Adaptive tuning method and apparatus for operation state of controller
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-15
AI Technical Summary
Existing vehicle motor controllers experience inefficiencies and overheating due to sudden voltage or current spikes, leading to increased losses and reduced service life, with prior solutions introducing delays in adjusting energy control strategies.
An adaptive tuning apparatus comprising a sensing module, processing module, and controlling module that continuously monitors vehicle and road conditions, allowing for real-time adjustment of PWM frequency and turn-on/off times of power devices to optimize motor operation.
Ensures stable and efficient motor operation under varying conditions, reducing energy consumption, extending device life, and improving driving comfort and safety by promptly adapting to changes in vehicle state.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024138536_26022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ADAPTIVE TUNING METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OPERATION STATE OF CONTROLLERBACKGROUND OF THE APPLICATION1. Technical Field
[0001] The present application relates to the field of automotive control technology, and more particularly to an adaptive tuning method and apparatus for operation state of a vehicle’s controller. 2. Description of Related Art
[0002] When a vehicle motor experiences sudden spikes in voltage or current, the motor controller may become overloaded, leading to increased losses at power devices. The switching losses at these power devices are closely related to the magnitude of the current and voltage. As the current or voltage increases, these switching losses also rise. Operation under high voltage or large current for extended periods causes the power devices to overheat, with the elevated temperature further exacerbating the losses. In high current conditions, parasitic inductance and capacitance effects in the power devices are also intensified, leading to additional losses and voltage peaks, thereby further increasing the thermal load on the power device.
[0003] These issues not only degrade working efficiency of the motor, but also shorten service life of both the power devices and the motor control system, thus adding maintenance costs and posing risks to system reliability. Hence, there is a pressing need for a solution that ensures the motor operates stably and efficiently across various operating conditions by timely tuning the controller of the motor according to the current operational state of the vehicle.
[0004] CN117755299A discloses a vehicle control method that involves acquiring vehicle and road slope information and calculating the target output torque of the power source required for the vehicle to traverse the slope, so as to dynamically adjust the vehicle speed and avoiding power interruptions or overloads in a power system. However, this approach involves frequent changes in vehicle speed due to the continuous adjustment of speed and power output based on real-time data, which can adversely affect driving stability and passenger comfort. SUMMARY OF THE APPLICATION
[0005] There are known technical schemes for adjusting energy output according to the actual operation state of a vehicle. For example, patent document CN109094555A discloses an adaptive road condition energy control apparatus and method for a hybrid power mining vehicle. The apparatus comprises a gradient sensor and a road condition identification controller. The gradient sensor measures the road gradient in real-time and sends the signal to the road condition identification controller. The road condition identification controller analyzes current operation conditions of the vehicle so as to obtain real-time road condition evaluation characteristic parameters. When variation in road conditions exceeds a sensitivity threshold, according to the real-time road condition evaluation characteristic parameters, the road condition identification controller employs the method of minimizing equivalent fuel consumption to adjust equivalence factors, thereby updating the baseline cyclic energy control strategy in real-time and replacing the original strategy with the updated one. This technical scheme involves collecting real-time road condition information, and modifying the baseline cyclic energy control strategy accordingly, so as to ensure alignment with actual road conditions. However, when variation of road conditions exceeds the sensitivity threshold, for adjustment to the equivalence factors and real-time update of the baseline cyclic energy control strategy, this approach requires the road condition identification controller to first collect real-time road conditions information and then perform data processing and computing to determine the appropriate energy control strategy. This process unavoidably introduces time delays, which hinder the real-time adaption of the energy control strategy to the current operating conditions of the vehicle. On the contrary, the processing module of the present application directly retrieves preloaded processing parameters corresponding to the current operating conditions of the vehicle from the controlling module according to the analytical results of the operating condition, thereby significantly saving the waiting time required for data processing. This allows the system to adjust the corresponding processing parameters more promptly in response to the actual operating conditions of the vehicle, and ensure more efficient operation of the vehicle. The tuning strategy of the present application not only responds more quickly but also achieves finer energy management by leveraging preloaded parameter settings, making it highly adaptable to complex road condition variations.
[0006] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the present application provides an adaptive tuning apparatus for operation state of a controller to solve at least some of these technical issues.
[0007] The present application relates to an adaptive tuning apparatus for operation state of a controller. The apparatus comprises a sensing module, a processing module, and a controlling module, all of which are in data connection with each other. The sensing module periodically acquires and sends operating conditions of vehicle with the controller to the processing module. The processing module analyzes these operating conditions using prestored data sets in its memory to determine whether the vehicle satisfies specific tuning criteria. Upon meeting the specific tuning criteria, the processing module retrieves processing parameters matching the current operating conditions, and sends the retrieved processing parameters to the controlling module. Based on the processing parameters, the controlling module adjusts switching frequency of pulse-width modulation (hereinafter referred to as PWM) and / or turn-on / off time of the vehicle’s controller to make the vehicle’s operation state align with the current operating conditions.
[0008] Unlike existing solutions, the present application achieves more precise and timely energy management by analyzing the operating conditions of the vehicle in real time and adaptively adjusting control parameters, such as PWM switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the vehicle controller. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, the problems addressed by the present application include: how to maximize vehicle performance and minimize energy consumption under various operating conditions, particularly those involving frequent changes and heavy loads. Specifically, when a vehicle enters a slope driving state, its operational parameters can vary continuously. With the prior-art solution as described previously, adjustments to the energy control strategy achieved by tuning the equivalence factor via the equivalent fuel consumption method, based on real-time operational parameters, require the processor to deal with frequent and complex computing tasks and to perform repeated modifications and overwrites of control strategies. Such a processing process can significantly add data processing burdens during continuously changing operating conditions and prevent timely adjustments of the energy control strategy, thereby leading to delayed responses in vehicle control. The disclosed apparatus uses its innovative structure comprising a sensing module, a processing module, and a controlling module working cooperatively to achieve precise control and optimization of the vehicle’s operational states. First, the apparatus ensures stable motor operation under varying operating conditions of the vehicle, especially under high-load scenarios, such as uphill driving. This in turn improves reliability and safety of the vehicle. Second, by continuously monitoring and analyzing the current state of the vehicle, the apparatus provides fast responses and adjusts the switching frequency of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices. This helps optimize motor power output and response speed, and in turn enhance the overall performance of the vehicle. The term “real-time” herein signifies that the processing module can respond instantaneously to signals from the sensing module without waiting for the next scheduled processing cycle. This ensures continuous data processing without noticeable delays. In addition, the disclosed apparatus incorporates a smart control strategy, including the adaptive learning capability of the processing module, enabling the system to optimize the tuning criteria continuously according to historical data. This adaptation accommodates usage variations in the vehicle, thereby maintaining efficient and reliable operation over time. The flexibility and adaptability of the apparatus are further enhanced by dynamically adjusting data collection intervals. This ensures optimal performance under various driving conditions and operational habits. The phrase “dynamically adjusting” allows the sensing module to automatically adjust data collection frequency according to varying operational conditions or needs. This capability allows the sensing module to collect data in some cases at high frequency to respond to variation promptly, while in other cases lowering the frequency to minimize processing load or costs. By reducing vain energy and heat losses, the disclosed apparatus improves energy utilization, increases the driving range of the vehicle, reduces maintenance costs, and extends service life of devices. By smoothly tuning the power output, the present application effectively reduces shocks and vibrations caused by power fluctuations, significantly improving vehicle comfort.
[0009] In one preferred embodiment, the operating conditions acquired by the sensing module include vehicle information and road information. The vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the vehicle’s controller. The road information includes ramp angle. The processing module classifies the vehicle’s current operating state as either regular operating conditions or special operating conditions according to stability indicators within the vehicle information and / or the road information. By monitoring speed of the vehicle, the apparatus can accurately determine the dynamics of the vehicle, timely respond to speed changes, and provide direct feedback on vehicle mobility to the processing module. Second, by monitoring the accelerator pedal signal duration, the disclosed apparatus can infer driver intent and respond swiftly to the acceleration request, thereby optimizing driving experience. Meanwhile, continuous monitoring of the temperature at the power devices helps prevent overheating, ensuring safe operation within the temperature range, avoiding thermal damage, and extending service life of the related devices. In addition, ramp angle monitoring provides detailed information of road conditions, so that with different ramp angles, the processing module can adjust the PWM frequency or the turn-on / off time of the power devices according to the current ramp angle, thereby efficiently satisfying the vehicle power demand during uphill or downhill travel. Such an adaptive tuning strategy not only improves performance and safety of vehicle during ramp driving, but also improves energy utilization and reduces energy consumption by optimizing the power output. By monitoring the stability indicators, such as the vehicle speed, the accelerator pedal signal duration, the temperature at the power devices, and the ramp angle, the processing module can timely identify whether the vehicle is entering special operating conditions, such as uphill travel, so as to ensure the controlling module implements appropriate modulation strategies to optimize energy utilization and driving stability of the vehicle.
[0010] In one preferred embodiment, when the vehicle is under regular operating conditions, the sensing module uses a regular time interval for data feedback, which is set with a fixed duration by the processing module according to the vehicle’s response characteristics in a stable state; and when the vehicle transitions into special operating conditions, the processing module activates a special time interval mechanism for data feedback, wherein the special time interval is dynamically adjusted by the processing module according to a data changing rate provided by the sensing module and analysis results obtained from historical data stored in the processing module. Unlike prior-art solutions, the present application achieves real-time adjustments of the time interval for data feedback according to the actual operational state of the vehicle. The present application uses a dynamic time interval adjusting mechanism to significantly improve the vehicle control system’s response speed and precision. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: how to achieve smart adjustments of the time interval for data feedback during operation of the vehicle to satisfy demands corresponding to various operating conditions and thereby optimize vehicle performance. Specifically, the disclosed apparatus selectively uses different time intervals for data feedback under different operation conditions. Such dynamic adjustment for the time interval allows the apparatus to achieve more effective management of dynamic vehicle responses under different operating conditions. For example, during high-speed driving or emergency braking, the disclosed apparatus responds instantly by shortening the time interval for data feedback. This ensures more precise and timely control of the power output and braking force of the vehicle under special operating conditions, and improves performance and safety of the vehicle. Conversely, during low-speed or steady driving, the disclosed apparatus may properly extend the time interval for data feedback to reduce system resource consumption and avoid unnecessary system loss caused by frequent adjustments, thereby optimizing energy efficiency and extending the service life of the vehicle’s power system. In addition, such a smart tuning mechanism facilitates driving comfort and passenger experience with smoother and more natural vehicle control, minimizing abrupt changes in operation.
[0011] In one preferred embodiment, when the vehicle is under special operating conditions, according to maximum permissible variation in the PWM signal switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the power devices, the processing module sets specific interval endpoint values for the current ramp angle, and according to the ramp angle variation trend monitored by the sensing module, dynamically adjusts the special time interval and recalibrate the interval endpoint values that correspond to the changed ramp angle. In contrast to prior art solutions, according to the current ramp angle and the real-time trend confirmed by the sensing module, the present application can dynamically adjust the switching frequency of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices as well as the special time interval setting. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: how to achieve precise and timely responses about power output and braking control under special operating conditions, and how to improve driving comfort and passenger experience by means of a smart tuning mechanism. By setting specific interval endpoint values for the current ramp angle, the processing module can precisely control the switching frequency of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices, thereby ensuring performance and safety of the vehicle under special operating conditions. The processing module can, according to the angle variation trend confirmed by the sensing module, dynamically adjust the special time interval, so as to enable the system to respond to real-time variation in ramp angle promptly by timely adjusting the operational parameters of the vehicle. As the ramp angle varies, the processing module can recalibrate the interval endpoint values. This adaptive adjustment ensures that the control parameters of the vehicle always align with the current operating conditions, thereby improving adaptability and stability of the vehicle. In addition, by limiting the maximum variations of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices, the technical scheme effectively prevents the risks of degradation of vehicle performance or damage to the controller that might be caused if the parameters otherwise adjusted to be exceeding their thresholds.
[0012] In one preferred embodiment, the processing module is further configured to detect whether the vehicle has exceeded predetermined operating condition threshold preset based on a comprehensive analysis of vehicle design performance, historical operation data, and safe operating limits, wherein for special operating conditions, the predetermined operating condition threshold is defined by a variation rate and / or a variation difference of the operating conditions within a special time interval. In contrast to prior art solutions, the present application features dynamic adjustment of the performance parameters of the vehicle in different operational conditions, which ensures that the vehicle exhibit the optimal performance and safety in various operating conditions. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: how to respond to even minor variation in the vehicle state faster and timely adjust the control strategy. In the disclosed apparatus, the processing module has the ability to detect deviation from the predetermined operating condition threshold. This ability is set based on comprehensive consideration to vehicle design performance, historical operation data, and safe operating limits. The predetermined operating condition threshold reflects the state range the vehicle is expected to held during its normal, safe operation. The threshold includes and is not limited to key parameters such as speed, acceleration, motor loads, and temperature at the power devices. In special operating conditions, such as uphill driving or sharp turns, these thresholds are further refined as the rate of change and / or variation of operating conditions within a special time interval, so as to meet the demand for fast responses and precise control in these situations. This real-time monitoring and fast responses capability significantly improves the intelligence of the vehicle’s control system and enhances its adaptability to complex and changing road conditions, while ensuring safety and reliability. By precisely controlling the working states of the motor and the power devices, the disclosed apparatus not only optimizes the vehicle’s power output and energy efficiency, but also provides necessary power support or braking force when required, so as to deal with challenges of special operating conditions.
[0013] In one preferred embodiment, the processing module is further configured to determine that the vehicle is in a slope driving state that necessitates parameter tuning in response to triggering of any of the following conditions: a decrease or increase in vehicle speed exceeds a normal operation range; a variation in acceleration exceeds an expected threshold; the vehicle’s motor load reaches its rated power; the temperature of the power devices reaches an overheating protection limit; or the ramp angle, as measured by a sensor, exceeds a preset threshold. Unlike prior art solutions, the present application features real-time monitoring and analysis of the operating conditions of the vehicle. By comparing the predetermined operating condition thresholds with the actual operation data, the vehicle’s operational parameters can be intelligently adjusted, thereby securing the vehicle within its safe and efficient operating range in various special operating conditions. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: when the vehicle exceeds the predetermined operating condition threshold, how to fast respond with necessary adjustment to maintain stability and safety of the vehicle. When the motor load reaches the rated power of the motor, the disclosed apparatus can identify the potential overload and take relevant measures, such as adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM signals or changing the turn-on / off time of the power devices, so as to reduce the motor load and protect the motor from damage caused by the overload. Similarly, when the temperature at any power devices is close to the overheating protection limit, the disclosed apparatus can timely reduce the load at the power devices or take cooling measures to protect the power devices from heat damage and ensure reliable operation of the power device. In addition, the sensors in the disclosed apparatus can accurately detect that the vehicle is about to enter or is already in the slope driving state by measuring the varying ramp angle. In such a case, the disclosed apparatus automatically adjusts the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device, so as to satisfy the power demand for supporting the vehicle to drive on a slope, thereby ensuring the optimal operation state and performance of the vehicle no matter it is going uphill or downhill.
[0014] In one preferred embodiment, the controlling module is further configured to output PWM signals to a motor controller, and send expected results of the adjusted PWM signals to the processing module as feedback information through a feedback channel, so that the processing module evaluates the actual results of the adjusted PWM signals by referring to the feedback information from the controlling module and the actual operating conditions of the vehicle acquired by the sensing module. In contrast to prior art solutions, the present application employs a closed-loop control system to optimize parameters of PWM signals in real-time, so as to adapt to varying operating conditions of the vehicle. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: how to achieve precise control of the motor controller in various operating conditions, and how to use a real-time feedback mechanism to perform dynamic optimization of the PWM signals. By outputting and feeding back the PWM signals, the controlling module delivers precise control instructions to the motor controller, and ensures that the motor has its operation state changing with the dynamically adjusted PWM signals to match the current operating conditions of the vehicle. The processing module according to the feedback information from the controlling module and the real-time vehicle operation data provided by the sensing module, evaluates the actual result of adjustment of the PWM signals. Such an evaluation mechanism enables the system to identify deviations and adjust promptly, thereby ensuring that the motor operates as expected at all times. The circulation of feedback establishes a closed-loop control strategy, which enhance adaptability of the system. The system can dynamically optimize the parameters of the PWM signals based on real-time data and feedback results, so as to provide more accurate and more prompt responses.
[0015] In one preferred embodiment, the controlling module adjusts the turn-on and / or turn-off time by adjusting turn-on and / or turn-off resistances of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller, wherein the controlling module is further configured to set the values of the turn-on and / or turn-off resistances by adjusting electrical level or pulse width of control signals. Therein, the controlling module can through adjusts the electrical level or pulse width of the control signal to thereby configure the resistance values of the turn-on and / or turn-off resistances. Unlike prior art solutions, the present application through real-time monitor the operation state of the vehicle and the working conditions of the power device, dynamically adjusting turn-on and / or turn-off resistances of the power device, so as to optimize the turn-on / off time and achieve precise control. Based on the foregoing distinguishing technical features, problems can be solved by the present application include: when the vehicle is in different operational conditions, especially when there is significant variation in load, how to achieve precise control of the turn-on / off time of the power device, and how to use smart tuning to reduce energy loss, improve energy efficiency, and extend the service life of the power device. Such a tuning mechanism allows the power devices to respond promptly and provide the required power output or braking force in various operational conditions, such as during slope driving or rush acceleration / deceleration, thereby optimizing the dynamic response performance and driving experience of the vehicle. Second, the precise control of the turn-on / off time of the power devices helps reduce energy loss during the switching process, thereby improving the energy efficiency of the vehicle and the service life of the power device.
[0016] In one preferred embodiment, the processing module is preloaded with a mapping relationship among the PWM frequency, the turn-on / off time of the power devices, and the operating conditions of the vehicle, so that when the processing module receives state data of the vehicle from the sensing module, the processing module performs synchronization with the preloaded mapping relationship to retrieve the appropriate processing parameters. Such a process of synchronization and retrieval avoids complex real-time computing, reduces response time, and contributes to more timely and accurate control. By using the preloaded mapping relationship, the processing module ensures that the vehicle controller maintains the optimal settings of the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices in various operating conditions, including those with different speed levels, load levels, or slopes. This not only ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of the vehicle, but also enhances the vehicle’s adaptability to complex road conditions, thereby improving driving safety and passenger comfort.
[0017] The present application further provides an adaptive tuning method for operation state of a controller. The method comprises the following steps:
[0018] monitoring operating conditions of vehicle with the controller at regular time intervals;
[0019] determining whether the vehicle satisfies specific tuning criteria according to the operating conditions;
[0020] upon meeting the specific tuning criteria, retrieving processing parameters that match the current operating conditions; and
[0021] based on these processing parameters, adjusting switching frequency of PWM and / or turn-on / off time of power devices in the vehicle’s controller to make the vehicle’s operation state align with the current operating conditions.
[0022] In one preferred embodiment, the operating conditions of the vehicle include vehicle information and road information. The vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the vehicle’s controller, while the road information includes ramp angle. By considering both vehicle information and road information comprehensively, the technical scheme achieves holistic monitoring of the operation state of the vehicle. The vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the controller of the vehicle. These parameters cover states of power, driving behavior, and states of key components of the vehicle, thereby presenting a clear view of actual operation of the vehicle.
[0023] In one preferred embodiment, when variation in any one or more parameters among vehicle speed, acceleration, motor load, or temperature at the power devices exceeds their respective predetermined thresholds, it is determined that the vehicle’s current operating conditions satisfy the tuning criteria. In the present scheme, real-time monitoring of key parameters enables quick detection of any abnormalities or sharp variations in the vehicle operation state. By monitoring these parameters and responding promptly to any out-of-threshold conditions, the present scheme helps prevent potential safety risks, such as loss of control, damage, or other hazards caused by excessive speed, acceleration, motor overload, or overheating of power devices.
[0024] In one preferred embodiment, the processing parameters are determined according to pre-loaded mapping relationship with the operating conditions of the vehicle, where the processing parameters include the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices, and the adjustments to the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices are output to a motor controller, so as to align the vehicle’s operating state with the current operating conditions. In the present scheme, by using the preloaded mapping relationship, the processing parameters, such as the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device, can be precisely determined according to the vehicle’s current operating conditions. Such a data-driven control strategy makes control more precise and reliable. In addition, the present scheme enables real-time responses to variations in the operation state of the vehicle. By adjusting the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices to optimize the performance of the motor, the present scheme ensures efficient operation of the motor in various operating conditions.
[0025] In one preferred embodiment, the step of adjusting the turn-on / off time of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller involves changing electrical level or pulse width of control signals to configure the value of turn-on and / or turn-off resistances, thereby adjusting the turn-on and / or turn-off time. Adjusting the electrical level or pulse width of the control signal allows for precise configuration of the value of the turn-on and / or turn-off resistances. Such adjustments provide more refined control over the turn-on and turn-off time of the power devices, thereby achieving precise power control for the motor and for other power loads. In addition, precise control of the switching operation of the power devices helps reduce energy losses, especially those incurred during switching. Reduction of switching losses helps enhance the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle.
[0026] The present application further provides a carrier capable of carrying the apparatus as described previously or implementing the method as described previously.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an adaptive tuning apparatus for operation state of a controller according to the present application;
[0028] FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the adaptive tuning method for operation state of a controller according to the present application;
[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates the quantitative relationship between the PWM frequency and the ramp angle preloaded in the processing module of the present application;
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates the quantitative relationship between the turn-on / off time of the power devices and the ramp angle preloaded in the processing module of the present application; and
[0031] FIG. 5 provides hardware layout of a carrier according to one embodiment of the present application. List of Reference Numerals 100: Sensing Module 300: Controlling Module 200: Processing Module DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATION
[0032] The present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiment 1
[0033] The present application provides an apparatus for tuning the operation state of a vehicle’s controller according to operating conditions of the vehicle, and its purpose is to ensure the vehicle motor maintains stable operation across various operating conditions, especially in high-load scenarios such as uphill driving, so as to effectively improve overall performance and reliability of the vehicle system. Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the disclosed apparatus comprises a sensing module 100, a processing module 200, and a controlling module 300, which are interconnected for data exchange. Specifically, the sensing module 100 is for acquiring the operating conditions of the vehicle. The processing module 200 first determines, according to information acquired by the sensing module 100, whether the vehicle satisfies tuning criteria, and if the vehicle satisfies the tuning criteria, acquires the processing parameters that match the current operating conditions of the vehicle. The controlling module 300 adjusts the operation state of the vehicle according to the processing parameters to match the current operating conditions.
[0034] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, according to the present application, the operating conditions collected by the sensing module 100 each include vehicle information and road information. This provides the processing module 200 and the controlling module 300 with holistic and accurate data support. The vehicle information covers vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the controller of the vehicle. The road information is focused on ramp angle. In this case, the sensing module 100 comprises speed sensors, pedal position sensors, temperature sensors, and a gyroscope. The sensors are interconnected through a high-performance data collection and processing circuit, so as to form an integrated information sensing system. Specifically, the speed sensors may be implemented by the VRS Thrumold series from Honeywell. They may be installed at wheel speed sensors of the vehicle and / or at the output end of the engine to measure engine timing and driving speed in real-time. Then the driving speed information of the vehicle is converted into electrical signals readable to the processing module 200. After being filtered and amplified, the signals are analyzed by a microprocessor, so that precise vehicle speed data can be obtained. The pedal position sensors may be implemented by the MPS series from Bosch, and they may be non-contact Hall sensors or resistive sensors, as long as they can precisely monitor the depth and pedaling duration performed on the accelerator pedal. The temperature sensors may be implemented by the TMP series from Texas Instruments. They are such arranged to be close to the power devices inside the vehicle controller, such as key components like the motor controller, so as to accurately acquire surface temperature of the power devices. The gyroscope may be a product modeled L3GD20 from STMicroelectronics. As the core component for sensing road information, the gyroscope measures the angular velocity of the vehicle about its own axis, and incorporates the vehicle’s movement state as well as the geographic coordinate system information of the vehicle, so that it can use an advanced posture estimation algorithm to precisely calculate the gradient of the slope on which the vehicle is located.
[0035] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the role of the processing module 200 in the disclosed apparatus is more than analyzing data analysis and making decisions, as it further provides close data linkage with the sensing module 100 and a dynamic modulation mechanism. The processing module 200 may be a microcontroller unit (MCU) , which is also known as a single chip microcomputer. This chip-level computer integrates a central process unit (CPU) that has been reduced in terms of frequency and specification, a memory, a timer, an USB, an A / D converter, a UART, a PLC, a DMA, or other peripheral ports, and even an LCD drive circuit into a single chip, and provides combined control differently for different applications. The processing module 200 may be an MCU of the STM32F7 series from STMicroelectronics. In its memory, data sets corresponding to specific operating conditions may be stored in the form of images, trees, or Hash tables, thereby ensuring fast responses to and precise control of variation in the state of the vehicle.
[0036] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the data linkage between the processing module 200 and the sensing module 100 forms the core communication mechanism of the disclosed apparatus. This mechanism ensures that the sensing module 100 can, according to the real-time vehicle state, provide accurate operating condition data to the processing module 200 at the appropriate time interval. The time interval is determined by the processing module 200 based on comprehensive consideration of the vehicle’s dynamic responses capability, the processing demands of the system, and through sophisticated computing. The purpose is to realize the optimal frequency for data collection, so as to reflect the actual operation state of the vehicle. When the vehicle is under regular operating conditions, driving at a relatively constant speed without significant variations in road conditions or operational demands, the sensing module 100 performs data feedback at regular time intervals. The regular time interval is fixed. It is set based on the response characteristics of the vehicle in the stable state to ensure continuity and reliability of data while preventing unnecessary loads for data processing and computing. However, when the vehicle enters a special operating condition, such as by driving on a slope, the significant variation in road conditions requires the system to respond more rapidly and precisely. In such a case, the processing module 200 activates the special time interval mechanism.
[0037] Preferably, the processing module 200 may set stability indicators for the vehicle information and the road information to be used to evaluate the current operating conditions of the vehicle. The stability indicators are a series of parameters used to evaluate the dynamic performance of the vehicle across different operating conditions. For the vehicle information item, vehicle speed, its stability may be evaluated according to the changing rate of the speed as measured by the sensing module 100. In other words, the vehicle speed is regarded as stable if its variation over a certain time period is always within a range defined by a relatively small stability indicator. In a regular operating condition, the vehicle speed is expected to remain relatively constant without abrupt acceleration or deceleration. Otherwise, it is determined that the vehicle is in a special operating condition. The stability indicator for the accelerator pedal signal duration reflects continuity and consistency of the driver’s operation of the accelerator pedal. In a regular operating condition, variation in the accelerator pedal signal duration is small. This indicates that the driver drives the vehicle stably without sudden needs for acceleration or deceleration. The stability indicator of the temperature at power devices of the vehicle reflects the thermal state of the power system of the vehicle during operation. The stable state in a normal temperature range indicates that no power devices are overheated and the system operates with good safety and efficiency. This suggests that the vehicle is in a regular operating condition. The stability indicator of ramp angle is used to determine the driving situation of the vehicle with different ramp angles. In a regular operating condition, the vehicle is expected not to see any significant variation in ramp angle. In a special operating condition, such as the case where the vehicle is driving on a slope, variation in ramp angle is expected to be significant and the apparatus may need to perform corresponding adjustment. With these stability indicators, the processing module 200 can better monitor the operation state of the vehicle, and determine whether the vehicle is in a regular operating condition or in a special operating condition according to variation in these parameters.
[0038] Preferably, the special time interval is dynamically adjustable. It performs analysis using the data changing rate provided by the sensing module 100 and the historical data stored in the processing module 200. The processing module 200 monitors variation in vehicle state in real-time using advanced algorithms, such as adaptive filtering and pattern recognition. Once it detects that the vehicle is in a special operating condition, the processing module 200 automatically shortens the time interval for data feedback from the sensing module 100, so as to ensure relevance of the operating condition. With such an ability to dynamically adjust the special time interval, the processing module 200 can fast detect any significant variation in the vehicle state and respond promptly.
[0039] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, one of the functions of the processing module 200 is to provide the controlling module 300 with proper processing parameters when the operating condition of the vehicle has unexpected variation, so that the controlling module 300 can tune the operation state of the vehicle according to the processing parameters to match the operation state with the current operating conditions. To this end, when the vehicle is in a special operating condition, the processing module 200 may take a series of sophisticated monitoring and adjusting measures. The key operating conditions monitored by the processing module 200 at the special time interval include the motor load, the temperature at the power devices, the vehicle speed, etc. These parameters are key indicators that indicate whether the operation state of the vehicle is at the optimal performance threshold. With real-time tracking and analysis of these parameters, the processing module 200 can detect any deviation beyond the predetermined operating condition thresholds. These predetermined operating condition thresholds are determined based on comprehensive consideration of vehicle design performance, historical operation data, and safe operating limits. For a special operating condition, the predetermined operating condition thresholds may be changing rates and / or variation values of operating conditions within one special time interval. Specifically, these predetermined operating condition thresholds are designed based on comprehensive consideration to performance indicators set by the vehicle manufacturer at the design stage, operation data accumulated over time, and limits that define safe operation. They usually include but are not limited to difference values or changing rate of parameters like the speed range, the maximum motor load value, the highest acceptable temperature at the power devices of the vehicle during normal operation. These thresholds form the foundation for normal operation of the vehicle, so that the processing module 200 can promptly detect and respond when the actual operation state of the vehicle deviates from these predetermined values. In the event of a special operating condition, for example, sharp variation in vehicle speed within certain time intervals may trigger the adjusting mechanism, so this changing rate is an important threshold parameter here. Similarly, rapid decreases or increases in motor load and sharp rises in temperature at the power devices may each be expressed as a changing rate or a variation difference. These dynamic parameters can capture any sharp change in the vehicle state more precisely, thereby providing the processing module 200 with a timely basis of adjustment.
[0040] According to the foregoing analysis, the processing module 200 dynamically adjusts the special time interval to optimize the frequency for data collection. If the analysis results indicate that the current tuning strategy may lead to delay in receipt of the processing parameters at the controlling module 300, the processing module 200 shortens the special time interval, so as to accelerate collection and processing of the data. On the contrary, if the analysis results indicate that the current tuning strategy can satisfy the response needs of the vehicle, the processing module 200 may extend the special time interval to reduce data processing frequency and computing burdens on the system.
[0041] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the processing module 200 uses a series of predetermined logics and parameter thresholds to accurately determine whether the vehicle is in an operating condition that requires adjustment. These specific tuning criteria are set based on a comprehensive consideration of vehicle performance, safety standards, and operational efficiency. They are used to identify whether the vehicle state has deviated from the normal operation range or if it is about to enter an operating condition that requires a special control strategy. Specifically, when the processing module 200 detects any variation in any one or more parameters of the vehicle speed, acceleration, the motor load and the temperature at the power devices has exceeded the corresponding predetermined threshold, it is determined that the operating condition of the vehicle has satisfied certain tuning criteria. In the certain operating condition, failure in performing tuning timely can degrade performance and / or energy efficiency of the vehicle and can even bring about safety risks. The processing module 200 continuously monitors and analyzes these key parameters in real-time, comparing them against the specific tuning criteria. Once it detects that the operating conditions of the vehicle satisfy the tuning criteria, the processing module 200 immediately activates the corresponding tuning strategy. In particularly, the processing module 200 uses the built-in algorithms and parameters stored in the database to retrieve the processing parameters that required by the controlling module 300 for tuning and match the current operating conditions of the vehicle. In addition, the processing module 200 further possesses the ability to perform adaptive learning. It can continuously optimize the tuning criteria and the parameter thresholds according to historical tuning data and actual tuning effects, thereby improving accuracy of determination and tuning response speed. This self-optimization mechanism enables the disclosed apparatus to adapt to changes in vehicle usage and aging characteristics, thereby maintaining efficient and reliable operation over time.
[0042] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the controlling module 300 acts as an execution mechanism in the disclosed apparatus and adjusts the operating condition of the vehicle according to decisions made by the processing module 200. When the processing module 200 determines that the current operating condition of the vehicle satisfies the tuning criteria through data analysis and predetermined logics, the controlling module 300 takes a series of relevant control measures to optimize the vehicle in terms of performance and efficiency. Specifically, the controlling module 300 may be implemented using a real-time microcontroller of the C2000 series from Texas Instruments. It can adjust the switching frequency of PWM signals. By tuning the duty cycle of the PWM signals, it controls the power output of the motor. Specifically, reducing the PWM switching frequency helps decrease electromagnetic noise and switching losses in the motor. In some cases, this also helps improve low-speed stability and torque response of the motor.
[0043] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, in the case where the vehicle is operating on a slope, the controlling module 300 first receives an instruction from the processing module 200. The instruction is based on real-time data collected by the sensing module 100 and the analysis results generated by the processing module 200. The instruction contains adjustment parameters required by the PWM signals, such as the setting value of the switching frequency. The controlling module 300 uses firmware or software inside it to analyze these instruction parameters and convert them into a format that is readable to a PWM controller. For example, a frequency value may be converted into a configuration value for the counter or the timer of the PWM controller. The controlling module 300 uses a register in the PWM controller to set the switching frequency of the PWM signals. By setting the updating frequency or cycle of the timer, the switching frequency of the PWM signals can be controlled indirectly. Throughout this process, the sensing module 100 monitors the operation state of the vehicle, so that the controlling module 300 can, according to a further instruction from the processing module 200 or a predetermined control logic, dynamically adjust the switching frequency of the PWM signal. For example, as the ramp angle increases, the gravity load acting on the vehicle increases, and it may be desirable to lower the PWM frequency so as to increase the torque of the motor. On the other hand, as the ramp angle decreases, the gravity load acting on the vehicle decreases, and it may be desirable to increase the frequency so as to achieve more sophisticated energy recycling control.
[0044] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, after the switching frequency of the PWM signals are adjusted, the controlling module 300 guarantees synchrony between these signals and the motor controller of the vehicle. This ensures that the motor controller can adjusts its output according to the new PWM signals, thereby meeting the dynamic demands of the vehicle driving on a slope. The controlling module 300 further comprises a feedback monitoring mechanism to ensure adjustment of the PWM signals works as expected. Specifically, the controlling module 300 generates the adjusted PWM signals and feeds the expected result of the adjusted PWM signals back to the processing module 200 through a feedback channel while outputting the adjusted PWM signals to the motor controller or another execution mechanism. The processing module 200 evaluates the actual effects of the adjustment of the PWM signals according to the feedback information from the controlling module 300 and the actual operating conditions of the vehicle acquired by the sensing module 100. If the actual response from the vehicle is not as good as expected, the processing module 200 will perform data analysis again and generate a new control instruction, thereby forming a closed control loop.
[0045] Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, when the processing module 200 determines that the current operating condition of the vehicle satisfies the tuning criteria based on data analysis and predetermined logic, the controlling module 300 adjusts the turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller to match the controller to the current operating condition of the vehicle. Furthermore, adjustment of turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff of the power devices are realized through adjusting turn-on resistance Ron and / or turn-off resistance Roff of the power devices in the controller. A power device, such as an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) is subject to loss during its turn-on / off process. The loss is proportional to the resistance values and the current changing rate. Therefore, decreasing the resistance values helps reduce energy loss in the power devices during their switching states, thereby reducing overall heat loss and improving the working efficiency of the controller. These adjustment measures taken by the controlling module 300 are coordinated and work together on the motor control system of the vehicle, so as to achieve fine tuning for the vehicle across different operating conditions. Such a tuning process not only improves the performance of the vehicle in certain operating conditions, such as driving uphill or performing high-speed cruising, but also improve energy efficiency and response speed of the entire system, thereby ensuring driving stability and passenger comfort.
[0046] Preferably, the controlling module 300 configures the resistance values of the turn-on resistance Ron and turn-off resistance Roff by adjusting the electrical level or pulse width of the control signal. Specifically, the controlling module 300 may use a digital potentiometer or an analog switch to dynamically adjust the resistance values. The digital potentiometer changes the resistance values based on digital signal inputs, while the analog switch rapidly switches the resistance paths according to the control signal. In the present application, adjustment of the turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff of a power device is achieved by adjusting the corresponding turn-on resistance Ron and turn-off resistance Roff. This adjustment mechanism is established on precise control of the current changing rate and the voltage changing rate of the corresponding power device during its turn-on / off process. The switching speed of a power device determines its turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff, and this speed is, in turn, related to the resistance values at both ends of the device. Therefore, precise time is highly dependent on correspondence between the values of turn-on resistance Ron and turn-off resistance Roff and of turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff. Specifically, when a power device is switched on, the rate of increase in the current at its collector-emitter is inversely proportional to turn-on resistance Ron. In particular, decreasing the turn-on resistance Ron increases the rate at which the current rises, thereby shortening the turn-on time Ton. Similarly, increasing the turn-on resistance Roff slows the current’s fall and impacts the turn-on time Ton. During the switching-off process, the rate at which the collector-emitter voltage falls is related to the turn-off resistance Roff. A decrease in the turn-off resistance Roff causes the voltage to fall faster, thereby reducing the turn-off time Toff.
[0047] Preferably, to confirm the correspondence between time and resistance, the processing module 200 in the disclosed apparatus is preloaded with a set of quantitative relationships established through lab testing and simulation. The relationship demonstrates correspondence between “turn-on resistance Ron and turn-off resistance Roff” and “turn-on time Ton and turn-off time Toff” related to power devices in a vehicle controller. The pre-established relationship allows the controlling module 300 to quickly and accurately retrieve the processing parameters from these data during actual operation of the vehicle, without performing complex real-time computations during modulation. With this design, the processing module 200 can simply select the corresponding electric resistance values for the controlling module 300 according to the real-time operating conditions of the vehicle, as monitored by the sensing module 100, and then the controlling module 300 can adjust the resistance of the power devices to achieve precise control of the turn-on / off time, thereby optimizing motor control, improving energy efficiency, and in turn ensuring stable driving as well as comfortable riding. The approach based on the established quantitative relationship significantly enhances the apparatus in terms of response speed and tuning precision, while reducing computational burdens and improving reliability.
[0048] Preferably, the processing module 200 is designed with a data-preloading mechanism, which allows the processing module 200 to quickly access and use the images and parameter mapping data prestored in its memory (as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4) . These data are results of ingenious experiments and simulation, and ensure that when the controlling module 300 performs adaptive tuning for the vehicle controller, precise control of the PWM frequency or the turn-on / off time of the power devices can be achieved.
[0049] Preferably, when the vehicle is in a special operating condition, the processing module 200 uses the ramp angle information collected by the sensing module 100 to intelligently formulate and apply different vehicle operating condition feedback strategies. The difference among these strategies mainly lies in the length of the special time interval during which variations in operating conditions of the vehicle are reported to the processing module 200. Specifically, FIG. 3 shows the quantitative relationship between the PWM frequency and the ramp angle at different vehicle driving speeds (i.e., V1, V2, and Vx, where V2>Vx>V1) , as confirmed by experimental fitting. FIG. 4 shows the quantitative relationship between the turn-on / off time of the power devices and the ramp angle. As can be seen from these graphs, as the ramp angle increases, the required adjustment ranges for the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device decrease correspondingly. This means that for a given variation in the ramp angle, when the vehicle drives on a slope with a relatively small ramp angle, the required parameter adjustments are relatively large. On the contrary, when the vehicle drives on a slope with a relatively large ramp angle, the required parameter adjustments are comparatively small for the same given variation.
[0050] Preferably, the processing module 200 uses the parameters mapping data preloaded in its memory to set interval endpoint values for the ramp angle at which the vehicle is currently driving, according to the maximum permissible variations of the PWM signal switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the power devices. These endpoint values (i.e., the lower endpoint θ1 and the upper endpoint θ2) are computed by the processing module 200 using the parameters required by the vehicle controller. The processing module 200 uses its built-in model to dynamically compute and set working interval endpoint values that match the current ramp angle, according to the switching frequency of the PWM signals, the turn-on / off time of the power device parameters, as well as the maximum permissible variations of these parameters. This process ensures that operation of the devices under different slope conditions will not exceed the designed safety and performance limits.
[0051] Preferably, the mathematical model built into the processing module 200 can be obtained using the following steps.
[0052] First, the predetermined parameters and performance specifications of the vehicle controller are acquired. These data can be obtained from the detailed technical documents and controller performance data provided by the vehicle manufacturer. With these data, a series of benchmarking tests are performed to determine the performance and limits of the controller under different operating conditions through experiments.
[0053] Second, by means of finite element analysis (FEA) and thermal simulation, the performance of the controller under extreme conditions is examined to define a safe operation range. Furthermore, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is conducted to simulate different operational conditions, thereby confirming variations in the PWM signals and the parameters of the power devices, and then defining the maximum permissible variations for the parameters of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices.
[0054] Furthermore, the design of experiments (DOE) method is used to systematically modify the PWM signals and the power device parameters to observe their impact on the vehicle performance. By collecting long-term vehicle operation data, the stability and efficiency under different parameter settings are analyzed, and the maximum permissible variations can be determined accordingly.
[0055] Subsequently, a series of experiments are conducted to measure the vehicle’s performance indicators at different ramp angles. These performance indicators may include motor torque, power consumption, and others.
[0056] Finally, a mathematical model is developed using data fitting techniques, such as polynomial regression or neural networks, so as to reflect the relationship between ramp angle and PWM signals, as well as between ramp angle and the power device parameters.
[0057] In the present application, when the processing module 200 determines that the vehicle is under special operating conditions, it first identifies the current working points of the switching frequency of the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power devices. Using its built-in mathematical models and referring to the predetermined parameters and performance specifications of the vehicle controller, it then calculates the maximum permissible variations of these parameters for the current slope condition. Afterward, according to these maximum permissible variations, the processing module 200 calculates the lower endpoint value θ1 and the upper endpoint value θ2 that define the adjustment interval. These two endpoint values set the boundaries within which the PWM signals and the turn-on / off time of the power device can be adjusted without negatively influencing the normal operation of the vehicle controller.
[0058] The purpose of these endpoint values is to ensure that adjustments to the processing parameters do not cause the values to exceed their respective maximum permissible variations, so as to prevent undesired results of adjustment or negative impacts on the performance of the vehicle controller. Particularly, when the ramp angle with which the vehicle is driving changes from the current value θ to a value θ1 or θ2, this means that the processing parameter of the vehicle after variation has reached the boundaries of its maximum permissible variation. In this process, the difference between θ and θ1 is set to be smaller than the difference between θ2 and θ. Such a parameter setting strategy matches the mapping relationship as reflected in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. In addition, when the ramp angle with which the vehicle is driving has significant variation, the processing module 200 can use the new ramp angle information to recalculate and reset the values of θ1 and θ2. With the dynamic adjustment mechanism, the present application provides the vehicle in different slope conditions with the processing parameters that match the tuning capability of the vehicle controller, and makes the operation state of the vehicle always match the current operating condition, thereby ensuring stability and performance of the vehicle under any special operating conditions.
[0059] Preferably, the processing module 200 can dynamically adjust the special time interval according to the ramp angle variation trend detected by the sensing module 100. When a decreasing trend of the ramp angle is observed, the processing module 200 shortens the special time interval at which the sensing module 100 acquires the operating conditions of the vehicle data, so as to update data more frequently and provide prompt responses. On the contrary, when an increasing trend of the ramp angle is observed, the processing module 200 extends the time interval to make data collection less frequent and answer to the relatively small variations for parameter adjustment. Such a strategy for adjusting the special time interval is set by the processing module 200 based on variation in the ramp angle it actually measures, so as to ensure that the ramp angle data acquired by the sensing module 100 after a time interval can stay within the range between the predetermined lower endpoint value θ1 and upper endpoint value θ2. Such a design prevents any adjustment of the processing parameters exceeding the corresponding maximum permissible variations in response to variation in the ramp angle that exceeds the preset threshold, thereby ensuring that the operation state of the vehicle always match the current operating condition, while preventing unnecessary impact on the performance of the controller of the vehicle. With the foregoing sophisticated time interval adjustment, the controlling module 300 can gradually modify the PWM switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the power devices as the ramp angle varies. Such a low-intensity and high-frequency adjustment strategy helps optimize the vehicle performance smoothly and prevent negative impact on the vehicle controller due to major adjustments applied to the parameters, thereby ensuring stable operation of the vehicle in different slope conditions and maximize utilization of the controller performance.
[0060] Preferably, the mapping relationship preloaded in the memory of the processing module 200 reflects the impact of the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices on vehicle performance, as confirmed through experiments. The relationship is stored in the digital form and implemented as algorithmic models. When the real-time monitored vehicle state data are sent to the processing module 200, the processing module 200 synchronizes the data with the preloaded mapping relationship and uses an efficient parameter retrieving mechanism to retrieve the most relevant processing parameters rapidly. The algorithms for generating and optimizing control instructions ensure that these instructions are relevant to the current operating condition of the vehicle, making the resulting control precise and timely. In addition, the processing module 200, by virtue of its feedback cycle design, can adjust the mapping relationship and control parameters according to the feedback information about the execution results of the controlling module 300, thereby continuously optimizing the preloaded mapping relationship and improving accuracy and adaptability of the control strategy.
[0061] Preferably, the disclosed apparatus is built on application of historical data. Herein, the historical data are those data collected and stored throughout the past operation of the vehicle. These data may include and are not limited to information about the vehicle speed, the accelerator pedal signal duration, the motor load, the temperature at power devices, and the ramp angle. These data cover operation of the vehicle at different ramp angles, and contain the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices. By analyzing these historical data in depth, the apparatus can identify internal relationship between the PWM frequency, the turn-on / off time of the power devices, and different ramp angles. Particularly, the processing module 200 can quantify their relationship and present it as visible graphs like those shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 for easy reading. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 represent one form to express the foregoing mathematical models. They not only show the ideal parameters values of the power devices at different ramp angles, but also provide the controller with a clear reference, so as to facilitate precise tuning during actual operation. These graphs represent the optimal parameters values of the power devices in the ideal state, which ensure optimal performance and energy efficiency of the vehicle in different slope conditions.
[0062] Preferably, the processing module 200 first collects and sorts historical operation data of the vehicle at different ramp angles to obtain original data sets related to the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices. Afterward, data processing techniques such as data cleaning and normalization may be used by the processing module 200 to ensure that the data sets are accurate and usable. Furthermore, the processing module 200 implements the design of experiments (DOE) method and data fitting approaches such as polynomial regression or a neural network to develop mathematical models that describe how these parameters vary with ramp angle. These mathematical models detail how to adjust the PWM switching frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device at certain ramp angle to get the optimal vehicle performance. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 embody these models by presenting complex mathematical relationship as intuitive graphs. The controlling module 300 thus can, according to the current ramp angle as real-time measured, rapidly retrieves and applies the optimal PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device.
[0063] Preferably, FIG. 3 illustrates the relationship between ramp angle (as the abscissa) and PWM signals with different frequency values (as the ordinate) . In the graph, signs f1, f2, and f3 represent the exact values of the PWM frequency set for different slope conditions. These values define a PWM frequency adjusting strategy required by the optimal efficiency and performance of the motor. Specifically, f1 is a low-frequency setting suitable for a relatively large ramp angle, and f3 may correspond to high-frequency adjustment required by a relatively gentle slope. This relationship graph reflects the demand of adjustment of the PWM frequency varying with changes in driving conditions.
[0064] Preferably, FIG. 4 explains the relationship between ramp angle as abscissa scales and turn-on / off time of power devices as ordinate scales. As shown, the signs t1 -t5 define the exact values of the turn-on / off time of the power device adjusted with variation in the ramp angle. Therein, t1 may represent relatively short turn-on / off time suitable for a large ramp angle, while t5 may represent relatively long turn-on / off time suitable for a gentle slope. This relationship graph teaches how to adjust the switching strategy of the power devices to match dynamic variation in vehicle loads in different slope conditions.
[0065] Preferably, the points A, B in FIG. 3 and the points A', B' in FIG. 4 indicate deviation of the actual operational parameters of the power devices of the vehicle from the ideal parameters. The points A, A' are higher than the ideal range, suggesting that the actual parameters are high and need to be adjusted by lowering the PWM frequency or shortening the turn-on / off time for the optimal efficiency. On the contrary, the points B, B' are lower than the ideal range, suggesting that the actual parameters have to be adjusted by increasing the PWM frequency or extending the turn-on / off time for better system performance. The processing module 200 accordingly performs real-time monitoring and adjusting, so as to make the operational parameters of the power devices precisely match the ideal state and prevent prolonged abnormal operation of the power devices of the vehicle, thereby ensuring high performance and stability of the system.
[0066] Preferably, FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 further illustratively show the ideal adjustment parameters (PWM frequency and turn-on / off time) of the vehicle’s power devices at different driving speeds (V1, V2, VX, where V2>VX>V1) . These provide a reference for dynamic optimization of the vehicle performance. The processing module 200 performs tuning according to these parameters to ensure that the power devices maintain optimal operational state at different driving speeds. Embodiment 2
[0067] This embodiment provides further improvements on Embodiment 1, and repeated details are omitted.
[0068] As shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the present application discloses an adaptive tuning method for operation state of a controller, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
[0069] using the sensing module 100 to acquire operating conditions of the vehicle with the controller, and sending the operating conditions to the processing module 200 at certain time intervals, wherein the operating conditions include vehicle information and road information;
[0070] using the data sets preloaded in the processing module 200 to analyze the operating conditions so as to determine whether the vehicle satisfies specific tuning criteria;
[0071] upon meeting the specific tuning criteria, retrieving the processing parameters that match the current operating conditions; and
[0072] based on the processing parameters, adjusting the PWM switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller, so as to make the vehicle’s operation state align with the current operating conditions.
[0073] Preferably, the operating conditions of the vehicle each include vehicle information and road information. The vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the controller of the vehicle, while the road information includes a ramp angle. By considering both vehicle information and road information comprehensively, the technical scheme achieves holistic monitoring of the operation state of the vehicle. The vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the controller of the vehicle. These parameters cover states of power, driving behavior, and states of key components of the vehicle, thereby presenting a clear view of actual operation of the vehicle.
[0074] Preferably, when any variation in one or more of the vehicle speeds, the accelerator pedal signal duration, the motor load, and the temperature at any of the power devices exceed their respective predetermined thresholds, the vehicle is determined to satisfy the tuning criteria for the current operating conditions. In the present scheme, real-time monitoring of key parameters enables quick detection of any abnormalities or sharp variations in the vehicle operation state. By monitoring these parameters and responding promptly to any out-of-threshold conditions, the present scheme helps prevent potential safety risks, such as loss of control, damage, or other hazards caused by excessive speed, acceleration, motor overload, or overheating of power devices.
[0075] Preferably, the processing parameters are determined according to their pre-loaded mapping relationships with the operating conditions of the vehicle. The processing parameters include the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices, with adjustments made to the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices being output to a motor controller to match the vehicle’s operating state with its current operating conditions. In the present scheme, by using the preloaded mapping relationship, the processing parameters, such as the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device, can be precisely determined according to the vehicle’s current operating condition. Such a data-driven control strategy makes control more precise and reliable. In addition, the present scheme enables real-time responses to variations in the operation state of the vehicle. By adjusting the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power device to optimize the performance of the motor, the present scheme ensures efficient operation of the motor in various operating conditions.
[0076] Preferably, the step of adjusting the turn-on / off time of the power devices of the vehicle’s controller comprises changing electrical level or pulse width of control signals and in turn configuring the values of turn-on and / or turn-off resistances. Adjusting the electrical level or pulse width of the control signal allows for precise configuration of the value of the turn-on and / or turn-off resistance. Such adjustments provide more refined control over the turn-on and turn-off time of the power devices, thereby achieving precise power control for the motor and for other power loads. In addition, precise control of the switching operation of the power devices helps reduce energy losses, especially those incurred during switching. Reduction of switching losses helps enhance the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle. Embodiment 3
[0077] This embodiment provides further improvements over the previous embodiments, and repeated details are omitted.
[0078] The present application discloses a carrier. Particularly, the carrier is an industrial vehicle, such as a new energy forklift, and it is equipped with the apparatus described in Embodiment 1 or implements the method described in Embodiment 2.
[0079] As shown in FIG. 5, the new energy forklift comprises a set of high-performance batteries as its power source. These batteries are monitored and managed by a battery management system (BMS) . The BMS monitors battery states in real-time by recording parameters like voltage, current, temperature, etc. The BMS also adjusts charging and discharging strategies according to these parameters to maximize the safety and service life of the batteries.
[0080] Preferably, the forklift is equipped with a high-performance motor and motor controller (equivalent to the controlling module 300 as described in the previous embodiments) . The motor controller serves to adjust the operation state of the motor according to instructions from the central control unit (equivalent to the processing module 200 as described in the previous embodiments) . The controller is capable of pulse-width modulation (PWM) , and serves to adjust the switching frequency of the motor and the turn-on / off time of the power devices according to real-time data, so as to adapt the forklift to different operating conditions.
[0081] Additionally, for achieving real-time monitoring of the forklift’s operation state, the forklift is further equipped with a series of sensors, including but not limited to speed sensors, acceleration sensors, temperature sensors, load sensors, and posture sensors. Theses sensors form a vehicle sensor system (equivalent to sensors in the sensing module 100) . These sensors collect key operational data of the forklift, and transmit the data to the central control unit for analysis and processing. Specifically, the speed sensors measure the current driving speed of the forklift, and provide accurate speed information to the central control unit, so as to facilitate speed control and regulation. The acceleration sensors monitor variation in acceleration of the forklift, and inform the central control unit of the dynamic response characteristics of the forklift, so as to provide stable control for the driving operation. The temperature sensors are distributed across the motor, batteries and other key components to monitor and record temperature data of these components, thereby ensuring that the forklift always operates within a safe temperature range. The load sensors measure weight of loads on the lifting mechanism of the forklift, and helps prevent overload, thereby ensuring that the forklift always operates within a safe load range. The posture sensors may each be a gyroscope or an inclinometer, for monitoring the postures and locations of the forklift, especially when the forklift is moving on uneven grounds or lifting loads, so as to ensure operational stability. The data collected by these sensors are sent to a central control unit (equivalent to the processing module 200 as described in the previous embodiments) through a high-speed communication bus in real-time. The central control unit then performs real-time analysis and processing on these data.
[0082] The central control unit can quickly analyze data from the vehicle’s sensor system, and generate relevant control parameters according to the analysis results. The algorithms and models built into the central control unit can, according to the actual operation state of the vehicle and the preloaded mapping relationship, adjust the PWM switching frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices in real-time, so as to achieve accurate control over the forklift’s operation state.
[0083] The motor controller serves to execute instructions from the central control unit and change the motor’s operation state by adjusting its own parameters. In addition, the motor controller includes a feedback mechanism that reports the actual result of the adjustment back to the central control unit for further optimization of the control strategy.
[0084] To ensure stable operation of the forklift under special operating conditions, such as transporting heavy loads uphill or downhill, the motor controller can adjust the motor’s power output and response speed to maximize climbing stability and minimize energy loss, ensuring the forklift operates stably on inclines or declines.
Claims
1.An adaptive tuning apparatus for operation state of a controller, the apparatus comprising a sensing module (100) , a processing module (200) , and a controlling module (300) , all of which are in data connection with each other, characterized in that,the sensing module (100) acquires operating conditions of vehicle with the controller and sends the operating conditions to the processing module (200) at certain time intervals;the processing module (200) analyzes these operating conditions using data sets prestored in its memory to determine whether the vehicle satisfies specific tuning criteria; and if the vehicle satisfies the specific tuning criteria, it retrieves processing parameters that match the current operating conditions, and sends the retrieved processing parameters to the controlling module (300) ; andthe controlling module (300) , based on the processing parameters, adjusts switching frequency of pulse-width modulation (PWM) and / or turn-on / off time of the vehicle’s controller to make the vehicle’s operation state align with the current operating conditions.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operating conditions acquired by the sensing module (100) include vehicle information and road information, wherein the vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at power devices in the vehicle’s controller, while the road information includes ramp angle; and the processing module (200) classifies the vehicle’s current operational state as either regular operating conditions or special operating conditions according to stability indicators within the vehicle information and / or the road information.3.The apparatus of claim 1 or 2, wherein when the vehicle is under regular operating conditions, the sensing module (100) uses a regular time interval for data feedback, which is set with a fixed duration by the processing module (200) according to the vehicle’s response characteristics in a stable state; and when the vehicle transitions into special operating conditions, the processing module (200) activates a special time interval mechanism for data feedback, wherein the special time interval is dynamically adjusted by the processing module (200) according to a data changing rate provided by the sensing module (100) and analysis results obtained from historical data stored in the processing module (200) .4.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 3, wherein when the vehicle is under special operating conditions, according to maximum permissible variation in the PWM signal switching frequency and / or the turn-on / off time of the power devices, the processing module (200) sets specific interval endpoint values for the current ramp angle, and according to the ramp angle variation trend monitored by the sensing module (100) , dynamically adjusts the special time interval and recalibrate the interval endpoint values that correspond to the changed ramp angle.5.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 4, wherein the processing module (200) is further configured to detect whether the vehicle has exceeded predetermined operating condition threshold preset based on a comprehensive analysis of vehicle design performance, historical operation data, and safe operating limits,wherein for special operating conditions, the predetermined operating condition threshold is defined by a variation rate and / or a variation difference of the operating conditions within a special time interval.6.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 5, wherein the processing module (200) is further configured to determine that the vehicle is in a slope driving state that necessitates parameter tuning in response to triggering of any of the following conditions:· a decrease or increase in vehicle speed exceeds a normal operation range;· a variation in acceleration exceeds an expected threshold;· the vehicle’s motor load reaches its rated power;· the temperature of the power devices reaches an overheating protection limit; or· the ramp angle, as measured by a sensor, exceeds a preset threshold.7.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 6, wherein the controlling module (300) is further configured to output PWM signals to a motor controller, and send expected results of the adjusted PWM signals to the processing module (200) as feedback information through a feedback channel, so that the processing module (200) evaluates the actual results of the adjusted PWM signals by referring to the feedback information from the controlling module (300) and the actual operating conditions of the vehicle acquired by the sensing module (100) .8.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 7, wherein the controlling module (300) adjusts the turn-on and / or turn-off time by adjusting turn-on and / or turn-off resistances of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller, wherein the controlling module (300) is further configured to set the value of the turn-on and / or turn-off resistances by adjusting electrical level or pulse width of control signals.9.The apparatus of any of claims 1 through 8, wherein the processing module (200) is preloaded with a mapping relationship among the PWM frequency, the turn-on / off time of the power devices, and the operating conditions of the vehicle, so that when the processing module (200) receives state data of the vehicle from the sensing module (100) , the processing module (200) performs synchronization with the preloaded mapping relationship to retrieve the appropriate processing parameters.10.An adaptive tuning method for operation state of a controller, the method comprising steps of:acquiring operating conditions of vehicle with the controller at certain time intervals;determining whether the vehicle satisfies specific tuning criteria according to the operating conditions;upon meeting the specific tuning criteria, retrieving processing parameters that match the current operating conditions; andbased on these processing parameters, adjusting switching frequency of pulse-width modulation (PWM) and / or turn-on / off time of power devices in the vehicle’s controller to make the vehicle’s operation state align with the current operating conditions.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the operating conditions of the vehicle include vehicle information and road information, wherein the vehicle information includes vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal duration, and temperature at the power devices in the vehicle’s controller, while the road information includes ramp angle.12.The method of claim 10 or 11, wherein when variation in any one or more parameters among vehicle speed, acceleration, motor load, or temperature at the power devices exceeds their respective predetermined thresholds, it is determined that the vehicle’s current operating conditions satisfy the tuning criteria.13.The method of any of claims 10 through 12, wherein the processing parameters are determined according to preloaded mapping relationship with the operating conditions of the vehicle, where the processing parameters include the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices, and the adjustments to the PWM frequency and the turn-on / off time of the power devices are output to a motor controller, so as to align the vehicle’s operational state with the current operating conditions.14.The method of any of claims 10 through 13, wherein the step of adjusting the turn-on / off time of the power devices in the vehicle’s controller involves changing electrical level or pulse width of control signals to configure the value of turn-on and / or turn-off resistances, thereby adjusting the turn-on and / or turn-off time.15.A carrier, characterized by being capable of carrying the apparatus of any of claims 1 through 9 or implementing the method of any of claims 10 through 14.