Method, apparatus and computer program

Abstract

A communication network has a core network node 405 and a UE 401 which transmits information 453 to the node identifying a preferred mode of operation, indicating whether an energy saving mode should be applied to a data session. This information causes the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service (QoS) flow for the data session, which is then sent to the UE and used to communicate data in the data session. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate a preference for a performance mode, offering a higher QoS, or a balanced or mixed mode for providing higher QoS compared to the energy saving mode and saving energy compared to the performance mode. The information may indicate to what degree QoS degradation is tolerated. The UE may select a preferred mode of operation based on a parameter, which might relate to battery charge or to power consumption rate.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD Various example embodiments of this disclosure relate to a method, apparatus, system and computer program and in particular but not exclusively to implementing energy saving controls within a communications network whilst providing an acceptable quality of service (QoS). BACKGROUND A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server. Such communication networks operate in according with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Examples of standards are the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standards provided by 3GPP. SUMMARY Some example embodiments of this disclosure will be described with respect to certain aspects. These aspects are not intended to indicate key or essential features of the embodiments of this disclosure, nor are they intended to be used to limit the scope of thereof. Other features, aspects, and elements will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. According to an aspect, there is provided a user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the user equipment comprising means for: transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session; receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; and communicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation may further comprise information indicating one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. The means may be further for: determining at least one energy saving or consumption parameter; and selecting the preferred mode of operation for data transport based on the at least one energy saving or consumption parameter. The at least one energy saving or consumption parameter may comprise one or more of: user equipment battery charge level; user equipment battery charge rate or discharge rate; and user equipment power consumption rate. The means for transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may be for transmitting the information using a non-access-stratum layer to a network function for session management. The data session may be a packet data unit session. The means may be further for transmitting to an access node for the communication network, further information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, the energy saving criteria or overheating mitigation criteria, the further information for causing the access node, to select at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session from the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The means may be further for receiving from the at least one access network the selected at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session may be at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session comprises at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The means may be further for implementing at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. According to a second aspect there is provided an access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the access network node comprising means for: receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session; mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The means may be further for receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, wherein the means for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session may be further for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. The means for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may be further for: generating two or more alternative mappings between the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration; and selecting one from the two or more alternate mappings based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. The means for receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may be for receiving the information from the at least one user equipment using an access-stratum layer. The data session may be a packet data unit session. According to a third aspect there is provided a core network node within a communication network, the core network node comprising means for: receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session; selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation further comprises information may indicate one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. The means for receiving information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may be for receiving the information using a non-access-stratum layer. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session is at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session may comprise at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The core network node may be a function for session management and the means may be further for: transmitting to a function for policy and charging management the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the information causing the function for policy and charging management to update at least one policy and charging rule; receiving from the function for policy and charging management the updated at least one policy and charging rule, the updated policy and charging rule comprising at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session. The means may be further for transmitting to at least one access node for the communication network the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session, wherein the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one of: at least one default and at least one alternative configurations for the quality of service flow; and at least two quality of service identifiers, the quality of service identifiers associated with at least one quality of service related parameter. According to a fourth aspect, there is provided a user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the user equipment comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the user equipment at least to perform: transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session; receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; and communicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation may further comprise information indicating one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. The user equipment may be further configured to perform: determining at least one energy saving or consumption parameter; and selecting the preferred mode of operation for data transport based on the at least one energy saving or consumption parameter. The at least one energy saving or consumption parameter may comprise one or more of: user equipment battery charge level; user equipment battery charge rate or discharge rate; and user equipment power consumption rate. The user equipment caused to perform transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may be further caused to perform transmitting the information using a non-access-stratum layer to a network function for session management. The data session may be a packet data unit session. The user equipment may be further be caused to perform transmitting to an access node for the communication network, further information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, the energy saving criteria or overheating mitigation criteria, the further information for causing the access node, to select at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session from the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The user equipment may be further be caused to perform receiving from the at least one access network the selected at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session may be at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session comprises at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The user equipment may be further be caused to perform implementing at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. According to a fifth aspect there is provided an access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the access network node comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the access node at least to perform: receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session; mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The access network node may be further be caused to perform receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, wherein the access network node caused to perform mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session may be further caused to perform mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. The access network node caused to perform mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may be further caused to perform: generating two or more alternative mappings between the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration; and selecting one from the two or more alternate mappings based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. The access network node caused to perform receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may be caused to perform receiving the information from the at least one user equipment using an access-stratum layer. The data session may be a packet data unit session. According to a sixth aspect there is provided a core network node within a communication network, the communication network apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the core network node at least to perform: receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session; selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation further comprises information may indicate one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. The core network node caused to perform receiving information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may be caused to perform receiving the information using a non-access-stratum layer. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session is at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session may comprise at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The core network node may be a function for session management and the core network node may be further caused to perform: transmitting to a function for policy and charging management the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the information causing the function for policy and charging management to update at least one policy and charging rule; receiving from the function for policy and charging management the updated at least one policy and charging rule, the updated policy and charging rule comprising at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session. The core network node may be further caused to perform transmitting to at least one access node for the communication network the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session, wherein the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one of: at least one default and at least one alternative configurations for the quality of service flow; and at least two quality of service identifiers, the quality of service identifiers associated with at least one quality of service related parameter. According to a seventh aspect there is provided a method for a user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the method comprising: transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session; receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; and communicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation may further comprise information indicating one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. The method may further comprise: determining at least one energy saving or consumption parameter; and selecting the preferred mode of operation for data transport based on the at least one energy saving or consumption parameter. The at least one energy saving or consumption parameter may comprise one or more of: user equipment battery charge level; user equipment battery charge rate or discharge rate; and user equipment power consumption rate. Transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may comprise transmitting the information using a non-access-stratum layer to a network function for session management. The data session may be a packet data unit session. The method may further comprise transmitting to an access node for the communication network, further information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, the energy saving criteria or overheating mitigation criteria, the further information for causing the access node, to select at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session from the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The method may further comprise receiving from the at least one access network the selected at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session may be at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session comprises at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The method may further comprise implementing at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. According to an eighth aspect there is provided a method for an access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the method comprising: receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session; mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. The method may further comprise receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, wherein mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session may further comprise mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. Mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may further comprise: generating two or more alternative mappings between the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration; and selecting one from the two or more alternate mappings based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria. Receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria may comprise receiving the information from the at least one user equipment using an access-stratum layer. The data session may be a packet data unit session. According to a ninth aspect there is provided method for a core network node within a communication network, the method comprising: receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session; selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. The preferred mode of operation may further indicate whether the user equipment prefers: a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode; a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode. The information identifying preferred mode of operation further comprises information may indicate one of: information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter. Receiving information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session may comprise receiving the information using a non-access-stratum layer. The at least one configuration for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one quality of service flow profile. The information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session is at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session may comprise at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor. The core network node may be a function for session management and the method may further comprise: transmitting to a function for policy and charging management the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the information causing the function for policy and charging management to update at least one policy and charging rule; receiving from the function for policy and charging management the updated at least one policy and charging rule, the updated policy and charging rule comprising at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session. The method may further comprise transmitting to at least one access node for the communication network the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session, wherein the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow may comprise at least one of: at least one default and at least one alternative configurations for the quality of service flow; and at least two quality of service identifiers, the quality of service identifiers associated with at least one quality of service related parameter. According to a tenth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, cause the user equipment to perform at least the following: transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session; receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; and communicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. According to an eleventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, cause the access network node to perform at least the following: receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session; mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. According to a twelfth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a core network node within a communication network, cause the core network node to perform at least the following: receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session; selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. According to a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the user equipment comprising: means for transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session; means for receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; and means for communicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. According to a fourteenth aspect, there is provided an access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the access network node comprising: means for receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session; means for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; and means for transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session. According to a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a core network node within a communication network, the core network node comprising: means for receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session; means for selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for the data session; and means for transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects. In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should be appreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES Some example embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting and illustrative example only, with reference to the accompanying Figures in which: Figure 1 shows a representation of a 5th generation communication system; Figure 2 shows a representation of an apparatus for the communication system of Figure 1 according to some example embodiments; Figure 3 shows a representation of an apparatus according to some example embodiments; Figure 4 shows an example summary of control of energy usage for communication between the UE and the RAN node according to some embodiments; Figure 5 shows an example signalling diagram of the energy usage control for communication between the UE and the RAN node according to some embodiments; and Figure 6 shows a further example signalling diagram of the energy usage control in communication between the UE and the RAN node according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following various example embodiments are explained with reference to communication devices capable of communication with a communication system. Energy consumption of communication networks and communication devices is becoming increasingly important, not only because of the needs to mitigate increases in operational expenditure (OPEX) for communication networks caused by escalating energy prices (and furthermore to extend battery performance for increasingly demanding and bandwidth hungry applications for the devices. Additionally energy consumption control mechanisms can assist in achieving sustainability targets for the industry overall. An example a 5th generation communication system (5GS), an access network and a core network (5GC) thereof, and communication devices are briefly explained with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G communication system (5GS). The 5GS may comprise a user equipment (UE), a communication network comprising an access network such as a 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) or next generation radio access network (NG-RAN), a 5G core network (5GC). An application function may be deployed in the 5GS as trusted application function or may be deployed or host on one or more application servers of the data network. Such application functions are untrusted application functions. The access network connects the UE to a data network via a UPF of the 5GC. The 5G-RAN may comprise one or more radio access nodes, such as gNodeB (GNB). A gNB may include one or more gNodeB (GNB) distributed units connected to one or more gNodeB (GNB) centralized units. The 5GC may comprise network functions, including: Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF); Network Exposure Function; Network Repository Function (NRF); Policy Control Function (PCF); Unified Data Management (UDM); Authentication Server Function (AUSF); an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF); and Session Management Function (SMF), and a user plane function (UPF). Figure 1 also shows the various interfaces (N1, N2 etc.) that may be implemented between the various elements of the system. It is understood that references in the above to various network functions (e.g., to an AMF, an SMF, TNF etc.) may comprise apparatus that perform at least some of the functionality associated with those network functions. Further, an apparatus comprising a network function may comprise a virtual network function instance of that network function. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a control apparatus 200 for controlling an access node of the access network (e.g., a 5G-RAN or the NG-RAN illustrated in Figure 1) illustrated on Figure 1. The control apparatus 200 may comprise at least one random access memory (RAM) 211a, at least on read only memory (ROM) 211b, at least one processor 212, 213 and an network interface 214. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be coupled to the RAM 211a and the ROM 211b. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 215. Execution of the software code 215 may for example may cause the apparatus to perform operations for controlling an access node of the access network. The software code 215 may be stored in the ROM 211b. The control apparatus 200 may be interconnected with another control apparatus 200 for controlling another access node of the 5G-RAN or the NG-RAN. In some embodiments, each function of the 5G-RAN or the NG-RAN is deployed or hosted on a control apparatus 200. In alternative embodiments, two or more functions of the 5G-RAN or the NG-RAN may share a control apparatus. On the network side, network operators want to be able to proactively optimize network and end-user configurations for controlling energy consumption in communication between user equipment and access networks or nodes. Current approaches employed by a radio access networks to limit their energy consumption in communication with at least one user equipment include: Infrequent Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) transmission, for example the periodic transmission of an SSB every 160 ms, may be altered in empty (where there are no active user equipment served by the access network node and there is no data being served) and / or low load (where the amount of data transmitted between the users equipment and the access networks is significantly below the data transmission capacity) scenarios in 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) networks; Micro discontinuous transmission (mDTx), where the Power Amplifier is controlled to shutdown on a per OFDM symbol basis, in OFDM symbols that do not carry data nor signalling; shutting down components of the radio access node, for example, transmit antennas can be shut down in mMIMO muting, baseband circuity (and the physical interface) can be controlled; Cell shutdown, which allows to switch off one or more cells, for example at a given frequency, and hence to switch off most of the hardware components of the corresponding Radio Unit and / or RAN site. Figure 3 illustrates an example of a communication device 300, such as the UE illustrated on Figure 1. The communication device 300 may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting examples of a communication device 300 comprise a user equipment, a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is known as a ’smart phone’, a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle), a personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, an Internet of things (loT) type communication device or any combinations of these or the like. The communication device 300 may comprise a transceiver for transmitting and / or receiving, for example, wireless signals carrying communications, for example radio signals. The communications may be one or more of voice, electronic mail (email), text messages, multimedia data, machine data and so on. The communication device 300 may receive wireless signals (e.g., radio signals) over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit wireless signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In Figure 3 transceiver is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver 306 may comprise, for example, a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device and may comprise one or more antenna elements. The antenna arrangement may be a multi-input multi output (MIMO) antenna. The communication device 300 may be provided with at least one processor 301, at least one memory ROM 302a, at least one RAM 302b and other possible components 303 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access networks (e.g., the 5G-RAN or NG-RAN illustrated in Figure 1) and other communication devices. The at least one processor 301 is coupled to the RAM 302b and the ROM 302a. The at least one processor 301 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 308. The software code 308 may for example allow to perform one or more operations of the communication device. The software code 308 may be stored in the ROM 302a. The processor, the ROM, and the RAM, the transceiver and other circuitry of the communication device (e.g., a modem) can be provided on a circuit board, in chipsets, or in a system on chip. The circuit board, chipsets or system on chip is denoted by reference 304. The communication device 300 may optionally have a user interface such as key pad 305, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of communication device. The processor can, for example, implement functions to control power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network. An example of power consumption control for communication between the device and access network is the use of UE Assistance Information (UAI). The use of UAI enables the device (e.g., a UE) to indicate its preferences for the radio interface configuration with the access network to control energy consumption due to communication between the device and access network. Other energy consumption control examples are the UE modem shutting off a 5G service independently of the access network, which can affect the quality of service for a data session at both device (e.g., a UE) and the radio access network. For example, UAI may be used in a case where a device (e.g., a UE) overheats. This can cause the device (e.g., a UE) to communicate with a RAN node to request a preferred UE configuration to improve performance of the UE’s battery (or attempt to control the temperature of the UE). For example, UAI discussed in 3GPP TS 38.331 clause 5.7.4 of Release 15 of the 3GPP standard, can be used by the UE to inform a network (e.g., a RAN network) about power used by the UE when communicating with the network in order to reduce overheating of the UE. Other preferences a device (e.g., UE) can send via UAI to the network is the request to reduce NR carrier aggregation or number of MIMO layers to reduce power consumption of the device (e.g., UE) when communicating with the network (and thus reduce overheating of the device (e.g. UE) or improve the performance of the battery of the device (e.g., UE)). The UAI can be sent to the network after Radio Resource Control RRC Reconfiguration. The UAI can comprise OverheatingAssistance information, which, for example, can include the following fields or information elements (lEs): • reducedMaxCCs’. this information element can indicate a UE’s preference on reduced maximum number of Component Carriers, • reducedMaxBW: this information element can indicate a UE’s preference on reduced maximum bandwidth, and • reduced Max Ml MO-Layers: this information element can indicate a UE’s preference on reduced maximum number of MIMO layers. UAI furthermore can comprise information such as a UE delay budget report carrying a desired increment / decrement in the connected mode discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle length or UE preferences on (Discontinuous Reception) DRX parameters for power saving. For example UAI can comprise a field named drx-Preference-r16 which is configured to define a preferred long / short cycle, number of short cycles, and inactivity timer with respect to discontinuous UAI furthermore can comprise information defining UE (In-Device Co-existence) IDC assistance information. Additionally the UAI can comprise information defining UE preference on the maximum aggregated bandwidth for power saving. For example the UAI can comprise an information element or field named MaxBW-Preference-r16 which indicates a preferred maximum aggregated bandwidth across all carriers for uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) transmissions and frequency ranges 1 (FR1) or 2 (FR2) The UAI can furthermore comprise information defining UE preference on the maximum number of secondary component carriers for power saving, such as shown by the information element or field named MaxCC-Preference-r16: which indicates a preferred maximum number of component carriers (SCells) for UL and DL transmissions. Additionally the UAI can comprise information defining a UE preference on the maximum number of MIMO layers for power saving in the communication between the UE and Access network. For example the UAI can comprise a field of information element named MaxMlMO-LayerPreference-r16 which indicates a preferred maximum number of MIMO layers per serving cell for UL / DL and FR1 / FR2. UAI furthermore can comprise information defining a UE preference on the minimum scheduling offset for cross-slot scheduling for power saving. This can for example be a field or information element named MinSchedulingOffsetPreference-r16 which indicates a preferred minimum scheduling offset K0 / K2 per SOS (15 KHz - 120 kHz). UAI can further comprise information defining a UE preference on the RRC state, such as field or information element named ReleasePreference-r16 which indicates a preferred RRC state of the UE (RRCJdle, RRC_lnactive, RRC_Connected). Additionally the UAI can comprise further information such as information defining a configured grant assistance information for 5G or NR sidelink communication, or a UE preference in being provisioned with reference time information. As discussed above power consumption control for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network can impact on the Quality of Service (QoS) performance. Quality of service (QoS) can be a measurement of the overall performance of a service provided by the network to the user. To quantitatively measure quality of service, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as packet loss, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc. In 5G systems and from a quality of service (QoS) perspective, there can be defined a 5G system QoS model. The 5G QoS model attempts to model the effect of modifying network parameters to attempt to achieve a defined QoS for a specific data session (or PDU session). This 5G system QoS model can be summarized as follows: For each UE, one PDU or data Session contains one or several QoS flows; A QoS flow is the finest granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU session. One or N QoS flows can be mapped to a Data Radio Bearer (DRB). A Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) entity is configured per individual PDU Session and within the SDAP sublayer, the QoS Flows are mapped to the DRBs; A DRB defines the packet treatment on the radio interface (Uu). Each DRB profile may contain configurable settings such as Scheduling weight used by scheduler. Other configurable settings include the Radio Link Control (RLC) profile, where the RLC profile is a layer 2 Radio Link Protocol on the Air interface. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 38.322 for 5G New Radio (NR). The RLC is located on top of the 3GPP MAC-layer and below the PDCP-layer. The main tasks of the RLC protocol are: Transfer of upper layer Protocol Data Units (PDUs) in one of three modes: Acknowledged Mode (AM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM) and Transparent Mode (TM); Error correction through ARQ (only for AM data transfer); Concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs (UM and AM); Re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs (AM); Reordering of RLC data PDUs (UM and AM); Duplicate detection (UM and AM); RLC SDU discard (UM and AM); RLC re-establishment; Protocol error detection and recovery. The DRB profile can further configure the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) profile, where PDCP profile is specified by TS 38.323 for 5G and is located in the Radio Protocol Stack in the UMTS / LTE / 5G air interface on top of the RLC layer and configured to provide its services to the RRC and user plane upper layers, for example IP at the UE or to the relay at the base station. The following services are provided by PDCP to upper layers: transfer of user plane data; transfer of control plane data; header compression; ciphering; integrity protection. The header compression technique can be based on either IP header compression (RFC 2507) or Robust Header Compression (RFC 3095). If PDCP is configured for No Compression it will send the IP Packets without compression; otherwise it will compress the packets according to its configuration by upper layer and attach a PDCP header and send the packet. The DRB profile can further configure differentiated services code point (DSCP) settings which provide a means of classifying and managing network traffic and providing quality of service (QoS) in IP networks. It uses a 6-bit Differentiated Services (DS) field in the IP header for the purpose of packet classification. Differentiated services (DiffServ) furthermore is a computer networking architecture that specifies a simple and scalable mechanism for classifying and managing network traffic and providing quality of service (QoS) on modern IP networks. DRB furthermore can configure Logical channel priority (LCP) which is a protocol in wireless communication systems that allows the network to prioritize data traffic over different logical channels. The goal of LCP is to improve the overall efficiency of the wireless network by ensuring that high-priority data is given precedence over low-priority data. When the Session Management Function (SMF) configures a Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) QoS Flow at the RAN node, the SMF may optionally provide alternative QoS Profiles(s). An alternative QoS Profile represents a combination of QoS parameters Packet Delay Budget (PDB), Packet Error Rate (PER) and Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) to which the application traffic is able to adapt; The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) configures the PDU Session Resource setup at the RAN node (For example as shown in TS 38.413 clause 8.2). The purpose of the PDU Session Resource Setup procedure is to assign resources on Uu (the interface between the UE and the RAN - also known as the air interface) and NG-U (the interface between the between RAN and 5G User Plane) for one or several PDU sessions and the corresponding QoS flows, and to setup corresponding DRBs for a given UE. Currently when a radio access network (e.g., a RAN node of a RAN) applies an energy saving technique (e.g. cell shutdown), some of the hardware components of the RAN (e.g., RAN node) are switched off or put into a sleep mode to reduce the energy consumed by the RAN (e.g., RAN node). As a result, the capabilities of the RAN (or the RAN node in a given area) to provide services or to provide sufficient Quality of Service (e.g. high SI NR, high data rate) to the end users may be temporarily reduced until the hardware components of the RAN (e.g., the RAN node) are turned on or the RAN (e.g., the RAN node) exits an energy saving mode. This may lead to a QoS degradation for the UEs’ active data sessions. The functions to control power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network, as discussed above, can produce an unreliable or unknown effect with respect to QoS degradation. In other words the functions to control power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network may result in a resultant QoS which is below the level tolerated by the service or the end user. This is because any trade-off between the functions to control power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network and QoS are not considered when implementing the power consumption control. Furthermore, when a trade-off between power consumption or energy usage and QoS is necessary to meet power saving targets, the trade-off needs, in principle, to be agreed between the network and the device (e.g., based on a Service Level Agreement (SLA) or a runtime handshake). As discussed in further detail with respect to the following embodiments, there is provided an apparatus and a method which resolves the uncertainty related to the trade-off between the power consumption control for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network (or energy saving achieved for RAN and / or a device) and the QoS agreed at both RAN and the device. Specifically these embodiments discuss methods for a device (e.g., UE) to indicate preferences regarding an acceptable QoS degradation that can be tolerated by the UE for the sake of power consumption or saving energy when communicating with a RAN (e.g., a RAN node) over an air interface. In the application the terms power and energy have been used interchangeably. It would be understood that the terms are related in terms of power being defined as the rate of transfer of energy. These preferences regarding to an acceptable QoS degradation that can be tolerated can be provided in addition to the UE preferred radio configuration(s) for reducing (UE) energy consumption (for example in addition to the above discussed UAl-based preferences related to overheating mitigation and / or power saving). In the following examples the preference regarding to an acceptable QoS degradation that can be tolerated can be expressed by the signaling or transmitting a preferred mode of operation for a data session from two (or more) operation modes. A first example operation mode is a ‘performance mode’ where a focus is on the performance of the communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network (or in other words the achievement of the agreed QoS compared to power consumption is the focus). A second example operation mode is an ‘energy saving mode’ where a focus is on producing energy savings with respect to the energy or power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network. A third or further example operation mode is an ‘mixed or balanced mode’ where a focus is on producing some energy savings with respect to the energy or power consumption for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network but without degrading QoS by as much as the ‘energy saving mode’. Therefore the UE can transmit to the core network (CN) functions or core network node for implementing suitable functions, a preference for an energy saving mode for a data session. In other words, if the implementation of the energy saving controls with respect to communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network can save sufficient energy consumption and preserve the battery in the device, then the CN can be caused to select a configuration for the communication between the device and access network that accepts a certain QoS degradation. Otherwise, in some embodiments the CN can be caused to select a configuration which prioritizes QoS performance operations over the energy saving operations. In other words the performance mode aims to produce a higher QoS with respect to a data session for communication between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network than the energy saving mode. Thus typically an energy saving mode causes a configuration to be selected which tolerates a lower QoS than the performance mode, with the benefit of a lower power consumption or lower energy usage between the device (e.g., a UE) and access network. The embodiments as discussed in further detail herein further provide information that enable a RAN node to decide on how to continue providing a defined or minimum QoS performance for the services provided to the UE, where the UE radio configuration may be modified for energy saving purposes. Two points that are considered in the following examples to resolve the uncertainty related to the trade-off between the energy saving and the agreed QoS for services provided to the UE: • There is a limit to what the UE can indicate as being a tolerable QoS degradation because the acceptable QoS degradation still needs to satisfy the policies for a service provided by a Policy Control Function (PCF) of a core network or policies of an operator of a RAN, even in energy saving or degradation conditions. The indication of tolerable QoS degradation is not applicable for best effort traffic, as there is no alternative configuration of the QoS attributes the RAN node could evaluate. • The RAN node should be configured to guarantee that energy is saved during communications with the UE over the air interface at the cost of QoS degradation. Otherwise a QoS could be reduced to a minimum without any energy savings being achieved by the UE when communicating with the RAN node. In order to ensure this, a PCF may provide multiple possible configurations for a QoS flow (or provide alternate QoS flow parameter sets or policy control) based on expected energy savings requirements. For example if the RAN is able to save 2% additional energy savings with a certain configuration for a QoS flow (or alternative QoS parameter set), then the RAN can consider a degradation of QoS performance and pick the appropriate alternative configuration for the QoS flow. The embodiments of the methods described herein can be applied to other communication networks, such as 5G-Advanced and 6G communication networks where similar methods for resource control may be used to achieve a suitable QoS for a data session. For example it is currently believed that 6G is to use a similar QoS framework to the 5G system, and hence is likely to re-use 5G terminology (for example QoS flows, 5QI). However, without loss of generality, the embodiments are applicable to 6G irrespective of the QoS framework terminology used for functions defined for 6G. With respect to Figure 4 is shown a summary overview of the embodiments as employed and described in further detail herein. As shown in Figure 4, the UE 401 is configured to use access stratum (AS) 413 level signalling (in other words signalling or dialogue which is explicitly between the UE and a RAN node) to indicate UE preferred configurations in case of the UE overheating and also for improved performance of the battery of the UE during communications with a RAN node. In other words, signalling as shown by 451 the UAI to the RAN node where the UAI includes overheating mitigation and / or power saving. In some embodiments the signalling or dialogue is triggered based on a condition of the UE. For example, the UE is configured to signal that a power saving mode is a preferred mode of operation based on a battery level threshold being passed. Thus, the UE can be configured with a low power, ultra, or other labelled mode to preserve battery life when the battery is lower than 20% or other defined level. In some embodiments rather than being a static battery level threshold the signalling of a power saving mode can be made based on a monitoring of current drain and the current voltage of the battery in order to extend the battery range. Similarly, a performance mode of operation can be signalled when the battery level is charged sufficiently or where the current level drain is below a defined threshold. Additionally, the UE 401 is configured to notify via Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signalling, as shown by 453, a UE preferred (energy saving) mode. Thus for example the UE can initiate signalling to the core network or generate dialogue between the UE and the core network carrying an indication of a preferred operating mode. In the following example this signalling or dialogue is between the UE and the session management function (SMF) 405. This signalling is described in further detail herein. In some examples this signalling can comprise a preferred mode of operation for a data session or PDU. For example the UE 401 can be configured to transmit to a core network node, the SMF 405, information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session. The preferred mode of operation can identify a preference for an energy saving mode of operation, a performance mode of operation, or a mixed or balanced mode of operation. In the examples described herein the term data session incorporates the passing of data between the device (the UE 401) and the RAN 403. The data session can refer to a single specific or determined or identified PDU session or more than one PDU session. The data session can furthermore be referred to as QoS Flow, data traffic, and PDU traffic. In the examples shown in Figures 4 to 6 there are shown two modes of operation (energy saving and performance), however as described above in some embodiments there could be more than two defined modes. In the examples above a mixed or balanced mode is introduced which can be a balance between the energy saving and performance modes. Furthermore in some embodiments there can be a series or range of modes between the energy saving mode and performance mode and which can be used to indicate the preference with a greater resolution. Although this example shows that the UE is configured to transmit to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session via Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signalling, it would be understood that in some embodiments the UE is able to transmit the information to core network node (for example the SMF 405) via a AS communication to the RAN which is then forwarded to the core network node via a suitable message.An example of a NAS message to the CN that could include this indication could be a PDU Session Modification message. In the example as shown in Figure 4 by 455, the SMF 405 is configured to communicate with the PCF 407 and obtain from the PCF 407 any modified service offering (which can in some embodiments be the new or modified PCC rules or a configuration for the quality of service flow) to the UE to ‘match’ the indicated or signalled preferred mode of operation for the UE. For example, the ‘new’ PCC rules can be based on the preferred mode of operation, where pre-defined rules are modified based on whether the UE prefers a performance or energy saving mode of operation). Once the PCF 407 determines the updated policies for the UE 401 (or the configurations for the quality of service flow), the updated policies (or the configurations for the quality of service flow) or information identifying these updated policies (or the configurations for the quality of service flow) can be forwarded to the SMF 405. In some embodiments the SMF 405 is already configured with sets of rules or logic for more than one preferred mode of operating for the UE. In other words the SMF is pre-configured to suitable configurations for the quality of service flow. In these embodiments the SMF does not need to request or enter a dialogue with the PCF to obtain further or updated rules for controlling the handling of data between the RAN and UE (for example the Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rules). The SMF 405 is then configured to derive the access-specific QoS parameters for the RAN and select a configuration for the impacted QoS Flows (based on already available PDU Session modification procedures) at the UE. This is shown, for example, in Figure 4 by 457 wherein the SMF updates authorized access specific QoS parameters at the RAN 403 and forwards energy saving conditions required by the RAN in order to apply alternative profiles. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 4 by 459, the SMF can be configured to configure the impacted QoS flows at the UE over the NAS layer. Thus the SMF is configured to transmit to the UE (via the NAS) at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The UE can then be configured to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. With respect to Figures 5 and 6 are shown in further detail example signalling diagrams showing the implementation of some embodiments. For example, Figure 5, shows a first example implementation of implementing the embodiments as shown in Figure 4 in further detail. The UE, as shown by 501, is configured to establish a PDU session with dedicated QoS Flow. In this example the CN (for example the PCF 407, in communication with the SMF 405) is configured to provide the gNB 403, acting a RAN node, with QoS profiles. For example the core network can provide the gNB 403 with a default QoS profile and an alternative QoS profile. The QoS flow model is described in further detail in TS 23.501 in clauses 5.7 and 5.7.1.1 where it is discussed that the 5G QoS model supports both QoS Flows that require guaranteed flow bit rate (GBR QoS Flows) and QoS Flows that do not require guaranteed flow bit rate (Non-GBR QoS Flows). The QoS Flow is the finest granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session. A QoS Flow ID (QFI) is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. User Plane traffic with the same QFI within a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (where traffic forwarding treatments include parameters such as scheduling and admission threshold). The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header on a N3 interface between the UPF and the RAN (and in some situations on a N9 interface between two UPFs). In other words the QFI can be signalled without any changes to the end-to-end (e2e) packet header. The QFI is used for all PDU Session Types. The QFI furthermore is unique within a PDU Session. The QFI may be dynamically assigned or may be equal to the 5QI. The 5QI is a scalar value that is used as a reference to 5G QoS characteristics, in other words access node-specific parameters that control QoS forwarding treatment for the QoS Flow (for example scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue management thresholds, link layer protocol configuration, etc.). Standardized 5QI values have one-to-one mapping to a standardized combination of 5G QoS characteristics. The 5G QoS characteristics for pre-configured 5QI values are pre-configured in the AN. Standardized or pre-configured 5G QoS characteristics can be indicated through the 5QI value, and are not signalled on any interface, unless certain 5G QoS characteristics are modified. These modifications are described in further detail in TS 23.501 as specified in clauses 5.7.3.3 Priority Level, 5.7.3.4 Packet Delay Budget, 5.7.3.6 Averaging Window, and 5.7.3.7 Maximum Data Burst Volume. The 5G QoS characteristics for QoS Flows with dynamically assigned 5QI are signalled as part of the QoS profile. On the N3 interface between the RAN and the UPF, each PDU (in other words in the tunnel used for the PDU Session) is associated with one 5QI via the QFI carried in the encapsulation header. Within the 5GS, a QoS Flow is controlled by the SMF and may be preconfigured, or established via the PDU Session Establishment procedure (for example as described in clause 4.3.2 of TS 23.502, or the PDU Session Modification procedure (for example as described in clause 4.3.3 of TS 23.502). A QoS Flow can be characterised by: A QoS profile provided by the SMF to the RAN via the AMF over the N2 interface (the AMF to RAN interface) or preconfigured in the RAN; One or more QoS rule(s) and optionally QoS Flow level QoS parameters (as specified in TS 24.501) associated with these QoS rule(s) which can be provided by the SMF to the UE via the AMF over the N1 interface between the AMF and UE and / or derived by the UE by applying Reflective QoS control; and One or more UL and DL PDR(s) provided by the SMF to the UPF. Within the 5GS, a QoS Flow associated with the default QoS rule is required to be established for a PDU Session and remains established throughout the lifetime of the PDU Session. This QoS Flow should be a Non-GBR QoS Flow. A QoS Flow can be associated with QoS requirements as specified by QoS parameters and QoS characteristics. In some embodiments the UE 401 is configured to provide UE assistance information (UAI) within a RRC message to the RAN 403. The provision of the UAI to the gNB acting as the RAN 403 is shown by 503. As described above the UE 401 can be configured to indicate or signal the UE preferred operation mode as shown in Figure 5 by 505. As described earlier the indication or signalling can be implemented by transmitting to at least one core network node, for example the SMF 405, information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session. The preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session. This indication can be triggered based on at least one power or performance aspect within the UE. For example the indication can be triggered to indicate that a power saving mode is a preferred mode of operation based on a battery level threshold being passed, or based on a monitoring of current drain and the current voltage of the battery in order to extend the battery range. Similarly, a performance mode of operation can be indicated when the battery level in indicative that the UE is sufficiently charged up or where the current drain levels are below a defined threshold. In this example the indication or signalling is implemented within a PDU session modification message over the NAS level. In some embodiments one of two or more operational modes are indicated or signalled. In some embodiments these operational modes are an energy savings mode (where there is a focus on reducing energy consumption at the UE) or a performance mode (where there is a focus on providing the highest authorized QoS performance for the data services), or a mixed or balanced mode (where the focus is one between providing the highest QoS and highest reduction in energy consumption in the air-interface). The UE can signal its preferred operation mode (a binary indication in the case of selecting one of two possible modes) using PDU Session modification procedures. An example PDU session modification message is shown in clause 8.3.7 of 3GPP TS 24.501 and the binary indication can be inserted as a new session modification information element, for example “QoS operation mode”. Furthermore where there are more than two operation modes then the number of bits to be signal or indicate which mode is preferred can be scaled based on the number of modes according to no of bits = ceil Iog2 number of operational modes. In some embodiments in addition to the binary indication of the preference for an operational mode for the UE, the UE can be configured to provide an updated parameter list within the QoS flow descriptor (for example updating at least one of the parameters relating to 5QI, GFBR uplink, GFBR downlink, MFBR uplink, MFBR downlink, Averaging window, EPS bearer identity) within the PDU Session modification request. The SMF 405 furthermore can be configured to notify, as shown by 507, the preference (for example the binary value) and optionally the updated parameter list to the PCF 407. The PCF 407 furthermore is configured to consider the operation mode indicator (and where signalled the updated parameter list) when updating the PCC rules for the UE. The updating of PCC rules for the UE can be implemented in a manner similar to that described in 3GPP TS 23.503. The PCF, in a dynamic PCC Rule, can be configured to associate a service data flow template to an authorized QoS that is provided in a PCC Rule to the SMF. The PCF can also activate a pre-defined PCC Rule that contains that association. The authorized QoS for a service data flow template as indicated above includes a 5QI. For 5QI of GBR type, the authorized QoS includes the Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP), Mean bit rate (MBR), GBR and may include a request for notification when authorized GBR cannot be fulfilled or can be fulfilled again. For 5QI of non-GBR type, the authorized QoS may include the ARP and the Reflective QoS indication. In situations where no ARP is included a default ARP applies for the service data flow template. The authorized QoS for a service data flow template may also refer to QoS characteristics as defined in TS 23.501 clause 5.7.3. The following table shows a portion of an example mapping between 5QI values and corresponding QoS characteristics. The full table can be found in TS 23.501 Table 5.7.4-1: Standardized 5QI to QoS characteristics mapping. to Vsdrse priority Levs) Fastest Maximum Safes Bursrt V&lomv Detetet Averaging fcteW'Wte Servias ■t (guarantees ■tew bit rate) Nte zuw a w Vote GSR ; Ox? mS- : A 2QG0 ^’$8 CQrivferssltohas Video {Live Sires mi ng) 15 Ura hi 50' 1 (R- : Si? A 20G0 ms Rest Time gaming, V2X messages GBR Gw NfA Non-com / emaiteai Wen (guttered Streaming) QoS control also refers to the authorization and enforcement of the Session AMBR and default 5QI / ARP combination. The PCF may provide the authorized session aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR) and the default 5QI and ARP combination as part of the PDU Session information for the PDU Session to the SMF. The authorized Session AMBR and authorized default 5QI / ARP values can take precedence over other values locally configured or received at the SMF. For policy control, the AF can be configured to interact with the PCF and the PCF interacts with the SMF as instructed by the AF as described in clause 6.1.5 of TS 23.203 with clarifications that no IP-CAN bearer level information is sent by PCF to AF but PDU Session information is sent by PCF to AF instead. Additionally between the SMF 405 and PCF 407 suitable guidance for the selection of the determined alternative QoS profiles based on energy saving criteria (or the preferred operational mode which has been provided by the UE) can be generated and is determined to be applied to the UE. For example, based on the energy saving criteria or UE’s preferred operation mode, the a function within the 5G core (5GC), which can be the SMF 405 or the SMF 405 in communication with the PCF 407 is configured to define a set of pre-authorized QoS profiles the service can adapt which still satisfy the service level agreement (SLA). The determination of these ‘alternative’ QoS configurations at the UE and RAN node can in some embodiments be based on NAS methods, such as PDU Session Modification methodology. For example a deployment or setting up of the alternative QoS configurations for a service determined based on the operation mode indicator can, in some embodiments, be implemented using the 5GC (the SMF 405), as shown by 509, to determine authorized accessspecific QoS parameters for the Alternative QoS profiles (the PCF has provided either immediately before and in response to the indication of the operation mode preference or at some time previous to the receiving of the operation mode preference). Thus the SMF is configured to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based at least in part on the information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session. The SMF can then, as shown by 510, provide the updated configuration / policies to the UE 401 and gNB 403 operating as a RAN. This can for example be implemented by the SMF being configured to, as shown by 511, forward authorized alternative QoS profiles to the gNB together with guidance for QoS profile selection based on energy saving operations being implemented. The SMF can thus transmit to the at least one access node (gNB) the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The at least one configuration causing the at least one access node to communicate data in the data session with the user equipment based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. Furthermore, as shown by 513, the SMF is configured to reconfigure the QoS Flow within the impacted PDU session. The SMF can thus transmit to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. The at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow. Then, the gNB 403 operating as a RAN, as shown in 515, determines how to reconfigure the RRC configuration and DRBs based on the received energy saving policies and the available QoS profiles. In some situations the RAN 403 node is provided with a list of alternative QoS profiles (or multiple configurations for the quality of service flow for the data session) generated based at least in part on the UE preferred mode of operation and comprising different attribute configurations (i.e., Packet Delay Budget (PDB), Packet Error Rate (PER), guaranteed flow bit rate (GFBR)). The selection the alternative QoS profiles (or the selection of the configurations for the quality of service flow for the data session) can be implemented further based on the UAI and the policing for the UE (for example derived from the signalled preferred operation mode such as shown in Figure 5 by 507). One from this list of alternative QoS profiles (one configuration from the multiple configurations for the quality of service flow for the data session) is selected by the gNB 403 to be implemented and the RRC configuration implemented. In some embodiments a mapping of a received energy consumption requirement to one of the obtained or received alternative QoS profiles can be implemented. In other words a selection of one of the configurations from the multiple configurations is implemented based on a energy consumption requirement. The selection or mapping can be implemented based on, for example, an expected energy saving determined by the gNB. However in some embodiments the selection or mapping can be implemented based on another metric or metrics such as a relationship between a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) and the related energy impact. Thus, in some embodiments the gNB solely determine this mapping or selection. However in some embodiments the mapping or selection can be performed by the UE which can then be signalled or indicated to the gNB. As described above the PCF 407 can provide policies or guidance as to the application of a suitable mapping or selection of configuration for a Quality of Service flow for a data session or the mapping or selection of an alternative QoS based on energy consumption requirements. In other words, the RAN is configured to decide howto configure RRC configuration and DRBs based on the received energy saving policies (or mapping information or guidance) and the available alternative QoS profiles. In some embodiments the network / UE is configured to employ energy savings specific PDB / PER values or configuration for a Quality of Service flow for a data session for existing 5Qls, or Energy Saving specific 5Qls. The energy saving specific 5Qls, referred to as 5QI-ES, can be scalar values that are used as a reference to 5G QoS flow configurations, in other words access node-specific parameters that control QoS forwarding treatment for the QoS Flow. For example these Energy Saving specific 5Qis can later influence how 5G QoS characteristics are satisfied at the radio interface with scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue management thresholds, link layer protocol configuration. The 5QI-ES cannot directly indicate the scheduling weight or queue management thresholds,. However, when the 5QI-ES is configured to influence the selection of a data radio bearer for a QoS Flow at a RAN node (e.g., gNB), then, the data radio bearer belongs to a QoS flow that will have this behaviour implemented. In some examples a 5QI-ES can be configured in a manner similar to a conventional 5QI (e.g., in terms of defining a specific set of defined QoS parameter values) but can be configured to relax certain QoS parameter values that most influence energy consumption at the UE side with respect to the air-interface between the UE and the access node (for example parameters such as PDB, Maximum Data Burst Volume, resource type) based on an energy saving to be implemented. As an example, the 5Qls can be extended to include an additional minimum / maximum value or define at least one further QoS parameter (for example to introduce a U-plane latency parameter). In other words, a 5QI-ES can be considered to define an alternative configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session or a change or delta to be applied to a configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session and which is applied to a defined 5QI. In such embodiments the gNB 403 implements a specific energy saving is configured to select a 5QI-ES (which indicates a configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session) or select and modify a 5QI-ES based on the energy saving to be implemented. Alternative QoS profiles for configuring QoS attributes can be implemented without significant reconfiguration of the 3GPP specification. The implementation of providing the ability of the RAN to map energy saving or energy consumption requests to an alternative profile can be seen to further develop the use of Alternative QoS profiles (the multiple configurations for a quality of service flow for the data session) where the CN provides further policies whether the RAN node can or cannot apply an Alternative QoS profile. In the embodiments where 5QI-ES are employed with minimum or maximum parameter values per attribute enable a more specific control to be implemented. The gNB 403 acting as the RAN is further configured, as shown in 517, to implement a RRC (re)configuration based on the power saving features, the DRB and SDAP. That is, the gNB 403 may implement the configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session or select an alternative QoS profile for a QoS Flow, update SDAP configuration (a mapping of DRBs to QFIs), DRBs modifications (e.g., PDCP configuration), or radio / PHY resource allocations for the UE based on known traffic profiling or BSRs. From gNB perspective, updating the SDAP configuration can be a simple way of reconfiguring the u-plane configuration the UE has at the radio interface. If the UE has already multiple DRBs with different DRB profiles configured with the gNB, the gNB may update the SDAP mapping of QoS Flows and DRBs to degrade the Uu traffic treatment based on the UE QoS degradation indication. If reflective QoS is enabled, the gNB can use it to notify the UE QoS flow to DRB mapping rule should be updated without additional signaling. Thus the UE can then communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session. In some embodiments the RRC reconfiguration is implemented further based on the UE preferences provided in the UAI that may impact power consumption. With respect to Figure 6 is shown an example of the signalling diagram shown in Figure 5 with specifically with respect to the modified 5QI or specific 5QI-ES deployments of the alternative QoS profiles. Thus as shown by 601, is the PDU session establishment wherein the SMF is configured to provide 5QI-ES parameter configurations (in other words identifiers and associated QoS related parameter values or identifiers and associated QoS related parameter modification values). These 5QI-ES parameter configurations can be defined as an additional 5QI with a special focus on energy consumption reduction. A 5QI-ES can, as discussed above have a similar configuration as the baseline 5QI that the QoS Flow will use under normal conditions but can relax the requirements of at least one QoS parameter attribute that defines the 5QI for energy saving purposes. The 5QI-ES is defined and controlled by the network. In other words when the UE 401 is establishing or modifying a QoS Flow, the SMF 405 will provide the 5QI-ES in addition to the 5QI for the UE 401 to choose if energy consumption is to be prioritized over QoS performance. In these embodiments, the 5QI-ES can be fixed I defined in the specifications (e.g. relative to the 5QI values) or dynamically assigned by the network and signalled to the UE as part of the QoS profile setup process. That is, reusing the NAS procedures already available and described above. The SMF in these examples is involved when the UE provides a 5QI-ES to determine the new authorized access-specific QoS parameters (e.g., determination of the AN PDB if PDB is modified). As shown by 603, there can be a RRC connection establishment between the UE 401 and the gNB 403 acting as the RAN. The UE 401, furthermore is configured to signal a PDU session modification comprising the operating mode preference (energy saving operation preferred) indication as shown by 605. This can be signalled in a manner similar to that discussed above. Furthermore optionally the UE could indicate the 5QI-ES values which are preferred. The gNB 403 can furthermore, as shown by 607, signal in a suitable PDU session resource modify request to an AMF 404 the operating mode preference (energy saving operation preferred) indication. Furthermore the gNB indicates the 5QI-ES values which are preferred. The AMF 404 can furthermore, as shown by 609, signal in a suitable Namf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request to the SMF 405 the operating mode preference (energy saving operation preferred) indication (and furthermore the 5QI-ES values which are preferred). The CN in the form of the SMF 405 and the PCF 407 can then be configured to determine authorized QoS parameters and access-specific parameters, as shown by 611, based on the received operating mode preference (energy saving operation preferred) indication (and the preferred 5QI-ES values) in a manner which enables the SLA to be achieved. The SMF 405 can then respond to the AMF 404 with a suitable Namf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response comprising the determined acceptable 5QI-ES values and access specific QoS elements. These can, as discussed above, be a 5QI-ES based on a standardized combination of parameters (in a manner similar to a conventional 5Qls) or a more dynamic configuration (as with dynamic 5Qls) where the 5QI-ES values are applied and modify a predefined 5Qls parameter values. The AMF 404 can then signal to the gNB 403 the determined acceptable 5QI-ES values and access specific QoS elements within a PDU session resource modify response. The gNB 403 acting as a RAN is then configured to decide or determine how to reconfigure RRC configuration and DRBs based on the determined acceptable 5QI-ES values and access specific QoS elements as shown by 617. Furthermore, as shown by 619, The gNB 403 acting as the RAN is further configured, as shown in 517, to implement a RRC reconfiguration based on the power saving features, the DRB and SDAP. That is, the gNB 403 may select the QoS parameters identified by a selected 5QI-ES identifier and update SDAP configuration (DRBs to QFIs mapping), DRBs modifications (e.g., PDCP configuration), or radio I PHY resource allocations for the UE based on known traffic profiling or BSRs. From gNB perspective, updating the SDAP configuration can reconfigure the U-plane configuration the UE has at the radio interface. It should be understood that the apparatuses may comprise or be coupled to other units or modules etc., such as radio parts or radio heads, used in or for transmission and / or reception. Although the apparatuses have been described as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities. It is noted that whilst some embodiments have been described in relation to 5G networks, similar principles can be applied in relation to other networks and communication systems. Therefore, although certain embodiments were described above by way of example with reference to certain example architectures for wireless networks, technologies and standards, embodiments may be applied to any other suitable forms of communication systems than those illustrated and described herein. It is also noted herein that while the above describes example embodiments, there are several variations and modifications which may be made to the disclosed solution without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. In general, the various embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuitry, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof. As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.” This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device. The embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Computer software or program, also called program product, including software routines, applets and / or macros, may be stored in any apparatus-readable data storage medium and they comprise program instructions to perform particular tasks. A computer program product may comprise one or more computerexecutable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Further in this regard it should be noted that any blocks of the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD. The physical media is a non-transitory media. The term “non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM). The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. Various example embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate. The scope of protection sought for various example embodiments of the disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The example embodiments and features thereof, if any, described in this disclosure that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various example embodiments of the disclosure. The foregoing description has provided, by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples, a full and informative description of the various example embodiments of this disclosure. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the various example embodiments of the disclosure as set forth in the claims. By way of non-limiting and illustrative example, there is a further example embodiment comprising a combination of one or more example embodiments with any of the other example embodiments previously discussed.

Claims

1. A user equipment for a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the user equipment comprising means for:transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session, the information for causing the core network node to select at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session;receiving from the at least one core network node the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session; andcommunicating data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session.

2. The user equipment of claim 1, wherein the preferred mode of operation further indicating whether the user equipment prefers:a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode;a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode.

3. The user equipment as claimed in any of claims 1 or 2, wherein the information identifying preferred mode of operation further comprises information indicating one of:information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter.

4. The user equipment of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the means is further for: determining at least one energy saving or consumption parameter; and selecting the preferred mode of operation for data transport based on the at least one energy saving or consumption parameter.

5. The user equipment as claimed in claim 4, wherein the at least one energy saving or consumption parameter comprises one or more of:user equipment battery charge level;user equipment battery charge rate or discharge rate; anduser equipment power consumption rate.

6. The user equipment as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the means for transmitting to the at least one core network node information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session is for transmitting the information using a non-access-stratum to a network function for session management.

7. The user equipment as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the data session is a packet data unit session.

8. The user equipment as claimed in claims 1 to 6, wherein the means is further for transmitting to an access node for the communication network, further information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, the energy saving criteria or overheating mitigation criteria, the further information for causing the access node, to select at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session from the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow.

9. The user equipment as claimed in claim 8, wherein the means is further for receiving from the at least one access network the selected at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session.

10. The user equipment as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow comprises at least one quality of service flow profile.

11. The user equipment of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session is at least one quality of service flow descriptor, and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session comprises at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor.

12. The user equipment of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the means is further for implementing at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session.

13. An access network node providing access for at least one user equipment to a communication network, the communication network comprising at least one core network node, the access network node comprising means for:receiving from the at least one core network node at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for a data session;mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session; andtransmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session.

14. The access network node as claimed in claim 13, wherein the means is further for receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria, wherein the means for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration for the communication of data in the data session is further for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria.

15. The access network node as claimed in claim 14, wherein the means for mapping the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria is further for:generating two or more alternative mappings between the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session to at least one radio resource control configuration and data resource configuration; andselecting one from the two or more alternate mappings based on the information identifying at least one of: the energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria.

16. The access network node as claimed in any of claims 13 to 15, wherein the means for receiving from the at least one user equipment information identifying at least one of: an energy saving criteria; or overheating mitigation criteria is for receiving the information from the at least one user equipment using an access-stratum layer.

17. The access network node as claimed in any of claims 13 to 16, wherein the data session is a packet data unit session.

18. A core network node within a communication network, the core network node comprising means for:receiving from at least one user equipment for the communication network information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the preferred mode of operation indicating whether the user equipment prefers an energy saving mode to be applied to the data session;selecting at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session based on the information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session; and transmitting to the at least one user equipment the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session, the at least one configuration causing the at least one user equipment to communicate data in the data session with the communication network based on the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow.

19. The core network node of claim 18, wherein the preferred mode of operation further indicating whether the user equipment prefers:a performance mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode;a mixed or balanced mode for providing a higher quality of service communicating data in the data session compared to the energy saving mode and providing energy savings communicating data in the data session compared to the performance mode.

20. The core network node as claimed in any of claims 18 or 19, wherein the information identifying preferred mode of operation further comprises information indicating one of:information identifying whether a quality of service degradation is tolerated; and a degree of quality of service degradation toleration parameter.

21. The core network node as claimed in any of claims 18 to 20, wherein the means for receiving information identifying the preferred mode of operation for the data session is for receiving the information using a non-access-stratum layer.

22. The core network node as claimed in any of claims 18 to 21, wherein the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow comprises at least one quality of service flow profile.

23. The core network node of any of claims 18 to 22, wherein the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session is at least one quality of service flow descriptor,and the at least one configuration for the quality of service flow for the data session comprises at least one quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow descriptor.

24. The core network node of any of claims 18 to 23, wherein the core network node is a function for session management and the means is further for:transmitting to a function for policy and charging management the information identifying a preferred mode of operation for a data session, the information causing the function for policy and charging management to update at least one policy and charging rule;receiving from the function for policy and charging management the updated at least one policy and charging rule, the updated policy and charging rule comprising at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session.

25. The core network node of claim 24, wherein the means is further for transmitting to at least one access node for the communication network the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow and guidance for selecting the at least one configuration for a quality of service flow for the data session, wherein the at least two configurations for the quality of service flow comprising at least one of: at least one default and at least one alternative configurations for the quality of service flow; and at least two quality of service identifiers, the quality of service identifiers associated with at least one quality of service related parameter.

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