Shaping bit levels determination for bit level probabilistic shaping
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-22
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-01
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in optimizing bit level shaping for probabilistic shaping, which affects the performance and complexity of communication systems.
The method involves deciding whether to perform single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping based on parameters such as modulation order, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value, per-bit level entropy, and bit to symbol mapping, to achieve optimal performance.
This approach enables the transmitter to achieve optimal performance by selecting the appropriate bit level shaping method, balancing performance with complexity and latency considerations.
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Figure CN2023114178_27022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SHAPING BIT LEVELS DETERMINATION FOR BIT LEVEL PROBABILISTIC SHAPINGBACKGROUND
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for determining shaping bit levels for probabilistic shaping.
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications at a wireless node. The method includes deciding whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal, wherein the bit sequence comprises a set of bits, and wherein the decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value; and performing the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision.
[0007] Other aspects provide: an apparatus operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; a non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; a computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; and an apparatus comprising means for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein. By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0008] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0009] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0010] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0011] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station (BS) architecture.
[0012] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0013] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0014] FIG. 5A depicts example wireless communications system that supports distribution matching for probabilistic shaping.
[0015] FIG. 5B depicts example implementation of a transmitter and a receiver.
[0016] FIG. 6 depicts example encoding process at a transmitter.
[0017] FIG. 7 depicts a call flow diagram illustrating example communication among different devices for determining shaping bit levels for probabilistic shaping.
[0018] FIG. 8 depicts a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) lookup table.
[0019] FIG. 9 depicts a table for different bit level probabilities according to a Maxwell-Boltzmann (M-B) distribution.
[0020] FIG. 10 depicts a diagram illustrating performance of bit level shapers at different shaping rates.
[0021] FIG. 11 depicts a diagram illustrating association between a shaping rate and a signal to noise ratio (SNR) .
[0022] FIG. 12 depicts a method for wireless communications at a wireless node.
[0023] FIG. 13 depict an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for determining shaping bit levels for probabilistic shaping.
[0025] In a communication system, a transmitter (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a gNodeB (gNB) ) sends information to a receiver (e.g., a UE, a gNB) via a communication link. For example, the transmitter may process a set of bits (e.g., 100 bits) of a transport block (TB) to obtain a corresponding set of modulation symbols, and the transmitter may transmit, via the communication link, signaling that is based on (e.g., includes or is otherwise modulated based on) the set of modulation symbols, in order to communicate the TB to the receiver. In some cases, the transmitter may initially process the set of bits to map these bits to different bit levels (e.g., each bit level may include or is associated with one or more bits) . For example, the transmitter may map the 100 bits to 4 bit levels where each bit level is associated with or includes 25 bits.
[0026] The transmitter may perform an encoding operation on the TB. For example, the transmitter may encode the set of bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) corresponding to the TB to obtain the set of modulation symbols representative of the TB, and the transmitter may transmit the TB to the receiver by transmitting the corresponding set of modulation symbols. In one example, the transmitter may map a first bit from each bit level to one symbol. In another example, the transmitter may map two or more bits from each bit level to one symbol. In another example, the transmitter may map all bits from one bit level to one symbol. The encoding operation may include several stages, such as attaching one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits to the set of bits, encoding (e.g., Polar code encoding, or other channel coding such as low-density parity check (LDPC) codes) , mapping (e.g., mapping bits or groups of bits (e.g., bit levels) to corresponding modulation symbols) , among other possible stages. In some cases, the probabilistic shaping may involve mapping the bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) to the modulation symbols such that some modulation symbols of a symbol constellation may be more likely to be mapped to, and thus transmitted over the air, than others.
[0027] During the encoding operation, the transmitter may use a shaping encoder to mask the set of bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) based on a sequence of shaping bits to generate a sequence of shaped bits. The sequence of shaping bits may be generated based on a block code, such as a polar code or other source compression based distribution matchers such as constant composition distribution matcher (CCDM) . The use of polar codes for bit level shaping (e.g., shaping of bits associated with one or more bit levels) may provide good data compression. Thereafter, the transmitter may encode the sequence of shaping bits and the sequence of shaped bits to generate a set of encoded bits. After the encoding, the set of encoded bits are mapped to a sequence of shaped symbols (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol) and transmitted in a signal to the receiver.
[0028] In some cases, a number of bit levels corresponding to the set of bits to be shaped and a bit to symbol mapping may impact an overall performance and complexity of the communication system. For example, for 16-amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation which uses a combination of phase and amplitude to encode the set of bits, there may exist four bit levels corresponding to the set of bits (e.g., each bit level is associated with one or more bits) where three bit levels can be shaped. In such cases, the transmitter may be able to shape one bit level (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with a most significant bit level among the three bit levels) , all bit levels (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with all three bit levels) or a part of the bit levels (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with two or three bit levels) . In some cases, although shaping of more bit levels may provide an optimal performance, but this optimal performance is achieved at a cost of a higher complexity and latency, which may impact the overall throughput.
[0029] Techniques proposed herein may define parameters which may be considered by a transmitter to decide whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a set of bits. The single-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of a most significant bit level among multiple bit levels associated with the set of bits. The multiple-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of the multiple bit levels associated with the set of bits. For example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping based on the parameters such as a modulation order, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value, a per-bit level entropy (e.g., for a given target symbol level distribution) , and / or a type of bit to symbol mapping. In one example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping at a small shaping rate with a gray mapping for an optimal performance. In another example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping (for a quantity of bit levels) at a large shaping rate with a natural order mapping for an optimal performance. In some cases, a shaping rate may be proportional and / or related to (a ratio of) an entropy delta to uniform QAM. For example, a larger entropy delta to uniform QAM may imply a larger shaping rate.
[0030] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can lead to the optimal performance of the communication system. For example, since the performance of the communication system is associated with how many bit levels to be shaped and a bit to symbol mapping, the techniques proposed herein may enable the transmitter to achieve the optimal performance by performing the single-bit level shaping with the gray mapping rather than the multiple-bit level shaping (e.g., for the small shaping rate) and the multiple-bit level shaping with the natural order mapping rather than the single-bit level shaping (e.g., for the large shaping rate) .
[0031] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0032] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or 5G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0033] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0034] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0035] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0036] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, internet of things (IoT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0037] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0038] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio BS, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0039] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a BS 102 may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (Dus) , one or more radio units (Rus) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a BS 102 may be virtualized. More generally, a BS (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a BS 102 includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a BS 102 that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a BS 102 including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network (RAN) architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated BS architecture.
[0040] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0041] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 600 MHz –6 GHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 26 –41 GHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A BS configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave BS such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0042] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0043] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain BSs (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182’. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182”. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182”. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182’. BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0044] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0045] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0046] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0047] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0048] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0049] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0050] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0051] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0052] Wireless communication network 100 further includes shaping component 198, which may be configured to perform method 1200 of FIG. 12. Wireless communication network 100 further includes shaping component 199, which may be configured to perform method 1200 of FIG. 12.
[0053] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated BS, as a disaggregated BS, a component of a BS, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0054] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated BS 200 architecture. The disaggregated BS 200 architecture may include one or more central units (Cus) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated BS units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (Dus) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The Dus 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0055] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0056] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0057] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more BS functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0058] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0059] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0060] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0061] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0062] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0063] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 320, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 339) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0064] BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions related to wireless communications. In the depicted example, controller / processor 340 includes shaping component 341, which may be representative of shaping component 199 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of controller / processor 340, shaping component 341 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of BS 102 in other implementations.
[0065] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0066] UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions related to wireless communications. In the depicted example, controller / processor 380 includes shaping component 381, which may be representative of shaping component 198 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of controller / processor 380, shaping component 381 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of UE 104 in other implementations.
[0067] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0068] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0069] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0070] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0071] MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0072] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0073] At BS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 may be received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0074] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0075] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs 104 for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0076] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0077] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0078] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0079] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0080] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0081] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 4B and FIG. 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0082] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0083] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs 104 may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0084] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 5. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0085] As depicted in FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0086] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0087] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0088] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0089] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0090] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0091] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the BS. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a BS for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0092] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0093] Introduction to mmWave Wireless Communications
[0094] In wireless communications, an electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. The subdivision is often provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband.
[0095] 5th generation (5G) networks may utilize several frequency ranges, which in some cases are defined by a standard, such as 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards. For example, 3GPP technical standard TS 38.101 currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 600 MHz –6 GHz, though specific uplink and downlink allocations may fall outside of this general range. Thus, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band.
[0096] Similarly, TS 38.101 currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 26 –41 GHz, though again specific uplink and downlink allocations may fall outside of this general range. FR2, is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) band, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) that is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band because wavelengths at these frequencies are between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters.
[0097] Communications using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz –300 GHz) may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. As described above with respect to FIG. 1, a base station (BS) (e.g., 180) configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a user equipment (UE) (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0098] Introduction to Polar Codes
[0099] Polar codes are a relatively recent breakthrough in coding theory which have been proven to asymptotically (for code size N approaching infinity) achieve the Shannon capacity. Polar codes have many desirable properties such as deterministic construction (e.g., based on a fast Hadamard transform) , very low and predictable error floors, and simple successive-cancellation (SC) based decoding. They are currently being considered as a candidate for error-correction in next-generation wireless systems such as NR.
[0100] Polar codes are linear block codes of length N=2n where their generator matrix is constructed using the nth Kronecker power of the matrix denoted by Gn. For example, Equation 1 shows the resulting generator matrix for n=3.
[0101] According to certain aspects, a codeword may be generated (e.g., by encoder 706) by using the generator matrix to encode a number of input bits consisting of K information bits and N-K “frozen” bits which contain no information and are “frozen” to a known value, such as zero. For example, given a number of input bits u= (u0, u1, ..., uN-1) , a resulting codeword vector x= (x0, x1, ..., xN-1) may be generated by encoding the input bits using the generator matrix G. This resulting codeword may then be rate matched and transmitted by a base station over a wireless medium and received by a UE.
[0102] When the received vectors are decoded, for example by using a Successive Cancellation (SC) decoder (e.g., decoder 816) , every estimated bit, has a predetermined error probability given that bits u0i-1 were correctly decoded, that, for an extremely large codesize N, tends towards either 0 or 0.5. Moreover, the proportion of estimated bits with a low error probability tends towards the capacity of the underlying channel. Polar codes exploit this phenomenon, called channel polarization, by using the most reliable K bits to transmit information, while setting to a predetermined value (such as 0) , also referred to as freezing, the remaining (N-K) bits, for example as explained below.
[0103] Polar codes transform the channel into N parallel “virtual” channels for the N information and frozen bits. If C is the capacity of the channel, then, for sufficiently large values of N, there are almost N*C channels which are extremely reliable and there are almost N (1 –C) channels which are extremely unreliable. The basic polar coding scheme then involves freezing (i.e., setting to a known value, such as zero) the input bits in u corresponding to the unreliable channels, while placing information bits only in the bits of u corresponding to reliable channels. For short-to-medium N, this polarization may not be complete in the sense there could be several channels which are neither completely unreliable nor completely reliable (i.e., channels that are marginally reliable) . Depending on the rate of transmission, bits corresponding to these marginally reliable channels may be either frozen or used for information bits.
[0104] Introduction to Probabilistic Shaping
[0105] In wireless communications systems, a transmitter or a transmitting device (e.g., BS 102, UE 104, or any other wireless device described herein capable of transmitting wireless signals) may perform probabilistic shaping (such as probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) ) . The PCS may involve mapping bits to modulation symbols (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols) such that some modulation symbols of a symbol constellation may be more likely to be mapped to, and thus transmitted over the air, than others. For example, modulation symbols associated with lower amplitudes may be selected with greater likelihood (and thus more often over time or in connection with a given set of bits) than modulation symbols associated with lower amplitudes, which may provide power savings, improved spectral efficiency, or other benefits.
[0106] To support the PCS, the transmitter may perform distribution matching on a set of bits for which constellation mapping (e.g., the selection of corresponding modulation symbols from a symbol constellation) is to be performed. It may be assumed that, prior to distribution matching, the set of bits are uniformly (e.g., randomly) distributed, such that each individual bit may have an equal likelihood of being a 0 or a 1. Distribution matching may include converting the set of bits (e.g., k input bits) into a corresponding sequence of symbols (e.g., n symbols) according to a distribution matching rate, where different symbols within a pool of possible symbols have different likelihoods of being included in the corresponding sequence of symbols-that is, the different possible symbols may have different associated probabilities of selection in accordance with a non-uniform probability distribution. For example, where different symbols correspond to different amplitudes (e.g., where the symbols are amplitude-shift keying (ASK) symbols) , some amplitudes may be more likely to be included in the sequence than others based on the non-uniform probability distribution.
[0107] Thus, whereas an input set of k bits may be uniformly distributed, a corresponding sequence of n symbols obtained via distribution matching may be non-uniformly distributed, with some symbols more likely be to be included in the sequence of n symbols (e.g., appearing more often with the sequence) than others. A non-uniform sequence of symbols obtained via distribution matching may be converted to a corresponding bit sequence, and the corresponding bit sequence may be used for constellation mapping (e.g., mapping to the modulation symbols, such as QAM symbols, to achieve PCS) . Symbols obtained via distribution matching may in some cases be referred to herein as interim symbols (e.g., as opposed to modulation symbols, which may be transmitted over the air) . Similarly, at a receiver or a receiving device (e.g., BS 102, UE 104, or any other wireless device described herein capable of receiving wireless signals) symbols subjected to distribution dematching (which may be an inverse process with respect to distribution matching) in order to obtain a corresponding bit sequence may in some cases be referred to herein as interim symbols.
[0108] FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 500 that supports distribution matching for probabilistic shaping. In some examples, the wireless communications system 500 may implement aspects of wireless communications network 100. The wireless communications system 500 may include a transmitter (or transmitting device) 501, which may be an example of the BS 102, UE 104, or any other device capable of transmitting wireless signals as described herein. The wireless communications system 500 may also include a receiver (or receiving device) 503, which may be an example of the BS 102, UE 104, or any other device capable of receiving wireless signals as described herein. As shown, the transmitter 501 and the receiver 503 may communicate with each other within a geographic coverage area, such as the geographic coverage area 110.
[0109] In some examples, the transmitter 501 may communicate information to the receiver 503, such as UE 104, via a communication link 505, which may be an example of a communication link 120 as described with reference to FIG. 1. For example, the transmitter 501 may process bits of a transport block (TB) to obtain a corresponding set of modulation symbols, and the transmitter 501 may transmit, via the communication link 505, signaling that is based on (e.g., includes or is otherwise modulated based on) the set of modulation symbols, in order to communicate the TB to the receiver 503.
[0110] In some examples, the transmitter 501 may perform an encoding operation on the TB. For example, the transmitter 501 may encode the set of bits corresponding to the TB in order to obtain a set of modulation symbols (e.g., QAM symbols) representative of the TB, and the transmitter 501 may transmit the TB to the receiver 503 by transmitting the corresponding set of modulation symbols. In some examples, the encoding operation may include several stages, such as attaching one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits to the set of bits, encoding (e.g., low-density parity-check code (LDPC) encoding, Polar code encoding, forward error correction or other channel coding, and constellation mapping (e.g., mapping bits or groups of bits to corresponding modulation symbols) , among other possible stages.
[0111] The transmitter 501 may modulate a transmission according to a modulation format to represent the information conveyed by the transmission. For example, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation may be based on modulating various subcarriers (e.g., using QAM modulation) and transmitting the modulated subcarriers in parallel (e.g., concurrent) using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques. Regardless of the specific modulation format used, modulation symbols corresponding to a TB may be obtained and transmitted by the transmitter 501 to convey the information represented by the bits of the TB. In some examples, modulation symbols may refer to symbols based on any type of modulation, such as QAM symbols, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) symbols, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) symbols, amplitude and phase shift keying (APSK) symbols, or the like.
[0112] In some cases, the transmitter 501 may implement PCS, which may provide advantages when compared with other unshaped modulation types. For example, when unshaped modulation is used, each modulation symbol of a corresponding symbol constellation may be equally likely to be used and hence, over time, may be used equally often. Unshaped modulation may be described as based on a uniform probability distribution, as the probability of use is uniform across the different symbols of the symbol constellation. When PCS is used, however, different modulation symbols of a corresponding symbol constellation may have different probabilities of use-hence, the probability of use may be non-uniform across the different symbols of the symbol constellation. PCS may improve spectral efficiency and allow communications to more closely approach the Shannon capacity (e.g., a theoretical maximum amount of information or data capacity that can be sent over a channel or medium) . Additionally or alternatively, PCS may improve power consumption-for example, modulation symbols with smaller amplitudes may be used more frequently than modulation symbols with larger amplitudes.
[0113] The transmitter 501 may identify a set of source information bits, which may be a set of bits corresponding to (e.g., included in or otherwise represented by) the TB. The transmitter 501 may divide the set of source information into a first subset of bits, upon which distribution matching may be performed, and a second subset of bits, upon which distribution matching may not be performed. The first subset of bits may be processed by the transmitter 501 to obtain a corresponding set of shaped (e.g., distribution matched) bits. The transmitter 501 may perform constellation mapping such that the amplitudes of modulation symbols sent via communication link 505 for the TB are based on the shaped bits, and the signs of the modulation symbols sent via communication link 505 for the TB are based on the unshaped second subset of bits.
[0114] In some examples, the transmitter 501 may implement a distribution matcher to perform distribution matching (e.g., as part of the encoding operation) . The distribution matcher may perform any quantity of distribution matching procedures, each of which may accept as an input a uniformly distributed bit sequence with length n and output a symbol sequence of length k with a non-uniform probability distribution. The non- uniform probability distribution may be, for example, a probability mass function (PMF) . In some examples, the rate loss of a message sent via communication link 505 may vary as a function of k / n. Thus, for a given probability distribution, the rate loss may decrease with an increase of n. However, the encoding and decoding complexity and latency may increase with the increase of n. In some cases, the transmitter 501 may divide a set of bits for distribution matching (e.g., the first subset of the TB bits) into multiple bit groups and perform separate distribution matching procedures on the different bit groups (e.g., the distribution matcher may perform multiple distribution matching procedures as part of processing a single TB) , which may be advantageous in view of such tradeoffs.
[0115] The transmitter 501 may generate a CRC for the TB (which may be referred to as a TB CRC) , and there may be multiple options for the processing stage at which the transmitter 501 generates and attaches the TB CRC (e.g., as part of the encoding operation) . For example, the transmitter 501 may generate and attach the TB CRC prior to distribution matching or after distribution matching. If the transmitter 501 generates and attaches the TB CRC prior to distribution matching, then the receiver 503 may perform distribution matching prior to checking the TB CRC. And if the transmitter 501 generates and attaches the TB CRC prior to distribution matching, then the receiver 503 may perform distribution matching prior to checking the TB CRC.
[0116] In some examples, the transmitter 501 may transmit the TB by transmitting a corresponding set of code blocks (CBs) , each which may correspond to a portion of the TB. In some cases, a first portion of each CB may be based on a corresponding portion of the shaped bits of the TB, and a second portion of each CB may be based on a corresponding portion of the unshaped bits of the TB. The quantity of CBs may be equal to the quantity of bit groups into which the first subset of bits is divided for distribution matching purposes (e.g., the quantity of CBs for the TB may be equal to the quantity of distribution matching procedures performed for the TB) . Alternatively, the quantity of CBs may be greater than or less than the quantity of bit groups into which the first subset of bits is divided for distribution matching purposes (e.g., the quantity of CBs for the TB may be greater than or less than the quantity of distribution matching procedures performed for the TB) .
[0117] In some cases, the distribution matcher may perform a fixed-to-fixed (f2f) distribution matching procedure, in which the values of k and n are both fixed (e.g., each input set of bits includes a same quantity of bits, and each output set of interim symbols includes a same quantity of output symbols) . In other cases, the distribution matcher may perform a variable-to-fixed (v2f) distribution matching procedure, in which the value of n is fixed, but the value of k is variable (e.g., each output set of interim symbols includes a same quantity of output symbols, but the quantity of input bits upon which an output set of interim symbols is based may be variable) . Thus, the quantity of bits that a v2f distribution matching procedure handles (e.g., processes) may vary from one instance of the v2f distribution matching procedure to another-e.g., the value of k may depend on which particular interim symbols are included in an output sequence of n interim symbols. For a single TB, the distribution matcher may perform one or more f2f distribution matching procedures, one or more v2f distribution matching procedures, or any combination thereof.
[0118] The transmitter 501 may transmit the modulation symbols corresponding to the TB over communication link 505, and the receiver 503 may thereby receive the modulation symbols corresponding to the TB. The receiver 503 perform a decoding operation to process the TB (e.g., to obtain the bits of the TB based on the corresponding modulation symbols) . The decoding operation performed by the receiver 503 may be an inverse of the encoding operation performed by the transmitter 501. For example, the decoding operation may include one or more distribution dematching procedures. A distribution dematching procedure may accept an input sequence of interim symbols (e.g., n interim symbols) and output a corresponding set of bits (e.g., k bits) . To perform distribution dematching, the receiver 503 may include any quantity of distribution dematchers, which may be f2f, v2f, or any combination thereof. An f2f distribution dematcher may accept a fixed quantity of interim symbols as an input sequence (e.g., n may be fixed) and may output a corresponding set of bits, where the quantity of bits in the corresponding set of bits is also fixed (e.g., k may be fixed) . A v2f distribution dematcher may accept a fixed quantity of interim symbols as an input sequence (e.g., n may be fixed) and may output a corresponding set of bits, where the quantity of bits in the corresponding set of bits is variable (e.g., k may be variable) , with the quantity of bits in the corresponding set of bits depending on the particular interim symbols included in the input sequence of interim symbols.
[0119] The transmitter 501 may determine a size of the TB (e.g., a quantity of bits included in the TB) based on one or more factors. For example, the transmitter 501 may determine a size of the TB based on a quantity of resource elements to which the TB may be mapped, a quantity of transmission layers (e.g., multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) layers) via which the TB may be transmitted, a modulation and coding scheme for transmitting the TB (e.g., a modulation order of the modulation symbols for transmitting the TB, a coding rate-such as a forward error correcting (FEC) or other channel coding rate for transmitting the TB) , a rate associated with the distribution matching for the TB (e.g., a ratio of k: n for each of the one or more distribution matching procedures performed by the distribution matcher) , or any combination thereof. In examples in which one or more v2f distribution matching procedures are performed, an average (e.g., long-term average) rate associated with the distribution matching may be used to determine the size of the TB.
[0120] In some cases, the transmitter 501 may determine the total quantity of shaped bits for a TB (e.g., quantity of bits in the first subset of TB bits that are identified upon which distribution matching is performed) and additionally or alternatively a total quantity of interim symbols for the TB based on the quantity of resource elements to which the TB may be mapped, the quantity of transmission layers via which the TB may be transmitted, the modulation order of the modulation symbols for transmitting the TB, or any combination thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter 501 may determine the total quantity of unshaped bits for the TB (e.g., quantity of bits in the second subset of TB bits upon which distribution matching is not performed) based on the quantity of resource elements to which the TB may be mapped, the quantity of transmission layers via which the TB may be transmitted, the modulation order of the modulation symbols for transmitting the TB, the coding rate (e.g., an FEC or other channel coding rate) for transmitting the TB, or any combination thereof.
[0121] The receiver 503 may determine (e.g., calculate) the size of the TB, the total quantity of shaped bits, total quantity of interim symbols, and total quantity of unshaped bits for the TB in the same manner as the transmitter 501, e.g., based on the same factors, which may be separately communicated to the receiver 503 (e.g., via higher-layer signaling) or otherwise known to the receiver 503 (e.g., based on being specified in one or more communication standards or otherwise preconfigured) .
[0122] In some examples, if the transmitter 501 and the receiver 503 support the use of multiple distribution or dematching procedures per TB, a maximum quantity of input or output bits per distribution matching or dematching procedure (e.g., a maximum value of k) , a maximum quantity of interim symbols per distribution matching or dematching procedure (e.g., a maximum value of n) , or both, may be defined. The maximum quantity of input or output bits per distribution matching or dematching procedure may be referred to as DMAX. The maximum quantity of interim symbols per distribution matching or dematching procedure may be referred to as NMAX. In some cases, DMAX, NMAX, or both may be configured by the BS 102 and communicated to the UE 104 (e.g., via RRC or other higher-layer signaling) .
[0123] If DMAX is defined, the quantity of distribution matching or dematching procedures performed for a TB may be calculated according to Equation 1:
[0124] where D is the quantity of distribution matching or dematching procedures performed for the TB, and where NAMP is the total quantity of amplitude bits for the TB (e.g., a quantity of bits in the first subset of the TB bits upon which distribution matching is to be performed) .
[0125] If NMAX is defined, the quantity of distribution matching or dematching procedures performed for a TB may be calculated according to Equation 2:
[0126] where D is the quantity of distribution matching or dematching procedures performed for the TB, and where NRE is the quantity of resource elements to which the TB is to be mapped. Multiplying by 2 or some other factor may relate to a translation between the modulation symbols (e.g., as mapped to resource elements) and interim symbols, such as a translation between respective quantities of dimensions associated with the two types of symbols (e.g., translating between wo-dimensional QAM symbols, which may have both an in-phase and quadrature component and hence be considered two-dimensional, and ASK symbols, which may be considered one-dimensional) . Additionally or alternatively, in some cases, the total quantity of modulation symbols for a TB may be equal to 2NRE ×v, where v is the quantity of spatial layers used to transmit the TB, and hence in some cases the numerator of Equation 2 above may further include a multiplication by v.
[0127] FIG. 5B depicts an example implementation of the transmitter 501 and the receiver 503. The transmitter 501 includes an information source 502, which may generate k information bits that is received by an amplitude shaper 504. The amplitude shaper 504 may generate a sequence of symbols (e.g., n symbols in a fixed-to-fixed scheme or symbols in a variable-to-fixed scheme) . The sequence of symbols (n symbols or symbols) may be received by an amplitude to bit component 506 and then a forward error correction (FEC) encoder 508 to produce a set of bits. In some examples, some of the bits are shaped and others are uniformly distributed. After the encoding, the bits are mapped, e.g., to QAM symbols by a QAM mapping component 510. A signal 511 (e.g., the symbols) is then transmitted over the wireless medium to the receiver 503, e.g., over a channel 512.
[0128] At the receiver 503, the signal 511 is received by a bitwise log-likelihood ratios (LLR) demapper component 514 to demap the symbols of the signal 511. The demapped symbols are received by a FEC decoder 516 and then a bit to amplitude component 518 to decode the bits. The decoded bits are provided to an amplitude deshaper 520 to distribute the received bits (e.g., uniformly) , which may then be sent to their destination.
[0129] The amplitude shaper 504 can also be known as or an implementation of a distribution matcher. In some aspects, a distribution matcher includes a decompressor (e.g., a decoder) to convert a sequence of information bits (u) into a set of symbols. The sequence of information bits (u) may be uniformly distributed. In an example, in 5G NR, the sequence of information bits may be uniformly distributed. The decompressor may generate the sequence of symbols based on a target probability mass function (PMF) , such as a Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution, and a symbol block length (n) . The sequence of symbols may be transmitted to the receiver 503 for processing to determine the transmitted information.
[0130] The distribution matcher may also include a compressor (e.g., an encoder) to convert the set of symbols into a sequence of compressed information bits In a fixed-to-fixed scheme, the distribution matcher may include a comparator to compare the sequence of information bits (u) to the sequence of compressed information bits to determine how many information bits were not converted into the set of symbols. In some examples, the distribution matcher may provide the output of the comparator to the receiver 503 so that the receiver 503 can determine how to process the set of symbols. For example, based on a compressor at the receiver 503, the receiver 503 may compress the set of symbols to generate information bits based on the target PMF, which may result in extra bits. The receiver 503 may use the output of the comparator (e.g., discard signaling) to determine how many bits to discard.
[0131] Alternatively, the distribution matcher may employ a variable-to-fixed scheme in which the decompressor is configured with a “back-off” limit. The back-off limit may limit the amount of information bits that the decompressor may convert to the set of symbols so that extra bits are not transmitted to the receiver 503 for discarding. Moreover, the variable-to-fixed scheme may limit the amount of overhead (e.g., compared to the fixed-to-fixed scheme) as a comparator is not needed and, thus, the distribution matcher may forego transmitting discard signaling with information about the number of bits to discard at the receiver 503. In such examples, when employing the variable-to-fixed scheme, the rate loss compared to target entropy may be improved compared to when employing the fixed-to-fixed scheme.
[0132] The probabilistic shaping such as probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) involves generating amplitudes of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) symbols using a distribution matcher (e.g., a bit-level distribution matcher) . Thereafter, a subsequent systematic FEC encoder generates signs for the PAM symbols based on the amplitudes. In some cases, a goal of PAS is to minimize an average signal power of a transmitted signal. In some cases, to minimize the average signal power of a transmitted signal, a bit sequence of the transmitted signal may be modified. In some cases, modifying the bit sequence of the transmitted signal may involve applying a bit-mask to a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence to lower the average signal power of the transmitted signal. For example, a bit level and symbol transmit power may have a certain relationship in which a first bit (e.g., b0) (excluding a sign bit) may control the transmit power of a symbol ‘s’ of the transmitted signal (e.g., assuming gray mapping) than other bits. As a result, if bit b0 is transmitted with a bit value of 0 (zero) , then the transmit power associated with symbol ‘s’ of the transmitted signal may be lower as compared to a bit value of 1 (one) (e.g., ( ‘1’ , ’ 9’ ) , vs. (’ 25’ , ’ 49’ ) ) , as shown in the Table 1 below.
[0133] Table 1
[0134] In some cases, to perform the probabilistic amplitude shaping and the bit-masking of certain bits of a transmitted signal, the transmitter 501 may first identify a set of information bits for transmission. Thereafter, the transmitter 501 may use a shaping encoder to mask the set of information bits based on a sequence of shaping bits (K) to generate a sequence of shaped information bits. Thereafter, the transmitter 501 may encode the sequence of shaping bits and sequence of shaped information bits to generate a set of encoded bits. After the encoding, the set of encoded bits are mapped to, for example, a sequence of shaped symbols (e.g., QAM symbol) and transmitted in a signal over a wireless medium to the receiver 503.
[0135] At the receiver 503, the signal is received by a bitwise LLR demapper component which is configured to demap the sequence of symbols of the signal. In some cases, demapping the sequence of symbols may be based on symbol probabilities associated with the QAM symbols. Thereafter, the demapped sequence of symbols may then be jointly decoded by an FEC decoder to obtain the sequence of shaping bits and sequence of shaped information bits. Thereafter, the receiver 503 may then re-encode the decoded shaped information bits to obtain the original set of information bits.
[0136] In some cases, the sequence of shaping bits may be generated by based on a block code, such as a Polar code. Polar codes have been used for channel coding for control channel transmissions in 5G NR. Another good feature that Polar codes provide is that they can achieve a “rate-distortion” bound for lossy data compression. As such, it may be beneficial to use Polar codes for bit level shaping with block codes in order to provide good data compression. As noted above, Polar codes are linear block codes defined by (N, K) where N=2n and is the block length and K is the shaping bit length. Accordingly, the block length N and information bit length K may need to be taken into account when constructing and using Polar codes for block-code-based probabilistic amplitude shaping.
[0137] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an encoding process 600 that supports distribution matching for probabilistic shaping in wireless communications. In some examples, the encoding process 600 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications network 100 and the wireless communications system 500. For example, a transmitter (e.g., the transmitter 501) may encode a message for transmission to a receiver (e.g., the receiver 503) using the probabilistic shaping such as a PCS. In some examples, the receiver may perform a decoding operation including inverse operations corresponding to operations of the encoding process 600.
[0138] The transmitter may encode a set of bits (e.g., a TB or a CB) , then transmit corresponding modulation symbols to the receiver. The quantity of bits included in the set of bits may be represented as k + γn, where k may represent the quantity of bits within a first subset of the bits and γn may represent the quantity of bits within a second subset of the bits. The k bits in the first subset may be subjected to distribution matching (e.g., may be referred to as shaped bits, or alternatively referred to as amplitude bits) , and the γn bits in the second subset may not be subjected to distribution matching (e.g., may be referred to as unshaped bits, or alternatively referred to as sign bits) .
[0139] The transmitter may input the k bits of the first subset to a distribution matcher 610. The distribution matcher 610 may be a constant-composition distribution matcher (CCDM) , a multiset-partition distribution matcher (MPDM) , or may use sphere shaping, among other possible distribution matching techniques. The distribution matcher 610 may transform k input bits into n intermediate or interim symbols. For example, sequences within the k input bits may each be mapped to one or more corresponding interim symbols within the n-length sequence of interim symbols. Thus, in some cases, each interim symbol may represent multiple input bits. Based on a non-uniform probability distribution associated with (e.g., used by) the distribution matcher 610, different interim symbols within a pool of possible (e.g., candidate) interim symbols may not be equally likely to be included in the n-length sequence of interim symbols-that is, some interim symbols may be more likely to be included than others. In some cases, the interim symbols may be ASK symbols.
[0140] The transmitter may input the n interim symbols into a symbol-to-bit converter 615. The symbol-to-bit converter 615 may convert the interim symbols into bits. In some cases, because the interim symbols are non-uniformly distributed, the bits output by the symbol-to-bit converter 615 may not be the same as the bits input to the distribution matcher 610. For example, the symbol-to-bit converter 615 may output a bit sequence that includes quantity (m-1) n of bits, where m is a modulation order of the interim symbols (e.g., the quantity of different interim symbols within the pool of possible interim symbols may be equal to 2m) .
[0141] The transmitter may input the (m-1) n-length bit sequence output by the symbol-to-bit converter 615 and the γn unshaped bits to an FEC encoder 620. The FEC encoder 620 may support error correction for the subsequent transmission based on encoding redundancy into the transmission. Based on the bits input to the FEC encoder 620, the FEC encoder 620 may generate systematic bits and parity bits. For example, for every (m-1+γ) input bits, the FEC encoder 620 may generate m bits, where the extra bits may be parity bits. Thus, in some examples, the rate of encoding at the FEC encoder 620 may be calculated based on Equation 3, below. In some cases, the transmitter may determine γ based on RateFEC. RateFEC= (m-1+γm) / m. (3)
[0142] In some examples, the transmitter may input the bits output from the FEC encoder 620 to a mapper 635, which may perform constellation mapping (e.g., map the bits input to the mapper 635 to corresponding modulation symbols, based on a symbol constellation associated with the modulation symbols) . A subset of the bits input to the mapper 635 may be used to determine the amplitudes of the mapped-to modulation symbols, and these bits may be referred to as amplitude bits 640. Another subset of the bits input to the mapper 635 may be used to determine the signs (e.g., polarities, phases, or both) of the mapped-to modulation symbols, and these bits may be referred to as sign bits. The amplitude bits may include a first set of systematic bits, which may correspond to the shaped bits (bit sequence) output by the symbol-to-bit converter 615 and thus the k bits subjected to distribution matching. The sign bits may include a second set of systematic bits, which may correspond to the unshaped γn bits, along with the parity bits. The γn bits and the parity bits may be unshaped and thus uniformly distributed (e.g., each such bit may be equally likely to be a 1 or a 0) .
[0143] Because a portion of the bits input to the mapper 635 have been shaped, different modulation symbols within the symbol constellation used by the mapper 635 may have different likelihoods of being mapped to and transmitted over the air, and thus PCS may be implemented. For example, because the amplitude bits are based on the k bits subjected to distribution matching by the distribution matcher 610, the likelihood of a modulation symbol being mapped to may depend on the amplitude of the modulation symbol (e.g., lower amplitude modulation symbols, which may be nearer to a center of the symbol constellation, may be more likely to be mapped to than higher amplitude modulation symbols, which may be further from the center of the symbols constellation) . In some case, the transmitter may multiply the amplitude bits with the sign bits and map the resulting products to the modulation symbols.
[0144] Aspects Related To Methods for Managing Shaping Bit Levels Determination for Bit Level Probabilistic Shaping
[0145] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for determining shaping bit levels for probabilistic shaping.
[0146] In a communication system, a transmitter (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a gNodeB (gNB) ) sends information to a receiver (e.g., a UE, a gNB) via a communication link. For example, the transmitter may process a set of bits (e.g., 100 bits) of a transport block (TB) to obtain a corresponding set of modulation symbols, and the transmitter may transmit, via the communication link, signaling that is based on (e.g., includes or is otherwise modulated based on) the set of modulation symbols, in order to communicate the TB to the receiver. In some cases, the transmitter may initially process the set of bits to map these bits to different bit levels (e.g., each bit level may include or is associated with one or more bits) . For example, the transmitter may map the 100 bits to 4 bit levels where each bit level is associated with or includes 25 bits.
[0147] The transmitter may perform an encoding operation on the TB. For example, the transmitter may encode the set of bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) corresponding to the TB to obtain the set of modulation symbols representative of the TB, and the transmitter may transmit the TB to the receiver by transmitting the corresponding set of modulation symbols. In one example, the transmitter may map a first bit from each bit level to one symbol. In another example, the transmitter may map two or more bits from each bit level to one symbol. In another example, the transmitter may map all bits from one bit level to one symbol. The encoding operation may include several stages, such as attaching one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits to the set of bits, encoding (e.g., Polar code encoding, or other channel coding such as low-density parity check (LDPC) codes) , mapping (e.g., mapping bits or groups of bits (e.g., bit levels) to corresponding modulation symbols) , among other possible stages. In some cases, the probabilistic shaping may involve mapping the bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) to the modulation symbols such that some modulation symbols of a symbol constellation may be more likely to be mapped to, and thus transmitted over the air, than others.
[0148] During the encoding operation, the transmitter may use a shaping encoder to mask the set of bits (e.g., in the different bit levels) based on a sequence of shaping bits to generate a sequence of shaped bits. The sequence of shaping bits may be generated based on a block code, such as a polar code or other source compression based distribution matchers such as constant composition distribution matcher (CCDM) . The use of polar codes for bit level shaping (e.g., shaping of bits associated with one or more bit levels) may provide good data compression. Thereafter, the transmitter may encode the sequence of shaping bits and the sequence of shaped bits to generate a set of encoded bits. After the encoding, the set of encoded bits are mapped to a sequence of shaped symbols (e.g., quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol) and transmitted in a signal to the receiver.
[0149] In some cases, a number of bit levels corresponding to the set of bits to be shaped and a bit to symbol mapping may impact an overall performance and complexity of the communication system. For example, for 16-amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation which uses a combination of phase and amplitude to encode the set of bits, there may exist four bit levels corresponding to the set of bits (e.g., each bit level is associated with one or more bits) where three bit levels can be shaped. In such cases, the transmitter may be able to shape one bit level (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with a most significant bit level among the three bit levels) , all bit levels (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with all three bit levels) or a part of the bit levels (e.g., shape one or more bits associated with two or three bit levels) . In some cases, although shaping of more bit levels may provide an optimal performance, but this optimal performance is achieved at a cost of a higher complexity and latency, which may impact the overall throughput.
[0150] Techniques proposed herein may define parameters which may be considered by a transmitter to decide whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a set of bits. The single-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of a most significant bit level among multiple bit levels associated with the set of bits. The multiple-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of the multiple bit levels associated with the set of bits. For example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping based on the parameters such as a modulation order, a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value, a per-bit level entropy (e.g., for a given target symbol level distribution) , and / or a type of bit to symbol mapping. In one example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping at a small shaping rate with a gray mapping for an optimal performance. In another example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping (for a quantity of bit levels) at a large shaping rate with a natural order mapping for an optimal performance. In some cases, a shaping rate may be proportional and / or related to (a ratio of) an entropy delta to uniform QAM. For example, a larger entropy delta to uniform QAM may imply a larger shaping rate.
[0151] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques can lead to the optimal performance of the communication system. For example, since the performance of the communication system is associated with how many bit levels to be shaped and a bit to symbol mapping, the techniques proposed herein may enable the transmitter to achieve the optimal performance by performing the single-bit level shaping with the gray mapping rather than the multiple-bit level shaping (e.g., for the small shaping rate) and the multiple-bit level shaping with the natural order mapping rather than the single-bit level shaping (e.g., for the large shaping rate) .
[0152] The techniques proposed herein for determining the shaping bit levels for the probabilistic shaping may be understood with reference to FIG. 7 -FIG. 13.
[0153] FIG. 7 depicts a call flow diagram 700 illustrating example communication among wireless nodes such as a transmitter, a receiver, and a network entity (e.g., a gNB) for determining shaping bit levels for probabilistic shaping.
[0154] The transmitter shown in FIG. 7 may be an example of the UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or the disaggregated BS depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2.
[0155] The receiver shown in FIG. 7 may be an example of the UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or the disaggregated BS depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2.
[0156] The gNB shown in FIG. 7 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or the disaggregated BS depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2.
[0157] As indicated at 710, the gNB transmits shaping configuration information to the transmitter. The shaping configuration information configures the transmitter to perform different types of shaping such as single-bit level shaping and / or multiple-bit level shaping. In certain aspects, the shaping configuration information may indicate a threshold (e.g., a bit level entropy threshold) .
[0158] As indicated at 720, the transmitter identifies a set of bits (e.g., information bits) corresponding to a TB for communication. The set of bits are uniformly distributed. The set of bits may correspond to a bit level sequence of amplitude symbols.
[0159] As indicated at 730, the transmitter decides whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence. The bit sequence includes the set of bits.
[0160] In certain aspects, the transmitter may decide whether to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping on the bit sequence based on a modulation order.
[0161] For example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a first value of the modulation order that is lower than a modulation order threshold (i.e., a low modulation order) .
[0162] In another example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a second value of the modulation order which is higher than the modulation order threshold (i.e., a high modulation order) .
[0163] In certain aspects, the transmitter may decide whether to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping on the bit sequence based on a shaping code rate (or a shaping rate) .
[0164] For example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a first value of the shaping code rate that is lower than a shaping code rate threshold (i.e., a low shaping code rate) .
[0165] In another example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a second value of the shaping code rate that is higher than the shaping code rate threshold (i.e., a high shaping code rate) .
[0166] In certain aspects, the transmitter may decide whether to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping on the bit sequence based on a forward error correction (FEC) code rate.
[0167] For example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a first value of the FEC code rate that is higher than a FEC code rate threshold (i.e., a high FEC code rate) .
[0168] In another example, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping, to achieve or based on a second value of the FEC code rate that is lower than the FEC code rate threshold (i.e., a low FEC code rate) .
[0169] In certain aspects, the transmitter may decide whether to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping or the multiple-bit level shaping on the bit sequence based on an MCS index value. The MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates the modulation order, the FEC code rate, and the shaping code rate (and / or a shaping related parameter) .
[0170] FIG. 8 depicts example MCS lookup table 800. The MCS lookup table 800 includes MCS index values. Each MCS index value corresponds to an entry in the MCS lookup table for the modulation order, the shaping code rate, and the FEC code rate. In one example, based on the MCS index value of 6, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping on the bit sequence. In another example, based on the MCS index value of 8, the transmitter may decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping on the bit sequence.
[0171] Referring back to FIG. 7, as indicated at 740, the transmitter performs the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision. For example, the transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping by modifying the bit sequence to change a probability of the set of bits (e.g., bits transmitted by the transmitter to the receiver) and generate shaped set of bits.
[0172] In certain aspects, the transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence. For example, the transmitter may implement a bit-level distribution matcher to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for the MSB of the bit sequence.
[0173] In certain aspects, the transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a subset of bits of the set of bits. For example, the transmitter may implement multiple bit-level distribution matchers to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for the subset of bits.
[0174] In certain aspects, the transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping with a gray mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme. For example, shaping the single-bit level together with the gray mapping (as opposed to any other mapping) may provide an optimal performance.
[0175] In certain aspects, the transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping with a natural order mapping of one or more shaped bits for the QAM modulation scheme. For example, shaping multiple bit levels together with the natural order mapping (as opposed to any other mapping) may provide an optimal performance.
[0176] As indicated at 750, the transmitter may transmit, via a communication link, signaling that is based on (e.g., includes or is otherwise modulated based on) a set of modulation symbols, in order to communicate the TB to the receiver. The set of modulation symbols are based on the shaped set of bits.
[0177] In certain aspects, when the transmitter decides to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping, the transmitter may determine a quantity of bit levels corresponding to the bit sequence to be shaped for the multiple-bit level shaping. Each bit level may be associated with one or more bits of the set of bits. The transmitter may determine the quantity of bit levels based on the bit level entropy threshold (e.g, γ=0.6) .
[0178] The transmitter may primarily calculate bit level probability values for bit levels based on a target probability mass function (PMF) including a Maxwell-Boltzmann (M-B) distribution. For example, FIG. 9 depicts a table 900 for different bit level probabilities according to the M-B distribution. As depicted in the table 900, for a given target distribution (e.g., the M-B distribution with parameter v) , a corresponding bit level capacity or a bit level probability conditional on a parameter v by is evaluated by the transmitter. Based on the evaluation, the transmitter may determine each bit level associated with a bit level probability value higher than the bit level entropy threshold.
[0179] The transmitter may perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping of each determined bit level that is associated with the bit level probability value higher than the bit level entropy threshold. That is, only the bit levels that are larger than the bit level entropy threshold are shaped by the transmitter with a bit level shaper.
[0180] FIG. 10 depicts a diagram 1000 illustrating performance of bit level shapers at different shaping rates. As illustrated, a first bit level shaping scheme 1010 for shaping one bit level (conditional shaping) provides a high shaping power gain with a gray mapping and at a small shaping rate. A second bit level shaping scheme 1020 for shaping multiple bit levels provides a high shaping power gain with a natural order mapping and at a large shaping rate.
[0181] FIG. 11 depicts a diagram 1100 illustrating association between a shaping rate and a signal to noise ratio (SNR) . As illustrated, the shaping rate is associated with the SNR for a given modulation order. In some cases, the shaping rate may be decreased to maximize a transmit symbol to channel capacity. In some cases, as the SNR becomes larger, there may be a switch to uniform QAM (e.g., with a small shaping rate) . In some cases, to maximize a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) capacity, there is a need to switch a modulation order. That is, the shaping rate may be in a zig-zag format.
[0182] In certain aspects, a large shaping rate may imply additional benefit of performing the multiple-bit level shaping.
[0183] In certain aspects, a bit level entropy may be small for a large shaping rate. That is, a most significant bit level may have a smaller capacity than a second bit level.
[0184] In certain aspects, when there is smaller bit level capacity, there is additional need to perform the multiple-bit level shaping. In some cases, a bit capacity and a bit binary distribution (marginal) is represented by C=1-H (p) where H (p) is a binary entropy.
[0185] In certain aspects, the transmitter may be able to switch between the single-bit level shaping and the multiple-bit level shaping. The switching may be associated with a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) level, which is related to the shaping code rate. In some cases, the switching may be associated with a bit level entropy after the shaping.
[0186] Example Method for Wireless Communications at a Wireless Node
[0187] FIG. 12 shows an example of a method 1200 for wireless communications at a wireless node. The wireless node may a transmitter or a receiver. In one example, the wireless node may be a user equipment (UE) (e.g., the UE 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) . In another example, the wireless node may be a network entity (e.g., the BS 102 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or a disaggregated BS as discussed with respect to FIG. 2) .
[0188] The method 1200 begins at step 1210 with deciding whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal. The bit sequence includes a set of bits. The decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for deciding and / or code for deciding as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0189] The method 1200 then proceeds to step 1220 with performing the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for performing and / or code for performing as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0190] In certain aspects, the MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates at least one of: the modulation order; a forward error correction (FEC) code rate; a shaping code rate; and a shaping related parameter.
[0191] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes performing the probabilistic shaping by modifying the bit sequence to change a probability of the set of bits.
[0192] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes performing the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence (e.g., by a single bit-level distribution matcher) .
[0193] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a subset of bits of the set of bits (e.g., by multiple bit-level distribution matchers) .
[0194] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes deciding to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the modulation order and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the modulation order. The second value of the modulation order is higher than the first value of the modulation order.
[0195] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes deciding to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the shaping code rate and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the shaping code rate. The second value of the shaping code rate is higher than the first value of the shaping code rate.
[0196] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes performing the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping with a gray mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme.
[0197] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping with a natural order mapping of one or more shaped bits for a QAM modulation scheme.
[0198] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes determining a quantity of bit levels corresponding to the bit sequence to be shaped for the multiple-bit level shaping based on a threshold.
[0199] In certain aspects, each bit level is associated with one or more bits of the set of bits.
[0200] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes receiving shaping configuration information for the multiple-bit level shaping. The shaping configuration information indicates the threshold.
[0201] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes calculating bit level probability values for bit levels based on a target probability mass function (PMF) comprising a Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution.
[0202] In certain aspects, the method 1200 further includes determining each bit level associated with a bit level probability value higher than the threshold; and the performing further includes performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping of each determined bit level associated with the bit level probability value higher than the threshold.
[0203] In one aspect, the method 1200, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as a communications device 1300 of FIG. 13, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1200. The communications device 1300 is described below in further detail.
[0204] Note that FIG. 12 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0205] In one example (e.g., 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) case) , the set of bits are mapped to eight bit levels. Each bit level may include or is associated with one or more bits from the set of bits. For example, each of the eight bit levels may include or is associated with a same number of bits. The wireless node may process information associated with the MCS lookup table (e.g., shaping rate information) , and decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping (e.g., at a small shaping rate and along with a gray mapping) for an optimal performance. The single-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of at least one bit (e.g., a most significant bit) associated with a most significant bit level (e.g., a first bit level in a sequence of the eight bit levels) .
[0206] In another example (e.g., 1024 QAM case) , the set of bits are mapped to ten bit levels. Each bit level may include or is associated with one or more bits from the set of bits. For example, each of the ten bit levels may include or is associated with a same number of bits. The wireless node may process information associated with the MCS lookup table (e.g., shaping rate information) , and decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping (e.g., at a large shaping rate and along with a natural order mapping) for an optimal performance. The multiple-bit level shaping may correspond to shaping of a subset of bits (of the set of bits) associated with first two bit levels in a sequence of the ten bit levels.
[0207] Example Communications Device
[0208] FIG. 13 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1300. In one aspect, the communications device 1300 is a user equipment (UE) , such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3. In another aspect, the communications device 1500 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or a disaggregated BS as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0209] The communications device 1300 includes a processing system 1305 coupled to a transceiver 1345 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1345 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1300 via an antenna 1350, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1305 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1300, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1300.
[0210] The processing system 1305 includes one or more processors 1310. In one aspect, the one or more processors 1310 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 358, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. In another aspect, one or more processors 1310 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340, as described with respect to FIG. 3.
[0211] The one or more processors 1310 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1325 via a bus 1340. The computer-readable medium / memory 1325 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1310, cause the one or more processors 1310 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, and / or any aspect related to it. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1300 may include the one or more processors 1310 performing that function of communications device 1300.
[0212] The computer-readable medium / memory 1325 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , such as code for deciding 1330 and code for performing 1335. Processing of the code for deciding 1330 and the code for performing 1335 may cause the communications device 1300 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, and / or any aspect related to it.
[0213] The one or more processors 1310 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1325, including circuitry such as circuitry for deciding 1315 and circuitry for performing 1320. Processing with the circuitry for deciding 1315 and the circuitry for performing 1320 may cause the communications device 1300 to perform the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, and / or any aspect related to it.
[0214] Various components of the communications device 1300 may provide means for performing the method 1200 described with respect to FIG. 12, and / or any aspect related to it. For example, means for transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or the transceiver 1345 and the antenna 1350 of the communications device 1300 in FIG. 13. Means for receiving or obtaining may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or the transceiver 1345 and the antenna 1350 of the communications device 1300 in FIG. 13.
[0215] In some cases, rather than actually transmitting, for example, signals and / or data, a device may have an interface to output signals and / or data for transmission (ameans for outputting) . For example, a processor may output signals and / or data, via a bus interface, to a radio frequency (RF) front end for transmission. In various aspects, an RF front end may include various components, including transmit and receive processors, transmit and receive MIMO processors, modulators, demodulators, and the like, such as depicted in the examples in FIG. 3.
[0216] Notably, FIG. 13 is an example, and many other examples and configurations of communication device 1300 are possible.
[0217] Example Clauses
[0218] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0219] Clause 1: A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, comprising: deciding whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal, wherein the bit sequence comprises a set of bits, and wherein the decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value; and performing the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision.
[0220] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein the MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates at least one of: the modulation order; a forward error correction (FEC) code rate; a shaping code rate; and a shaping related parameter.
[0221] Clause 3: The method of any one of clauses 1-2, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping by modifying the bit sequence to change a probability of transmission of the set of bits.
[0222] Clause 4: The method of any one of clauses 1-3, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence.
[0223] Clause 5: The method of any one of clauses 1-4, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a subset of bits of the set of bits.
[0224] Clause 6: The method of any one of clauses 1-5, wherein: the deciding further comprises deciding to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the modulation order and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the modulation order; and the second value of the modulation order is higher than the first value of the modulation order.
[0225] Clause 7: The method of clause 2, wherein: the deciding further comprises deciding to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the shaping code rate and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the shaping code rate; and the second value of the shaping code rate is higher than the first value of the shaping code rate.
[0226] Clause 8: The method of any one of clauses 1-7, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping with a gray mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme.
[0227] Clause 9: The method of any one of clauses 1-8, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping with a natural order mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme.
[0228] Clause 10: The method of any one of clauses 1-9, further comprising determining a quantity of bit levels corresponding to the bit sequence to be shaped for the multiple-bit level shaping based on a threshold.
[0229] Clause 11: The method of clause 10, wherein each bit level is associated with one or more bits of the set of bits.
[0230] Clause 12: The method of clause 10, further comprising receiving shaping configuration information for the multiple-bit level shaping, wherein the shaping configuration information indicates the threshold.
[0231] Clause 13: The method of clause 10, further comprising calculating bit level probability values for bit levels based on a target probability mass function (PMF) comprising a Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution.
[0232] Clause 14: The method of clause 13, wherein: the determining further comprises determining each bit level associated with a bit level probability value higher than the threshold; and the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping of each determined bit level associated with the bit level probability value higher than the threshold.
[0233] Clause 15: An apparatus, comprising: a memory comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the executable instructions and cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-14.
[0234] Clause 16: An apparatus, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-14.
[0235] Clause 17: A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-14.
[0236] Clause 18: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-14.
[0237] Additional Considerations
[0238] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0239] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0240] As used herein, “a processor, ” “at least one processor” or “one or more processors” generally refers to a single processor configured to perform one or multiple operations or multiple processors configured to collectively perform one or more operations. In the case of multiple processors, performance the one or more operations could be divided amongst different processors, though one processor may perform multiple operations, and multiple processors could collectively perform a single operation. Similarly, “a memory, ” “at least one memory” or “one or more memories” generally refers to a single memory configured to store data and / or instructions, multiple memories configured to collectively store data and / or instructions.
[0241] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0242] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0243] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor.
[0244] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” . All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications at a wireless node, comprising:a memory comprising instructions; andone or more processors configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:decide whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal, wherein the bit sequence comprises a set of bits, and wherein the decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value; andperform the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates at least one of:the modulation order;a forward error correction (FEC) code rate;a shaping code rate; anda shaping related parameter.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the probabilistic shaping by modifying the bit sequence to change a probability of transmission of the set of bits.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a subset of bits of the set of bits.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the modulation order and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the modulation order; andthe second value of the modulation order is higher than the first value of the modulation order.7.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein:the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to decide to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a first value of the shaping code rate and the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping for a second value of the shaping code rate; andthe second value of the shaping code rate is higher than the first value of the shaping code rate.8.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping with a gray mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme.9.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping with a natural order mapping of one or more shaped bits for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation scheme.10.The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to determine a quantity of bit levels corresponding to the bit sequence to be shaped for the multiple-bit level shaping based on a threshold.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each bit level is associated with one or more bits of the set of bits.12.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to receive shaping configuration information for the multiple-bit level shaping, wherein the shaping configuration information indicates the threshold.13.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to calculate bit level probability values for bit levels based on a target probability mass function (PMF) comprising a Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:determine each bit level associated with a bit level probability value higher than the threshold; andperform the probabilistic shaping based on the multiple-bit level shaping of each determined bit level associated with the bit level probability value higher than the threshold.15.A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, comprising:deciding whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal, wherein the bit sequence comprises a set of bits, and wherein the decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value; andperforming the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates at least one of:the modulation order;a forward error correction (FEC) code rate;a shaping code rate; anda shaping related parameter.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping by modifying the bit sequence to change a probability of the set of bits.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the performing further comprises performing the probabilistic shaping based on the single-bit level shaping for a most significant bit (MSB) of the bit sequence.19.A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a wireless node, configured individually or in any combination, cause the wireless node to perform a method of wireless communications, comprising:deciding whether to perform probabilistic shaping based on single-bit level shaping or multiple-bit level shaping on a bit sequence of a signal, wherein the bit sequence comprises a set of bits, and wherein the decision is based on at least one of: a modulation order or a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index value; andperforming the probabilistic shaping on the bit sequence, in accordance with the decision.20.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein the MCS index value corresponds to an entry in an MCS lookup table that indicates at least one of:the modulation order;a forward error correction (FEC) code rate;a shaping code rate; anda shaping related parameter.