A cementitious material

Abstract

A cementitious material comprising cement, aggregate, and hydrochar. The cementitious material may be substantially free from calcium oxides, may be low carbon, and may comprise between 1.0-5.0% hydrochar by dry weight. The aggregate may be sand, and the cement may be ordinary Portland cement. The cementitious material may further comprise one or more of graphene, silica fume, fly ash, anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4), carbon nanotubes, and carbon fullerenes. The cementitious material may further comprise 0.1-3.0% graphene, 2-12% silica fume, 10-26% fly ash, 8-16% anhydrous calcium sulphate, 0.1-3.0% carbon nanotubes, and 0.1-3.0% carbon fullerenes by dry weight. The cementitious material may further comprise at least one of C-20 to C-54 and C-70 to C-360 fullerenes. A mortar and concrete comprising the cementitious material, and a building formed from the cementitious material, are also defined.

Description

Technical Field This disclosure relates to a cementitious material, and in particular relates to low carbon mortar production through the use of sustainable materials. Disclosure is provided of additives in concrete / mortar that are configured to mitigate or negate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and, more specifically, the use of hydrochar, which is a high-carbon residue, such as that produced through a wet hydrothermal process, as a mortar additive. Background One of the most urgent challenges facing today's society is to manage efficiently and sustainably the huge amount of wastes generated daily. Traditional technologies, such as landfilling and even waste-to-energy by incineration, must be replaced to meet both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the European hierarchy on waste that encourages material recovery. The targets of Directives 2018 / 850 and 2018 / 851 call for reducing landfilling to levels of <10% and increasing recycling to >65% by 2035, respectively. In parallel, global production sectors need to make major efforts to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and the intensive use of natural resources. One of the productive segments most concerned with sustainability worldwide is the construction industry. Recent estimates indicate that around 10% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions and 6% of GHG come from the cement industry and the high demand for new constructions in recent years only increases concerns about the intensification of emissions and consumption of energy and raw materials. Along with the deployment of innovative technologies, circular economy approaches, and the development of alternative binders to replace the globally dominant Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) one promising strategy to mitigate the carbon footprint is the incorporation of efficient and sustainable supplementary cementing materials (SCM) into the production cycle. This explains the current boost of research on a wide variety of materials, such as cenospheres, slag, fly ash, biomass ash, marble and granite dust, graphene nanoparticles, etc., to be used as SCM. Several studies have addressed biomass as a suitable candidate for partial cement replacement, but several adverse effects hinder its direct application in mortar and concrete. Among other factors, the low cement-biomass compatibility, the instability of the biomass in the alkaline cement matrix and the high water absorption significantly deteriorate the properties of the resulting cementitious materials. Biomass tends to segregate and float on the surface of the paste, so its homogeneous distribution in the cement matrix is a current challenge. On the other hand, the increase in temperature generated by the reaction of the cement with the water and the alkalinity of the hydrated cement favour the dissolution of low molecular weight carbohydrates and some degradation of the more stable biopolymers, which causes dimensional changes in the biomass and an increase in the amount of soluble carbohydrates with aging. In addition, the mineralization processes that certain types of biomass undergo due to the presence of Ca2+ or other cations in the cement suspension increase the embrittlement of mortar and concrete. Another issue to consider is that sugars and, to a lesser extent, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin can contribute to the inhibition of cement hydration and delay or shorten the setting time of cement. Furthermore, the absorption of water leads to a continuous volume change of the biomass within the cement matrix, causing interfacial damage and inducing concrete cracking. Likewise, the addition of biomass leads to an increase in shrinkage due to the loss of free water. No less relevant drawback is the high variation in the properties of natural materials, making it difficult to predict the properties of the final products. Summary Aspects of the present invention are set out by the claims. Further aspects are also described. As a first aspect, there is provided a cementitious material comprising cement, aggregate, and hydrochar. Making use of hydrochar instead of biochar allows the production of cementitious material with a greateryield rate, havinga lowerenergy demand, and making use of a broader range of feedstock. A blended mortar can be achieved having an increased thermal conductivity and an increased electrical resitivity, which results in a material having desired thermal and electrical properties. Optionally, the cementitious material being substantially free from calcium oxides. Optionally, the cementitious material is low carbon. Optionally, the cementitious material comprises between 1.0% and 5.0% hydrochar by dry weight. Optionally, the cementitious material further comprises one or more of the following: • graphene (e.g., between 0.1% and 3.0% graphene by dry weight). • silica fume (e.g., between 2% and 12% silica fume by dry weight). • fly ash (e.g., between 10% and 26% fly ash by dry weight). • anhydrous calcium sulfate (e.g., between 8% and 16% anhydrous calcium sulfate by dry weight). • carbon nanotubes (e.g., between 0.1% and 3.0% carbon nanotubes by dry weight). • carbon fullerenes (e.g., between 0.1% and 3.0% carbon fullerenes by dry weight). Optionally, the cementitious material further comprises at least one of C-20 to C-54 fullerenes and C-70 to C-360 fullerenes. Optionally, the cement is Portland cement (e.g., ordinary portland cement). Optionally, the aggregate is one or more of: sand, gravel, and crushed stones. The aggregate may be recycled, from construction sites, demolition sites, or excavation sites. As a second aspect, there is provided a mortar comprising a cementitious material according to the first aspect. As a third aspect, there is provided a concrete comprising a cementitious material according to the first aspect. As a fourth aspect, there is provided a building formed from a cementitious material according to the first aspect. Innovation is to be found in the use of a low-cost alternative known as hydrochar, which is obtained by subjecting biomass to high temperatures (e.g., 300-650 °C) in the absence or limited supply of oxygen. Although hydrochar encompasses a wide variety of features depending on the precursor and the synthesis procedure, it is generally characterized by high carbon storage and chemical stability, low thermal conductivity, and a relatively well-developed porous structure. Diverse hydrochars derived from a variety of organic wastes have proved successful admixtures in cementitious materials. The porosity and surface chemistry rich in functional groups have been reported to facilitate good interaction with the cementitious matrix and hydrochar can potentially be used as a low-density material for more energy efficient and less dense composites. The addition of hydrochar may enhance the mechanical properties of cementitious materials, acting as an internal water reservoir that promotes secondary hydration and additional curing. On the other hand, nano / micro-particles of hydrochar could serve as a filler to reduce the porosity and, consequently, water permeability in composite products. It has been found that the improvement in resistance is highly dependent on the precursor and process conditions used for hydrochar production. Compared to standard pyrolysis leading to biochar, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an innovative technology that eliminates the pre-drying step and takes place at lower temperature, which implies less energy consumption. It is performed in the presence of water at temperatures of 180-250 °C under the autogenous saturation vapor pressure of water at the reaction temperature. Subcritical water acts as a reagent that increases the solubility of organic compounds and facilitates subsequent reactions to transform the organic feedstock into a stable carbon-enriched solid (the so-called hydrochar). On the other hand, HTC improves the carbonaceous solid yield (50-80 wt%), the liquid by-product (25-55 wt%) can be valorized within a circular economy framework, and the gases given off represent only 5-10 wt%. As a result of the process of producing Hydrochar using HTC delivering a 50 -80% yield, a greater volume of product is produced from the same volume of feedstock. Brief Description of the Drawings Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: • FIG. 1 is a flow chart that illustrates the hydrothermal carbonisation of wet organic wastes; • FIGs. 2A-2C show the transition of wet biomass to a blended mortar, wherein: o FIG. 2A provides details of the raw materials, including a photograph that shows the raw wet biomass, o FIG. 2B provides details of the hydrochar production process, including a photograph that shows the resultant hydrochar from the biomass being processed using hydrothermal carbonisation, and o FIG. 2C provides details of the mortar production, including a photograph that shows a blended mortar, together with a table that shows the differing % of hydrochar in the blended cement that can be used to make the mortar; • FIG. 3 is a table that compares some key properties of solid mortar made using three differing blends and a control; and • FIGs. 4A-4B are bar charts that show a comparison of compression strength (FIG. 4A) and flexural strength (FIG. 4B) of the control and the three blended mortars across a 90 day curing time. Detailed Description Various exemplary embodiments, features, and aspects are described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Disclosure is provided of how the hydrothermal carbonation process can be used to produce hydrochar from a broad range of organic matter feedstocks, in order to create a hyrochar blended cement. This is against the backdrop of the prospective use of biochar augmented concrete. Biochar is produced by pyrolysis which uses elevated temperatures up to 400°C and requires a dry feedstock. Thus a pre-drying process is needed to prepare the feedstock prior to the pyrolysis process. This either restricts the range of feedstock that can be processed or increases the energy demand of the process. The biochar yield rate using pyrolysis is well documented to be in the range of 30-50%. Advantages of the described innovation include the possibility of offsetting the carbon footprint of concrete and associated cementitious materials by replacing a percentage of the key ingredient, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with a non-chemical, inert additive known as a char. Biochar is well documented for its ability to lock in carbon, and also strengthen concrete and enhancement hydration. Hydrochar is not dissimilarto biochar, but is produced using wet organic material using a process known as hydrothermal carbonisation. Hydrochars show properties that when mixed with OPC is able to not only lock in carbon into cementitious materials but also increases the material's insulative properties. The development and use of hydrochar blended cement to create a low carbon mortar for use in plastering, masonry, partition wallsand low-load paves the way for a more sustainable carbon neutral augmented concrete. Using hydrochar in this way not only sequestrates carbon but also opens up the potential of utilising the millions of tonnes of low value wet biowaste around the globe into local construction industries and so furthering the circular economy. Hydrochar is a stable solid that is rich in carbon. Presently, hydrochar is not widely available. However, studies have reported the attributes of hydrochars for diverse applications, such as biofuels, soil amendments, catalyst support, adsorbents, supercapacitors, particleboards, etc. Discussed herein is the use of hydrochar in substituting OPC in cementitious mixtures, such as plaster and concrete to provide for improved, ecologically friendly, building materials. Hydrochar is a high-carbon, fine to medium-grained residue formed via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). HTC, or direct decomposition of biomass in an aqueous solution, produces a mixture of solids (the hydrochar proper), and liquid (HTC liquor). The specific carbon yields from HTC are dependent on process conditions, such as temperature, residence time, and heating rate. These parameters can be optimized to produce various properties in the hydrochar. Typical char yields from HTC are roughly 50-80 wt%, opposed to 35 wt% from pyrolysis process to produce biochar. Biochar is a porous, carbonaceous material that is produced by pyrolysis (decomposition of organic matter at temperatures higher than 400°C, in the complete or near absence of oxygen). Biochar has many uses but more recently it is being considered a potential substitute for cement replacement that can enhance structural properties if used appropriately. Hydrochar is a similar substance to biochar and a key innovation is the recognition of its potential to serve as a substitute cement replacement. In addition to the end cementitious product reducing the need for carbon heavy OPC and hydrochar sequestering carbon, it is considered that the process of making the hydrochar, may be improved to be more self-sustaining and carbon neutral. Modern HTC plants can be powered using waste heat or waste gases from nearby industrial processes. Co-locating HTC plants with cement plants may create additional benefits. Half of the CO2 emissions from the production of concrete come from the reaction that breaks up the calcium carbonate and the other half from the fossil fuels required to heat the kilns and transport the materials. Therefore, substituting HTC hydrochar for fossil coal created by the HTC process can help serve to significantly reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the production of concrete. The compositions of concrete and cement, as well as the relative amounts of their constituent components can vary significantly depending on the desired characteristics of the material. The production of one tonne of OPC emits up to 622 kg of CO2. Substituting 5% of OPC with hydrochar will result in a 5% reduction in CO2 emissions for each tonne of blended cement produced. The global production of ordinary OPC is approximately 3.5 billion tons annually. Therefore, if hydrochar were used globally to replace just 5%of OPC it could provide an annual carbon saving of over 1 billion tonnes. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical conversion process that uses heat to convert wet biomass feedstocks to hydrochar. HTC is performed in a reactor at temperatures ranging from 180 to 250°C, under autogenous (automatically generated) pressure, with feedstock residence time ranging from 0.5 to 8 hours. HTC is able to convert all types of dry / wet organic matter including but not limited to: aquatic biomass, agricultural residues, and industrial and animal wastes. Feedstock is homogenised in a pre-processing step, e.g., via a macerator and mixed with water to a 15% dry solids (DS) mixture. The mixture is heated to a set temperature and held for a specified residence time. A small amount of gas (primarily CO2, only 5% of carbon in the feedstock is lost in this way) and an aqueous slurry are produced during the process. The aqueous slurry is centrifuged or filtered to separate the process water and solids (wet hydrochar). The wet hydrochar is then aired / dried to produce a carbon rich hydrochar. FIG. 1 is a flow chart that illustrates the hydrothermal carbonisation of wet organic wastes. In step SI, the hydrothermal carbonation process is used to produce hydrochar from a broad range of organic matter feedstocks. Examples of feedstocks include: hyacinth, algae, rice husk, corn stover, biosolids, food waste, poultry litter, and dairy manure. In step S2, the feedstock is exposed to high temperature conditions, for example, in the range 180-250 °C. This results in the production of HTC slurry, as well as gases. In step S3, liquid-solid separation is performed on the HTC slurry, which results in the output of a wet cake, as well as the expulsion of process water that includes a small fraction of organics. De-watering of hydrochar to minimal content can be achieved using a standard filter press or a centrifuge. In step S4, the wet cake is dried, thus forming the hydrochar 10. In step S5, the hydrochar 10 is used in a selected application. This disclosure is directed to the application of hydrochar 10 being used to form a cementitious material. Further applications include the use of hydrochar 10 as a solid fuel, as a soil amendment, and as an absorbent material. It is worth noting that the solids obtained by low-energy HTC retain up to 80% wt% of the carbon initially existing in the raw wastes. These values far exceed the carbon recovery capacity displayed by biochars produced by pyrolysis. HTC has favourable effects on the raw organic matter to produce hydrochar that is similar to and compatible with OPC: • HTC partially removes the most thermally unstable bio-components and the decomposition and solubilization of biopolymers. Consequently, the resulting solids contain less volatile matter and an increase in the fixed carbon than the respective crude wastes. • Hydrochar contains oxides similar to those in OPC and the amount of silica (SiO2) can increases up to 20% which aids the production of hydrated calcium silicate gel with cementitious properties. • Amorphous phases coexist in the hydrochar with calcite, quartz and sodium aluminum silicate being the main crystalline compounds each of which are value compounds in mortar and concreate making process. • Hydrochars display ability to react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water and promote additional formation of secondary calcium silicate hydrate gel in cementitious matrix which successfully participates in further hydration reactions. FIGs. 2A-2C show the transition of wet biomass to a blended mortar. Following the manufacture of the hydrochar, it is then grounded into a fine powder with a particle size distribution similar to that of OPC. The preparation of hydrochar blended mortar is produced by mixing hydrochar, cement (e.g., OPC), aggregate (e.g., sand), and water. As the standard components of a cementitious material may be varied across mixes according to the desired properties of their respective end-products, so too may the type(s) and amount(s) of additives, including non-standard additives like biochar, be varied in to effect the desired properties of their respective end products. FIG. 2A provides details of the raw materials. The image shows an example of the raw wet biomass. The raw material may include a stabilized organic fraction from mechanical-biological treatment of mixed-municipal waste. FIG. 2B provides details of the hydrochar production process. The image shows an example of the resultant hydrochar from the biomass being processed using hydrothermal carbonisation. The hydrochar production process involves high temperature conditions (HTC). In this example, the production process makes use of a temperature at 200 °C, and a pressure at 16 bar (= 1.6 megapascal (MPa)), for a time of 2 hours. The hydrochar production undergoes grinding and / or sieving, in the example shown obtaining particles having a size of less than 100 micrometres (pm). FIG. 2C provides details of the mortar production. The image shows an example of a blended mortar in a solid. The table shows the differing wt% of hydrochar in the blended cement that can be used to make the mortar. • A cement that is substituted by an amount of 1.25 wt% results in a blended mortar known as HSOW-1.25. • A cement that is substituted by an amount of 2.5 wt% results in a blended mortar known as HSOW-2.5. • A cement that is substituted by an amount of 5 wt% results in a blended mortar known as HSOW-5. The creation of the hydrochar blended cement can be achieved by substituting Portland cement with the hydrochar, using a mechanical mixer. This achieves a hydrochar blended cement, that can be used to create a low carbon mortar for use in plastering, masonry, partition walls and low-load paving. FIG. 3 is a table that compares 6 key properties of solid mortar made using three differing blends and a control (100% Portland cement). Key properties include the consistency and bulk density of the fresh mortar. For the hardened mortar, key properties include the skeletal density, the bulk density, the thermal conductivity, and the electrical resistivity. For the examples shown in the table, the key properties for the hardened mortar are determined once the mortar has been hardened for 28 days. FIG. 3 shows that: • For all three blended mortars, the value of thermal conductivity is less than the corresponding value for the control mortar. As a consequence, the mortar formed from blends conducts heat less well, and so serves as a better thermal insulator. • For all three blended mortars, the electrical resistivity for all three blended mortars is less than the corresponding value for the control mortar. As a consequence, the mortar formed from blends conducts electricity less well, and so serves as a better electrical insulator. • The thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity are both dependent on the amount of hydrochar that is blended into the mortar. As a consequence, it is possible to select these properties by choosing the amount of hydrochar that is blended into the mortar. Thus, it can be seen from FIG. 3 that the thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of all three of the blended hydrochar mortars improves. FIGs. 4A &4B are bar charts that show a comparison of compression strength (FIG. 4A) and flexural strength (FIG. 4B) of the control and the three blended mortars across a 90 day curing time. The strength profile is determined by the amount of hydrochar that is included in the blend. An advantage of the disclosed analysis is that the strength profile can be customised to the specific use of the cement that is to be manufactured. The wet organic waste that is used to form hydrochar is low in value. Accordingly, hydrochar increases the value of this wet organic waste. In contrast to biochar, which is formed using a costly pre-drying process, the use of hydrochar does not involve pre-drying, which reduces the cost of manufacture. The manufacture of biochar involves a limited range of feedstock, whereas the manufacture of hydrochar can be achieved using a greatly increased range of feedstock. Biochar is a low yield, whereas high yields are available when making hydrochar due to its low cost of manufacture and the ready supply of raw materials. Accordingly, the use of hydrochar to form a cementitious material provides an increased utilisation of wet organic waste. Cement typically is a high carbon material, whereas the use of blended mortar that contains hydrochar facilitates a lower carbon intensity for the use of cement. The cementitious material may comprise a mixture that is tailored to best fit the specific application at hand. The hydrochar-containing material may be formulated to be, for example, more flowable than its conventional counterparts, and as such it may be preferentially used in environments where pumping is required. Such tailoring may be dependent on a plurality of relevant variables, such as, for example, the local environment and the depth of the well in which the material is to be used. Advantageously, the cementitious material is tailored to a specific application by being selected to have one or more of the following attributes: • The cementitious material may comprise between about 8% and about 16% finely ground anhydrous calcium sulfate, by weight of mortar. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 2% and about 12% silica fume by weight of mortar, to increase their compressive strength. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 1.5% and about 4.5% fibers, by weight of mortar, to provide added strength. These fibers may be made of fiberglass, bagasse, steel, glass, polypropylene, carbon fiber, Kevlar, or other similar media. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.01% and about 3% graphene, by weight of mortar, to increase their compressive strength. The graphene referenced herein may be derived from a sustainable source of organic molecules. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 3% carbon molecules in nanotubular configurations, by weight of mortar, to increase their compressive strength. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 3% carbon molecules in one or more fullerene configurations, as measured by weight of mortar, to increase their compressive strength. Such carbon fullerenes may range from C20:C54 and from C-70:C-360 and may operate to increase the compressive strength of the mixture by filling small voids and having Van Der Waals' interaction in the intramolecular spaces between other components of the mixture. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 2% and about 2.5% partial accelerant(s), by weight of mortar, to offset the setting delays produces from the addition of such dispersants and fluid loss control agents. Partial accelerants may include, for example, sodium chloride (NaCI). • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 1.0% retardant(s) by weigh, to prevent flash setting due to increased thermal loading, increased pressure, or added accelerants, retardant(s) may comprise, for example, lignosulfonate and / or hydroxycarboxylic acids. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.2% and about 2% fluid loss additive(s) by weight of mortar. Fuel loss additive(s) may comprise, for example, hydroxyethyl cellulose and / or carboxymethyl hydroxymethyl cellulose. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 2% and about 25% extender(s) by weight of mortar, to reduce the column weight of the low carbon mortar and / or to decrease hydrostatic pressure. Extender(s) may comprise, for example, bentonite and / or sodium silicate. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 1% and about 15% heavy weight additive(s) by weight of mortar, to increase the column weight of the low carbon mortar. Heavy weight additive(s) may comprise, for example, hematite and / or ilmenite. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.2% and about 3.2% permeability plugging additive(s) by weight of mortar, to reduce the rate of aqueous dispersion into permeable formations expressing positive differential pressure. Permeability plugging additive(s) may comprise, for example, styrene butadiene latex and / or polyvinyl acrylamide. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 11% macro plugging additive(s) by weight of mortar, to reduce the rate of their dispersion into fractures. Permeability plugging agent(s) may comprise, for example, nylon, cellophane, and / or gilsonite. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 2.0% and about 5.5% expansion additive(s) by weight of mortar, to permit the set carbon negative cement to grow in surface area in the presence of down-hole liquids. Such expansion additive(s) may comprise, for example, Calcium oxide and / or Magnesium oxide. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 1.3% friction reducing additive(s) by weight of mortar, to improve their rates of flow. Such friction reducing additive(s) may comprise, for example, polynapthalene sulfonate. • The cementitious material may comprise between about 0.1% and about 0.3% antifoaming additive(s) by weight of mortar, to inhibit issues with centrifugal pump airlocking during the preparation and mixing of the carbon negative cement. Such anti foaming additive(s) may comprise, for example, polypropylene glycol and / or polyethylene glycol. • Examples use cases of the cementitious mixtures contemplated herein including providing a low carbon alternative for plastering, masonry, partition walls and low-load paving. While the descriptions above relate to various formulations of the cementitious material consistent with the teachings herein, it should be understood that they represent only a limited, exemplary, sample of the possible embodiments of the cementitious building material that is the subject of this disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that other embodiments, including but not limited to, embodiments having compositions and / or concentrations of their constituent components that are different from those discussed, are contemplated hereby. Although the disclosed subject matter has been described using specific terminology relating to apparatus features and / or method features, it is to be understood that the claimed subject matter is not necessarily limited to the examples disclosed. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions. The advantages disclosed may relate to several of the examples that are disclosed.

Claims

1. A cementitious material comprising cement, aggregate, and hydrochar.

2. The cementitious material according to claim 1, the cementitious material being substantially free from calcium oxides.

3. The cementitious material according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the cementitious material is low carbon.

4. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the cementitious material comprises between 1.0% and 5.0% hydrochar by dry weight.

5. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the cementitious material further comprises one or more of:graphene;silica fume;fly ash;anhydrous calcium sulfate;carbon nanotubes; andcarbon fullerenes.

6. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the cementitious material further comprises:between 0.1% and 3.0% graphene by dry weight;between 2% and 12% silica fume by dry weight;between 10% and 26% fly ash by dry weight;between 8% and 16% anhydrous calcium sulfate by dry weight;between 0.1% and 3.0% carbon nanotubes by dry weight; andbetween 0.1% and 3.0% carbon fullerenes by dry weight.

7. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the cementitious material further comprises:at least one of C-20 to C-54 fullerenes and C-70 to C-360 fullerenes.

8. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the cement is ordinary portland cement.

9. The cementitious material according to any preceding claim, wherein the aggregate is sand.

10. A mortar comprising a cementitious material according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. A concrete comprising a cementitious material according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

12. A building formed from a cementitious material according to any one of claims 1 to 9.Application No: GB2315862.9Examiner:Dr Danielle MerrikinClaims searched: 1-12Date of search: 7 February 2024Patents Act 1977: Search Report under Section 17Documents considered to be relevant:Category Relevant to claims Identity of document and passage or figure of particular relevance X 1,2, 4-12 CN 111606626 A (ANHUI ZHUYUANJING NEW BUILDING MAT CO LTD) see whole document, in particular the Summary of Invention and Examples X 1, 2, and 5-12 WO 2022 / 198120 Al (UNIV KENTUCKY RES FOUND) See whole document, in particular paragraphs [0009]-[0013] and [0029]-[0034], and Examples X 1, 2, 4-9, 11, and 12 CN 116177941 A (GUANGDONG GUANGYE INVEST GROUP CO LTD) see whole document X 1, 2, 4-9, 11, and 12 CN 111875409 A (SHENZHEN HAILIFANG BIOTECHNOLOGY CO LTD) see whole document, in particular ExamplesCategories:X Document indicating lack of novelty or inventive step A Document indicating technological background and / or state of the art. Y Document indicating lack of inventive step if P Document published on or after the declared priority' date but combined with one or more other documents of same category'. before the filing date of this invention. & Member of the same patent family E Patent document published on or after, but with priority date earlier than, the filing date of this application.Field of Search:International Classification:Subclass Subgroup Valid From C04B 0018 / 10 01 / 01 / 2006 C04B 0007 / 02 01 / 01 / 2006 C04B 0007 / 36 01 / 01 / 2006 C04B 0014 / 06 01 / 01 / 2006 C04B 0028 / 04 01 / 01 / 2006

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