible, especially in the ON state as well as in the OFF state, preferably visible to the human eye.

[0036] It is also conceivable that the brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area is weaker in a further area under the predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle, in particular by arranging a further absorption layer below the first security element when viewing the first side, and / or by additionally forming at least one personalized piece of information, preferably when viewing the first side under the second viewing angle, in the further area through absorption of light incident on the first side, wherein the absorption also takes place below the first security element. "Weaker" means in particular that the Delta ON value described below is smaller than Delta OFF.

[0037] Both embodiments are preferably combinable. An embodiment is conceivable in which a first brightness difference between the background region and the absorption region in the second region is greater under the predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle, and a second brightness difference between the background region and the absorption region in a further region is less pronounced under the predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle.

[0038] Document personalization is typically achieved through a preferably dark to black print or by laser radiation, particularly by laser blackening. Especially with printed personalization, colored prints are also possible, preferably using dark colors such as dark blue, dark green, or dark red. To ensure the personalized information is easily recognizable, a preferably light background is advantageously used. This can be unprinted areas of the background, a solid white print, or areas with a preferably light print. These can be colors with low saturation, i.e., low absorption, and / or low coverage.For security documents made of plastic, such as cards or data sheets made of polycarbonate (PC) or PET, the ink coverage on a layer is preferably less than 50% to avoid significantly weakening the composite in the final product. These plastic security documents typically contain a core layer, for example, with fillers such as TiO₂, to make the document largely opaque and achieve good contrast for the personalized information. In particular, this layer, due to the fillers, diffuses the incident light over a wide angular range and appears white or in shades of white.

[0039] The layer, particularly the core layer, may contain fillers or colorants, which makes it possible for a colored layer, especially a core layer, to serve as the substrate, particularly when considering the first page behind the at least one personalized piece of information and the first security element. White tones are preferably used. It is therefore also possible that a white layer, particularly a white core layer, serves as the substrate, especially when considering the first page behind the at least one personalized piece of information and the first security element.

[0040] When the absorption layer is blackened by laser radiation, the blackening is advantageously clearly visible in contrast to the substrate, which is preferably a white background. The personalized information preferably comprises image information and other data. Advantageously, at least one piece of personalized information is or is incorporated as image information in such a way that different shades of gray are present and / or can be perceived. Further personalized information is preferably in the form of data with a uniform level of blackening, since no gradation of blackening is necessary.

[0041] Optical density can be determined using the K-value as a measure of blackening. Optical density is preferably measured according to ISO 13655:2017(E) "Graphic technology – Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images". The measuring device illuminates the sample to be measured, in particular via a ring of light that illuminates the sample at an angle of 45°. An LED preferably serves as the light source. The measurement is performed using a spectrometer, observing the sample perpendicular to its surface. The light backscattered by the sample is measured in the spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm with intervals of 10 nm.

[0042] To determine the K-value for optical density, a first measurement is preferably taken without redaction on the security document as a reference, and a second measurement is taken with redaction at the same location, which also serves as a reference. It is preferably possible to perform the measurement such that a reference measurement of the optical density is taken first, wherein this reference measurement is taken either on an unpersonalized, preferably unredacted, blank document at the same location as on a subsequently redacted area, or on the same document at a comparable location with a similar unredacted background. Thus, the reference measurement is taken of an area with optical properties that the security document would have at the measurement point without redaction. A subsequent second measurement of the optical density is taken in the redacted area, and the K-value can be calculated from the difference.The optical density is calculated as the negative base-10 logarithm of the quotient between the measured value of the reflection with and without the reflection. A higher optical density, or a higher K-value, therefore corresponds to greater density.

[0043] To adapt the measurement to the area being measured, different apertures can be used. Typical aperture diameters range from 1 mm to 7 mm. With a 45°:0° measurement geometry using an X-Rite exact instrument (X-Rite, Siemensstraße 12b, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany), the following K-values ​​for optical density can be measured.

[0044] The density of the absorption layer used to create at least one personalized piece of information, preferably in the form of a portrait, is measurable using the K-value. The absorption area is preferably treated such that the K-value of the at least one personalized piece of information lies within a range of 0 to 3. A value of 0 means that no density is present, in particular a light area without any density. A value of 3 is a dark and advantageously already clearly visible density. A maximum value of 3 advantageously prevents damage to the product, such as blistering, especially when foreign materials such as a security feature are present in the absorption area. With low contrast of the at least one personalized piece of information, especially the portrait, the K-values ​​are preferably between 0 and 1.With a high contrast of at least one piece of personalized information, especially the portrait, the K-values ​​lie between 0 and 2.

[0045] The K-value is a measure of how strongly the blackening absorbs incident light and corresponds to the optical density of the blackening. The K-value is preferably measured in the OFF state.

[0046] This measurement method captures the total blackening, especially in a setup such as, for example, in Fig. 1g This is shown. That is, both a blackening in the absorption layer and possibly in further layers above the first safety element, as well as a blackening which may be located below the preferably transparent first safety element.

[0047] The brightness contrast, in particular the brightness contrast of the at least one personalized piece of information, preferably in the form of a portrait, in the second area, is preferably calculated as follows: In particular, a viewing angle-dependent brightness contrast is preferably provided by a, preferably predefined, viewing angle-dependent brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area.

[0048] The brightness difference between the background and the absorption region, preferably the darkening within the absorption region, can be determined in particular according to the formulas below for ΔON and ΔOFF, where "ON" denotes viewing from the predefined first viewing angle and "OFF" denotes viewing from the predefined second viewing angle. The abbreviation MW stands for the measured brightness value. The difference between the measured values ​​is then divided by the measured value at a suitable position in the substrate to compensate for any differences in reflection, scattering, or illumination between the first and second viewing angles. For this purpose, a region of the substrate is used that has comparable properties to the background region or absorption region under consideration and is, in particular, located as close as possible to it.Preferably, it is possible to select as the MW background a measured value of an area that has corresponding optical properties that the security document would have at the location of the MW absorption area without processing to make the at least one personalized piece of information visible by absorption of light incident on the first page, i.e., in particular without blackening, and / or at the location of the MW background without the first security element, which in the corresponding security document can in particular be an area that, when viewing the first page, is adjacent to the first and / or second area, to the background area and / or to the absorption area. Delta ON = MW Hintergrund ON − MW im Absortionsbereich ON MW Untergrund ON Delta OFF = MW Hintergrund OFF − MW im Absortionsbereich OFF MW Untergrund OFF

[0049] According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention: Delta ON > Delta OFF

[0050] A normalized difference D between Delta ON and Delta OFF advantageously exceeds a minimum value. D = Delta ON − Delta OFF Delta ON > Mindestwert

[0051] Suitable minimum values ​​for the normalized difference D are 5%, preferably 10%, and particularly preferably 15%.

[0052] In a preferred embodiment, the minimum value applies to a range with the largest normalized difference D.

[0053] A higher value of D means a greater increase in the brightness difference of the measured values ​​between the ON and OFF states, and makes the change from OFF to ON state particularly noticeable. Furthermore, this criterion ensures that the darkening in the absorption range is also clearly visible in the ON state.

[0054] In particular, it is possible that the normalized difference D preferably defines the difference in brightness when viewed from different defined viewing angles.

[0055] Personalized information can contain fine details, and the density can vary significantly from place to place. Therefore, measurement with a conventional densitometer is difficult. To still be able to make accurate statements, measurement using a camera with sufficient resolution is recommended.

[0056] Depending on the resolution of the measuring instruments, measured values ​​within a range may vary. If a measurement yields different values ​​for a range, particularly a sub-range of the absorption and / or background range, the median or the arithmetic mean of a corresponding range, particularly the absorption and / or background range, is preferably used as the measured value.

[0057] The dimensionless gray level, or the brightness value, is particularly preferred as a measurement for reflection. The following setup can be used to determine contrast, optical density, or brightness.

[0058] For this purpose, the security document is advantageously arranged such that the first page of the security document is visible or can be captured with a camera and spans a plane with an x-axis and a y-axis perpendicular to it, in particular with the origin of the coordinate system at the center of the security document. The perpendicular to this plane, i.e., in particular in the thickness direction of the security document, can be considered the z-axis. A camera is preferably arranged in the z-direction above the security document. A light source is arranged, in particular, offset relative to the security document and the camera such that the light reflected or scattered by the first security element falls at least partially into the camera aperture. The viewing is preferably carried out using a camera perpendicular to the first security element, in particular to the xy-plane.The illumination is provided laterally such that the light reflected or scattered by the first safety element falls at least partially into the camera aperture. The illumination can be provided, for example, by a fluorescent tube. The following table shows an exemplary experimental setup, where the lamp is preferably a fluorescent tube: . Maß Wert Höhe Lampe in z-Richtung 175 mm Länge der Lampe in y-Richtung 180 mm Entfernung der Lampe von der Mitte des Sicherheitsdokuments in x-Richtung 170 mm Höhe Kamera in z-Richtung 250 mm Versatz Lampe in y-Richtung 90 mm Durchmesser der Lampe 20 mm

[0059] Due to a 90 mm offset of the lamp, its center is located on the x-axis running through the center of the safety element. The values ​​in the table above show the camera settings. The lamp's position can be adjusted according to the properties of the first safety element so that the ON state, i.e., a view from the predefined first viewing angle, is captured. In the case of blaze structures, the key parameter is the angle α of the structure's facet inclination, together with the refractive index n, as for example, in the following. Fig. 3b is described.

[0060] Grayscale values ​​are determined from the camera's color signals (R, G, B) according to the formula: Grayscale value = 0.200 * red component + 0.587 * green component + 0.114 * blue component. The result is a value that represents the brightness of a pixel, independent of the colors.

[0061] It is possible that the relative difference in gray values ​​between the ON and OFF states depends not only on the substrate, such as the type and density of a print or the coloring of an opaque core layer, which may be located behind the first security element when viewing the first side, but also on the type of light source, particularly its extent. A point light source will result in a greater relative difference than an extended light source. The described measurement setup represents an intermediate stage in this process.

[0062] Under the second predefined viewing angle, i.e., in particular in the OFF state where the first safety element directs no light towards the viewer and is therefore not visible, a first brightness value of a measurement area is obtained. This is defined by the mean gray value. The arithmetic mean or, particularly in the case of very noisy measurement surfaces, the median is used as the mean gray value. Under the predefined first viewing angle, where the first safety element directs light towards the viewer and is therefore visible, i.e., in particular in the ON state, a second brightness value of this measurement area is obtained, defined by the corresponding mean gray value. The second mean gray value is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and particularly preferably at least 15% higher compared to the first mean gray value.According to the invention, under the predefined first viewing angle, the arithmetic mean of measured values ​​of the reflection and / or the reflected and / or scattered light in the first region is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and more preferably at least 15% greater than under the predefined second viewing angle. The difference between the measured value in the ON state and the measured value in the OFF state, divided by the magnitude of the measured value in the OFF state, is therefore particularly at least 0.05, preferably at least 0.1, and more preferably at least 0.15.

[0063] Under the predefined first viewing angle, the maximum brightness difference in the second area, preferably between the background and the absorption area, is greater than the maximum brightness difference in the second area, particularly between the background and the absorption area, under a predefined second viewing angle, preferably wherein in sub-areas of the personalized information, particularly absorption areas, the reflection is weaker than in the sub-areas of the second area where no absorption areas are present. This can be determined, in particular, with the described setup by taking measurements of the corresponding areas.

[0064] In other words, it is possible that in the background area the brightness increases more when switching from the second predefined viewing angle to the first predefined viewing angle than in the absorption area.

[0065] A preferred embodiment, wherein the brightness difference in the second area is greater under a predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle, preferably means that the contrast in the second area, calculated from the ratio of the arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection in the absorption area to the arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection in the background area, has a lower value under the predefined first viewing angle than under the predefined second viewing angle.

[0066] It is also possible that the first safety element is designed in such a way that an increase in brightness, especially in the second area, when switching from viewing under the predefined second viewing angle to viewing under the predefined first viewing angle, is less in the absorption area than in the background area.

[0067] It is also possible that the absorption region, at least in the first region, has an optical density with a maximum K-value of 3, particularly as measured according to ISO 13655:2017(E), at least in some subregions. It is possible that, under the first viewing angle, the contrast in the second region between the absorption region and the background region has a maximum value of 0.1, preferably 0.15. Preferably, under the predefined first viewing angle, the contrast of the density of subregions of the second region outside the absorption region to subregions within the absorption region is in the range of 0.1 to 3.

[0068] Preferably, the optically variable effect of the first security element is only visible when viewing the first page. It is possible that the security document, preferably when viewed from the first page, has a semi-transparent or opaque contrast layer behind the first security element to increase the contrast of the personalized information, particularly at a viewing angle other than the first predefined viewing angle, preferably at the second viewing angle. The contrast layer preferably contains fillers for diffuse scattering of incident light, especially TiO₂. The contrast layer preferably does not have an optically variable effect. In particular, the core layer is coated with the contrast layer or constitutes the contrast layer itself. For this purpose, the core layer can contain fillers, such as TiO₂, and / or scatter white light, or have a pigmented white print on its surface.Between the absorption layer and the first security element, the security document is preferably semi-transparent or transparent, and in particular not opaque. This offers the advantage of making it more difficult to grind away the document from the second side during a tampering attempt. In particular, it may be difficult for counterfeiters to recognize, before damaging the first security element, that the first security element provides protection against grinding away the document from the second side.

[0069] It is also possible that the security document includes a second security element with an optically variable effect in a third area, which is positioned in front of the absorption layer when viewing the first page, particularly wherein the third area does not overlap, or partially or completely overlaps, the absorption area. Preferably, the optically variable effect is not visible under the predefined first viewing angle. Advantageously, the second security element can be overshadowed by the first security element under the predefined first viewing angle. It is also possible that, when viewing the first page, the first security element and the second security element are preferably visible under different viewing angles, and in particular, visible to the human eye.This offers the advantage that a check for a manipulation attempt can be carried out quickly and easily from only one side, namely the first side.

[0070] It is preferred that the first security element and the second security element, and in particular the absorption area, overlap in an overlapping region. When viewing the first side, a security element with an optically variable effect is provided both in front of and behind at least a portion of the absorption area. Preferably, these two security elements overlap at least partially, especially when viewed from above on a plane spanned by the security document. The second security element, located in front of the absorption area, is preferably semi-transparent or transparent. It is further preferred that both the first and second security elements are semi-transparent or transparent.This makes it more difficult, for example, to partially grind away and replace personalized information, as at least one of the security elements would be damaged in order to manipulate all of the personalized information.

[0071] It is also possible that the optically variable effect of the first security element and the second security element interact with each other, in particular in such a way that a logical connection between the two levels is visible and / or measurable and / or perceptible to the human observer, thereby further increasing the counterfeit protection.

[0072] In particular, it is conceivable to link the first and second security elements in such a way that a partial metallization of the second security element is backlit. This makes it possible for the metallized areas to appear dark in contrast to the non-metallized areas. This can be used, among other things, for design integration. For example, the partial metallization could take the form of a house, with the windows designed without metal. When the second security element is backlit by the optical effect of the first security element, the windows light up, as if someone had switched on a light.

[0073] A connection between the first and second security elements is also conceivable, such that a shadow from a partial metallization of the second security element is cast onto the reflective layer of the first security element. The partial metallization could, for example, have the shape of letters. The greater the distance between the first and second security elements, the more pronounced the movement of the shadow cast on the reflective layer of the first security element when the security document is tilted, particularly when tilted left and right or forward and backward.

[0074] A combination of the first and second security elements is also conceivable, such that the partial metallization is designed as a so-called revealer layer for moiré effects, e.g., in the form of fine demetallized lines or perforations with regular spacing between the lines, perforation centers, or perforation edges, preferably with a spacing in the range between 5 µm and 200 µm, and preferably the line thickness or perforation diameter is selected such that a maximum of 50%, preferably a maximum of 30%, and particularly preferably a maximum of 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the lines or perforations. Furthermore, the optical effect of the first security element is preferably designed in the form of a moiré pattern matching the lines or perforations, e.g., in the form of illuminated moiré icons or similar micro-images.This allows for the implementation of moiré-like magnification and / or movement effects in the finished security document. The linked areas of the two security elements are, or will be, superimposed.

[0075] Preferably, the hole size is the same across the entire partially metallized area. This ensures that the brightness of the optical effect of the first security element is approximately uniform. Alternatively, the hole size can be selectively varied across the partially metallized area of ​​the first security element, thereby creating, for example, brightness gradients and thus achieving a fade-in or fade-out of the optical effect at the edge of the partial metallization.

[0076] Furthermore, it is possible for the first and / or the second security element to be semi-transparent and / or transparent, in particular exhibiting transmission in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. This advantageously ensures that even in the OFF state or under the predefined second viewing angle, the security document offers a high degree of design flexibility for optical effects in the background area. For example, additional information or decorations can be shown behind the first security document on the first page, or a high-contrast background can be provided for the absorption area, particularly by means of the core layer or layers printed on it.Particularly preferred are a highly detailed security print and / or optically variable effect pigments that, for example, fluoresce under UV radiation or glow under IR radiation. A further advantage compared to opaque, especially metallic, security elements is that, in semi-transparent and / or transparent designs, the first security feature is barely or not at all visible in the OFF state, thus creating a surprise effect for the viewer when switching to the ON state, which advantageously further increases counterfeit protection.

[0077] It is also possible that the second safety element is designed to be opaque, in particular having a transmission in the wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from the range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably from 1% to 10%.

[0078] The absorption area is preferably located in the register, preferably in the perfect register or without register tolerance, relative to the background area. As described above, this allows for improved counterfeit protection and simplifies the verification of authenticity.

[0079] It is also possible that the security document has a window area in which the core layer is preferably transparent or recessed. Preferably, an absorption area for the formation of further optical information, in particular further personalized information, is introduced, at least partially, into the window area. When viewing the first page of the security document, a third security element or a further area of ​​the first security element is preferably arranged behind the further optical information. This allows the detectability of the further optical information to be minimized in reflected light by the absence of a contrasting, for example, "white," background.The third safety element, or the extended area of ​​the first safety element, allows for backlighting of the additional optical information at a further predefined angle, thus enabling easy verification of the additional optical information by "switching it on and off". The extended area of ​​the first safety element is preferably designed in the same way as the first safety element in the second area.

[0080] The first and / or the second safety element comprises, in particular, a carrier, especially comprising or consisting of PET or PEN. The carrier preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 5 µm to 150 µm, more preferably from 5 µm to 50 µm, and even more preferably from 10 µm to 25 µm.

[0081] It is also possible that the first security element and / or the second security element has at least one replicating layer, in particular wherein the at least one replicating layer has a layer thickness in the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, preferably from 0.2 µm to 10 µm.

[0082] It is also possible that the first security element and / or the second security element comprises at least one reflective layer with a preferred thickness in the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm. The reflective layer may preferably consist of a material with a refractive index that differs from the refractive index of the replicating layer by at least 0.2. The reflective layer preferably comprises a metal layer or a high-refractive-index layer (HRI layer), or combinations thereof. Preferred materials for an HRI layer are, for example, ZnS and / or TiO₂. The reflective layer thus preferably comprises ZnS or TiO₂, or in particular consists of ZnS or TiO₂. The HRI layer can comprise or consist of materials selected individually or in combination from SiOx, MgO, TiOx, Al₂O₃, ZnO, and ZnS.The variable x preferably lies in the continuous range from 1 to 3. The reflective layer can comprise or consist of the following metals, individually or in combination: chromium, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, indium, silver, and an alloy of one or more of the aforementioned metals. The thicknesses of the metal layers are particularly in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably from 15 nm to 100 nm. It is also possible that the reflective layer preferably comprises one or more metal oxides, selected individually or in combination from aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide, and combinations thereof. Preferably, in the case of an HRI layer, the reflective layer has a refractive index in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably in the wavelength range from 420 nm to 780 nm, of more than 1.9.

[0083] The reflective layer is arranged in particular partially or fully within the security document and / or in the first security element and / or in the second security element, in particular wherein the reflective layer has different layer thicknesses at least partially.

[0084] The first and / or second security element preferably includes a release layer. This release layer ensures, particularly during application, that the layered composite of transfer layers can be removed from the carrier layer of a transfer film. The release layer is preferably located on the side of the security element facing away from the adhesive layer or the stabilizing layer. When laminating the security element into a layered composite, the release layer can also ensure good adhesion to an adjacent polycarbonate layer, an adjacent PVC layer (PVC = polyvinyl chloride), an adjacent PET layer, or an adjacent adhesive layer. The thickness of this release layer is in the range of 0.2 µm to 10 µm, preferably in the range of 0.2 µm to 5 µm. The thickness of the optionally present wax layers is in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.The release of the transfer film from its backing layer can be further improved by one or more thin layers of wax. One or more of these wax layers can remain on the release layer within the security document, and / or one or more of the wax layers can be released along with the backing layer.

[0085] It is also possible that the first safety element and / or the second safety element comprises one or more functional layers arranged between the release layer and the reflective layer. Such a functional layer can be a stabilizing layer that provides mechanical stabilization against degradation during lamination, particularly between further layers of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The stabilizing layer is, or preferably is, thermally stabilized, in particular by crosslinking using radiation, especially UV radiation, or by means of a chemical reaction.

[0086] It is also possible that the first security element and / or the second security element comprises at least one stabilizing layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.5 µm to 20 µm, more preferably from 1.0 µm to 10 µm, wherein the stabilizing layer is particularly single-layered or multi-layered and preferably comprises an adhesion promoter layer. The stabilizing layer is particularly arranged on a side of the replicating layer facing away from the release layer.

[0087] It is also possible that the first safety element and / or the second safety element comprises at least one adhesive layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, more preferably 0.2 µm to 10 µm, particularly wherein the adhesive layer is made of hot melt or cold adhesive, and wherein the adhesive layer is preferably single-layered or multi-layered. The adhesive layer is particularly arranged on a side of the replicating layer facing away from the release layer, and particularly on a side of the stabilizing layer facing away from the release layer.

[0088] It is also possible that the first safety element and / or the second safety element, in particular in the reflection layer and / or the replication layer, has at least one relief structure, wherein the at least one relief structure deflects the incident light into predetermined angular ranges, in particular diffracting and / or reflecting it.

[0089] According to the invention, the first security element appears achromatic in the second area, particularly in the background area, when viewed from the predefined first viewing angle. Advantageously, the first security element preferably has microstructures with an achromatic appearance. Examples of microstructures with an achromatic appearance include diffraction gratings, particularly blaze gratings, or diffraction structures with a grating period of more than 3 µm, particularly more than 5 µm, isotropically or anisotropically scattering matte structures, light-reflecting micromirrors or facets, and white light diffracting computer-generated holograms (CGH).

[0090] It is also possible that the first security element in the second area is semi-transparent or transparent when viewing the first side from the predefined second viewing angle.

[0091] It is further preferred that the first security element appears achromatic at least in a first sub-area of ​​the absorption area, which forms a grayscale image or a multi-colored image, preferably a portrait, when viewed from the predefined first viewing angle. It is possible that the first security element, in particular the second sub-area, forms only a sub-area of ​​the first page of the security document. It is also preferably possible that the first security element is arranged in partial or full overlap with at least a first sub-area of ​​the absorption area, which forms a grayscale image or a multi-colored image, preferably a portrait, in a closed and continuous area with a minimum width and / or minimum length of 80%, preferably 100%, of an area provided for the first sub-area of ​​the absorption area.In particular, the intended area is a defined area for the portrait in a security document. The second area, which is formed by at least a portion of the absorption area and a directly adjacent portion of the background area, preferably has the outline of a portrait or a frame around a portrait. Preferably, the maximum width and / or the maximum length of the closed and contiguous area is 110% of the intended area of ​​the first portion of the absorption area.

[0092] It is also conceivable that the first security element has further areas separate from the second area, and in particular, areas with a different design. Furthermore, it is possible that the second area, which is formed by at least a portion of the absorption area and a directly adjacent portion of the background area, has a width ranging from 10 mm to 50 mm and a length ranging from 15 mm to 70 mm. The aforementioned properties allow, in particular, the viewing angle-dependent contrast of the personalized information to be assigned, so that the first security element is not merely perceived as an independent motif. Specifically, it can be achieved that the absorption area, together with the first security element, is intuitively perceived as a portrait and thus as optically variable.Furthermore, verification of authenticity is improved, since in particular an achromatic effect, which preferably forms a kind of backlighting of a portrait, is particularly easy to verify by the human eye and also by laypersons, and as already described above, a perfect register is difficult to imitate.

[0093] In a fourth area, the first security element is preferably colored, particularly preferably multicolored, wherein the fourth area particularly partially overlaps with a second sub-area of ​​the absorption area, which is preferably formed by alphanumeric characters. This further improves counterfeit protection, since the backlighting is preferably partially absent, allowing areas with additional complex security elements to be provided, thus ensuring both easy verification of the portrait and, at the same time, difficult imitation of the front.

[0094] It is advantageously possible for the first security element to exhibit essentially achromatic optically variable effects, at least in certain areas, preferably in the second area. These have the advantage of increasing the contrast to the absorbing, preferably black-absorbing, at least one piece of personalized information, at least under the predefined first viewing angle, and, unlike colored optically variable effects, they behave in a color-neutral manner. This is particularly advantageous when overlapping with portraits created by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing, since color effects are more likely to be perceived as disturbing or confusing by the viewer, thus enabling particularly easy verification by a viewer.

[0095] The first security element preferably features achromatic effects selected individually or in combination from: White illuminating effects caused by tilting, in particular by tilting forwards and backwards and / or left and right, preferably wherein under the predefined first viewing angle the first security element illuminates white, preferably homogeneously white, and under the predefined second viewing angle does not illuminate white, in particular is semi-transparent or transparent; Achromatic brightness patterns, such as brightness bands, which move when the security document is tilted, in particular when tilted forwards and backwards and / or left and right, in particular linearly or radially or in a more complex form;White illuminated icons or dark icons on a white illuminated background, which move when the security document is tilted, in particular to the left and right and / or up and down, preferably appearing to float virtually in front of or behind the plane of the security element and being particularly visible when illuminated by a point light source, preferably wherein "icon" is preferably a two-dimensional or planar object such as a motif, for example one or more letters, a logo or a barcode; Achromatically appearing convex or concave curved lens shapes or freeform shapes, which preferably appear to jump virtually in front of or behind the document plane.

[0096] Such achromatic optically variable effects can be generated with various types of microstructures, for example by means of lattice structures, preferably blaze lattices, with a lattice period of more than 3 µm, in particular more than 5 µm, or by means of computer-generated holograms or by means of micromirrors or by means of Fresnel lens structures or by means of matte scattering structures or by means of light-directed diffracting structures.

[0097] The at least one relief structure of the first security element is advantageously a blaze structure, particularly with a lattice period of more than 3 µm, more preferably more than 5 µm, and particularly a maximum of 25 µm and / or in a range of 3 µm to 25 µm. The first security element preferably has blaze structures with an angular range for the inclination α in the range of 0 to 40 degrees, more preferably in the range of 3 to 30 degrees, more preferably in the range of 5 to 25 degrees. The reflective layer of the first security element is preferably formed by an HRI layer (HRI: high reflective index). The thickness of the HRI layer is preferably in the range of 30 nm to 280 nm, more preferably from 50 nm to 120 nm.

[0098] It is also possible that the first security element in the first area exhibits a particularly achromatic movement pattern when the first page is viewed from the first predefined viewing angle. In particular, the preferably achromatic movement pattern is visible by tilting the security document. Blaze structures or micromirrors can be used for this purpose, which in particular have a varying azimuth angle, i.e., a varying orientation, or wherein the period of the blaze structure or the flank angle of the micromirrors varies.

[0099] It is also possible that the first security element comprises element areas, particularly with dimensions below the resolving power of the human eye, preferably when viewing the first side from a distance of over 30 cm, wherein relief structures are provided in the element areas that differ from the relief structures of the surrounding areas of the first area and are particularly motif-shaped. Preferably, the maximum width of the element areas is in the range of 2 µm to 250 µm. The area coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%.

[0100] Preferably, the first security element, in the form of preferably large-area patches, optionally with cutouts that serve in particular as adhesive bridges, is arranged behind a portrait on the first page and partially behind other personalized information, especially personalized data. A first security element partially arranged in the security document thus has, in particular, interruptions that serve as adhesive bridges for the surrounding layers. It is also possible, in particular, for the first security element to cover the entire surface of the security document. In other words, the first area preferably comprises the entire security element.

[0101] Furthermore, it is possible that the first security element is arranged in several separate areas, or that the first security element and further security elements are arranged in the same plane. For this purpose, the first security element, or the first security element and the further security elements, is applied, in particular, directly or indirectly via further layers on the same layer, which is preferably the core layer or a cover layer, preferably the first cover layer. More preferably, the security elements or the several separate areas of the first security element originate from one and the same transfer layer of a transfer film during application. This can, in particular, improve the registration accuracy of the applied security elements relative to each other. Alternatively, each area and / or each security element is provided and applied using a separate transfer film.

[0102] It is also possible that the first and / or second safety element preferably comprises a diffractive grating. Such a diffractive grating is preferably selected, individually or in combination, from: linear gratings, cross gratings. Preferably, the diffractive grating has a grating period in the range of 200 nm to 10 µm. In particular, the diffractive grating has a grating depth in the range of 50 nm to 2 µm, preferably between 80 nm and 1.5 µm. Furthermore, a diffractive grating with grating periods of less than 500 nm, and preferably less than 400 nm, is conceivable. These are subwavelength gratings which exhibit color impressions and / or color effects in the zeroth diffraction order, i.e., particularly in direct reflection, when these gratings are provided with a high-refractive-index layer or a metallic layer. If the gratings are provided with a high-refractive-index layer, the so-called RICS color effect is produced in particular.If the gratings are coated with a metallic layer, e.g., aluminum, plasmonic color effects are particularly likely to occur. The absorption area advantageously contrasts well with the color impression of a diffractive grating, making the personalized information easier for the viewer to verify than previously known personalizations without an underlying security element.

[0103] Preferably, the first security element has a partial metal layer as a reflective layer in areas outside the absorption range. This allows for the creation of impressive and easily verifiable effects without, for example, a laser damaging the metal layer.

[0104] The at least one piece of personalized information is formed in the security document or is produced in the manufacturing process preferably by manipulating the absorption layer with a laser, in particular by blackening, and / or by a printing layer encompassed or formed by the absorption layer, in particular by printing. The blackening can have different intensities depending on the energy applied and / or be applied in a raster pattern, so that, for example, shades of gray can also be achieved. In particular, personalized information in the form of a portrait is preferably formed by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing. The background area preferably refers to a portion of the first area in which no printing or laser manipulation is applied.

[0105] The absorption layer comprises or consists, in particular, of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), especially if it is a laser-describeable absorption layer. Preferably, the absorption layer is transparent outside the absorption region. It is also possible for the absorption layer to be transparent within the absorption region before the at least one personalized piece of information has been formed. Preferably, the absorption layer is describable by, or is describable with, a laser with a wavelength of approximately 1064 nm.

[0106] It is also possible that, when viewing the first side, a further absorption layer is arranged behind the first security element. Preferably, the at least one piece of personalized information in the OFF state, or when viewed from the second angle, is composed of the absorption layer and the further absorption layer.

[0107] It is possible that the second area is formed by the first area. It is also conceivable that the first area contains further areas that do not overlap with the second area. It is also possible that the contour of the second area forms a frame around a first piece of personalized information, or at least one piece of personalized information, particularly around a portrait.

[0108] It is possible that the security document contains further security elements, such as the third security element, for which the aforementioned viewing angles can be defined independently of each other, so that, for example, a first viewing angle assigned to the first security element may mean a different viewing angle of the security document than a viewing of the third security element under its first predefined viewing angle.

[0109] Furthermore, it is possible that the security document has at least one preferably opaque core layer. It is also possible that the security document has at least one preferably transparent cover layer on the first page and / or the second page.

[0110] Preferably, the security document has one or more of the following layers, in particular in the order given from the first to the second page: in particular a transparent first cover layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a second safety element partially arranged between the first cover layer and the absorption layer, an absorption layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a first safety element partially arranged between the absorption layer and the core layer, in particular an opaque core layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in particular a transparent second cover layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

[0111] It is also possible that the security document has one or more of the following layers, particularly in the order given from the first to the second page: preferably a full-surface second security element, which in particular forms a transparent outermost layer of the security document and has at least one relief structure with a preferably diffractive optically variable effect through a refractive index difference at the relief structure, in particular a transparent first cover layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), absorption layer in the form of a printing layer arranged in areas between the cover layer and / or a substrate, substrate, in particular selected individually or in combination from paper, Teslin, PVC, ABS, PET and composite.

[0112] It is possible that in the system for producing the security document, the second security element preferably exists over the entire surface of the second sub-element and comprises a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, in particular wherein a relief structure with a diffractive optical effect is molded in the reflective layer.

[0113] The second security element may preferably also be a nearly full-surface second security element, which covers more than 80%, preferably more than 90% of the area of ​​the security document, preferably the visible area when viewing the first page, and / or the second sub-element.

[0114] It is also possible that a fold line is arranged between the first sub-element of the security document and the second sub-element of the security document, wherein the fold line separates the first sub-element of the security document and the second sub-element of the security document in such a way that the sub-elements can be brought into overlapping by folding at the fold line or are brought into overlapping during the manufacturing process.

[0115] It is also possible that the fold edge is located in an area where neither the first nor the second support element is provided, or that the first and second support elements are formed by a layer that separates and connects the first and second sub-elements through a weak point, in particular a notch, a cut or a perforation, which forms the fold edge.

[0116] It is also possible that the first security element is arranged in the first sub-element of the security document on the side of the first carrier element facing away from the auxiliary carrier. It is also possible that the second security element, preferably partially or fully covering the surface, is arranged in the second sub-element of the security document between the carrier element and the adhesive layer.

[0117] It is also possible that in the first sub-element and / or in the second sub-element at least one support layer is arranged on a side facing the auxiliary support, wherein the support layer consists in particular of PET or comprises PET.

[0118] It is also possible that the second component of the security document has a protective layer, wherein the protective layer is arranged on the side of the adhesive layer facing away from the carrier element. The protective layer is particularly removable from the adhesive layer and is preferably made of or comprises silicone. The protective layer is preferably enclosed by the cover.

[0119] It is also possible that, particularly before or after the arrangement of the absorption layer and the first safety element, the following step is carried out: Incorporation of at least one piece of personalized information. The incorporation of at least one piece of personalized information is preferably carried out using a laser by blackening the absorption layer and / or by printing on the absorption layer.

[0120] It is also possible, for example, that the security document is or becomes bonded into a solid layer structure by means of lamination.

[0121] Lamination for the production of the security document or for bonding the absorption layer to a core layer of the security element is preferably carried out by applying pressure of 10 N / cm² to 400 N / cm², preferably 40 N / cm² to 200 N / cm², to at least one or more layers selected from the absorption layer, first security element, second security element, core layer, and top layer, particularly the first and / or second top layer. It is possible that the lamination is carried out by applying a temperature of more than 150°C, preferably between 160°C and 210°C, to at least one or more layers selected from the absorption layer, first security element, second security element, core layer, and top layer, particularly the first and / or second top layer, by a heat source, particularly one or more heated rollers or one or more heated plates.Lamination is preferably carried out by means of a contact time of the heat source with at least one or more layers selected from absorption layer, first safety element, second safety element, core layer, and top layer, in particular the first and / or second top layer, in the range of 1 minute or more and 30 minutes or less. The heat source preferably makes contact directly or indirectly with one or more of the aforementioned layers via further layers. The settings described above are preferably used for a core layer, an absorption layer, and a top layer, in particular the first and second top layer, consisting of or comprising polycarbonate. For other materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, different temperature and pressure settings tailored to the materials being processed may be used.

[0122] To produce the security document, it is particularly possible to arrange it by, preferably after lamination and / or bonding of the layers of the security document, applying a blackening layer by laser to the absorption area, and / or by providing a first sub-element, in particular of the system according to the invention, which comprises the first security element, with a printed layer as an absorption layer and preferably subsequently bonding it to further layers of the security element, in particular the second sub-element, particularly by bending the system. The following step is also conceivable, which is carried out particularly during the arrangement process: Bending the system such that the first sub-element and the second sub-element are brought into overlap and that at least one personalized piece of information in a second area, which is formed by at least a sub-area of ​​the absorption area and a sub-area of ​​the background area directly adjacent to it, has a viewing angle-dependent contrast.

[0123] The invention is explained below by way of example using several embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The embodiments shown are therefore not to be understood as limiting.

[0124] Fig. 1a, 1b , 1c, 1d , 1e, 1f , 1g, 1h , 1i show schematic representations of a cross-section of a security document.

[0125] Fig. 2a and 2bFigure 1 shows a schematic representation of a system for producing a security document and a security document produced using that system.

[0126] Fig. 3a shows a schematic representation of a transfer film.

[0127] Fig. 3b schematically shows a safety element in cross-section.

[0128] Fig. 4a , 4b , 4c , 4d , 4e , 4f , 4g , 4h , 4i , 4j , 5a , 5b , 5c , 5d , 5e , 5f show schematic representations of a view of the first page of a security document.

[0129] Fig. 6 This shows an example of a procedure for producing a security document.

[0130] Fig. 1a bis Fig. 1i Figure 1 shows schematic cross-sections of various structures of a security document 1. Preferably, these are cards based on plastic. A plastic-based security document 1 preferably consists of several layers, which are preferably joined together in a lamination process. The total thickness of the security element after lamination is preferably designed according to standard specifications. For card-based ID documents (ID-1 format), this is, in particular, approximately 780 µm according to ISO / IEC 7810:2019. Advantageously, the individual layers consist of a similar material, such as polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), so that a stable and approximately homogeneous composite body is formed after lamination. However, different materials can also be joined together, optionally with the aid of one or more adhesive layers, for example, made of polyurethane, or a heat-sealable adhesive.Such adhesives can also be post-curing, so that they do not melt again under the influence of heat.

[0131] Fig. 1a Figure 1 shows, for example, a first cross-sectional structure of a security document 1, preferably with a substantially opaque core, which is usually white pigmented. The core is formed in particular by the core layer 55. The core layer 55 is preferably arranged centrally. Transparent layers, such as layers 54 and 56 in this example, adjoin the core layer 55, particularly above and below. However, the core layer 55 can also include transparent zones that can be used as window areas, as for example in Fig. 1h The diagram shows the core layer. Optional electronic components, such as the RFID antenna and chip, which may be located in core layer 55, are not shown. Core layer 55 can be composed of multiple layers and may not be made of a homogeneous material.

[0132] Depicted in Fig. 1a There are also several transparent layers, one of which is designed as an absorption layer 52, in particular in the form of a laserable layer. In the absorption layer 52 of the security document 1, a darkening can preferably be carried out, in particular by means of laser radiation, to form the at least one personalized piece of information 3. The extent of the darkening can be influenced in particular by the selected laser parameters. Fig. 1a The blacking is only indicated in area 30 above the first security element 2; further personalized information may also be located outside this area, but is not explicitly shown.

[0133] The at least one personalized piece of information 3 can also be applied by means of a printing process, for example on a layer above the first security element 2, as is the case, for example, with one of the Fig. 1f , 2a , 2b as well as Fig. 5a bis 5d , as described, or directly onto the first safety element 2 and in particular sealed with further layers by means of lamination.

[0134] It is also possible to combine an absorption layer 52, in particular with blackening by means of laser personalization, with colored printing on another layer of the security document 1 or on the surface of the security document 1. In this case, in addition to or instead of the second security element 4, another security element with an optically variable effect can be applied to the surface of the security document.

[0135] Fig. 1a schematically shows a cross-section of an exemplary security document 1. A how to Fig. 1a und Fig. 1b The described safety document 1 can, from the first viewing angle, especially in the ON state, preferably be schematically shown in Fig. 4b exhibit the shown appearance as well as, under the second viewing angle, especially in the OFF state, the schematically depicted Fig. 4a exhibit the appearance shown, whereby Fig. 4a further sub-areas of the absorption area 30 with further personalized information 32, exemplified in the form of alphanumeric characters, is shown.

[0136] Areas, overlaps, widths and lengths are particularly important in plan view as well as in Fig. 4 can be seen and in Fig. 1 to look from top to bottom at the first page.

[0137] The first security element 2 is contained in the security document 1, particularly in patch form. A security element in patch form is, or is, incorporated into the multilayer structure, for example, by bonding it to the recording layer 52, the transparent layer 54, or the core layer 55, before the layers of the security document 1 are joined, preferably by lamination. The first security element 2 is preferably transparent, particularly with ZnS as the HRI layer, and is preferably located between the absorption layer 52 and the core, particularly the core layer 55, and more preferably between the absorption layer 52 and a printing layer, which is preferably printed by offset printing. The printing layer is, in particular, a layer printed on the transparent layer 54 or on the core layer 55.

[0138] Security document 1 comprises a first page, which is in Fig. 1a und 1b would be visible when viewed from top to bottom, for example in Fib. 4a and Fig. 4b shown, as well as a second page opposite the first. Furthermore, the security document 1 includes an absorption layer 52 with an absorption area 30 for the formation of at least one personalized piece of information 3.

[0139] Security document 1 is processed in absorption range 30 such that at least one piece of personalized information 3 is visible through absorption of light incident on the first page, in particular visible to the human eye. Alternatively or additionally, it is also possible that security document 1 can be processed in absorption range 30 such that at least one piece of personalized information 3 is visible through absorption of light incident on the first page, in particular visible to the human eye.

[0140] Security document 1 also includes the first security element 2 with an optically variable effect, as exemplified by this. Fig. 4a and 4bThis is illustrated. When viewed from the first side, the first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52 and is located in a first region 20, wherein the first region 20 overlaps, for example, completely with the absorption region 30. It is also possible that the first region 20 only partially overlaps the absorption region 30. The first region 20 does not overlap with the absorption region 30 with a background region 21 directly adjacent to the absorption region 30, such that the at least one personalized piece of information 3 in a second region 22, which is formed by at least a sub-region of the absorption region 30 and a sub-region of the background region 21 directly adjacent to it, exhibits a viewing-angle-dependent contrast, in particular brightness contrast, more preferably brightness difference. In the example of the Fig. 1a The second region 22 preferably completely encompasses the absorption region and the background region.

[0141] As in Fig. 1a and in particular Fig. 4a Furthermore, as can be seen, the first safety element 2 in the second area 22 is, in particular, semi-transparent or transparent when viewed from the first side at the predefined second viewing angle. Thus, in particular, the change to the ON state, which, for example, Fig. 4b This is perceived as an increase in the brightness of the background of the personalized information 3 or the background area 21, which is associated with a highlighting and better recognizability of the information for the viewer. Fig. 1a Figure 1 shows an example of a security document 1 with a cover layer 51, which is preferably transparent. The cover layer 51 comprises or consists in particular of PC or PVC. Looking at the first page, the absorption layer 52 is arranged beneath the cover layer. In some areas, the optional second security element 4 is arranged between the cover layer 51 and the absorption layer 52, partially overlapping with the absorption area 30 and partially not overlapping with the absorption area 30. Furthermore, the document shown in Figure 1 has... Fig. 1a The security document shown includes further optional transparent layers 53, 54, and 56, which in particular consist of or comprise PC or PVC. The transparent layer 53 is arranged between the absorption layer 52 and the transparent layer 54. The first security element 2 is arranged between the transparent layer 53 and the transparent layer 54. The core layer 55, which is preferably opaque, is arranged below the layer 54. The core layer 55 comprises or consists in particular of PC or PVC. In particular, a further transparent layer 56 is arranged below the core layer 55. The layer 56 comprises or consists in particular of PC or PVC. When considering the second side of the security element, i.e., in Fig. 1a From bottom to top, the core layer 55, for example, is visible. The core layer 55 or one or more of the layers 51 to 54 can, for example, be printed with one or more layers, which are particularly visible from the first side when the first security element 2 is in the OFF state. The core layer 55 or layer 56 can, for example, also be printed with a layer visible from the second side. It is also conceivable that the security document 1, preferably when viewed from the first side behind the first security element 2, has a semi-transparent or opaque contrast layer to increase the contrast of the personalized information 3, particularly at an angle other than the first predefined angle, wherein the contrast layer preferably comprises fillers for preferably diffuse scattering of incident light, in particular TiO₂.The contrast layer can, for example, preferably be applied over the entire surface between the core layer 55 and the layer 54. The contrast layer preferably does not exhibit an optically variable effect.

[0142] It is possible that the security document 1 contains one or more prints. Printing methods used include, for example, offset printing and / or digital printing, particularly for graphic design and / or as a security feature, as well as screen printing, especially for special effect inks, such as OVI™ or metallic pigments. One or more prints may be applied to the core layer 55. It is also possible that one or more prints are applied externally or internally to one or more layers located between the transparent layers 51 and 56. Advantageously, such prints are distributed across different layers.

[0143] The optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is particularly noticeable only when viewing the first side, i.e., in Fig. 1a from top to bottom or when viewed as in Fig. 4b shown, visible, with a predefined first viewing angle predominating, especially in relation to a light source.

[0144] Preferably, the security document 1 between the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 2 is semi-transparent or transparent, and in particular not opaque. Advantageously, especially due to strong absorption, the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 in the absorption area 30 is not or hardly visible to the human eye when viewing the first side of the document. This allows, in particular, a perfect register or an arrangement without register tolerance between the contour of the absorption area 30 and the adjacent background area 21 to be achieved. The absorption area 30 is, or preferably is, arranged in register with the first security element 2, so that a register-accurate arrangement is also present with respect to the contours of the optically variable effect.

[0145] How Fig. 1a As shown, it is also possible that the security document 1 includes a second security element 4 with an optically variable effect in a third area 40, which is arranged in front of the absorption layer 52 when viewing the first page, in particular where the third area 40 partially overlaps with the absorption area 30. Fig. 1f As exemplified, a second security element 4 covering the entire surface, or in particular almost the entire surface, is also conceivable, which preferably covers more than 80%, and more preferably more than 90%, of the surface of the security document 1, preferably the visible surface when viewing the first page. It is also possible that the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 are visible when viewing the first page, in particular visible to the human eye, as for example in Fig. 4 and 5as can be seen. Preferably, the first security element 2 and the second security element 4, and in particular the absorption area 30, overlap in an overlapping area. In this way, parts of the absorption area, especially in the form of a portrait, are embedded between the first and the second security element, so that a counterfeiting attack from the front and from the back is advantageously made more difficult.

[0146] The first safety element 2 and the second safety element 4 can, in particular, be used as follows: Fig. 3a and 3b be described in more detail, elaborated upon.

[0147] In a preferred embodiment, the optical effects of the first and second security elements 2, 4 interact with each other, such that a visible and / or measurable link between the two levels of the respective security elements is achieved. Examples of such a link are: A link between the first and second security elements is also conceivable such that the partial metallization is designed in the form of a so-called revealer layer for moiré effects, e.g., in the form of fine demetallized line or hole grids with a regular spacing of the lines or hole centers or hole edges, preferably with a spacing in a range between 5 µm and 200 µm, and preferably the line thickness or hole diameter is selected such that a maximum of 50%, preferably a maximum of 30%, and particularly preferably a maximum of 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the line or hole grid.Preferably, the optical effect of the first security element is designed in the form of a moiré pattern matching the line or perforated grid, e.g., in the form of illuminated moiré icons or similar micro-images. This allows for moiré-like magnification and / or movement effects to be implemented in the finished security document. The linked areas of the two security elements are, or are, implemented in a superimposed manner.

[0148] Furthermore, it is possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 is designed to be semi-transparent and / or transparent, in particular exhibiting transmission in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. This advantageously ensures that even in the OFF state or under the predefined second viewing angle, the security document 1 offers a high degree of design flexibility for optical effects in the background area 21. For example, additional information or decorations can be shown behind the first security element 2 on the first page, or a high-contrast background can be provided for the absorption area 30, in particular by means of a core, preferably the core layer 55, or layers printed thereon.

[0149] The first security element 2 is arranged, particularly over a large area or across the entire surface, behind the absorption layer 52 to form at least one personalized piece of information 3, which is preferably a portrait. Optionally, a second security element 4 is arranged in front of the absorption layer 52 to form the at least one personalized piece of information 3, which is preferably a portrait, preferably offset from the absorption area 30, and in particular from the absorbing areas of the portrait in the absorption layer 30. Advantageously, this allows a portrait to be protected from manipulation attempts on both sides and, in particular, makes it easy to verify its authenticity by means of the two security elements and their interaction with the absorption area.For example, by simply tilting the security document 1 back and forth, the first security element 2 behind the absorption layer 52 can be activated and deactivated, i.e., brought into the ON and OFF states. In the ON state, incident light is diffracted, for example, by relief structures of the first security element 2, in such a way that the absorption area 30, in particular the portrait, can be perceived by the viewer as separate from the background beneath the first security element 2 and appears, for example, to be in front of a light box, with an optionally printed background being overexposed by the first security element 2. In this way, the first security element 2, located behind the absorption layer 30, can be used in the ON state to facilitate targeted inspection of the portrait by making it stand out more strongly against the background.If the first security element 2 is put into the OFF state by tilting the security document 1 to a different viewing angle, further document control is preferably possible, for example by means of the second security element 4 or further security elements.

[0150] A brightness difference in the second area 22 is therefore advantageously greater under a predefined first viewing angle, particularly in the ON state, than under a predefined second viewing angle, particularly in the OFF state. Under the predefined first viewing angle, the arithmetic mean of measured values ​​of the reflected and scattered light, measured as brightness value or gray value in the first area, is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and more preferably at least 15% greater than under the predefined second viewing angle.

[0151] Under the predefined first viewing angle, the maximum strongest contrast in the second area 22, preferably between background 21 and absorption area 30, is greater than the maximum strongest contrast in the second area 22, particularly between background and absorption area 30, under a predefined second viewing angle, preferably wherein in sub-areas of the personalized information 3, particularly absorption areas 30, the reflection is weaker than in the sub-areas of the second area where no absorption areas are present. It is also possible that the first security element 2 is designed such that an increase in brightness, particularly in the second area 22, when switching from viewing under the predefined second viewing angle to viewing under the predefined first viewing angle, is less pronounced in absorption area 30 than in the background area 21.It is also possible that the absorption region 30, at least in the first region, has an optical density with a maximum optical density of 3, in particular as measured according to ISO 13655:2017(E). It is advantageous that, under the predefined first viewing angle, the relative brightness difference between sub-regions of the second region 22 outside the absorption region and sub-regions within the absorption region 30 lies within a range of 5% to 99.9%.

[0152] Fig. 1b shows how to Fig. 1a described security document 1, except for the difference that layers 52 and 53 are shown swapped.

[0153] Fig. 1b and 1cFigure 1 shows exemplary embodiments with different material sequences between the first safety element 2 and the second safety element 4. The main differences between the layers relate in particular to their behavior under laser influence. Behavior under laser influence refers specifically to the extent of blackening, or more generally, color change. Differently pigmented layers, especially those with varying pigment types and concentrations, can react differently to laser energy. The thicknesses of individual layers can vary considerably, for example, between 20 µm and 500 µm, with thicknesses in the range of 30 µm to 150 µm being preferred for transparent layers.

[0154] In layers 57 and 58 of the Fig. 1c are preferably transparent layers comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC), PVC or PET.

[0155] Fig. 1d shows how to one of the Fig. 1a bis 1c described in safety document 1, with the difference that the space between the first safety element 2 and the second safety element 4 is formed exclusively by an absorption layer as a laserable layer 52. In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the entire space between the first safety element 2 and the second safety element 4 contains a laserable layer 52.

[0156] The example in Fig. 1e Security document 1, shown, demonstrates how to Fig. 1d described security document 1, wherein the first security element 2 is subdivided into sub-areas. A how to Fig. 1e The described security document can, for example, be viewed from the predefined first perspective, as described in Fig. 4f The first safety element 2, as shown schematically in safety document 1, is only partially present, particularly in the absorption area 30, and preferably has interruptions and / or recesses. Such subdivision of the first safety element 2 into sub-areas allows for bonding bridges between the layers, in which the materials of the layers, particularly in the area of ​​the interruptions and / or recesses, are directly connected to one another. The second safety element 2, in terms of material composition, is primarily a foreign body and can lead to a weakening of the bond.It has been shown that particularly with larger dimensions of the second security element 2, problems can arise with the lifespan of the security document 1, or a potential point of attack can be presented to a counterfeiter attempting to split the composite. Therefore, the breaks and / or cutouts can advantageously achieve improved counterfeit protection and a longer lifespan. With suitable design, the breaks can also serve as a design element or an additional security feature.

[0157] It is also conceivable that the first safety element 2 has a reflective layer that is only partially arranged, for example according to the Fig. 1e or to Fig. 4f The areas shown are arranged in 20.

[0158] Fig. 1f Figure 1 shows a security document 1, for example a paper document or a polymer card, with a substrate 7 and an absorption area 30, which is defined by a printing layer 31. The absorption layer may preferably comprise a printing layer 31 instead of, or in addition to, a laserable layer. The substrate 7 is selected, in particular, individually or in combination, from paper, Teslin, PVC, ABS, PET, and composite materials. The second security element 2 is applied to a pre-printed substrate 7, such as a paper substrate or a polymer card. Optionally, a varnish is applied, at least partially, which in particular increases the adhesion to a print for the formation of the personalized information. The printing layer 31 can be formed, for example, by inkjet printing, laser toner, thermal transfer, D2T2 (dye diffusion thermal transfer), or retransfer, or combinations thereof.It is also possible that the applied first security element 2 is already provided with a receptive layer, which in particular increases adhesion to the printing layer 31. After printing the personalized information 3, the second security element 4 is preferably applied, for example, over the entire surface or partially. The transparent top layer 51 is typically formed by an adhesive layer for bonding the second security element 4, which is in particular designed as an overlay 6. The adhesive layer can be thermally activated, radiation-cured, or chemically post-curing. In particular, the security element 4 can be an overlay 6. Such overlays can serve not only to prevent counterfeiting but also to protect the personalization from abrasion or soiling.For example, overlays with a layer of PET with thicknesses in the range of 10 µm to 150 µm, preferably in the range of 10 µm to 50 µm, offer special protection against abrasion.

[0159] Fig. 1g shows how to Fig. 1d and to Fig. 1e The described security document 1, wherein the personalized information 3 is distributed across two layers, which are blackenable, or are blackened, particularly by means of laser radiation. It is therefore possible that, when viewing the first page, a further absorption layer 521 is arranged behind the first security element 2, in particular wherein the at least one piece of personalized information 3, when viewed from the second viewing angle, is composed of absorption layer 52 and the further absorption layer 521. In this case, in addition to absorption layer 52, the security document 1 has the further absorption layer 521, which, when viewed from the first page, is arranged below the first security element 2. In this example, both layers 52 and 521 are laser-treated.In this embodiment, one of the layers 52 and 521 is arranged, in particular, between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4. The degree of blackening achieved by means of the laser can differ in the two illustrated layers 52 and 521. If the optical effect of the first security element 2 is not visible to a viewer, they perceive the personalized information as a composite of both blackenings. From the first viewing angle, in which the second security element 2 serves, in particular, as backlighting of a blackening in the absorption layer 52, essentially only the effect in the absorption layer 52 is discernible.

[0160] Fig. 1h shows how to Fig. 1d and to Fig. 1e The described security document 1 features a window area 550. Within window area 550, further optical information 32 is implemented through absorption area 30. This allows the detectability of the further optical information 32 in reflected light to be minimized by the absence of a contrasting, for example, "white," background. The third security element 41 enables backlighting of the further optical information 32 at a further predefined angle, thus allowing the further optical information 32 to be easily checked by switching it on and off.

[0161] Fig. 1i Figure 1 shows a security document 1 with a total of four security elements 2, 4, 41 and 42, wherein the first and second security elements 2 and 4 serve to protect the at least one personalized piece of information 3 in the form of a primary image and the third and fourth security elements 41 and 42 analogously protect the further information 31 in the form of a secondary image.

[0162] To the Fig. 1a bis 1i The schematic representations of the structures of finished security documents 1 are shown in detail. During their production, various layers are joined together to form a composite. One or more security elements from the first to fourth security elements 2, 4, 41, and 42 can be applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the same layer, particularly a polymer layer, or they can be applied to different layers, which are then positioned relative to each other when joined to form a composite. The security document 1 is produced, in particular, by lamination and / or bonding of the layered structure.

[0163] The ones belonging to the Fig. 1a bis 1i The described layers 51 to 58 and 521 comprise or consist of preferably one or a combination of the following materials: polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PC is preferably used for ID cards or passport data pages. Alternative structures can, for example, be based on PVC or PET, or be composed of various plastic materials.

[0164] Fig. 2a System 10 for producing a security document 1 is shown. System 10 is, in particular, a label. Preferably, the label is used with the label shown in Fig. 2a The system shown, 10, is as shown in Fig. 2b The security document 1 shown is manufactured or can be manufactured using this system. System 10 comprises an auxiliary carrier 105 on which a first sub-element 11 and a second sub-element 12 of the security document 1 are arranged. The first sub-element 11 can be brought into overlap with the second sub-element 12 by bending the auxiliary carrier 105. The first sub-element 11 has the first security element 2, and the second sub-element 12 has an adhesive layer 101 and the second security element 4, the adhesive layer 101 being arranged on the side of the second security element 4 facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105. The absorption layer 31, and / or the absorption layer 52, with absorption area 30, is arranged or can be attached to the side of the first sub-element 11 facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105.

[0165] The auxiliary carrier 105 can, for example, consist of or comprise paper. The first sub-element 11 and the second sub-element 12 are arranged on the auxiliary carrier 105, each preferably comprising a support element 103 or 104, respectively. The support element 103 and the support element 104 can, for example, be a polyester layer, in particular comprising or consisting of PET, that is removable from the auxiliary carrier 105. The support elements 103 and 104 are separated from each other or connected by means of a mechanical weak point. Such a mechanical weak point can include a perforation, a cut, or a notch. This advantageously simplifies the assembly of the two sub-elements 11 and 12 into a final security document 1. The support element 103 and / or the support element 104 can comprise further layers, in particular a replication layer and a partial removal layer.

[0166] On the left side, in the Fig. 2a In the exemplary embodiment shown, a second security element 4 is incorporated into the second sub-element 12, covering its entire surface. It is also conceivable that the second security element 4 covers almost the entire surface, more than 80%, preferably more than 90%, of the area of ​​the second sub-element 12 and / or the security document 1, preferably the visible area when viewing the first side. The area of ​​the second sub-element 12 here refers in particular to the area when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the second sub-element 12, for example, in Fig. 2a from top to bottom. The second security element 4 comprises, in particular, a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, especially wherein a relief structure with a diffractive optical effect is molded into the reflective layer. An adhesive layer 101 is also arranged on the second sub-element 12. Preferably, the adhesive layer 101 is a so-called PSA (Pressure Sensitive Adhesive), which enables the bond to the first sub-element 11 on the right side. The adhesive layer 101 is preferably covered by a protective layer 102, which is removable or is removed before the two sub-elements 11 and 12 are joined, preferably after the application of at least one personalized piece of information 3, in particular by printing the print layer 31. The protective layer 102 preferably has a siliconized coating. The protective layer 102 is preferably encompassed by the cover or forms the cover.

[0167] Alternatively or in addition to the second safety element 4, a cover, preferably transparent, can also be provided in the left sub-element 12. It is also possible that the second safety element 4 is only partially present and that, optionally, a preferably transparent layer, in particular a cover layer, is arranged on the side facing the auxiliary support 105 and / or the side facing away from the auxiliary support 105.

[0168] The adhesive layer 101 preferably forms an outermost side of the second sub-element 12 or the protective layer 102 forms an outermost side of the second sub-element 12 and covers the adhesive layer 101.

[0169] The first security element 2 is preferably arranged on the side of the first support element 104 facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105. The support element 104 of the first sub-element 11 can, in particular, have a printing layer 8. The printing layer 8 is preferably monochrome. The printing layer 8 can consist of or comprise a white print and, in particular, further imprints, for example, by means of flexographic or offset printing. Alternatively, the printing layer 8 can be a layer of paper or synthetic paper, in particular Teslin. The first security element 2 is located on this printing layer and has the preferred function of "backlighting" the absorption layer 31, which can be applied or is already applied, preferably printed, to form the personalized information 3.On the side of the safety element 2 facing away from the support element 104, one or more layers may be provided which, for example, increase the adhesion of the absorption layer 31 or increase its resolution.

[0170] The first security element 2 is, or is provided, particularly in a printer, for example a toner printer, inkjet printer or thermal transfer printer, with the absorption layer 31 to form at least one personalized piece of information 3. The preferably printed absorption layer 31 is in Fig. 2a The information is only displayed within the area of ​​the first security element 2. However, further information, preferably further personalized information, may also be provided, preferably printed, outside of the first security element 2.

[0171] It is possible that the protective layer 102 is preferably peeled off after the absorption layer 31 has been printed. Furthermore, it is possible to combine the two sub-elements 11 and 12 into a security document 1, in particular the one described in Fig. 2b The security document 1 shown is assembled. The adhesive layer 101, in particular in the form of a PPE layer, secures the connection between the two component elements 11 and 12. The security document 1 produced in this way can then be detached from the support carrier 105. Advantageously, the support carrier 105 thus simplifies handling during the production of the security document 1, especially during the printing of the personalized information 3, and serves as a holder to ensure precise alignment of the component elements 11 and 12.

[0172] Alternatively or additionally to the printing layer 31, a laser-compatible absorption layer can also be applied to one or more of the layers consisting of carrier element 104, printing layer 8, security element 2, and printing layer 31. The absorption layer preferably comprises or consists of PC or PVC. The absorption layer is particularly laser-compatible and preferably transparent. The laser-compatible absorption layer can, for example, be blackened by laser in the absorption area 30, so that the personalized information 3 or further information is or is incorporated.

[0173] Fig. 3a Figure 1 schematically shows a section of a transfer film with a transfer layer, wherein the transfer layer includes a security element, in particular the first security element 2.

[0174] A security element with an optically variable effect typically consists of a sequence of layers that fulfill different functions. In a layered structure for transfer layers, as in Abbildung 3a As shown, the structure consists of a release layer 202, a replication layer 203, a reflection layer 204, a stabilization layer 205, and an adhesive layer 206. Individual layers can also be omitted or consist of several sublayers. These transfer layers are detachably bonded to a carrier 201 before application to the target substrate.

[0175] The release layer 202 ensures that the layered composite of the transfer layers can be detached from the carrier layer 201 during application. This is particularly relevant when laminating the safety element into a layered composite, as exemplified by... Fig. 6 As described, this layer also ensures good adhesion with the adjacent layer, in particular the polycarbonate layer. The release from the substrate 201 can also be improved by one or more thin wax layers. The thickness of this release layer 202 is preferably in the range of 0.2 to 10 µm, more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 5 µm. The thickness of the optional wax layers is particularly in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0176] The preferably optically active structures that cause the optically variable effect are molded as a relief into the replicating layer 203. The molding can be thermoplastic, whereby the surface is structured under pressure and temperature using a tool that has the optically active structures as a negative relief. Alternatively, a polymerizable lacquer consisting of mono- and oligomers can be used, which is polymerized after or during the introduction of the relief. This polymerization can be carried out using UV radiation or electron beam radiation. The thickness of this replicating layer 203 is preferably in the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, more preferably in the range of 0.2 µm to 10 µm. The replicating layer can also be a hybrid form, being thermoplastically deformable and subsequently cured.

[0177] Between the release layer 202 and the replication layer 203, another layer may be located that fulfills further functions. These include, for example, a stabilizing mechanical effect against degradation during lamination, particularly during the embedding of the first safety element 2 in polycarbonate. For this purpose, such a layer is preferably thermally stabilized, for example by cross-linking using radiation or a chemical reaction.

[0178] The reflective layer 204 consists of a material with a high refractive index, which is preferably deposited in a vacuum by vapor deposition or sputtering. The refractive index in the visible range, particularly for wavelengths from 420 nm to 780 nm, is advantageously higher than 1.9. The thickness of layer 204 is particularly in the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, preferably in the range of 40 nm to 100 nm. Typical materials are ZnS or TiO₂. This layer can also be only partially formed or have different thicknesses in certain areas.

[0179] Optionally, a stabilizing layer 205 can be applied. It serves to ensure the brilliance of the optical effects during lamination and to prevent distortion of the transfer layers. Such a stabilizing layer 205 can be formed by a radiation-curable varnish or by a chemically reactive varnish, such as an epoxy resin. The thickness of the optional stabilizing layer is in the range of 0.5 µm to 20 µm, preferably in the range of 1.0 µm to 10.0 µm. The stabilizing layer 205 can also consist of several layers and, for example, include an adhesion promoter layer (not shown) for bonding to the reflective layer 204.

[0180] The adhesive layer 206 serves to bond the transfer layers to the substrate during application. This adhesive layer 206 can be activated by heat and pressure. In particular, a heated stamp is used, the shape of which defines the area to be transferred. The transferred area forms, in particular, the safety element.

[0181] Alternatively, a transfer can be carried out using a so-called cold transfer process. In this process, an adhesive is printed, the substrate and transfer layers are brought into contact, and the adhesive is cured, in particular by means of UV radiation. The transferred area is determined by the pressure of the adhesive. The adhesive layer 206 can itself be composed of several different layers and may, for example, contain an adhesion promoter to ensure the bonding of the adhesive layer 206 to the reflective layer 204 or to the stabilizing layer 205, if present.

[0182] The adhesive layer preferably has a thickness in the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, preferably 0.2 µm to 10 µm.

[0183] As an alternative to transferring transfer layers, the carrier 201 can also be transferred. In this case, the transfer layers described above are bonded to the carrier 201, so that an adhesion promoter layer is present instead of the release layer 202. Heat-stable carriers 201, for example made of polyester, can ensure that the optical effects are only minimally degraded during lamination. Preferably, the carrier 201 is shaped into the desired form before or during application, for example by die-cutting or laser cutting. Depending on the carrier 201 used, an additional adhesion promoter on the reverse side may be necessary to ensure good bonding to the overlying layer of the security document, in particular a polycarbonate layer. The thicknesses of the carriers 201, which are preferably transferred as part of the security element, are in the range of 5 µm to 50 µm, preferably in the range of 10 µm to 35 µm.

[0184] Therefore, it is particularly possible that a security element transferred via the transfer layers has the following properties.

[0185] Possible optically variable security elements, which may be present on the first page before at least one piece of personalized information, include foil elements with, for example, transparent or partially metallized security features, or other microstructure-based elements or multilayer structures made of alternating high- and low-refractive-index materials. Further possibilities include micro- and / or macrostructures present on the surface of the security document. Possible optically variable security elements, which may be present behind at least one piece of personalized information, also include foil elements with, for example, diffractive security features, or other microstructure-based elements or multilayer structures made of alternating high- and low-refractive-index materials.Behind the at least one personalized piece of information, the optically variable security element may also be opaque, i.e., not transparent.

[0186] It is possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 is semi-transparent and / or transparent, particularly in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, selected from the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. It is also possible that the second security element is opaque, particularly having a transmission in the wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from the range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably from 1% to 10%. It is also possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 has a substrate, particularly made of PET or PEN, wherein the substrate preferably has a layer thickness selected from the range of 5 µm to 150 µm, more preferably from 5 µm to 50 µm, and even more preferably from 10 µm to 25 µm.It is also possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 comprises at least one replicating layer, in particular wherein the at least one replicating layer has a layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, preferably from 0.2 µm to 10 µm. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 expediently comprises at least one reflective layer with a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm, wherein the reflective layer is in particular formed of ZnS or TiO₂ and / or wherein the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably from 430 nm to 780 nm, of more than 1.9.It is also possible that the reflective layer is arranged partially or fully across the security document 1, in particular wherein the reflective layer has different thicknesses at least partially. It is also possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 has at least one stabilizing layer with a preferred thickness selected from the range of 0.5 µm to 20 µm, more preferably from 1.0 µm to 10 µm, wherein the stabilizing layer is single-layered or multi-layered and preferably comprises an adhesion promoter layer.It is also possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 comprises at least one adhesive layer with a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 µm to 20 µm, more preferably 0.2 µm to 10 µm, particularly wherein the adhesive layer is made of hot melt or cold adhesive, and wherein the adhesive layer is single-layered or multi-layered. It is also possible that the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4, particularly in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer, comprises at least one relief structure, wherein the at least one relief structure deflects the incident light into predetermined angular ranges, in particular diffracting and / or reflecting it. Preferably, the at least one relief structure is a blaze structure, in particular with a lattice period of more than 3 µm, more preferably more than 5 µm, and in particular a maximum of 25 µm.

[0187] Fig. 3b Figure 1 schematically shows an example of a cross-section of a security element, particularly in a security document, with an achromatic effect. Preferably, the first security element has two relief structures which, in particular, do not exhibit pronounced diffractive colors and deflect the incident light with particularly high efficiency into predetermined angular ranges, in particular by diffracting or reflecting it.

[0188] Fig. 3b The first safety element 2 is preferably shown. The safety element 2 has at least one of the layers stabilizing layer 205 and adhesive layer 206, as these also particularly show. Fig. 3a The layers described above are located on the surface. Following this is the reflection layer 204, which follows the relief structure of the replication layer 203. The relief structures are primarily blaze structures. Above the replication layer 203, or on the side of the replication layer 204 facing away from the reflection layer 204, further layers, such as those described above, may also be present. Fig. 3a The described transfer layer may be arranged, e.g., the release layer 202. The safety element 2 may also include the transparent layer 51 or be connected to or become connected with this layer.

[0189] Achromatic blaze structures, compared to the wavelength of visible light, preferably with wavelengths in the range of 430 nm to 690 nm, exhibit a large lattice period, preferably a lattice period of more than 3 µm, and particularly more than 5 µm. Their effect can be approximately explained by geometric optics. An example of such a structure is shown in Abbildung 3b As shown, incident light at an angle of incidence ϕ to the normal of the security document or security element penetrates layer 51, which here consists of or comprises polycarbonate, for example, and is partially diffracted or reflected by the blaze structure and can be observed at an angle β to the normal. The angle β is determined not only by the angle of incidence ϕ but also by the inclination α of the facets of the blaze structure and the refractive index of the layer above the structure, particularly in the Fig. 3b the replication layer 203.

[0190] For light incident perpendicularly and a refractive index of the replicating layer of n=1.5, sin(β)=n*sin(2*α), or for small angles α, approximately β=3*α. At small angles, the sine can be closely approximated by the radian measure of the angle. Specifically, for α < 10°, the maximum error is < 4.5%, and for α < 7°, the maximum error is < 2.2%. For periods with d>3 µm, the incident light is deflected in such a way that color separation by the grating structure is reduced for an observer, resulting in an achromatic effect. Furthermore, the deflection is very efficient, so that most of the reflected light is concentrated within a narrow angular range of just a few degrees. Around an angle β ± 5°, more than 65% of the reflected light can be concentrated.For transparent HRI layers, such as ZnS or TiO₂, the amount of reflected light and its spectrum depend on the refractive index of the HRI layer, the refractive indices of the two adjacent layers, and the thickness of the HRI layer. Assuming ZnS as the HRI layer with a typical refractive index of 2.35, particularly neglecting wavelength dependence, and n = 1.45 for each of the adjacent layers, a maximum reflection of approximately 20% results. This means that approximately 80% of the incident light is transmitted, neglecting any absorption. Thus, the three viewing angles can be achieved, specifically the predefined first viewing angle, the predefined second viewing angle, and / or the predefined third viewing angle.

[0191] It is advantageously possible for the first security element 2 to exhibit essentially achromatic optically variable effects, at least in certain areas, preferably in the second area. These have the advantage of increasing the detectability of at least one personalized piece of information 3, at least under the predefined first viewing angle, thanks to backlighting, compared to the absorbing, often black-absorbing, element. Furthermore, unlike colored optically variable effects, they are color-neutral. This is particularly advantageous when overlapping with portraits, as color effects are more likely to be perceived as disturbing or confusing by the viewer, thus enabling particularly easy verification by a viewer.To create an achromatic optically variable effect or the first security element that is achromatic under the predefined first viewing angle or provides backlighting of at least one personalized information 3, the following are particularly important. Fig. 3b suitable for the described structures.

[0192] Alternatively or additionally, the first and / or second safety element may preferably comprise a diffractive grating. Such a diffractive grating is preferably selected, individually or in combination, from: linear gratings or cross gratings. Preferably, the diffractive grating has a grating period in the range of 200 nm to 10 µm. In particular, the diffractive grating has a grating depth in the range of 50 nm to 2 µm, preferably between 80 nm and 1.5 µm. Furthermore, a diffractive grating with grating periods of less than 500 nm, and preferably less than 400 nm, is conceivable. These are subwavelength gratings which exhibit color impressions and / or color effects in the zeroth diffraction order, i.e., particularly in direct reflection, when these gratings are provided with a high-refractive-index layer or a metallic layer.If the gratings are coated with a high-refractive-index layer, the so-called RICS color effect is particularly likely to occur. If the gratings are coated with a metallic layer, e.g., aluminum, plasmonic color effects are particularly likely to occur. The absorption range advantageously contrasts well with the color impression of a diffractive grating, making the personalized information easier for the viewer to verify than previously known personalizations without an underlying security element.

[0193] Fig. 4a and 4b Figure 1 schematically shows an example of a preferred embodiment of a security document 1 from different defined viewing angles. Fig. 4b shows the view from the predefined first viewing angle, especially in the ON state. Fig. 4a This shows the view from the predefined second viewing angle, especially in the OFF state. Security document 1 can be used in particular to... Fig. 1a exhibit the described structure.

[0194] Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b show, especially in relation to Fig. 1a und Fig. 1b , optional further personalized information 32. These can, for example, also be introduced into the absorption layer 52 by blackening using a laser.

[0195] The following is an example of determining brightness values, especially as grayscale values, using a camera.

[0196] The median, mean, and standard deviation were determined from several measurements taken at different points. The median is the middle value of a series of measurements. For five measurements, this would be the third value, and for four measurements, it would be the average of the second and third values ​​when the measurements are sorted from smallest to largest. The mean is the arithmetic mean, the averaged value of a series of measurements; for example, with five measurements, it would be the sum of the five measurements divided by five. The standard deviation indicates the spread of a series of measurements. These values ​​are given below for a portrait in the ON state, such as this one. Fig. 4b It is described and summarized in a table. Position Motivbereich / Messbereich Zentralwert / Median Mean / arithmetic mean Standard deviation 1. light forehead 148 150,4 21,2 2. dark hair 29 34,4 23,5 3. Background area 21 177 180,6 25,4 4. Subsoil 102 100,0 6,8

[0197] The accessible value range with a preferred 8-bit digital encoding lies, particularly for brightness values, between 0 (completely dark) and 255 (maximum brightness). This results in 256 different shades of gray, i.e., black (value 0) and white (value 255), and 254 shades of gray in between.

[0198] The background of the sample document may exhibit a slight indentation below the first security element 2. Due to the diffuse scattering of the white core layer 55, the background, or the area located both outside the absorption region 30 and outside the first region 20, appears relatively homogeneous at brightness values, i.e., grayscale values, around 100 with little variation in the brightness distribution, as can be seen from the line of the 4th position. In the example of Fig. 4a and Fig. 4bThe background could be measured, for example, in the area between the first security element 2 and the text "IDENTITY CARD". In an area where the first security element 2 is illuminated, i.e., in the background area 21, significantly higher brightness values ​​of around 180 are found, as can be seen in the third position. The distribution of brightness values ​​may also be broader due to slight distortions of the second security document, which can occur during the lamination of security document 1. These variations may also be intentionally introduced, for example, during the production of the first security element 2, to increase the angle of the predefined first viewing angle under which the background area 21 illuminates.For example, the forehead area shows only a slight darkening of the absorption layer 52, so that the measured brightness value is in the range of 150, while in the region of dark hair the values ​​are around 30.

[0199] The variation in the detected brightness levels is not only due to the variation in brightness of the first security element 2, but is also determined by the type of absorption layer and the incorporated absorption areas. Furthermore, it should be noted that the scattering can be partly caused by a high resolution of the image capture. A lower resolution leads to averaging and thus to a reduction in scattering. In this way, it is possible, in particular, to determine how predefined viewing angles can be achieved at which the at least one piece of personalized information 3, especially the portrait, exhibits a preferably defined, viewing-angle-dependent contrast and / or brightness difference.

[0200] In the OFF state, exemplified by Fig. 4a As illustrated, the following values ​​were determined in this example: position Subject area / Measurement area Median Mean / arithmetic mean Standard deviation 1. light forehead 100 99,6 4,68 2. dark hair 8 8,6 5,96 3. Background area 21 90 90,05 4,79 4. Subsoil 82 81,08 4,38

[0201] The following describes exemplary calculations of the brightness contrast, in particular between the absorption region, preferably sub-regions of the absorption region, and the background region, and an optical density calculated therefrom. ON state, light forehead: Contrast = 150.4 / 180.6 = 0.83 optische Dichte = log 0 83 * − 1 = 0 , 08 . dark hair: contrast = 34.4 / 180.6 = 0.19 optische Dichte = log 0 19 * − 1 = 0 , 72 . OFF state, light forehead: Contrast = 99.6 / 90.05 = 1.11 Berechnete optische Dichte = log 0 83 * − 1 = − 0 , 04 .

[0202] The calculated optical density in the area of ​​the light forehead can occur, in particular, if, for example, there is a pressure in the background (position 3), while the forehead area contains no pressure but has a white background. Dark hair: Contrast = 8.6 / 90.05 = 0.096 Berechnete optische Dichte = log 0 096 * − 1 = 1 , 02 .

[0203] For Delta OFF, the value between dark hair and background area 21 is 1.00, and for Delta ON, it is 1.45. This results in a value for D of 31%.

[0204] In the OFF state, the contrast and the resulting optical density can be more pronounced, at least in certain regions, preferably if darkening is also present below the first security element. In the OFF state, this darkening has a particularly additive effect on that above the first security element, whereas in the ON state, the darkening above the first security element is the primary effect.

[0205] Under the first viewing angle, the brightness difference, i.e., in particular Delta ON, in the second area 22 between absorption area 30 and background area 21 preferably has a maximum value greater than 10%, preferably greater than 15%.

[0206] The minimum value of the normalized difference D is in particular 5%, preferably 10%, preferably 15%, in particular where the minimum value applies to a range with the largest normalized difference D.

[0207] The first security element, located behind the personalized information 3, particularly the portrait, when viewing the first page, is preferably implemented with an achromatic on / off effect. Under most viewing conditions, the first security element 2 is not readily visible due to the interplay of incident light, the structure of the first security element, and the viewer or recipient. It is then, as in Fig. 4a The first safety element 2 is displayed as inactive or in the OFF state. It only illuminates within a predefined viewing angle, which can also be an angular range defined by the angle between the incident light, the structures of the first safety element, and the viewer or receiver, as shown in the diagram. Fig. 4b As shown in the example, the full-surface display is displayed. It is then active, or in the ON state. The perception is reminiscent of a light box that is switched on and off behind the personalization. In this way, the contrast with the personalized information, especially the portrait, can be specifically enhanced, which in turn results in easier verification of the information, for example, the primary image. A preferred primary image in the OFF state and in the ON state of security element 2 are also preferably visible in perfect register with each other, so that forgeries are more easily detected.

[0208] In a preferred embodiment, the first safety element 2 is achromatic in the second area 22 when viewed from the predefined first viewing angle. Particularly suitable structures for the first safety element 2, especially as a light box, are so-called blaze structures, as shown schematically in the Figure 3b The first safety element 2 preferably has blaze structures with an angle range for the inclination α in the range of 0 to 40 degrees, preferably in the range of 3 to 30 degrees, and more preferably in the range of 5 to 25 degrees. In periodic structures, such as a blaze structure, the periods d are greater than 3 µm, preferably greater than 5 µm. The structure depth h is calculated from the angle α and the period d as: h = d * sin(α).

[0209] The refractive index of the layer adjacent to the reflection layer 204 and pointing towards the viewer, for example the replicating layer 203, or in the case of reversed application the layer 205, preferably has a refractive index in a range between 1.35 and 1.65, preferably in the range between 1.4 and 1.6.

[0210] The reflective layer 204 preferably consists of a dielectric material with a high refractive index. The refractive index differs from that of the adjacent layers by at least 0.3 and is above 1.9, preferably above 2.05. Common materials are, for example, ZnS or TiO₂, which are applied in a layer thickness in the range of 40 nm to 250 nm, preferably in the range of 50 nm to 200 nm, and particularly preferably in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm.

[0211] By appropriately selecting the thickness of the reflective layer 204 as an HRI layer, a color impression of the first security element 2, in particular the light box, can be achieved. A thickness of the HRI layer in the range of 40 nm to 280 nm is particularly preferred, and more preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm. With layer thicknesses in the range of 70 nm to 100 nm, the first security element 2, in particular the light box, can appear, for example, golden or copper-colored in direct reflection in the ON state. For example, the first security element 2, in particular the light box, appears yellow in direct reflection in the ON state with a layer thickness of 90 nm, blue with a layer thickness of 140 nm, red with a layer thickness of 200 nm, and green with a layer thickness of 280 nm.Such colorations can be problematic in certain embodiments, as they simultaneously reduce the diffraction efficiency integrated across the entire visual spectral range, resulting in the first safety element or light box illuminating less brightly. Therefore, preferred embodiments with layer thicknesses below 100 nm can be particularly advantageous.

[0212] Furthermore, the first security element 2, particularly as a light box, can have a metallic reflective layer in certain areas. Preferably, this area is located in regions that are not personalized by laser or only minimally so, since laser personalization can damage the metallic layer. This additional metallic effect can be used as another easily verifiable feature. The presence of the light box can also be indicated by a slight tinting of the layers of the first security element 2. Colors can be present both above and below the reflective layer, but when the light box is active, only those colors above the reflective layer would be active.It is therefore conceivable that, for the coloring of the second region 22, preferably above and / or below the reflection layer, one or more additional color layers and / or a coloring in a layer in the second region 22 is provided, e.g. in the replicating layer and / or in the release layer.

[0213] The first security element 2 is thus achromatic, at least in a first sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30, which forms a grayscale image or a multi-colored image, particularly for the formation of a portrait, when viewed from the predefined first viewing angle. The first security element 2 forms only a sub-area of ​​the first side of the security element 2, whereby a light box is particularly visible. It is especially preferred that the first security element 2 is arranged in partial or partial overlap with at least a first sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30, which forms a grayscale image or a multi-colored image, particularly a portrait, in a closed and continuous area with a minimum width or minimum length of 80%, preferably 100%, of the area provided for the first sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30.

[0214] The area designated for the first sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30 is preferably an area of ​​security document 1 defined for a portrait.

[0215] The second region 22, which is formed by at least a sub-region of the absorption region 30 and a directly adjacent sub-region of the background region 21, preferably has the outline of a portrait or a frame around a portrait. Preferably, the maximum width and / or the maximum length of the closed and contiguous region is 110% of the area of ​​this sub-region of the absorption region 30 intended for a portrait.

[0216] It is also possible that the first security element 2 is colored in a fourth area, wherein the fourth area in particular overlaps in part with a second sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30, which is preferably formed by alphanumeric characters.

[0217] The at least one personalized piece of information 3 is preferably formed by manipulating the absorption layer 52 with a laser, in particular by darkening, and / or by a printing layer 31 encompassed or formed by the absorption layer. Background area 21 preferably refers to a sub-area of ​​the first area 20 in which no printing or laser manipulation is arranged.

[0218] The how to Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b The first safety element 2 described, which preferably lights up homogeneously, can further be, as exemplified in Fig. 4cAs shown by means of magnification, further relief structures or mirrored surfaces are present in certain element areas, which, for example, display the lettering "KINEGRAM". For instance, a diffraction grating with a period of 1 µm and a grating orientation of 90° may be present in these element areas, meaning that the colored diffraction effect of these element areas is only visible when the security document 1 is viewed rotated by 90°. This effect does not interfere with the achromatic ON / OFF effect of the first security element under normal viewing conditions, and at the same time, the lettering "KINEGRAM" can be more easily verified, especially compared to the case where mirrored surfaces are used.

[0219] In particular, it is possible for a first security element 2, which illuminates homogeneously under the predefined initial viewing angle or in the ON state, to be augmented by mini-, micro-, and / or nano-elements or other preferably achromatically optically variable effects. This makes it possible, in particular, to create details that only become noticeably visible upon activation of the first security element or that can only be examined under optical magnification, for example, using a magnifying glass or microscope. Thus, it is possible to increase counterfeit protection.

[0220] It is therefore particularly possible that the first safety element comprises two element areas with dimensions below the resolving power of the human eye, wherein relief structures are provided in the element areas that differ from the relief structures of the surrounding areas of the first area and are particularly motif-shaped. Preferably, the maximum width of the element areas is in the range of 2 µm to 250 µm. The area coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%.

[0221] The first safety element 2 can, as in Fig. 4dInstead of appearing homogeneously illuminated in the ON state, the display can also be implemented in such a way that a defined tilting movement generates an achromatic, brightly illuminating motion effect, which, for example, acts like a scan behind the personalized information 3, particularly as a portrait. The personalized information 3, especially as a portrait, then becomes optically variably visible with increased brightness precisely where the light bar is illuminated. It is therefore possible that the first security element 2 generates a predominantly achromatic motion effect in the second area 22. For example, blaze structures or micromirrors with varying azimuth angles, i.e., varying orientations, are used for this purpose, or the period of the blaze structure or the flank angle of the micromirrors is varied.

[0222] Fig. 4e shows an example of how to Fig. 4a and Fig. 4bdescribed safety document 1, wherein the first safety element 2 can also be designed such that additional information becomes visible in the ON state through the use of a point light source. The additional information is in Fig. 4e The word "OK" is represented by the lettering and can be provided by corresponding relief structures in the first security element 2. For example, the first security element 2 can be formed using a computer-generated hologram (CGH).

[0223] Fig. 4f shows another possible design for the first safety element 2, in particular one such as... Fig. 1eAs described in the safety document 1. The safety element 2 overlaps the absorption area 30, in particular only partially, or has a reflective layer that overlaps the absorption area 30 only partially. The first safety element 2 is therefore preferably designed with actual and / or optical interruptions. Interruptions are understood to mean, in particular, cutouts. The interruptions can be created by one or more of the following:

[0224] Actual recesses in the first safety element 2, in particular in the first area. Specifically, the first area can be motif-shaped and, for example, have a complex design. These recesses also serve to form bonding bridges and thus to meet the requirements for interlayer adhesion (peel).

[0225] Optical cutouts are achieved through the use of preferably inconspicuous structures, such as isotropic, matte-scattering structures, preferably random structures, e.g. in a nanotext or in the element areas.

[0226] Optical recession is achieved through the use of a partially arranged reflective layer, in particular a partially arranged HRI layer. In this case, only a portion of the replication layer is covered by the HRI layer and thus visible in the first security element.

[0227] Advantageously, a special shape makes it even more difficult to create counterfeits and also serves as a design option.

[0228] It is also possible to design the first security element 2 in such a way that, in addition to the storage of at least one personalized information 3 by the first security element 2 in the first area 20 and / or the second area 22, further areas of the personalized information, such as in particular the further personalized information 32, are stored by the first security element 2 or further security elements, in particular when viewing the first page of the security document 1, and are arranged behind the personalized information.

[0229] How Fig. 4g and Fig. 4hTo illustrate by way of example, it is possible that when viewing the first page of the security document 1, the security document 1 has further personalized information 32, behind which the first security element 2 has further areas or behind which further security elements are arranged, which are particularly visible under the predefined first viewing angle. Fig. 4g and Fig.4h The other safety elements or areas are shown by way of example in the form of a star and a flag.

[0230] This is a multi-patch design. In this case, when viewing the first side, several so-called patches 300 may store the personalized information 3, 32 in different locations. This provides comprehensive protection against counterfeiting attacks from the reverse side.

[0231] It is possible to apply the separate areas of the first security element 2, or the first security element 2 and the subsequent security elements, individually as a Patch 300. The Patches 300 can be arranged at different levels of the security document 1, in particular by applying each one to one of layers 53 to 58. The Patches 300 can thus be located at different levels below the personalization and, in the multipatch version, are applied individually and therefore also with tolerances, especially register tolerances, relative to each other.

[0232] Furthermore, a version as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. Unlike the multipatch variant, the different design areas are located on the same layer and in perfect alignment with each other.

[0233] In this process, several patches 300 are applied to the same layer, in particular to at least one of the layers 53 to 58, preferably to the same layer as the first security element 2. Thus, within the same layer, further parts of the personalized information can be protected against a forgery attack from the reverse side with improved forgery protection.

[0234] It is therefore particularly conceivable how in Fig. 4g and Fig. 4h It is shown that further effects can be integrated where they do not interfere, for example color effects based on high-frequency linear gratings and / or high-frequency cross gratings or 3D effects based on Fresnel lens structures.

[0235] How Fig. 4i and Fig. 4j To illustrate by way of example, it is possible that the first security element 2 is present across the entire surface of the security document 1. Preferably, as shown in Fig. 4jWhen viewing the first page of the security document 1 from the predefined first viewing angle, a preferably homogeneous achromatic effect can be seen, which is particularly visible across the entire surface of the first page. The advantages of the invention can thus be extended to the entire card surface. Designed as a purely achromatic surface, the first security element 2 appears in the OFF state, as shown in Fig. 4iVisibly, it is not noticeable at all. Advantageously, this allows for the inspection of other security elements, such as the second security element 4, without interference from the first security element 2. When the first security element 2 is switched to the ON state, the lightbox effect can then be perceived across the entire card. The achromatic effect causes layers and security elements above the first security element 2 to be overexposed and thus switched off for the viewer, so that the usually black laser personalization can be perceived as a single layer and its verification can be carried out much more easily, independent of other security features and design elements.

[0236] Figs. 5a to 5dExamples of a security document 1, which is in particular a data page of a passport book, preferably a paper data page of a passport book, are shown. Such a security document 1 is also, for example, for Fig. 1f described.

[0237] The paper data side can include a print layer, preferably including a security print. The at least one personalized piece of information 3 is applied to a substrate 7, in particular the data side of a blank document, by means of a digital printing process, for example inkjet printing, and subsequently protected by the application of a preferably full-surface transparent second security element. The second security element 4 is in particular a transparent, optically variable layer, preferably a so-called TKO (Transparent Kinegram Overlay) or Kinegram® TKO, which in particular includes a design based on relief structures and preferably comprises a full-surface HRI layer, so that a motif-shaped optically variable effect is formed, which is particularly effective in Fig. 5 This is exemplified by the sun and cacti. An optically variable layer is, in particular, a layer with an optically variable effect.

[0238] The in Fig. 5aThe security document 1 shown comprises, in particular, a transparent first security element 2, preferably as a patch, and optionally an overprintable layer, preferably as a patch. The overprintable layer is preferably an adhesion promoter layer that is or was included in the transfer layer of the first security element 2, or is printed, in particular, over the applied patch. Preferably, the first security element 2 and the optional adhesion promoter layer are applied to the substrate 7, in particular the pre-printed paper data page, in at least one application process. This is followed by the insertion or application of the at least one personalized piece of information 3 and subsequently the application of the second security element 4.This makes it possible to overprint at least one piece of personalized information 3, in particular the second area 22, and to embed the personalized information 3 in the second area at least partially between two security elements, so that it is advantageously particularly well protected against counterfeiting attacks. As exemplified by . Fig. 5a As illustrated, it is possible that the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 is visible in the OFF state or under the second predefined viewing angle, wherein, further preferably, at least one personalized piece of information 3 can be visible through the optically variable effect and / or the security element 4 is semi-transparent or transparent.

[0239] As exemplified by Fig. 5bAs shown, it is possible that in the ON state, or under the first predefined viewing angle, both the optically variable effect of the first safety element 2 and the second safety element 4 are visible. In particular, it is possible that the first safety element 2, in the ON state, overexposes layers above it—that is, when viewed from the first side, layers in front of the first safety element 2, preferably up to the absorption layer 3 in absorption region 30—and thus also overexposes the second optically variable safety element 4 above it. In particular, the visibility of the second safety element 4 is reduced by the first safety element 2, especially in a part of the second safety element 4 that overlaps with the first safety element 2, preferably the background region 21.In this way, the contrast between background area 21 and absorption area 30 can be selectively enhanced, for example, which in turn facilitates the verification of at least one piece of personalized information 3, particularly a portrait. The at least one piece of optical information 3 and the first security element 2 are also perfectly aligned with each other. At the same time, a portion of the second security element 4 that does not overlap with the first security element 2 or the first area 20 is visible in the ON state, and particularly clearly visible, so that forgeries are advantageously easier to detect.

[0240] Fig. 5c shows in particular how to Fig. 5b and Fig. 5a described security document 1. How Fig. 5cAs exemplified, it is possible that when viewing the first page of the security document 1, the security document 1 contains further personalized information 32, behind which the first security element 2 has further areas or behind which further security elements are arranged, which are particularly visible under the predefined first viewing angle. Fig. 5cFigure 1 shows the additional security elements or areas of the first security element 2, exemplified by the form of a star and a flag. When viewed from the first side, the additional areas of the first security element 2, or the additional security elements, are preferably arranged, at least partially, overlapping with and behind the additional personalized information 32. This is specifically a multi-patch design. In this case, when viewed from the first side, several so-called patches 300 may store the personalized information 3, 32 at different locations. This provides comprehensive protection against counterfeiting from the reverse side. It is possible to apply the separate areas of the first security element 2, or the first security element 2 and the additional security elements, each as a separate patch 300.The patches 300 can be arranged in different layers of the security document 1, in particular by application to the substrate, a cover layer, or a full-surface second security element 4. The patches 300 can thus be located in different layers below the personalization and, in the multipatch version, are applied individually and therefore also with tolerances, in particular register tolerances, to each other.

[0241] Furthermore, a version as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. Unlike the multipatch variant, the various design areas, such as those shown in the following examples, are located separately. Fig. 5cSeveral elements consisting of a square first area 20, a star, and a flag can be arranged in the same plane and in perfect register with each other. In this process, several patches 300 are applied to the same layer, particularly to substrate 7, or to one of layers 52 to 56, preferably to the same layer as the first security element 2. Thus, within the same layer, further parts of the personalized information can be protected against counterfeiting from the reverse side with improved counterfeit protection.

[0242] Further areas of the first security element 2 provided by the patches 300 or further security elements preferably have a colored and / or diffractive effect.

[0243] Fig. 5d This illustrates, for example, how to... Fig. 5bdescribed security document 1, wherein the first security element 2 is present across the entire surface of the security document 1. Here, the optically variable effect of the second security element 4, which is preferably visible in the ON state, is overexposed by the first security element 2 and thus weakened, in particular, in its visibility.

[0244] Fig. 5e and Fig. 5fFigure 1 shows a security document 1, which is in particular a plastic card. A pre-made plastic card blank used to produce the security document 1 preferably already includes a printed layer, which may contain a security print. The at least one personalized piece of information 3 is then applied to the pre-made plastic card blank by means of a digital printing process, for example thermal transfer printing or direct thermal printing. Subsequently, the personalized information 3 is protected by applying a preferably full-surface second security element 4, in particular a KINEGRAM® TKO (Transparent Kinegram Overlay) or KINEGRAM® GUARD. A KINEGRAM® GUARD preferably comprises a polyester carrier, wherein the polyester carrier serves in particular as a protective layer, more preferably as protection against abrasion, and an HRI layer, which preferably generates or provides an optically variable effect.

[0245] The in Fig. 5e The plastic card shown as an example contains the first security element 2, which is transparent. The first security element 2 is preferably already present on or applied to the pre-made plastic card blank before an absorption layer is applied, at least partially, to the first security element 2, in particular by printing. Subsequently, the personalized information 3 is incorporated, preferably by laser. Then, the transparent second security element 4 is preferably applied to the entire surface of the security document, for example by lamination.

[0246] Fig. 5e This shows in particular the view under the predefined second viewing angle or the OFF state, whereby the optically variable effect of the second security element 4, shown by way of example using the sun and cacti, is visible in this state.

[0247] Fig. 5fshows the ON state of the device in Fig. 5e The security document shown in section 1. The first security element 2 overpowers the layers above it, preferably up to the absorption layer 3 in absorption region 30, and thus also the second security element 4 above it, particularly in areas of the first region 20, at least partially, which are illustrated here by the sun. In areas outside the first region 20, the optical effects of the second security element 4, illustrated here by the cacti, are visible. As already described, this can particularly increase counterfeit protection.

[0248] It is possible that one of the Figs. 5a to 5f The described security document 1 includes a first security element 2, as described in relation to one of the other figures. It is also possible that one of the Figs. 5a to 5f The described security document 1 covers interruptions, as this is particularly relevant to... Fig. 4f is described.

[0249] The optical effects of the second security element 4, illustrated in the figures by means of the sun and the cacti, can in particular be semi-transparent or transparent, so that the at least one personalized piece of information 3 is not completely obscured when the optical effect of the second security element 4 is visible and / or not visible.

[0250] Fig. 6 shows a method for producing a security document 1, in particular as described in relation to one of the previous figures.

[0251] In a method for producing a security document 1, preferably using a system 10 according to the invention, wherein the security document 1 comprises a first page and a second page opposite the first page, the following steps are carried out, in particular in the order given: Providing 201 at least one absorption layer 52 or one absorption layer 31 with an absorption area 30 for forming at least one personalized piece of information 3, wherein the security document 1 is processed and / or processable in the absorption area 30 such that the at least one personalized piece of information 3 is visible, in particular visible to the human eye, by absorption of light incident on the first side; providing 202 a first security element 2 with an optically variable effect;Arranging 203 the absorption layer 52, 31 and the first security element 31 such that, when viewed from the first page of the security document 1, the first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52, 31 and the first security element 2 is arranged in a first area 20, wherein the first area 20 partially or fully overlaps with the absorption area 30 and the first area 20 does not overlap with the absorption area 30 in a background area 21 directly adjacent to the absorption area 30, such that the at least one personalized piece of information 3 in a second area 22, which is formed by at least a sub-area of ​​the absorption area 30 and a sub-area of ​​the background area 21 directly adjacent to it, exhibits a viewing-angle-dependent contrast.

[0252] It is also possible that the arrangement is carried out by introducing a blackening by means of a laser in the absorption area 30, preferably after a lamination and / or a bonding of the layers of the security document 1, and / or by a first sub-element 11, in particular of the system 10 according to the invention, which has the first security element 2, with a printing layer as an absorption layer 52, such as the one to Fig. 2a described printing layer 31, is provided or is provided and is preferably subsequently connected to further layers of the security document 1, in particular the second sub-element 12, by gluing.

[0253] It is also possible that, in particular before or after the arrangement of the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 31, the following step is carried out: introduction of at least one personalized information 3.

[0254] The insertion of the at least one personalized piece of information 3 is preferably carried out by means of a laser, in particular by blackening the absorption layer 52, and / or by printing the absorption layer 31.

[0255] It is also possible, for example, that the security document 1 is or will be bonded to form a solid layer composite by means of lamination, as is shown schematically in particular by the figures in cross-section.

[0256] Lamination for the production of the security document 1 or, in particular, for bonding the absorption layer 52 with a core layer 55 of the security element 2 is or is preferably carried out by means of a pressure being exerted on at least one or more layers selected from absorption layer 52, first security element 2, second security element 4, core layer 55, cover layer, in particular first cover layer 51 and / or second cover layer 56, of 10 N / cm² to 400 N / cm², preferably 40 N / cm² to 200 N / cm².It is possible that the lamination is carried out by means of a temperature acting on at least one or more layers selected from absorption layer 52, first safety element 2, second safety element 44, core layer 55, and top layer, in particular first top layer 51 and / or second top layer 56, by means of a heat source, in particular one or more of the heated rollers or one or more of the heated plates, of more than 150°C, preferably between 160°C and 210°C. The lamination is preferably carried out by means of a contact time of the heat source with at least one or more layers selected from absorption layer 52, first safety element 2, second safety element 44, core layer 55, and top layer, in particular first top layer 51 and / or second top layer 56, in the range of 1 minute or more and 30 minutes or less.The heat source preferably makes contact directly or indirectly with one or more of the aforementioned layers via further layers. The settings described above are preferably used for a core layer 55, an absorption layer 52, and at least one cover layer, in particular a first cover layer 51 and / or a second cover layer 52, consisting of or comprising polycarbonate. For other materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, different temperature and pressure settings tailored to the materials being processed may be used. The application of KINEGRAM®< TKO and KINEGRAM®< GUARD to a substrate is also referred to as lamination. The TKO or GUARD product is applied to the surface, preferably by placing the film on the substrate and activating the adhesive using heating rollers.In a TKO (Transfer-Oriented Transfer) process, transfer layers are preferably applied and the polyester carrier is then removed. With the GUARD (Guard) process, a pre-cut film, particularly with a polyester carrier, is applied, the polyester carrier serving as protection against abrasion.

[0257] To produce the security document 1, it is particularly possible to arrange it by, preferably after lamination and / or bonding of the layers of the security document 1, applying a blackening by means of a laser to the absorption area 30, and / or by providing a first sub-element 11, in particular of the system according to the invention, which comprises the first security element 2, with a printing layer 31 as an absorption layer and preferably subsequently bonding it to further layers of the security element 2, in particular the second sub-element 12, particularly by bending the system 10. Thereupon, the auxiliary carrier 105 can in particular be detached from the carriers 103 and 104, so that preferably a finished, personalized security document 1 is produced.

[0258] Naturally, the listed design variants can be combined in any way and do not represent a limitation. Reference symbol list

[0259] 1 Security document 10 System, Label 11 First sub-element 12 Second sub-element 103, 104 Carrier layer 2 First security element 20 First area 21 Background area 22 Second area 3, 32 Personalized information 30 Absorption area 31 Printing layer 4 Second security element 41 Third security element 42 Fourth security element 51, 53, 54, 56 Transparent layer 52, 521 Absorption layer 55 Core layer 550 Window area 6 Overlay / Transparent second security element 7 Substrate 8 Printing layer 101 PSA (Pressure Sensitive Adhesive) 102 Cover 103, 104 Carrier element 105 Auxiliary carrier 201 Carrier 202 Release layer 203 Replication layer 204 Reflection layer 205 Stabilization layer 206 Adhesive layer 300 Patches α Inclination of facets β Angle of incidence Φ, angle of reflection h, height d, length

Claims

1. Security document (1), comprising - a first side and a second side opposite the first side, - at least one absorption layer (52, 31) having an absorption region (30) for forming at least one piece of personalised information (3), wherein the security document (1) is processed and / or processable in the absorption region (30), in such a way that the at least one piece of personalised information (3) is visible by absorption of incidental light on the first side, in particular is visible to the human eye; - a first security element (2) having a visually variable effect, wherein the first security element (2) is arranged behind the absorption layer (52, 31) when viewing the first page, and the first security element (2) is arranged in a first region (20), wherein the first region (20) partially or completely overlaps the absorption region (30) and the first region (20) does not overlap the absorption region (30) in a background region (21) directly adjacent to the absorption region (30), in such a way that the at least one piece of personalised information (3) has a viewing-angle dependent contrast, in particular a brightness contrast in a second region (22), which is formed by at least one partial region of the absorption region (30) and a partial region of the background region (21) directly adjacent thereto, wherein the visually variable effect of the first security element (2) is visible under a specific first viewing angle, in particular is visible to the human eye, and is not visible under a second predefined viewing angle, in particular is not visible to the human eye, wherein the first security element (2) is transparent under the second viewing angle, and wherein the first security element (2) appears achromatic in the second region, in particular in the background region (21), when viewing under the predefined first viewing angle, and / or wherein the arithmetic mean of measured values of the reflection and / or the reflected and / or scattered light in the first region is at least 5% greater under a predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle.

2. Security document (1) according to claim 1, characterised in that a brightness difference between the background region (21) and absorption region (30) is greater in the second region (22) under the predefined first viewing angle than under the predefined second viewing angle, and / or the arithmetic mean of measured values of the reflection and / or the reflected and / or scattered light, preferably of grey values, is greater in the first region by at least 10%, more preferably at least 15% under the predefined first viewing angle than under the predefined second viewing angle, and / or the first security element is designed in such a way that an increase of brightness, in particular in the second region (22), is lower in the absorption region (30) than in the background region (21) when there is a change from viewing under the predefined second viewing angle to viewing under the predefined first viewing angle.

3. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the absorption region (30) has a visual thickness with a maximum K-value of 3, in particular according to ISO 13655:2017(E), at least in the first region and / or the contrast in the second region (21) has a maximum value of 0.1, preferably 0.15, between the absorption region (30) and the background region (21), under the first viewing angle.

4. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the visually variable effect of the first security document (2) is only visible when viewing the first side and / or the security document (1) has a semi-transparent or opaque contrast layer to increase the contrast of the piece of personalised information, in particular under a viewing angle different to the first predefined viewing angle, preferably behind the first security element when viewing from the first side, wherein the contrast layer preferably has filler materials for preferably diffused scattering of incident light, in particular has TiO2, and / or the security document (1) is semi-transparent or transparent, in particular not opaque, between the absorption layer and the first security element.

5. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the security document comprises a second security element (4) having a visually variable effect in a third region (40), which is arranged in front of the absorption layer (31, 52) when viewing the first side, in particular wherein the third region (40) partially or completely overlaps the absorption region (30), and in particular the first security element (2) and the second security element (4) are visible when viewing the first side, in particular are visible to the human eye, and / or the first security element (2) and the second security element (4) and in particular also the absorption region (30), preferably a darkening or printing layer of the absorption layer, overlap in an overlapping region.

6. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first security element (2) appears achromatic, in particular is visibly achromatic at least in a first partial region of the absorption region (30), which forms a greyscale image or a multicolour image, preferably a portrait, when viewing under the predefined first viewing angle.

7. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first security element (2) only forms one partial region of the first side of the security document (1) and / or the first security element (2) is arranged partially overlapping with at least one first partial region of the absorption region (30), which forms a greyscale image or a multicolour image, in a closed and associated region with a minimum width or minimum length of 80%, preferably 100%, of a region (30) provided for the first partial region of the absorption region (30), wherein the provided region is preferably a defined region for a portrait.

8. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the at least one piece of personalised information (3) is designed by means of manipulation of the absorption layer (52) with a laser, in particular by a darkening, and / or by a printed layer (31) comprised or formed by the absorption layer.

9. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a further absorption layer (521) is arranged behind the first security element (2) when viewing the first side, in particular wherein the at least one piece of personalised information (3) is composed of the absorption layer (52) and the further absorption layer (521) when viewing under the second viewing angle.

10. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) is designed to be semi-transparent or transparent or the second security element (4) is designed to be opaque, in particular has a transmission in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, selected from the range from 0.1% to 30%, preferably from 1% to 10%.

11. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the absorption region (30) is arranged in register with the background region (21).

12. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one replication layer, in particular wherein the at least one replication layer has a layer thickness in a range from 0.2 µm to 20 µm, preferably from 0.2 µm to 10 µm, and the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one reflection layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range from 40 nm to 200 nm, more preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm, wherein the reflection layer is formed in particular from ZnS or TiO2 and / or wherein the reflection layer preferably has a refractive index of more than 1.9 in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably from 420 nm to 780 nm, and in particular the reflection layer is partially or completely arranged in the security document (1), preferably in the first security element (2), in particular wherein the reflection layer has at least partially different layer thicknesses, and / or the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one relief structure, in particular in the reflection layer and / or the replication layer, in particular wherein the at least one relief structure deflects, preferably bends and / or reflects, the incident light in specific angle regions, and in particular the at least one relief structure is a blazed structure, in particular having a grating period of more than 3 µm, more preferably more than 5 µm, and in particular a maximum of 25 µm, and / or in a range from 3 µm to 25 µm.

13. Security document according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one stabilising layer with a preferred layer thickness selected from the range from 0.5 µm to 20 µm, more preferably from 1.0 µm to 10 µm, wherein the stabilising layer is single-layer or multi-layer and preferably comprises a bonding layer, and / or the first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one adhesive layer with a preferred layer thickness selected from the range from 0.2 µm to 20 µm, more preferably 0.2 µm to 10 µm, in particular wherein the adhesive layer is made of hot glue or cold glue, and wherein the adhesive layer is designed to be single-layer or multi-layer.

14. Method for producing a security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the security document (1) comprises a first side and a second side opposite the first side, wherein the following steps are carried out: - providing at least one absorption layer (52, 31) with an absorption region (30) for forming at least one piece of personalised information (3), wherein the security document (1) is processed and / or processable in the absorption region (30) in such a way that the at least one piece of personalised information (3) is visible by absorption of incident light on the first side, in particular is visible to the human eye; - providing a first security element (2) with a visually variable effect; - arranging the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (31), so that the first security element (2) is arranged behind the absorption layer (52, 31) when viewing the first side of the security document (1), and the first security element (2) is arranged in a first region (20), wherein the first region (20) partially or completely overlaps the absorption region (30) and the first region (20) does not overlap the absorption region (30) in a background region (21) directly adjacent to the absorption region (30), in such a way that the at least one piece of personalised information (3) has a viewing-angle dependent contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, in a second region (22), which is formed by at least one partial region of the absorption region (30) and a partial region of the background region (21) directly adjacent thereto, wherein the visually variable effect of the first security element (2) is visible under a predefined first viewing angle, in particular is visible to the human eye, and is not visible under a second predefined viewing angle, in particular is not visible to the human eye, wherein the first security element (2) is transparent under the second viewing angle and wherein the first security element (2) appears achromatic in the second region, in particular in the background region (21), when viewing under the predefined first viewing angle, and / or wherein the arithmetic mean of measured values of the reflection and / or of the reflected and / or scattered light in the first region is greater by at least 5% under a predefined first viewing angle than under a predefined second viewing angle.

15. Method for producing a security document according to claim 14, characterised in that the following steps are carried out, in particular before, during or after arranging the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (31): applying the at least one piece of personalised information (3) and in particular that the application of the at least one piece of personalised information (3) is carried out by means of a laser by darkening the absorption layer (52) and / or by printing the absorption layer (31).

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