Analyte sensors and sensing methods for dual detection of glucose and ethanol

Abstract

To provide analyte sensors that are responsive to at least two analytes of interest using a single enzyme-based analyte sensor.SOLUTION: Multiple enzymes may be present in one or more active areas of an electrochemical analyte sensor for detecting one or more different analytes. In particular, the analyte sensor may comprise a sensor tail configured for insertion into a tissue and one or more working electrodes having a glucose-responsive active area and an ethanol-responsive active area to detect glucose and ethanol in vivo.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9A

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Detection of various analytes in an individual may sometimes be essential for monitoring the state of health and well-being. Deviations from normal analyte levels are often indicative of an underlying physiological condition, such as a metabolic state or disease, or exposure to a particular environmental condition. While a single analyte may be dysregulated alone for a particular physiological condition, multiple analytes may be dysregulated simultaneously due to the same physiological condition or as a result of coexisting (simultaneous) related or unrelated physiological conditions.

[0002] Analyte monitoring of an individual may occur periodically or continuously over a period of time. Periodic analyte monitoring may occur by taking samples of bodily fluids, such as blood, at one or more time intervals and analyzing ex vivo. Continuous analyte monitoring may occur using one or more sensors that remain at least partially implanted within the individual's tissue, such as intradermally, subcutaneously, or intravenously, such that analysis may be performed in vivo. The implanted sensors may collect analyte data at any prescribed rate, depending, for example, on the individual's particular health needs and / or previously measured analyte levels.

[0003] In vivo analyte sensors are typically configured to analyze a single analyte to provide a specific analysis, often using enzymes to provide analytical specificity for a given analyte. However, due to physiological interactions between various combinations of analytes, in certain cases, the analysis of multiple analytes may be desirable. Currently, in vivo analysis of multiple analytes may require the use of a corresponding number of analyte sensors configured for the analysis of each analyte. This approach may be inconvenient as it requires an individual to wear multiple analyte sensors. Furthermore, multiple analyte sensors may represent an unacceptable cost burden for individuals or insurance companies. There is also an increased likelihood that one of the independent analyte sensors will fail during such a sensing protocol. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0004] The accompanying drawings are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure and should not be considered as exclusive embodiments. The disclosed subject matter is capable of considerable modification, alteration, combinations, and equivalents in form and function without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. [Figure 1] 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary sensing system that can incorporate an analyte sensor of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary two-electrode analyte sensor configuration having a single working electrode suitable for use in one or more embodiments disclosed herein. [Figure 2B] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary three-electrode analyte sensor configuration having a single working electrode suitable for use in one or more embodiments disclosed herein. [Figure 2C] Same as above. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary analyte sensor configuration having two working electrodes, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode suitable for use in one or more embodiments disclosed herein. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary sensor configuration in which multiple electrodes are substantially cylindrical and concentrically arranged around a central substrate, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A] 1 illustrates a cooperative enzyme reaction system associated with ethanol detection using alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase disposed directly on a working electrode in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] 1 illustrates a coordinated enzyme reaction system associated with ethanol detection using glucose oxidase, catalase, and xanthine oxidase, where glucose oxidase is remote from the working electrode and xanthine oxidase is located directly on the working electrode, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6A] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an analyte sensor featuring cylindrical electrodes arranged concentrically with respect to one another and a membrane configuration for detecting glucose and ethanol in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] Same as above. [Figure 7] 1 illustrates an exemplary working electrode and membrane configuration for detecting glucose and ethanol, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary schematic diagram of a portion of an analyte sensor suitable for use in some embodiments disclosed herein, the analyte sensor having two working electrodes and featuring a bilayer membrane covering one of the two working electrodes. [Figure 9A] Two replicates of the response of an electrode containing glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase layered into separate active regions and separated by a membrane upon exposure to various ethanol concentrations, with catalase present in the active region containing glucose oxidase. [Figure 9B] 1 shows comparative response data upon exposure to various ethanol concentrations between electrodes containing glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase layered in separate active regions and separated by a membrane, with catalase present separately in the active region. [Figure 10] 9B shows an exemplary plot of the average current response versus ethanol concentration of the electrode of FIG. 9A. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary analyte monitoring and vehicle control system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0005] Detailed Description The present disclosure generally describes analyte sensors and methods that use multiple enzymes for the detection of at least two different analytes, and more specifically, analyte sensors and methods that use multiple enzymes to detect at least glucose and ethanol.

[0006] As mentioned above, analyte sensors are typically used to detect a single analyte, typically using an enzyme with a particular specificity for a particular substrate. However, monitoring multiple analytes can be complicated by the need to use a corresponding number of analyte sensors to facilitate individual detection of each analyte. This approach can be problematic or undesirable, especially when monitoring multiple analytes in vivo, due to issues such as the cost of multiple analyte sensors, user comfort when wearing multiple analyte sensors, and an increased statistical probability of failure of one or more individual analyte sensors.

[0007] Glucose-responsive analyte sensors represent a well-studied and still evolving field for assisting diabetic patients in better managing their health. Despite the prevalence of comorbidities in diabetic patients, suitable sensor chemistries for detecting other analytes that are often dysregulated along with glucose have been less developed.

[0008] The present disclosure provides an analyte sensor that responds to at least two analytes of interest using a single enzyme-based analyte sensor. More specifically, the present disclosure provides an analyte sensor that responds to both glucose and ethanol, two analytes that play important roles in diabetes management. As used herein, the term "ethanol" refers to the compound C2H6O, which is a component of alcoholic beverages. The terms "alcohol" and "ethanol" are used interchangeably herein unless otherwise noted. Such a dual glucose and ethanol sensor can be worn on the body to provide simultaneous, continuous or near-continuous access to both glucose and ethanol levels in vivo.

[0009] Glucose homeostasis, the balance of insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose, is important for the function of the central nervous system and various cellular systems that depend on such homeostasis for proper metabolism. Perturbations in glucose homeostasis (i.e., hyperglycemia, an excess of blood glucose, and hypoglycemia, a deficiency of blood glucose) can disrupt organ and cellular operation, at least by specifically interfering with the production, regulation, and action of insulin and glucose. For example, alcohol can inhibit the production of glucose in the liver, thereby inhibiting the release of glucose from the liver, increasing the risk of moderate or severe hypoglycemia. Alcohol can also reduce the effectiveness of insulin, thereby increasing the risk of moderate or severe hyperglycemia. Thus, the relationship between alcohol and glucose may not be directly correlated with each other, but is individual in many ways (e.g., genetic predisposition), and depends at least on the duration and concentration of exposure. Furthermore, alcohol can impair an individual's ability to recognize or understand symptoms associated with hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, thereby exacerbating the individual's health risks.

[0010] Knowledge of alcohol-induced changes in glycemic control of diabetic patients can be highly beneficial since their glucose levels are naturally dysregulated or lack homeostasis without intervention. While it may be advantageous to monitor only ethanol levels according to the present disclosure, the present disclosure further allows for simultaneous or dual monitoring of both ethanol and glucose levels, the latter being typically monitored by diabetic individuals. In doing so, individuals can monitor and correlate their ethanol and glucose levels to customize treatment decisions, lifestyle decisions, and the like. Thus, the present disclosure provides an analyte sensor that responds to both glucose and ethanol, which may lead to improved health outcomes, particularly for diabetic individuals. In some embodiments, the glucose and ethanol dual responsive sensor of the present disclosure may further detect one or more other analytes (e.g., lactate, oxygen, pH, A1c, ketones, drug levels, etc.) without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0011] Embodiments of the present disclosure include single analyte sensors that include at least an ethanol-responsive active region, which is optionally combined with a glucose-responsive active region. Although the present disclosure describes dual analyte sensors for glucose and ethanol, it should be understood that analyte sensors that include only one or more ethanol-responsive active regions (and not combined with a glucose-responsive active region) are also within the scope of the current disclosure.

[0012] The embodiments disclosed herein include glucose- and ethanol-responsive active regions present in the tail of a single analyte sensor, thereby allowing for simultaneous in vivo monitoring of both analytes. As used herein, the term "tail" with respect to a sensor refers to the portion of the sensor that includes the analyte-responsive active region and that is implanted in or otherwise in contact with the tissue of an individual, e.g., cutaneously, subcutaneously, or intravenously. The tail can be of any shape or size and can be associated with other components implanted in tissue (e.g., a fully implantable analyte sensor) without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Various physical arrangements of the glucose- and ethanol-responsive active regions are possible within the specific challenges associated with analyte sensors and dual glucose and ethanol sensors discussed below. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure include sensor architectures in which the glucose- and ethanol-responsive active regions can be interrogated separately and simultaneously to determine the concentration of each analyte.

[0013] The embodiments herein utilize an enzyme system that includes a detection chemistry that includes at least two enzymes that can act in concert to facilitate the detection of at least glucose and ethanol. As used herein, the term "in concert" and grammatical variations thereof refer to an enzyme reaction system in which the product of at least a first enzyme reaction serves as a substrate for at least a second enzyme reaction, with the final enzyme reaction serving as the basis for measuring the concentration of the substrate (analyte). Although defined in terms of two coupled enzyme reactions, it should be understood that in some cases, three or more enzyme reactions may be coupled as well. For example, in some embodiments, the product of a first enzyme reaction may serve as a substrate for a second enzyme reaction, and the product of the second enzyme reaction may serve as a substrate for a third enzyme reaction, with the third enzyme reaction serving as the basis for measuring the concentration of the substrate (analyte) during the first or second enzyme reaction.

[0014] It may be desirable to utilize two or more enzymes acting in concert with each other to detect a given analyte of interest when a single enzyme is unable to facilitate detection. Situations in which a single enzyme may be ineffective to facilitate detection of an analyte include, for example, situations in which the enzyme is inhibited by one or more products of the enzymatic reaction or is unable to cycle between oxidized and reduced states when placed in the analyte sensor, and / or situations in which no enzyme is known to facilitate the reaction pathway required to facilitate detection.

[0015] Combining glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive active regions into a single analyte sensor can pose several hurdles. In particular, glucose-responsive analyte sensors typically use redox mediators that may not be able to freely exchange electrons with the enzymes required for ethanol detection. Glucose-responsive analyte sensors can further use a single mass-transport limiting polymer membrane to avoid sensor overload (saturation) and facilitate accurate glucose measurement. A mass-transport limiting layer suitable for glucose may not be suitable for alcohol due to the significantly different diffusion coefficients and concentrations. Further hurdles include differences in analyte sensitivity and potential incompatibility of one or more enzymes for a particular set of analytical conditions.

[0016] The present disclosure further provides membrane compositions, deposition configurations, and deposition methods for facilitating simultaneous detection of glucose and ethanol. Specifically, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides certain bilayer membrane configurations that facilitate enhanced ethanol detection without interfering with glucose detection. As used herein, the term "bilayer membrane" refers to a membrane having two deposition layers covering at least the working electrode and active area, which may be the same or different in composition. That is, a bilayer membrane may be homogeneous in composition (of the same chemistry) or heterogeneous in composition (of different chemistry) and is described with reference to the analyte sensor components it covers. As used herein, "monolayer membrane" refers to a membrane having one deposition layer that covers at least the working electrode and active area and is of homogeneous composition. In some embodiments, the glucose and ethanol dual sensor configurations described herein allow a homogeneous monolayer membrane to be disposed (overcoated) on both at least one glucose-responsive active area and at least one ethanol-responsive active area. In other embodiments, the dual glucose and ethanol sensor configurations described herein can include a homogenous monolayer disposed over at least one glucose-responsive active area and a homogenous or heterogenous bilayer disposed over at least one ethanol-responsive active area.

[0017] Before describing particular analyte sensors of the present disclosure in more detail, a brief overview of suitable in vivo analyte sensor configurations and sensor systems is provided so that embodiments of the present disclosure can be better understood. It should be understood that, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, any of the sensor systems and analyte sensor configurations described below may feature multiple enzymes and are not limited to the particular configurations described herein.

[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a diagram of an exemplary sensing system that may incorporate an analyte sensor of the present disclosure, such as an analyte sensor including a glucose-responsive active region and an ethanol-responsive active region. As shown, the sensing system 100 includes a sensor control device 102 and a reader device 120 configured to communicate with each other via a local communication path or link that may be wired or wireless, unidirectional or bidirectional, and encrypted or unencrypted. The reader device 120, according to some embodiments, may configure an output medium for displaying various information, such as analyte concentrations, analyte trends, alerts, and / or notifications determined by the sensor 104 or its associated processor, as well as allowing for one or more user inputs. The reader device 120 may be, for example, a general-purpose smartphone or a dedicated electronic reader instrument. Although only one reader device 120 is shown, in certain cases, multiple reader devices 120 may be present and in communication with the sensor control device 102 (e.g., to allow multiple users access to analyte levels). The reader device 120 may also communicate with the remote terminal 170 and / or the trusted computer system 180 via communication paths / links 141 and / or 142, respectively, which may also be wired or wireless, unidirectional or bidirectional, and encrypted or unencrypted. Additionally or alternatively, the reader device 120 may communicate with a network 150 (e.g., a cellular network, the Internet, or a cloud server) via communication path / link 151. The network 150 may be further communicatively connected to the remote terminal 170 via communication path / link 152 and / or to the trusted computer system 180 via communication path / link 153. Alternatively, the sensor 104 may communicate directly with the remote terminal 170 and / or the trusted computer system 180, with or without the presence of an intervening reader device 120.For example, the sensor 104 may communicate with a remote terminal 170 and / or a trusted computer system 180 via a direct communications link to the network 150, according to some embodiments, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0213225, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0019] Any suitable electronic communication protocol may be used for each of the communication paths or links, such as Near Field Communication (NFC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), BLUETOOTH or BLUETOOTH low energy protocols, WiFi, etc. The reader device 120 as described above, and / or the remote terminal 170, and / or the trusted computer system 180, and / or the additional reader device(s), according to some embodiments, are accessible by individuals other than the primary user who are interested in the user's analyte levels. The reader device 120 may include a display 122 and an optional input component 121. The display 122 may include, according to some embodiments, a touch screen interface for outputting information related to the sensor control device 102 and user input, for example.

[0020] The sensor control device 102 includes a sensor housing 103 that can house circuitry and a power source for operating the sensor 104. Optionally, the power source and / or active circuitry may be omitted, and the sensor control device 102 may be otherwise self-powered. A processor (not shown) may be communicatively connected to the sensor 104, and the processor is physically located within the sensor housing 103 and / or the reader device 120. The sensor 104 protrudes from an underside of the sensor housing 103 and extends through an adhesive layer 105. The adhesive layer 105 is adapted to adhere the sensor housing 103 to a tissue surface, such as skin, according to some embodiments.

[0021] The sensor 104 is adapted to be at least partially inserted into a tissue of interest, such as into the dermis layer or subcutaneous layer of the skin. The sensor 104 may include a sensor tail of sufficient length to insert to a desired depth into a given tissue. The sensor tail may include at least one working electrode and one or more active areas (sensing areas / spots or sensing layers, which may be of any shape and size) disposed on the at least one working electrode and active for sensing one or more analytes of interest, such as glucose and / or ethanol. In some embodiments, the active areas are in the form of one or more discrete spots (e.g., 1 to about 10 spots, or more) and have a size of about 0.01 mm. 2 ~about 1mm 2 and including any value and subset therebetween, although larger or smaller individual active area spots are also contemplated herein.

[0022] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more active regions may include multiple enzymes covered by one or more membranes. According to some embodiments, the active regions may include a polymeric material to which at least some of the enzymes are chemically bound (e.g., covalently bound, ionically bound, etc.) or otherwise immobilized (e.g., unbound in a matrix). In some embodiments, each active region may further include an electron transfer agent to facilitate detection of an analyte of interest.

[0023] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, analytes of interest (e.g., glucose and ethanol) may be monitored in any biological fluid of a subject, such as dermal fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma, blood, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, amniotic fluid, etc. In certain embodiments, the analyte sensors of the present disclosure may be adapted to assay dermal or interstitial fluid to determine glucose and / or ethanol concentrations in vivo.

[0024] With continued reference to FIG. 1, the sensor 104 may automatically transfer data to the reader device 120. For example, analyte concentration data (e.g., glucose and / or ethanol concentration) may be stored in memory as the data is acquired until it is transmitted (e.g., every few seconds, every minute, every five minutes, or at other predetermined time periods) and may be communicated automatically and periodically, such as at a specific frequency or after a specific time period has elapsed. In other embodiments, the sensor 104 may communicate with the reader device 120 in a non-automatic manner rather than according to a set schedule. For example, data may be communicated from the sensor 104 using RFID technology when the sensor electronics come within communication range of the reader device 120. The data may remain stored in the memory of the sensor 104 until communicated to the reader device 120. Thus, the patient need not be in constant proximity to the reader device 120, but instead may upload data at a convenient time. In still other embodiments, a combination of automatic and non-automatic data transfer may be implemented. For example, data transfer may continue automatically until the reader device 120 is no longer in communication range of the sensor 104. Although automatic and non-automatic data transfer from the sensor 104 has been described with reference to the reader device 120, such transfer mechanisms are equally applicable to the remote terminal 170 and / or the trusted computer system 180 without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0025] An introducer may be temporarily present to facilitate introduction of the sensor 104 into the tissue. In an exemplary embodiment, the introducer may include a needle or similar sharp object. It should be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, other types of introducers, such as a sheath or blade, may be present. More specifically, the needle or other introducer may be temporarily present near or coincident with the sensor 104 prior to tissue insertion (e.g., surrounding the exterior) and then withdrawn. While present, the needle or other introducer may facilitate insertion of the sensor 104 into the tissue by opening an access path for the sensor 104 to follow. For example, according to one or more embodiments, the needle or other introducer may facilitate penetration of the epidermis as an access path to the dermis to allow implantation of the sensor 104 to occur. After opening the access path, the needle or other introducer may be withdrawn so as not to present a sharps hazard. In an exemplary embodiment, a suitable introducer includes a needle, which may be solid or hollow, beveled or non-beveled, circular or non-circular in cross section, etc. In more specific embodiments, suitable needles may be comparable in cross-sectional diameter and / or tip design to acupuncture needles, which may have a cross-sectional diameter of about 150 to about 300 micrometers (e.g., 250 micrometers). However, it should be recognized that suitable needles may have larger or smaller cross-sectional diameters as needed for a particular application.

[0026] In some embodiments, the tip of the introducer (while present) may be angled on the end of the sensor 104 such that the introducer penetrates the tissue first, opening an access pathway for the sensor 104. In other exemplary embodiments, the sensor 104 may reside within a lumen or channel of the introducer, which similarly opens an access pathway for the sensor 104. In either case, the introducer facilitates insertion of the sensor and is then withdrawn.

[0027] Analyte sensors disclosed herein may feature different types of active regions (i.e., glucose-responsive active regions and ethanol-responsive active regions) on a single working electrode (e.g., on the same or opposite sides of a single working electrode) or on two or more separate working electrodes. According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, and as further described herein, single working electrode sensor configurations can use two-electrode or three-electrode detection motifs. Sensor configurations featuring a single working electrode are described below with reference to Figures 2A-2C. Each of these sensor configurations can suitably incorporate glucose-responsive active regions and ethanol-responsive active regions according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. Thereafter, sensor configurations featuring multiple working electrodes are described with reference to Figures 3 and 4A-4D. When multiple working electrodes are present, one or more glucose-responsive active regions can be disposed on a first working electrode and one or more ethanol-responsive active regions can be disposed on a second working electrode. Sensor configurations using multiple working electrodes may be particularly advantageous for incorporating both glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive active regions according to the present disclosure, since mass transport limiting membranes having different compositions and / or different permeability values ​​may be more easily deposited during fabrication when the active regions are separated and / or spaced apart in this manner. Particular sensor configurations featuring multiple working electrodes arranged to facilitate deposition of mass transport limiting membranes having different compositions onto each working electrode, particularly by dip coating, are shown in Figures 4A-4C. Suitable techniques for depositing the mass transport limiting membranes disclosed herein include, for example, by spray coating, painting, inkjet printing, stenciling, roller coating, dip coating, or the like, and any combination thereof.

[0028] When a single working electrode is present in the analyte sensor, a three-electrode sensor configuration may include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. A related two-electrode sensor configuration may include a working electrode and a second electrode, where the second electrode may function as both the counter electrode and the reference electrode (i.e., a counter / reference electrode). In both the two-electrode and three-electrode configurations, the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area may be in contact with (e.g., disposed on) a single working electrode. In some embodiments, the various electrodes may be at least partially stacked (layered) on one another and / or laterally spaced apart from one another on the sensor tail. Suitable sensor configurations may be substantially flat or substantially cylindrical in shape, with the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area spaced apart on the working electrode. In all sensor configurations disclosed herein, the various electrodes may be electrically insulated from one another by one or more dielectric materials or similar insulators.

[0029] Analyte sensors featuring multiple working electrodes may be further suitable for use in the embodiments described herein. Such analyte sensors include at least two working electrodes and at least one additional electrode, which may function as a counter / reference electrode for each working electrode. In other embodiments, a first additional electrode may function as a counter electrode for each of the multiple working electrodes, and a second additional electrode may function as a reference electrode for each of the multiple working electrodes.

[0030] The various analyte sensors described herein may be operable to assay analytes (e.g., at least glucose and ethanol) by any of the following electrochemical detection techniques: coulometric, amperometric, voltammetric, or potentiometric.

[0031] 2A shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary two-electrode analyte sensor configuration having a single working electrode. As shown, the analyte sensor 200 includes a substrate 212 disposed between a working electrode 214 and a counter / reference electrode 216. Alternatively, the working electrode 214 and the counter / reference electrode 216 may be disposed on the same side of the substrate 212 with a dielectric material interposed therebetween (configuration not shown). The active areas 218a and 218b (i.e., the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area) are laterally spaced apart from one another on the surface of the working electrode 214. In various sensor configurations shown herein, the active areas 218a and 218b may include multiple spots or a single spot configured for detection of each analyte. Additionally, in some embodiments, the active areas 218a and 218b may be disposed on opposing sides of a single electrode (not shown) without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0032] 2A, the membrane 220 covers at least the active areas 218a and 218b, and can optionally cover some or all of the working electrode 214 and / or counter / reference electrode 216, the entire analyte sensor 200, or at least the entire tail portion of the analyte sensor 200, including the active areas 218a and 218b. One or both sides of the analyte sensor 200 may be covered with the membrane 220. The membrane 220 may include one or more polymeric membrane materials (membrane polymers) having suitable capabilities for restricting analyte flux to the active areas 218a and 218b. Although not readily apparent in FIG. 2A, as described further herein, the composition of the membrane 220 may be different in the active areas 218a and 218b to separately regulate the analyte flux at each location of the active areas 218a and 218b and / or to separate one or more components of a coordinated enzymatic reaction system (e.g., when a particular reactant or product of the system inhibits detection of the analyte). For example, film 220 may be sprayed and / or printed onto active areas 218a and 218b such that the composition and / or layers of film 220 are different at each location.

[0033] In some embodiments, the membrane 220 may be deposited by dip coating starting from end A of the analyte sensor 200. Specifically, end A of the analyte sensor 200 may be dipped into a first coating formulation to coat the active area 218a. After the first coating formulation on the active area 218a is partially cured, end A of the analyte sensor 200 may be dipped into a second coating formulation to coat both active areas 218a and 218b with the second coating formulation. Thus, the membrane 220 may be bilayer in the active area 218a and homogenous in the active area 218b. In other embodiments, end A of the analyte sensor 200 may be dipped into a first coating formulation to coat both active areas 218a and 218b, partially cured, and then end A may be dipped into a second coating formulation to coat only one of the active areas 218a or 218b. The first and second coating formulations may be the same or different in composition without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0034] 2B and 2C show cross-sectional views of an exemplary three-electrode sensor configuration having a single working electrode suitable for use in some embodiments of the present disclosure. A three-electrode sensor configuration featuring a single working electrode can be similar to that shown for the analyte sensor 200 of FIG. 2A, except for the inclusion of an additional electrode 217 in the analyte sensors 201 and 202 (FIGS. 2B and 2C). With the additional electrode 217, the electrode 216 can function as either a counter electrode or a reference electrode, and the additional electrode 217 can perform the other electrode function. In either case, the working electrode 214 continues to perform its original function. The additional electrode 217 can be disposed on either the working electrode 210 or the electrode 216, with a dielectric separation layer between them. For example, as shown in FIG. 2B, the electrodes 214, 216, and 217 are disposed on the same side of the substrate 212 and are electrically insulated from each other by the dielectric layers 219a, 219b, and 219c. Alternatively, at least one of the electrodes 214, 216, and 217 may be disposed on opposing sides of the substrate 212, as shown in FIG. 2C. Thus, in some embodiments, the electrode 214 (working electrode) and the electrode 216 (counter electrode) may be disposed on opposing sides of the substrate 212, and the electrode 217 (reference electrode) may be disposed on one of the electrodes 214 or 216 and separated therefrom by a dielectric material. A reference material layer 230 (e.g., Ag / AgCl) may be present on the electrode 217, and the location of the reference material layer 230 is not limited to that shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. Similar to the analyte sensor 200 shown in FIG. 2A, the active areas 218a and 218b of the analyte sensors 201 and 202 are laterally spaced apart from one another on the working electrode 214 in the sensor configurations of FIGS. 2B and 2C, but may be spaced apart in other manners (e.g., on opposite sides of the working electrode) in other configurations.

[0035] Similar to analyte sensor 200 (FIG. 2A), membrane 220 can also cover active areas 218a and 218b, as well as other sensor components, in analyte sensors 201 and 202. In some embodiments, additional electrode 217 can be covered with membrane 220. Although in FIGS. 2B and 2C, all of electrodes 214, 216, and 217 are depicted as being covered with membrane 220, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments, only working electrode 214 or only a portion of working electrode 214, including active areas 218a and 218b, may be covered. Additionally, the thickness of membrane 220 on each of electrodes 214, 216, and 217 can be the same or different and can be layered similarly or differently on each of electrodes 214, 216, and 217, as previously described. As in the two-electrode sensor configuration (FIG. 2A), one or both sides of the analyte sensors 201 and 202 may be covered with the membrane 220 in the sensor configurations of FIGS. 2B and 2C, the entire analyte sensors 201 and 202 may be covered, or only the active areas 218a and 218b may be covered. Additionally, the composition of the membrane 220 may be different in the active areas 218a and 218b to control the flux to the active areas and / or the membrane 220 may be dip-coated from end A to deposit a bilayer on one of the active areas 218a and 218b and a homogenous layer on the other active area, etc. Thus, the three-electrode sensor configurations shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C should be understood as non-limiting examples of embodiments disclosed herein with alternative electrode and / or layer configurations that are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0036] 3, 4, 6A, 6B, and 8 show analyte sensor configurations having multiple working electrodes. While the following description is directed primarily to analyte sensor configurations having two working electrodes, it should be understood that the disclosure herein may be expanded to incorporate three or more working electrodes without issue. Additional working electrodes may enable an analyte sensor having such features to have additional active areas and corresponding sensing capabilities, such as providing additional sensing capabilities beyond glucose and ethanol sensing.

[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary sensor configuration having two working electrodes, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode suitable for use in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, an analyte sensor 300 includes working electrodes 304 and 306, each disposed on opposing sides of a substrate 302. An active area 310a is disposed on the surface of the working electrode 304, and an active area 310b is disposed on the surface of the working electrode 306. Each of the active areas 310a and 310b can be either a glucose-responsive active area or an ethanol-responsive active area, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, thereby enabling dual detection of such analytes. The counter electrode 320 is electrically insulated from the working electrode 304 by a dielectric layer 322, and the reference electrode 321 is electrically insulated from the working electrode 306 by a dielectric layer 323. Outer dielectric layers 330 and 332 are disposed on the reference electrode 321 and the counter electrode 320, respectively. The membrane 340 may cover at least the active areas 310a and 310b, according to various embodiments, and may optionally cover other components of the analyte sensor 300, or the entire analyte sensor 300 as well. Again, the membrane 340 may vary in composition or be disposed as one or more layers on the active areas 310a and 310b, as described above. For example, different membrane formulations or layers of one or more formulations may be sprayed and / or printed on opposing sides of the analyte sensor 300. Dip coating techniques may also be suitable for depositing bilayer membranes, particularly on at least one of the active areas 310a and 310b.

[0038] For example, active area 310a or 310b can be a glucose-responsive active area and the other can be an ethanol-responsive active area. As an example, if active area 310a is a glucose-responsive active area, membrane 340a can be a transport-limiting membrane covering 310a and compatible with glucose sensing. In such an example, active area 310b is an ethanol-responsive active area and membrane 340b can be a transport-limiting membrane covering 310a and compatible with ethanol sensing (see FIG. 5A). That is, membrane 340 can be composed of two separate membrane compositions 340a, 340b covering active areas 340a, 310b configured for glucose and ethanol sensing, respectively. In some embodiments, membrane compositions 340a, 340b can be of the same or different compositions, provided they are compatible with the analytes detected by the respective analyte-responsive active areas. If membranes 340a, 340b are of the same composition, they will likely have different thicknesses to enable the desired analyte detection. In a preferred embodiment, membranes 340a, 340b may be of different compositions to more easily facilitate separate and coordinated detection of glucose and ethanol, respectively.

[0039] Alternative sensor configurations having multiple working electrodes and different from that shown in Figure 3 may feature counter / reference electrodes instead of separate counter and reference electrodes 320 and 321, and / or different layer and / or film arrangements than those explicitly shown. For example, the arrangement of counter electrode 320 and reference electrode 321 may be reversed from that shown in Figure 3. Furthermore, working electrodes 304 and 306 do not necessarily have to be on opposing sides of substrate 302 in the manner shown in Figure 3.

[0040] It should be understood that suitable sensor configurations may feature electrodes that are substantially planar in nature, but sensor configurations featuring non-planar electrodes may also be advantageous and particularly suitable for use with the present disclosure. In particular, substantially cylindrical electrodes arranged concentrically with respect to one another may facilitate deposition of a mass transport limiting film, as described herein. FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of an analyte sensor featuring substantially cylindrical electrodes arranged concentrically with respect to one another. It should be understood that while FIG. 4 shows a sensor configuration featuring two working electrodes, similar sensor configurations having either one working electrode or three or more working electrodes are possible through extension of the present disclosure.

[0041] 4 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary sensor configuration in which multiple electrodes are substantially cylindrical and concentrically arranged around one another around a central substrate. As shown, the analyte sensor 401 includes a central substrate 402 around which all of the electrodes and dielectric layers are concentrically arranged around one another. In particular, a working electrode 410 is disposed on a surface of the central substrate 402, and a dielectric layer 412 is disposed on a portion of the working electrode 410 distal to the sensor tip 404. A working electrode 420 is disposed on the dielectric layer 412, and a dielectric layer 422 is disposed on a portion of the working electrode 420 distal to the sensor tip 404. A counter electrode 430 is disposed on the dielectric layer 422, and a dielectric layer 432 is disposed on a portion of the counter electrode 430 distal to the sensor tip 404. A reference electrode 440 is disposed on the dielectric layer 432, and a dielectric layer 442 is disposed on a portion of the reference electrode 440 distal to the sensor tip 404. As such, the exposed surfaces of the working electrode 410, working electrode 420, counter electrode 430, and reference electrode 440 are spaced apart from one another along the longitudinal axis B of the analyte sensor 400. It should be understood that the order of the working electrode 410, working electrode 420, counter electrode 430, and reference electrode 440 is non-limiting. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the counter electrode 430 and reference electrode 440 can be combined into a single electrode.

[0042] Continuing to refer to FIG. 4, active areas 414a and 414b are disposed on exposed surfaces of working electrodes 410 and 420, respectively, thereby allowing contact with a fluid for glucose and / or ethanol sensing. Optionally, other analytes are further combined. Although active areas 414a and 414b are depicted in FIG. 4 (as well as FIGS. 6A and 6B) as three separate circular spots, it should be understood that in alternative sensor configurations there may be fewer or more than three spots, and the shapes of the spots may be non-circular (e.g., elliptical, square, polygonal, etc.).

[0043] 3, 6A, 6B, and 7 show various membrane configurations of analyte sensors for simultaneous detection of glucose and ethanol according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodiments may utilize, for example, a bilayer membrane to facilitate the separation of various sensing components that form part of a coordinated enzyme reaction system. If these sensing components coexist, they would inhibit the detection of the analyte. For example, as described above, a monolayer membrane may be ineffective in enabling ethanol detection because the products of ethanol oxidation strongly inhibit the enzymes necessary for its detection. If such a coordinated enzyme reaction system is selected for use in ethanol detection, separation of such components using a bilayer membrane is necessary to enable accurate ethanol detection. Before describing various membrane configurations suitable for use in the analyte sensor embodiments described herein, a coordinated enzyme reaction system for use in a glucose and ethanol dual sensor will first be described.

[0044] In some embodiments, an analyte sensor including a cooperative enzyme reaction system for detecting ethanol can utilize a first enzyme of alcohol oxidase (AOX) and a second enzyme of xanthine oxidase (XOX). The cooperativity between alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase for detecting ethanol (and other alcohols other than ethanol with both enzymes disposed on the working electrode) is described in further detail below. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, xanthine oxidase is covalently attached to a polymer in the active region and alcohol oxidase is not covalently attached to the polymer. In other embodiments, both xanthine oxidase and an electron transfer agent can be covalently attached to a polymer, but alcohol oxidase is not covalently attached to the polymer. Catalase can be present as a stabilizer with this enzyme pair.

[0045] Alcohol oxidase interacts with ethanol to form acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Other alcohols react to form the corresponding higher or lower carbon number aldehydes. Advantageously, alcohol oxidase only catalyzes the forward conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde (as opposed to performing the reaction reversibly as in the case of alcohol dehydrogenase), which may be advantageous for the use of this enzyme in analyte sensors. Furthermore, because alcohol oxidase contains a tightly bound flavin cofactor, exogenous cofactors do not necessarily need to be combined with alcohol oxidase to activate the enzyme to facilitate alcohol oxidation.

[0046] In principle, alcohol oxidase alone could be used for ethanol detection in an analyte sensor by assaying either the acetaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide products generated in the enzymatic reaction. However, there are two potential problems with this approach. First, both acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide inhibit alcohol oxidase. Thus, if these compounds are not removed from the sensor environment, alcohol oxidase will become inactive to promote ethanol oxidation, thereby rendering the analyte sensor non-functional or suboptimal for assaying ethanol. Furthermore, if acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide are sequestered or quenched with other agents, no species will be available for electrochemical detection. Second, alcohol oxidase does not freely exchange electrons with redox mediators other than molecular oxygen. Therefore, electron transfer agents associated with the polymer in the active region of the analyte sensor, such as the osmium and other transition metal complexes described herein, may be ineffective in cycling alcohol oxidase from an inactive reduced state to an oxidized state that is reactive with ethanol. Thus, although the alcohol oxidase may optionally be covalently attached to a polymer, doing so does not provide any particular advantage to the electron transfer process, i.e., the covalent attachment of the alcohol oxidase to the polymer does not aid in facilitating electron transfer by the electron transfer agent.

[0047] A cooperative enzyme system including alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase, particularly together at a given active area, disposed directly on the working electrode may overcome at least some of the aforementioned challenges associated with ethanol detection using an analyte sensor employing alcohol oxidase. Acetaldehyde and other aldehydes can serve as substrates for xanthine oxidase, which is enzymatically converted to acetic acid. Thus, xanthine oxidase can remove acetaldehyde from the sensor environment, thereby preventing acetaldehyde-based inactivation of alcohol oxidase. To remove hydrogen peroxide, catalase may be present in the active area (e.g., as a catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex), thereby preventing inactivation of alcohol oxidase by this species. Furthermore, unlike alcohol oxidase, xanthine oxidase can exchange electrons with osmium and other transition metal complexes associated with the polymer in the active area of ​​the analyte sensor. In this way, xanthine oxidase can cycle between its oxidized and reduced forms, thereby allowing the analyte sensor to maintain an active sensing state. Therefore, the detection of ethanol in the above-mentioned analyte sensor is based on the enzymatic reaction between xanthine oxidase and acetaldehyde, which is the enzymatic reaction product of ethanol, rather than ethanol itself. Furthermore, by configuring the enzyme in the analyte sensor in the above-mentioned manner, alcohol oxidase may be reoxidized with molecular oxygen to maintain its activity.

[0048] FIG. 5A shows a cooperative enzyme reaction system related to ethanol detection using alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase directly disposed on the working electrode according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. Xanthine oxidase is covalently bound to a polymer at the active area of ​​the analyte sensor, and alcohol oxidase is non-covalently bound to the polymer at the active area. In addition to xanthine oxidase, an osmium complex or other transition metal complex capable of exchanging electrons with the enzyme is also covalently bound to the polymer. As shown in FIG. 5A, ethanol reacts with oxidized (active) alcohol oxidase in the presence of a flavin cofactor (FAD-already bound to alcohol oxidase), thereby forming reduced alcohol oxidase, acetaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. The reduced alcohol oxidase can be reoxidized with molecular oxygen as shown to return alcohol oxidase to its catalytically active oxidized form.

[0049] With continued reference to FIG. 5A, acetaldehyde enzymatically formed from ethanol then undergoes a subsequent reaction with oxidized xanthine oxidase in the presence of flavin cofactors naturally present with the enzyme. This process produces acetic acid and converts xanthine oxidase to a reduced state. The reduced xanthine oxidase can then react with a transition metal electron transfer agent bound to the polymer to transfer electrons to the working electrode, thereby generating a current and regenerating the oxidized form of xanthine oxidase. Although not shown in FIG. 5A, hydrogen peroxide can be separately removed from the sensor environment by catalase present in the active region.

[0050] As can be seen from Figure 5A, the amount of acetaldehyde enzymatically formed is proportional to the amount of ethanol originally present. Therefore, the current generated at the working electrode during xanthine oxidase oxidation of acetaldehyde can be proportional to the amount of acetaldehyde and therefore the amount of ethanol present. Correlation of the working electrode current to ethanol concentration can be done by referencing a look-up table of currents at known ethanol concentrations or by utilizing a calibration curve.

[0051] Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an ethanol-responsive active region (e.g., for use in the glucose and ethanol dual analyte sensors described herein) based on a concerted enzymatic reaction of alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase. More specifically, the present disclosure provides an analyte sensor including at least a working electrode and a sensor tail including at least one ethanol-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the working electrode, where the at least one active region includes alcohol oxidase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, a polymer, and an electron transfer agent. According to certain embodiments, the electron transfer agent and xanthine oxidase can be covalently attached to the polymer, but the alcohol oxidase is not covalently attached to the polymer. The alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase can act in concert to generate a signal at the working electrode that is proportional to the alcohol concentration. More specifically, both alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase are disposed directly on the working electrode to achieve the foregoing.

[0052] Although multiple enzymes of a coordinated enzymatic reaction system located within a single active area of ​​an analyte sensor can interact with each other in a coordinated manner to determine the analyte concentration, the separation of the components (e.g., reactants and / or products) of such a coordinated enzymatic reaction system using separate active areas may facilitate improved and / or stabilized analyte detection. In some embodiments, an analyte sensor configuration may include multiple enzymes spread across separate active areas, one of which may be separated from a working electrode such that electron transfer to the working electrode occurs from only one of the active areas. For example, the active area separated from the working electrode may facilitate an enzymatic reaction of an analyte of interest to produce a reaction product (substrate) that itself reacts with the enzyme in the active area in direct contact with the working electrode. A signal associated with the enzymatic reaction occurring in the active area in direct contact with the working electrode then provides the basis for detecting the analyte. Correlation of this signal to the analyte concentration may be achieved in any of a variety of ways described herein.

[0053] More specifically, FIG. 5B shows a concerted enzyme reaction system related to ethanol detection using glucose oxidase (GOX) and xanthine oxidase according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, which is further mediated by catalase when xanthine oxidase alone or xanthine oxidase and catalase are disposed on the surface of the working electrode. Catalase may also function as a stabilizer for this enzyme pair. That is, the components of the concerted enzyme reaction system for detecting ethanol may be disposed in separate active region polymers to overcome certain problems associated with intermingling of the components of the concerted enzyme reaction system. For example, glucose oxidase must be separated from the working electrode to prevent it from reacting and generating a current, such as by reacting with an electron transfer agent (e.g., osmium or other transition metal) located in the active region that is in direct contact with the working electrode. If glucose oxidase is not separated from the working electrode, inaccurate or otherwise anomalous ethanol measurements may occur because glucose oxidation provides a signal contribution. Therefore, to facilitate the detection of ethanol and to overcome the problems associated with ethanol detection using alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase as described above, the present disclosure provides an ethanol sensor that includes two active regions and a bilayer membrane configuration in which the two active regions are separated.

[0054] The coordinated enzyme reaction system shown in Figure 5B relies on glucose and ethanol coexisting together in the fluid during analysis. Because glucose is a ubiquitous biological nutrient, it is often coexisting with other analytes, including ethanol, when analyzing biological fluids.

[0055] With continued reference to FIG. 5B, glucose oxidase is present in an active area (e.g., active area 702a or 702b in FIG. 7) and converts exogenous glucose to D-gluconolactone-1,5-dione and hydrogen peroxide. Unlike the ethanol-responsive active area (FIG. 5A) that features detection based on a concerted enzymatic reaction between alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxide, catalase plays a more active role in the concerted enzymatic reaction system shown in FIG. 5B. That is, catalase reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form a catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex (the same peroxide scavenging function exhibited by catalase in the concerted enzymatic reaction of alcohol oxidase and xanthine oxidase) in the isolated active area, and then the complex reacts with ethanol to form acetaldehyde in the same isolated active area. Acetaldehyde formed in one active area when ethanol reacts with catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex permeates through a membrane separating the active areas (e.g., active areas 702a and 702b in FIG. 7) into a second active area. The membrane may, for example, comprise cross-linked polyvinylpyridine that is permeable to acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then reacts with xanthine oxidase in the second active area (e.g., active areas 702a or 702b in FIG. 7) to form acetate in a manner similar to that described above for FIG. 5A. An immobilized or chemically bound electron transfer agent (e.g., an osmium complex or other transition metal complex) may preferably be present in the active area with the xanthine oxidase to exchange electrons to promote acetate formation, which correlates with ethanol levels. Catalase may also be optionally present in either active area to act as a stabilizer. Furthermore, in addition to the membrane shown in FIG. 5B, a second membrane can cover the two active areas forming a bilayer membrane structure, the second membrane being permeable to both glucose and ethanol.

[0056] Alternatively, catalase may be present in the active region containing xanthine oxidase, in which case hydrogen peroxide formed in the active region containing glucose oxidase can diffuse through the membrane to the active region containing xanthine oxidase (and catalase) to form a catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex where it can oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde.

[0057] As used herein, and for purposes of description, the term "ethanol-responsive active region" encompasses all separate active regions that are used in concert to detect ethanol as described herein, unless otherwise indicated. For example, the term "ethanol-responsive active region" includes both a first and a second active region, such as those described with reference to FIG. 5B.

[0058] According to some embodiments, the catalase in at least one ethanol-responsive active region of an analyte sensor described herein is not covalently bound to a polymer, and may be present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the active region polymer, more specifically, from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the active region polymer, or from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the active region polymer.

[0059] The glucose-responsive active region of the analyte sensors disclosed herein may include a glucose-responsive enzyme, such as glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase, and a polymer. According to various embodiments, the glucose oxidase may be covalently attached to the polymer of the glucose-responsive active region. Suitable polymers for inclusion in the active region are described below. Additionally, an immobilized or chemically bonded electron transfer agent (e.g., an osmium complex or other transition metal complex) is preferably present in the glucose-responsive active region and may exchange electrons with the glucose-responsive enzyme to facilitate the formation of gluconolactone for determining glucose levels.

[0060] The glucose-responsive enzyme may be present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the polymer of the glucose-responsive active region, including any values ​​and subsets therebetween, such as about 5% to about 45%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 35%, or about 20% to about 30% by weight of the polymer of the glucose-responsive active region. The optional electron transfer agent may be present in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 50% by weight of the polymer of the glucose-responsive active region, including any values ​​and subsets therebetween, such as about 15% to about 45%, or about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 35% by weight of the polymer of the glucose-responsive active region. These ranges are not limiting and are equally applicable to all embodiments relating to glucose-responsive active regions described herein.

[0061] As noted above, an analyte sensor including one or more glucose-responsive active regions and one or more ethanol-responsive active regions can be disposed on a single working electrode or on two or more separate working electrodes. Additionally, a variety of membrane configurations are possible, particularly when the selected concerted enzymatic reaction system requires separation of the various components through the use of a bilayer membrane, as described above (see FIG. 5B).

[0062] Figures 6A and 6B show perspective views of the exemplary sensor configuration of Figure 4 (and similar numbers are used) including active areas on separate working electrodes and a membrane configuration suitable for one or more of the dual glucose and ethanol sensors described herein. Figure 7 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary sensor configuration including active areas on a single working electrode and a membrane configuration suitable for one or more of the dual glucose and ethanol sensors described herein.

[0063] 6A, the sensor 401 includes a working electrode 410, an active area 414a, and a dielectric layer 412, each of which is covered with a bilayer membrane 450. The sensor 401 further includes a working electrode 420, an active area 414b, an active area 414c, and the remainder of the sensor tail (i.e., a counter electrode 430, a reference electrode 440, and dielectric layers 422, 432, and 442), each of which is covered with a monolayer membrane 451. The bilayer membrane 450 includes a membrane layer 444 covered with a membrane layer 446, and the monolayer membrane 451 includes a membrane layer 446. The bilayer membrane 450 and the monolayer membrane layer 451 may be of the same or different compositions, as described in more detail herein, and are bilayer or monolayer with respect to at least one working electrode and the associated number of active areas required to detect an analyte of interest.

[0064] The sensor configuration of Figure 6A may feature an active region 414b that is glucose responsive, and first and second active regions 414a and 414c that are collectively ethanol responsive, as described herein. The glucose responsive active region 414b may include at least a glucose responsive enzyme, a polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent. Typically, the glucose responsive region includes an electron transfer agent.

[0065] The first active area 414a may be disposed on the surface of the working electrode 410 and may include at least xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent. The second active area 414c may include glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer.

[0066] 6A and 6B depict a first active area 414a containing the xanthine oxidase chemistry of FIG 5B and a second active area 414b containing the glucose oxidase chemistry of FIG 5B, it should be understood that, as noted above, the reverse could also be used, i.e., the particular locations of the two active areas relative to the membrane (and inclusion of catalase) are non-limiting and FIGS. 6A and 6B are merely illustrative of two configurations.

[0067] The xanthine oxidase may be present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the first polymer of the first active region 414a, including any value and subset therebetween, such as about 5% to about 45%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 35%, or about 20% to about 30% by weight of the first polymer of the first active region 414a. The optional electron transfer agent may be present in an amount ranging from about 10% to about 50% by weight of the first polymer of the first active region 414a, including any value and subset therebetween, such as about 15% to about 45%, or about 20% to about 40%, or about 25% to about 35% by weight of the first polymer of the first active region 414a. Glucose oxidase may be present in an amount ranging from about 1% to about 50% by weight of the second polymer of the second active region 414c, including any value and subset therebetween, such as about 5% to about 45%, or about 10% to about 40%, or about 15% to about 35%, or about 20% to about 30% by weight of the second polymer of the second active region 414c. Catalase may be present in the second active region 414c in the amounts described above. Although these ranges are described with reference to FIG. 6A, they should be understood to be equally applicable to all embodiments of the first and second ethanol-responsive active regions (first and second portions of the ethanol-responsive active region) described herein, without limitation.

[0068] Typically, the first active area 414a includes an electron transfer agent and may optionally also include catalase (e.g., in amounts within the ranges disclosed herein). The first and second polymers may be of the same or different compositions, as described in more detail herein. The second active area 414c may be disposed on the surface of the membrane 444 and bound to the membrane 446 (e.g., chemically bound, such as by covalent bonds) or otherwise immobilized within the membrane 446 (e.g., unbound within the matrix of the membrane 446). In a preferred embodiment, the second active area 414c is deposited on the surface of the membrane 444 (e.g., chemically bound, such as by covalent bonds) or disposed outside the membrane 444 and mobilized within the membrane 446, provided that the second active area 414c is relatively close to the first active area 414a to facilitate ethanol detection. The number, size, and shape of each of the active areas 414a, 414b, and 414c are not limited to the numbers shown in any of the figures of this disclosure and can be a single active area or multiple active areas of various sizes and shapes so long as they function to detect a particular analyte of interest. Further, in some embodiments, the xanthine oxidase and the electron transfer agent are covalently attached to a first polymer in the first active area 414a, and the glucose oxidase is covalently attached to a second polymer in the second active area 414c.

[0069] With continued reference to FIG. 6A, while bilayer membrane 450 and single layer membrane 451 collectively cover all components of the sensor tail, it should be understood that other membrane configurations can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, a bilayer membrane can cover only working electrode 410, active area 414a, and active area 414c, and a separate single layer membrane can cover only working electrode 420 and active area 414b. The membrane coating of the remaining components of the analyte sensors described herein (e.g., counter electrodes, reference electrodes, dielectric layers) is optional, but may be covered to facilitate or simplify the manufacture of the analyte sensors (e.g., to simplify dip coating the membrane onto the sensor tail). Moreover, it should be further understood that the locations of the various working, counter, and reference electrodes are not limited to those shown in FIG. 6A. Similarly, the number of such electrodes is not limited to those shown in FIG. 6A (e.g., a single counter / reference electrode can be utilized rather than separate counter and reference electrodes).

[0070] FIG. 6B shows an exemplary alternative sensor configuration compared to FIG. 6A, where the sensor 402 includes a counter electrode 430 and a reference electrode 440 located more proximally to the sensor tip 404, and working electrodes 410 and 420 located more distally from the sensor tip 404. The sensor configuration in which the working electrodes 410 and 420 are located more distally from the sensor tip 404 may be advantageous by providing a larger surface area for deposition of active areas 414a and 414b (five separate sensing spots exemplarily shown in FIG. 5B, but more and less may be included), which may facilitate increased signal strength in some cases. The positions of the bilayer membrane defined by membrane 450 and the monolayer membrane defined by membrane 451 are similarly adjusted to accommodate the change in position of the working electrodes 410 and 420, as well as the position of the second active area 414c that forms a cooperative enzyme reaction system with the active area 414a for detecting ethanol.

[0071] 5A and 5B each show a sensor configuration supported on a central substrate 402, it should be understood that alternative sensor configurations may be supported on electrodes instead and lack the central substrate 402. In an exemplary embodiment, the innermost concentric electrode may be utilized to support the other electrodes and dielectric layers. For example, the sensor 402 may omit the substrate 402 and the innermost concentric counter electrode 430 may be used to sequentially position the reference electrode 440, the working electrodes 410 and 420, and the dielectric layers 432, 442, 412, and 422 thereon. It should again be understood that other electrode and dielectric layer configurations may be used in sensor configurations lacking the central substrate 402 and may be used in different position configurations in light of the disclosure herein.

[0072] 7, a cross-sectional view of a portion of an exemplary sensor configuration including an active area on a single working electrode and a membrane configuration suitable for one or more of the glucose and ethanol dual sensors described herein is shown. As shown, working electrode 700 includes a glucose-responsive active area 706 and a first ethanol-responsive active area 702a disposed thereon. Glucose-responsive active area 706 may include a glucose-responsive enzyme and a first polymer, where the glucose-responsive enzyme may be chemically (e.g., covalently) bound to the first polymer. Typically, an electron transfer agent is also present in active area 706, which may also be chemically (e.g., covalently) bound to the first polymer.

[0073] Continuing to refer to FIG. 7, a first ethanol-responsive active region 702a disposed on a working electrode 700 may include a xanthine oxidase and a second polymer, where the xanthine oxidase may be chemically (e.g., covalently) bound to the second polymer. Typically, an electron transfer agent is also present in the active region 702a, where it may also be chemically (e.g., covalently) bound to the second polymer. As described above, a first membrane 704 covers the active region 702a to separate 702a from a second ethanol-responsive active region 702b to eliminate electron exchange therebetween. As shown, the first membrane 704 may also cover the surface of the working electrode 700 as shown, as well as other portions of the analyte sensor where the working electrode 700 resides. Alternatively, the membrane 704 may cover only the active region 702a. The first membrane 704 may be permeable to at least acetaldehyde.

[0074] The second active area 702b is disposed on the membrane 704 (although in some embodiments it may be bonded to, mobilized within, or otherwise immobilized within the membrane 708) and may be chemically (e.g., covalently) bonded thereto. The second active area 702b acts in concert with the active area 702a to detect in vivo ethanol levels, as described above, and may include glucose oxidase, catalase, and a third polymer. The glucose oxidase may be chemically (e.g., covalently) bonded to the third polymer, and the catalase may or may not be chemically bonded to the third polymer. The first membrane 704, particularly when chemically bonded to the third polymer, further isolates the glucose oxidase from contacting the working electrode 700, thereby preventing it from generating a current, such as by interacting with an electron transfer agent located within the active area 702a.

[0075] As shown, the glucose-responsive active area 706 and the second ethanol-responsive active area 702b are collectively covered by the second membrane 708. Thus, a bilayer membrane including membranes 704 and 708 covers the first ethanol-responsive active area 702a, and a monolayer membrane including membrane 708 covers both the glucose-responsive active area 706 and the second ethanol-responsive active area 702b. Membrane 708 can further cover the surface of working electrode 700 as shown, as well as other portions of the analyte sensor where working electrode 700 resides. Alternatively, membrane 708 can cover only active areas 706 and 702b. Second membrane 708 is permeable to at least both glucose and ethanol. Additionally alternatively, membrane 708 can be discontinuous (i.e., segmented), but cover active areas 706 and 702b separately without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0076] The first, second, and third polymers of the active regions 706, 702a, 702b may be the same or different. Similarly, the first and second films 704, 708 may be the same or different.

[0077] 8 shows an additional exemplary schematic diagram of a portion of an analyte sensor having two working electrodes and featuring a bilayer membrane covering one of the two working electrodes, which is adapted for use in forming an analyte sensor according to one or more embodiments described herein. As shown in FIG. 8, the analyte sensor features a sensor tail 800 having working electrodes 814a and 814b disposed on opposite sides of a substrate 812. A glucose-responsive active area 816 is disposed on the side of working electrode 814a, and a first ethanol-responsive active area (a first portion of the total ethanol-responsive active area) 818a is disposed on the side of working electrode 814b. Glucose-responsive active area 816 corresponds to glucose-responsive area 706 of FIG. 7. First ethanol-responsive active area 818a corresponds to first ethanol active area 702a of FIG. 7. 8 illustrates active regions 816 and 818a disposed on generally opposing sides of substrate 812, it should be understood that active regions 816 and 818a may be laterally spaced apart (offset) from one another on opposing sides of substrate 812 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The laterally spaced apart configuration of active regions 818 and 818a may be particularly advantageous for covering each active material with a mass transport limiting membrane, as discussed below.

[0078] As further shown in FIG. 8, active area 816 is covered with a single layer membrane 820. Membrane 820 is a homogenous membrane including a single membrane polymer. Active area 818a is covered with a bilayer membrane 821, which includes membrane layer 821a in direct contact with active area 818a and membrane layer 821b covering membrane layer 821a. In this embodiment, membrane layers 821a and 821b include different membrane polymers. In certain embodiments, membrane layer 820 and membrane layer 821b may include the same membrane polymer. A second ethanol-responsive active area (a second portion of the total ethanol-responsive active area) 818b disposed on membrane layer 821a is disposed on membrane 821a. The second ethanol-responsive active area 818b corresponds to the first ethanol active area 702b of FIG. 7. The first and second ethanol responsive active regions 818a, 818b act in concert to detect ethanol, as described herein.

[0079] In the illustrated analyte sensor configuration, membrane 820 is permeable to glucose, while membrane 821a is permeable to acetaldehyde. Because the second ethanol-responsive active region 818b and the glucose-responsive active region 816 are both glucose-dependent, membranes 821b and 820 may comprise the same polymer. Additionally, active region 818a may be positioned more distally relative to the tip of the sensor tail such that active region 816 may be dip-coated with membrane 818a without contacting active region 816. Active region 818b may then be deposited, and the outer portion of membrane 821a, active region 818b, and active region 816 may all be dip-coated for deposited membrane 820. Such a configuration may facilitate the manufacture of the analyte sensor.

[0080] In some embodiments, and as described in more detail below, membrane 821a comprises a polyvinylpyridine homopolymer or copolymer, and membranes 821b, 820 comprise polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene.

[0081] According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, electron transfer agents may be present in the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region of the analyte sensor described herein. When separate active regions are utilized for ethanol detection, the electron transfer agent may be present in the active region disposed on the working electrode (and further includes xanthine oxidase and polymer). A suitable electron transfer agent may facilitate the transport of electrons to the adjacent working electrode after either the analyte (glucose or ethanol) or its product (acetaldehyde) undergoes a redox reaction, thereby generating a current indicative of the presence of that particular analyte. The amount of current generated is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Depending on the sensor configuration used, the electron transfer agents in the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region may be the same or different. The electron transfer agents may be different, for example, such that each electron transfer agent exhibits a different redox potential.

[0082] Suitable electron transfer agents may include electroreducible and electrooxidizable ions, complexes, or molecules (e.g., quinones) that have redox potentials several hundred millivolts above or below the redox potential of a standard calomel electrode (SCE). According to some embodiments, suitable electron transfer agents may include low potential osmium complexes such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,134,461 and 6,605,200, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Additional examples include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,736,957, 7,501,053, and 7,754,093, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Other suitable electron transfer agents may include metal compounds or complexes of ruthenium, osmium, iron (e.g., polyvinylferrocene or hexacyanoferrate), or cobalt (including, for example, metallocene compounds thereof). Suitable ligands for metal complexes may also include bidentate or higher dentate ligands, such as, for example, bipyridine, biimidazole, phenanthroline, or pyridyl (imidazole). Other suitable bidentate ligands may include, for example, amino acids, oxalic acid, acetylacetone, diaminoalkanes, or o-diaminoarenes. Any combination of monodentate, bidentate, tridentate, tetradentate, or higher dentate ligands may be present in the metal complex to achieve a complete coordination sphere. In some embodiments, the electron transfer agent selected for use in the glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive active regions described herein is an osmium complex.

[0083] Active regions suitable for detecting glucose and ethanol may also include a polymer to which an electron transfer agent can be covalently attached. Any of the electron transfer agents disclosed herein may include appropriate functionality to facilitate covalent attachment to the polymer in the active region. Suitable examples of electron transfer agents and polymer-bound electron transfer agents may include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,444,834, 8,268,143, and 6,605,201, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Polymers suitable for inclusion in the active region may include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyridine (e.g., poly(4-vinylpyridine)), polyvinylimidazole (e.g., poly(1-vinylimidazole)), or any copolymers thereof. Exemplary copolymers that may be suitable for inclusion in the active region include those that include monomer units such as, for example, styrene, acrylamide, methacrylamide, or acrylonitrile. The polymers in each region may be the same or different.

[0084] The method of covalent bonding between the electron transfer agent and the polymer in each active region is not considered to be particularly limited. The covalent bonding can occur by polymerizing a monomer unit having a covalently bonded electron transfer agent, or the electron transfer agent can be reacted separately with the polymer after the polymer has already been synthesized. According to some embodiments, a bifunctional spacer can covalently bond the electron transfer agent to the polymer in the active region, where a first functional group is reactive with the polymer (e.g., a functional group that can quaternize the pyridine nitrogen atom or the imidazole nitrogen atom) and a second functional group is reactive with the electron transfer agent (e.g., a functional group that reacts with a ligand that coordinates a metal ion).

[0085] Similarly, according to some or various other embodiments of the present disclosure, the enzymes in one or more active regions may be covalently bound to the polymer. When multiple enzymes are present in a single active region, in some embodiments, all of the multiple enzymes may be covalently bound to the polymer, and in other embodiments, only a portion of the multiple enzymes may be covalently bound to the polymer. For example, one or more enzymes comprising a coordinated enzyme reaction system may be covalently bound to the polymer, and at least one enzyme may be non-covalently bound to the polymer such that the non-covalently bound enzyme is physically entrained within the polymer (e.g., in some embodiments, glucose oxidase is covalently bound and catalase is non-covalently bound in the ethanol-responsive active region). According to certain embodiments, the covalent binding of the enzymes to the polymer of the active region may occur via a crosslinker introduced with a suitable crosslinker. Suitable crosslinkers for reaction with free amino groups in the enzyme (e.g., with the free side chain amine in lysine) may include, for example, crosslinkers such as polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) or other polyepoxides, cyanogen chloride, N-hydroxysuccinimide, imidoesters, epichlorohydrin, or derivatized variants thereof. Cross-linking agents suitable for reaction with free carboxylic acid groups in the enzyme may include, for example, carbodiimides. Cross-linking of the enzyme to the polymer is generally intermolecular, but may in some embodiments be intramolecular. Such cross-linking agents may further be used to cross-link the membrane polymers described herein.

[0086] The electron transfer agent and / or enzyme can be associated with the polymer in the active region by means other than covalent bonding. In some embodiments, the electron transfer agent and / or enzyme can be ionically or coordinatively associated with the polymer. For example, a charged polymer can be ionically bonded with an oppositely charged electron transfer agent or enzyme. In yet other embodiments, the electron transfer agent and / or enzyme can be physically entrained or immobilized within the polymer without being bound to the polymer.

[0087] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the mass transport limiting membrane covering each active area may include at least a cross-linked polyvinylpyridine homopolymer or copolymer. The composition of the mass transport limiting membrane may be the same or different when the mass transport limiting membrane covers each active area. In certain embodiments, the mass transport limiting membrane covering the glucose-responsive active area may be a monolayer membrane (and include a single membrane polymer). In certain embodiments, as described herein, the mass transport limiting membrane covering a first portion of the ethanol-responsive active area may be a bilayer (each layer includes the same or different membrane polymer) and the mass transport limiting membrane covering a second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area may be a monolayer membrane. In more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, the glucose-responsive active area may be covered with a membrane including a polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene copolymer and the ethanol-responsive active area may be covered with a bilayer membrane including polyvinylpyridine and polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene. Here, the polyvinylpyridine membrane covers the ethanol-responsive active area disposed on the working electrode (e.g., membrane 704 in FIG. 7). One or both of the polyvinylpyridine membrane polymer and the polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene membrane polymer may be crosslinked. Additionally, the polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene membrane polymer may be functionalized, where a portion of the pyridine nitrogen atoms are functionalized with non-crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) tails and a portion of the pyridine nitrogen atoms are functionalized with alkylsulfonic acid groups. In some cases, the mass transport limiting membrane can reduce the flux of the analyte to the surface of the electrode (e.g., the working electrode) by a factor of about 10 to about 1000, including any values ​​and subsets therebetween.

[0088] In light of the foregoing, various embodiments of stand-alone ethanol sensors are disclosed herein. Additionally, glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive dual sensors are disclosed herein. Such glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive dual sensors allow for simultaneous, but separate detection of each analyte. That is, the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area are disposed within a single analyte sensor such that they can be interrogated separately to facilitate detection of each analyte. That is, the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area each generate an independent signal representative of the analyte level (concentration). For example, in some embodiments, signals associated with the enzymatic reactions occurring in each of the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area can be measured separately by responding each active area and / or working electrode simultaneously or at different times. The signals associated with each active area can then be correlated to the respective concentrations of glucose and ethanol, respectively.

[0089] In some embodiments where the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area are disposed on a single working electrode, the redox potential associated with the glucose-responsive active area may be separated from the redox potential of the ethanol-responsive active area by at least about 100 mV, or at least about 150 mV, or at least about 200 mV. The upper limit of the separation between the redox potentials is determined in vivo by the working electrochemical window. By separating the magnitude of the redox potentials of the two active areas sufficiently from each other, an electrochemical reaction may occur in one of the two active areas (i.e., the glucose-responsive active area or the ethanol-responsive active area) without substantially inducing an electrochemical reaction in the other active area. Thus, a signal from one of the glucose-responsive active area or the ethanol-responsive active area may be independently generated at or above its corresponding redox potential (lower redox potential) but below the redox potential (higher redox potential) of the other of the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area. In contrast, above the redox potential (higher redox potential) of the other previously uninterrogated active region, electrochemical reactions can occur in both the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region. Thus, the signal obtained above the higher redox potential can include signal contributions from both the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region, and the observed signal is a composite signal. The signal contribution above its redox potential from one active region (either the glucose-responsive active region or the ethanol-responsive active region) can then be determined by subtracting the signal above its redox potential obtained from only the glucose-responsive active region or the ethanol-responsive active region from the composite signal.

[0090] In more specific embodiments, the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region can include different electron transfer agents to provide sufficient separation in the magnitude of redox potentials between the two active regions when the active regions are located on the same working electrode. More specifically, the glucose-responsive active region can include a first electron transfer agent and the ethanol-responsive active region can include a second electron transfer agent, the first electron transfer agent being different from the second electron transfer agent. According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal center and / or ligands present in a given electron transfer agent can be varied to provide sufficient separation in the redox potentials of the two active regions.

[0091] Ideally, the glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive active regions disposed on a single working electrode can be configured to rapidly achieve a steady-state current upon operation of the analyte sensor at a given potential. Rapid achievement of a steady-state current can be facilitated by selecting an electron transfer agent for each active region that rapidly changes its oxidation state upon exposure to a potential equal to or greater than its redox potential. Making the active regions as thin as possible can also facilitate rapid achievement of a steady-state current. For example, suitable thicknesses for the glucose-responsive and ethanol-responsive active regions can range from about 0.1 micrometers (μm) to about 10 μm, including any values ​​and subsets therebetween. In some or other embodiments, combining conductive materials, such as, for example, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or metal nanoparticles, within one or more active regions can facilitate rapid achievement of a steady-state current. A suitable amount of conductive particles can range from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, or from about 1% to about 50% by weight, or from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, or from about 1% to about 10% by weight of the active area, including any value and subset therebetween. To promote stability of the response, a stabilizer such as catalase can also be used, as described above.

[0092] It should also be understood that the sensitivity (output current) of the analyte sensor to each analyte can be altered by varying the coverage (area or size) of the active regions, the area ratio of the active regions to each other, the nature, thickness, and / or composition of the mass transport limiting membrane covering the active regions. Alterations in these parameters can be readily implemented by one of ordinary skill in the art given the benefit of the disclosure herein.

[0093] In some embodiments, the signal associated with each active region can be correlated to a corresponding glucose or ethanol concentration by referencing a lookup table or calibration curve for each analyte. The lookup table for each analyte can be created by analyzing multiple samples with known analyte concentrations and recording the sensor response at each concentration of each analyte. Similarly, the calibration curve for each analyte can be determined by plotting the analyte sensor response for each analyte as a function of concentration, and an appropriate calibration function can be determined (e.g., by regression, particularly linear regression) over the calibration range.

[0094] The processor can determine which sensor response value in the lookup table is closest to that measured for the sample with unknown analyte concentration and report the analyte concentration accordingly. In some or other embodiments, if the sensor response value of the sample with unknown analyte concentration is between the values ​​recorded in the lookup table, the processor can interpolate between the two lookup table values ​​to estimate the analyte concentration. The interpolation can assume a linear concentration variation between the two values ​​reported in the lookup table. Interpolation can be used when the sensor response is sufficiently different from a given value in the lookup table (e.g., a variation of about 10% or more).

[0095] Similarly, according to some or various other embodiments, the processor can input the sensor response values ​​of samples having unknown analyte concentrations into a corresponding calibration function, and the processor can then report the analyte concentrations accordingly.

[0096] Thus, the present disclosure provides an analyte sensor including a sensor tail and at least one working electrode. A glucose-responsive active region is disposed on a surface of the working electrode, and a first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region is disposed on the surface of the working electrode, with the glucose-responsive active region and the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region spaced apart (e.g., laterally or on opposite sides of the working electrode). The glucose-responsive active region includes a glucose-responsive enzyme and an optional electron transfer agent. The glucose-responsive active region further includes a polymer. The first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region includes a xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent. The first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region may further include a stabilizer, such as catalase. A first membrane is disposed only on the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region (and optionally on a surface of the working electrode adjacent thereto), the first membrane includes a first membrane polymer, and is permeable to at least acetaldehyde. A second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area is disposed on the first membrane, the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area comprising glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer. A second membrane is disposed on the glucose-responsive active area and the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area, the second membrane comprising a second membrane polymer and permeable to at least glucose and ethanol. The glucose oxidase present in the glucose-responsive active area can generate a signal proportional to the glucose concentration at a working electrode, and the xanthine oxidase and glucose oxidase in the first and second portions of the ethanol-responsive active area can interact in concert to generate a signal proportional to the ethanol concentration at the working electrode.

[0097] In some embodiments, the first and second membranes can be one of polyvinylpyridine (e.g., poly(4-vinylpyridine)), polyvinylimidazole (e.g., poly(1-vinylimidazole)), or any copolymer thereof. The first and second membrane polymers can include polyvinylpyridine. In some embodiments, the first membrane polymer is polyvinylpyridine and the second membrane polymer is polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene. In some embodiments, the first membrane polymer is a crosslinked polyvinylpyridine that is readily permeable to acetaldehyde and the second membrane polymer is a crosslinked polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene polymer that is readily permeable to both glucose and ethanol, where a portion of the pyridine nitrogen atoms are functionalized with non-crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) tails and a portion of the pyridine nitrogen atoms are functionalized with alkylsulfonic acid groups.

[0098] In some embodiments, one or both of the glucose-responsive active region and the first portion of the ethanol-responsive reactive region comprise an electron transfer agent, hi some embodiments, the electron transfer agent is a transition metal complex, such as an osmium complex.

[0099] Various components of the active region may be further covalently bound therein. For example, in some embodiments, glucose oxidase is covalently bound to a polymer in the glucose-responsive active region, xanthine oxidase and optional electron transfer agent are covalently bound to a first polymer in a first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region, and glucose oxidase is covalently bound to a second polymer in a second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region. Catalase in the first or second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region may be covalently bound or unbound. In some embodiments, catalase is not bound to the first or second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region, but instead is physically constrained within or adjacent to the first or second portion by either the first polymer, the second polymer, the first membrane, and / or the second membrane.

[0100] In some embodiments, the analyte sensor can include two working electrodes, where the glucose-responsive active region is on a first working electrode and the first and second portions of the ethanol-responsive region are on a second working electrode, or have the compositions and membrane configurations described above.

[0101] The sensor tail of the analyte sensor is configured for insertion into tissue, such as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous, so that analysis may be performed in vivo. Thus, the present disclosure provides a method for sensing glucose and ethanol using the above analyte sensor (including one or more working electrodes). In particular, the analyte sensor is exposed to a bodily fluid containing at least one of glucose and ethanol. That is, during a period of wear (e.g., one or more days, e.g., up to about one month) of a user wearing an on-body unit including the analyte sensor, the bodily fluid is expected to contain at least one of glucose and ethanol. A first signal and a second signal are detected (e.g., by electrochemical detection) from the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region (including the first and second portions thereof) of the analyte sensor, respectively. The first signal is proportional to the concentration of glucose, and the second signal is proportional to the concentration of ethanol.

[0102] In some embodiments, the detection of glucose and ethanol from the analyte sensor described above is based on a change in redox potential between the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region, especially when the analyte sensor includes a single working electrode, but this is also applicable to analyte sensors including multiple working electrodes. The analyte sensor is exposed to a bodily fluid including at least one of glucose and ethanol. Each of the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region (including the first and second portions thereof) have redox potentials sufficiently separated to allow independent detection of a first signal from the glucose-responsive active region and a second signal from the ethanol-responsive active region. In some embodiments, the first signal is detected at or above the lower of the redox potential and the second redox potential, but below the higher of the first redox potential and the second redox potential, such that the first signal is proportional to the concentration of either glucose or ethanol in the bodily fluid. A second signal is detected at or above the higher of the first and second redox potentials, such that the second signal is a composite signal that includes signal contributions from both the glucose-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region. The first signal is then subtracted from the second signal to obtain a difference signal, which is proportional to the concentration of one of glucose and ethanol.

[0103] Embodiments disclosed herein include the following: Embodiment A: An analyte sensor comprising: a sensor tail including at least a working electrode; a glucose-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the working electrode, the glucose-responsive active region comprising a glucose-responsive active enzyme; a first portion of an ethanol-responsive active region disposed on the surface of the working electrode spaced from the glucose-responsive active region, the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprising xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent; a first membrane disposed on the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region, the first membrane comprising a first membrane polymer and permeable to at least acetaldehyde; a second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region disposed on the first membrane, the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprising glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer; and a second membrane disposed on the glucose-responsive active region and the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region, the second membrane comprising a second membrane polymer and permeable to at least glucose and ethanol.

[0104] Embodiment B: An analyte sensor comprising: a sensor tail including at least a first working electrode and a second working electrode; a glucose-responsive active area disposed on the first working electrode, the glucose-responsive active area including a glucose-responsive active enzyme; a first portion of an ethanol-responsive active area disposed on the second working electrode, the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active area including a xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent; a first membrane disposed on the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active area, the first membrane including a first membrane polymer and permeable to at least acetaldehyde; a second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area disposed on the first membrane, the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area including glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer; and a second membrane disposed on the glucose-responsive active area and the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area, the second membrane including a second membrane polymer and permeable to at least glucose and ethanol.

[0105] Embodiment C: A method comprising: exposing an analyte sensor to a bodily fluid comprising at least one of glucose and ethanol; the analyte sensor comprises: a sensor tail including at least a working electrode; a glucose-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the working electrode, the glucose-responsive active region comprising a glucose-responsive active enzyme; a first portion of an ethanol-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the working electrode spaced from the glucose-responsive active region, the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprising a xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent; and a first membrane disposed on the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region. a first membrane comprising a first membrane polymer and permeable to at least acetaldehyde; a second portion of an ethanol-responsive active area disposed on the first membrane, the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area comprising glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer; and a second membrane disposed over the glucose-responsive active area and the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area, the second membrane comprising a second membrane polymer and permeable to at least glucose and ethanol; and detecting a first signal proportional to the concentration of glucose and a second signal proportional to the concentration of ethanol.

[0106] Embodiment D: A method comprising: exposing an analyte sensor to a bodily fluid comprising at least one of glucose and ethanol; the analyte sensor comprises: a sensor tail comprising at least a first working electrode and a second working electrode; a glucose-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the first working electrode, the glucose-responsive active region comprising a glucose-responsive active enzyme; a first portion of an ethanol-responsive active region disposed on a surface of the second working electrode, the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprising a xanthine oxidase, a first polymer, and an optional electron transfer agent; and a first membrane disposed on the first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region. a first membrane comprising a first membrane polymer and permeable to at least acetaldehyde; a second portion of an ethanol-responsive active area disposed on the first membrane, the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area comprising glucose oxidase, catalase, and a second polymer; and a second membrane disposed over the glucose-responsive active area and the second portion of the ethanol-responsive active area, the second membrane comprising a second membrane polymer and permeable to at least glucose and ethanol; and detecting a first signal proportional to the concentration of glucose and a second signal proportional to the concentration of ethanol.

[0107] and a third membrane disposed on at least the ethanol-responsive active region, the third membrane comprising a third membrane polymer and permeable to at least ethanol.

[0108] Each of embodiments A, B, C, D, and E may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: The sensor tail is configured for insertion into tissue.

[0109] Element 2: The first and second membrane polymers are one of polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazone, or any copolymer thereof. Element 3: The first membrane is polyvinylpyridine and the second membrane polymer is polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene.

[0110] Element 4: The xanthine oxidase is covalently attached to a first polymer at a first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region, and the glucose oxidase is covalently attached to a second polymer at a second portion of the ethanol-responsive active region.

[0111] Element 5: A first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprises an electron transfer agent, the electron transfer agent being covalently attached to a first polymer. Element 6: A first portion of the ethanol-responsive active region comprises an electron transfer agent, the electron transfer agent is covalently attached to a first polymer, and the electron transfer agent comprises an osmium complex.

[0112] Element 7: The first portion of the ethanol responsive activity region further comprises catalase. Element 8: The glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase.

[0113] Element 9: The second membrane is disrupted. Element 10: The third membrane is one of polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazone, or any copolymer thereof.

[0114] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A, B, C, and D include the following: Non-limiting combinations of one, more or all of elements 1 and 2; 1 and 3; 1 and 4; 1 and 5; 1 and 6; 1 and 7; 1 and 8; 1 and 9; 1 and 10; 2 and 3; 2 and 4; 2 and 5; 2 and 6; 2 and 7; 2 and 8; 2 and 9; 2 and 10; 3 and 4; 3 and 5; 3 and 6; 3 and 7; 3 and 8; 3 and 9; 3 and 10; 4 and 5; 4 and 6; 4 and 7; 4 and 8; 5 and 6; 5 and 7; 5 and 8; 6 and 7; 6 and 8; 7 and 8; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

[0115] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to E include: Non-limiting combinations of one, more or all of elements 1 and 2; 1 and 3; 1 and 4; 1 and 5; 1 and 6; 1 and 7; 1 and 8; 2 and 3; 2 and 4; 2 and 5; 2 and 6; 2 and 7; 2 and 8; 3 and 4; 3 and 5; 3 and 6; 3 and 7; 3 and 8; 4 and 5; 4 and 6; 4 and 7; 4 and 8; 4 and 9; 4 and 10; 5 and 6; 5 and 7; 5 and 8; 5 and 9; 5 and 10; 6 and 7; 6 and 8; 6 and 9; 6 and 10; 7 and 8; 7 and 9; 7 and 10; 8 and 9; 8 and 10; 9 and 10; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

[0116] To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments described herein, the following examples of various representative embodiments are given and should not be construed as limiting or defining the scope of the invention.

[0117] Example: Detection of ethanol using an analyte sensor with two different enzymes (XOX / GOX) acting in concert on a single working electrode. A first spotting solution was prepared with the formulation shown in Table 1. All components were dissolved in 10 mM HEPES buffer at pH 8. Cross-linking was achieved using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.

[0118] [Table 1]

[0119] Approximately 15 nL of the first spotting solution was placed at a depth of approximately 0.05 mm. 2 The solution was deposited on a carbon working electrode as a single spot (XOX spot) with an area of ​​100 nm to 100 nm. After deposition, the working electrode was cured at 25° C. overnight.

[0120] After curing, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVP) films were deposited on the working electrodes and XOX spots from a coating solution containing 100 mg / mL PVP and 100 mg / mL PEGDE400. Film deposition was achieved by dip-coating the electrodes three times into the coating solution. Alternately, spray coating, screen printing, or similar processes can be used to deposit the films. After deposition, the electrodes were cured overnight at 25°C and then further cured in a dry vial at 56°C for 2 days.

[0121] A second spotting solution was prepared having the formulation shown in Table 2. All components were dissolved in 10 mM HEPES buffer at pH 8. Cross-linking was achieved using polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether.

[0122] [Table 2]

[0123] Approximately 15 nL of the second spotting solution was placed at a depth of approximately 0.05 mm. 2 The mixture was deposited on the PVP film from above as a single spot (GOX spot) having an area of ​​100 μm. After deposition, the mixture was cured overnight at 25° C.

[0124] After curing, a second film was deposited on the GOX spot and the PVP film. The film polymer in this case was a cross-linked polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene polymer, with some of the pyridine nitrogen atoms functionalized with non-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) tails and some of the pyridine nitrogen atoms functionalized with alkylsulfonic acid groups. The film in this location was deposited from a coating solution containing 35 mg / mL of cross-linked polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene polymer and 100 mg / mL PEGDE400. Film deposition was achieved by dip-coating the electrode three times into the coating solution. Spray coating, screen printing, or similar processes can be used alternately to deposit the film. After deposition, the electrode was cured overnight at 25°C and then further cured in a dry vial at 56°C for 2 days.

[0125] Ethanol analysis was performed by immersing the electrode in ethanol-containing PBS solutions, each containing various concentrations of ethanol and 5 mM glucose (necessary for hydrogen peroxide production). The solutions contained 5 mM glucose, but it should be understood that other glucose concentrations, such as from about 4 mM to about 30 mM glucose, may also be used to practice the described examples. Figure 9A shows two replicates of the response of an electrode containing glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase layered in separate active regions and separated by a membrane, upon exposure to various ethanol concentrations. Catalase is within the active region along with glucose oxidase. As shown, the current response increased and then stabilized within a few minutes after exposure to the new ethanol concentration. Good reproducibility was observed between the two replicates.

[0126] FIG. 9B shows comparative response data between electrodes containing glucose oxidase and xanthine oxidase layered in separate active regions and separated by a membrane upon exposure to various ethanol concentrations. Catalase is present in a separate active region. As shown, the sensor response was greater when catalase was included in the active region containing xanthine oxidase. FIG. 10 shows an exemplary plot of average current response versus ethanol concentration.

[0127] Unless otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities and the like in the specification and the associated claims should be understood in all instances to be modified by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by embodiments of the invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed at least in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0128] Analyte Sensor Ignition Lock Vehicle fail-safes, such as ignition locks, are sometimes used to prevent an operator from operating a vehicle when impaired or otherwise in an unsafe condition to operate the vehicle. Operating a vehicle while impaired can pose serious danger to the operator and the public. One common type of ignition lock is designed to prevent drunk driving, and more specifically, to prevent an individual from operating a vehicle while intoxicated by the use of alcohol. Such locking devices connect a breath alcohol analyzer or optical sensor to the vehicle's ignition system and require the driver to pass a blood alcohol concentration test before starting the vehicle.

[0129] Intoxication is a type of impairment or condition that an operator may experience that renders the operator unfit or unable to operate a vehicle. However, other impairments and conditions may also afflict the operator and must be closely monitored to ensure that the operator does not operate a vehicle while impaired. For example, an operator who is diabetic and has low blood sugar while driving may experience lightheadedness, confusion, headaches, loss of consciousness, seizures, and slowed reflexes, any of which may endanger their own life and the lives of others in or near the vehicle.

[0130] Analyte monitoring systems have been developed to facilitate long-term monitoring of analytes in bodily fluids (e.g., blood). Some analyte monitoring systems are designed to detect and monitor blood glucose levels, which aid in the treatment of diabetic conditions. However, other analyte monitoring systems are designed to detect and monitor other analytes present in an operator's bodily fluids, and abnormal analyte levels detected in the operator may indicate that the operator is currently unfit to safely operate a vehicle.

[0131] The following description describes an analyte monitoring and vehicle control system used to prevent operation of a vehicle when an operator's analyte levels exceed a predetermined threshold. By properly deploying the sensor control device 102 (FIG. 1), a user can intelligently track and monitor bodily fluid analyte levels and trends. When some analyte levels exceed a certain threshold, a physical or cognitive impairment may occur that prevents the user from safely operating the vehicle. In such cases, the user must take appropriate measures to bring the analyte levels back into a safe range before attempting to operate the vehicle. However, in some cases, the user may feel perfectly fine to operate the vehicle, yet have unsafe analyte levels that may suddenly cause the onset of a dangerous physical impairment. In such cases, it may be advantageous to install a fail-safe system that prevents or warns the user from operating the vehicle and potentially endangering themselves or others.

[0132] 11 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary analyte monitoring and vehicle control system 1100 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the analyte monitoring and vehicle control system 1100 (hereinafter "system 1100") includes a sensor control device 102 that can be deployed on a user or "operator" 3202 or delivered to a target monitoring location on the operator's 1102 body, such as the back of the arm. As described above, the sensor control device 102 includes a sensor 104 (FIG. 1) that, when properly deployed, is transdermally placed within the skin to detect and monitor analytes present within the bodily fluids of the operator 1102. An adhesive patch 105 (FIG. 1) applied to the bottom of the sensor control device 102 adheres to the skin to secure the sensor control device 102 in place during operation.

[0133] Although the system 1100 is described herein as including an on-body sensor control device 102 for detecting and reporting analyte levels, the system 1100 could instead incorporate an in vitro analyte sensor (e.g., a self-monitoring blood glucose "SMBG" meter) without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the term "sensor control device" should be construed herein to include not only on-body sensor systems as primarily described above, but also conventional handheld sensor systems.

[0134] As shown, the system 1100 may further include a reader device 120, with which the sensor control device 102 may communicate via a local communication path or link to provide analyte concentration data automatically, periodically, or as needed by the operator 1102. The reader device 120 may communicate with a control module 1104, which communicates with an electrical system of the vehicle 1106 and is powered by a vehicle battery or otherwise a separate battery. In such an embodiment, data transmitted from the sensor control device 102 to the reader device 120 may then be transmitted by the reader device 120 to the control module 1104 for processing. However, in other embodiments, the sensor control device 102 may directly communicate with the control module 1104 via any wireless communication protocol, such as BLUETOOTH. In such an embodiment, the reader device 120 may or may not be required in the system 1100.

[0135] In the illustrated embodiment, vehicle 1106 is depicted as an automobile. However, as used herein, the term "vehicle" is used broadly and is meant to include any type of transportation that can be operated by a human user or "operator," but may also include autonomous vehicles used to transport humans. Examples of vehicle 1106 include, but are not limited to, any type of automobile, truck, sport utility vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, and / or any other mode of transportation, or combinations thereof.

[0136] The control module 1104 may include a communication interface for communicating information to and from the sensor control device 102 and / or the reader device 120. In the case of an exemplary BLUETOOTH-enabled sensor control device 102 and / or reader device 120, when the sensor control device 102 approaches the vehicle 1106, it may enter a pairing mode. During pairing, the control module 1104 may be programmed and configured to automatically detect the presence of the sensor control device 102 and / or the reader device 120 and establish communication therewith. For example, when the operator 1102 approaches or enters the vehicle 1106, the control module 1104 may automatically detect the presence of the sensor control device 102 and / or the reader device 120 and enable communication therebetween or with the reader device 120.

[0137] In some embodiments, the control module 1104 can communicate with a vehicle user interface 1108 included in the vehicle 1106, such as an infotainment system, a touch screen display, or an information display. In such embodiments, the control module 1104 can visually communicate with the operator 1102 via the vehicle user interface 1108 and can also audibly communicate with the operator 1102 via audio speakers included in the vehicle 1106. However, in other embodiments, the control module 1104 can be configured to communicate with the reader device 120 such that it can communicate with the operator 1102.

[0138] As shown, the control module 1104 may be or include a computer system 1110 configured or programmed to control various operations and / or systems of the vehicle 1106 based on the real-time measured analyte levels of the operator 1102 obtained by the sensor control device 102. The operation of the vehicle 1106 may be controlled, disabled, or altered by disabling one or more critical systems of the vehicle 1106 or by activating a warning system within the vehicle 1106. If the real-time measured analyte levels of the operator 1102 are within a predetermined safe range, it may be deemed safe for the operator 1102 to operate the vehicle 1106. However, if the real-time measured analyte levels of the operator 1102 are outside of a predetermined safe range or exceed a predetermined threshold, the computer system 1110 may be programmed to control, disable, or alter the operation of the vehicle 1106.

[0139] In some embodiments, for example, the computer system 1110 may be configured to disable various critical vehicle systems when the operator 1102's detected analyte levels are outside of a predetermined range or exceed a predetermined threshold, thus gradually and safely disabling operation of the vehicle upon identifying the operator 1102 as impaired from safely operating the vehicle 1106. Critical vehicle systems of the vehicle 1106 that may be disabled include the ignition system (e.g., energy switching / control system), transmission system (or gearbox), fuel system, energy supply system (e.g., battery, capacitor, conversion / reaction cell, etc.). When elevated or decreased (unsafe) analyte levels are detected, the computer system 1110 may prevent the critical vehicle systems from functioning or operating. As a result, the operator 1102 is unable to start or operate the vehicle 1106, thereby preventing the operator 1102 from endangering himself and / or others.

[0140] In other embodiments, or in addition, the computer system 1110 may be configured to activate various non-critical vehicle systems when the detected analyte levels of the operator 1102 rise above or exceed a predetermined threshold. Non-critical vehicle systems that may be activated include, for example, a vehicle horn, vehicle lights, or an audible warning system installed on the vehicle 1106. In such embodiments, activation of a non-critical vehicle system may alert law enforcement and others (e.g., operators of adjacent vehicles, bystanders, pedestrians, etc.) of the operator 1102 that may be operating in an impaired condition, thus enabling law enforcement to quickly address the problem associated therewith and notifying others of a potentially dangerous situation.

[0141] In yet other embodiments, or in addition, the computer system 1110 may be configured to automatically call one or more emergency contacts when the analyte levels of the operator 1102 are outside of a predetermined safe operating range or exceed a predetermined threshold. In such embodiments, the computer system 1110 may operate via the reader device 120 (e.g., a cell phone) or a cellular or satellite communication system (e.g., OnStar®) integrated into the vehicle 1106. In other embodiments, or in addition, the computer system 1110 may be configured to automatically send a message (e.g., a text or SMS message, email, etc.) to an emergency contact when the analyte levels of the operator 1102 are outside of a predetermined safe operating range or exceed a predetermined threshold. Examples of emergency contacts include, but are not limited to, a spouse, a parent, a medical professional (e.g., a doctor), a hospital, 911, or any combination thereof.

[0142] In some embodiments, the system 1100 may further include one or more proximity sensors 1112 configured to detect the presence of the operator 1102, and more specifically, the sensor control device 102. In such embodiments, the proximity sensor 1112 may be configured to monitor the general area of ​​the driver's seat 1114 in the vehicle 1106. If the sensor control device 102 is detected by the proximity sensor 1112 within the area of ​​the driver's seat 1114, it may provide a positive indication that the operator 1102 is in the driver's seat 1114 and may be attempting to operate the vehicle 1106. In such a case, a signal may be sent to the control module 1104 to alert the computer system 1110 that the operator 1102 is in the vehicle 1106 and may be attempting to operate the vehicle 1106. If the real-time measured analyte level of the operator 1102 is within a predetermined safe range or below a predetermined level, the computer system 1110 may allow the operator 1102 to operate the vehicle 1106. However, if the real-time measured analyte levels of the operator 1102 are outside of a predetermined safe range or exceed a predetermined threshold, the computer system 1110 can control, disable, or modify the operation of the vehicle 1106 as outlined above. As will be appreciated, the proximity sensor 1112 can be advantageous to prevent operation of the vehicle 1106 only if the impaired operator 1102 is in the driver's seat 1114 and ready to operate the vehicle 1106. As a result, a user wearing the sensor control device 102 can ride as a passenger in the vehicle 1106 in any condition without affecting the operation of the control module 1104 or the vehicle 1106.

[0143] In some embodiments, the control module 1104 may further include a vehicle state detection module 1116 configured to detect a current state of the vehicle 1106, including whether the vehicle 1106 is currently moving or stationary. Additionally, the vehicle state detection module 1116 may be configured to determine whether a motor in the vehicle 1106 is currently running or stopped. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle state detection module 1116 may provide a state signal to the control module 1104, and the control module 1104 may use the state signal to determine which vehicle operations to activate or disable when the real-time measured analyte levels of the operator 1102 are outside of a predetermined safe range or exceed a predetermined threshold. For example, if the state signal indicates that the vehicle 1106 is stationary, the control module 1104 may disable the vehicle fuel system, the transmission system, the ignition system, or any combination thereof. In contrast, if the status signal indicates that the vehicle 1106 is moving, the control module 1104 may activate the vehicle horn, flash the vehicle lights, or sound an alarm to the operator 1102 and / or those around the operator 1102 that the operator 1102 is not normal.

[0144] In some embodiments, when the operator 1102 enters the vehicle 1106 or when the control module 1104 pairs with the sensor control device 102 and / or the reader device 120, an app may be launched on the reader device 120 or vehicle user interface 1108. A digital dashboard may then be displayed on the reader device 120 and / or vehicle user interface 1108 showing current analyte levels, trends, historical data, and predicted analyte levels. However, if the current analyte levels are outside of a predetermined safe operating range, the computer system 1110 may be programmed to disable one or more critical vehicle systems to prevent the operator 1102 from operating the vehicle 1106. In such an embodiment, a visual or audio warning may be issued by the control module 1104 to inform the operator 1102 why the vehicle 1106 will not start. More specifically, a visual alert (e.g., a written message) may be generated and displayed on the reader device 120 or the vehicle user interface 1108, or an audible alert (e.g., a voice message) may be communicated through a speaker in the reader device or vehicle 1106.

[0145] If not done automatically, the operator 1102 may be prompted to obtain a current analyte level upon pairing the sensor control device 102 with the control module 1104. In some cases, operation of the vehicle 1106 may be prevented until a current analyte level is obtained. If the current analyte level is within safety limits, the computer system 1110 may allow operation of the vehicle 1106. In some embodiments, and unless done automatically, the control module 1104 may prompt the operator 1102 to obtain an additional current analyte level after operating the vehicle 1106 for a predetermined period of time (e.g., after 1 hour, 2 hours, 5 hours, etc.).

[0146] In some embodiments, the control module 1104 may be configured to issue visual or audio recommendations or instructions to the operator 1102 that may aid in returning the measured analyte levels to a safe range. In such embodiments, such visual or audio recommendations may prompt the user to take some action that may result in returning the analyte levels to a safe range. Additionally, in some embodiments, the operator 1102 may be able to verbally communicate with the control module 1104 by issuing verbal responses or commands. This may prove advantageous in preventing distracted operation of the vehicle 1106.

[0147] In some embodiments, the settings of the control module 1104 may be customized by the operator 1102 to allow the user to make an informed decision after an unsafe analyte level is detected and a visual or audio warning is issued by the control module 1104. More specifically, in at least one embodiment, the control module 1104 may include a bypass feature that allows the operator 1102 to operate the vehicle 1106 even when an unsafe analyte level is measured. In such an embodiment, the operator 1102 may operate the vehicle 1106 by acknowledging that the operator 1102 may be operating the vehicle 1106 with an impaired or unsafe health condition.

[0148] In some embodiments, the computer system 1110 may be configured or programmed to calculate a predictive timeline when the operator's 1102 analyte levels are likely to deviate from a predefined safe range or exceed a predefined threshold. In such embodiments, the control module 1104 may be configured to issue a visual or audio warning to the operator 1102 indicating approximately how much time the operator 1102 has before reaching an unsafe analyte level and a condition in which a potentially dangerous medical condition may result. Multiple warnings may be provided to indicate that the operator has a certain increment of time left before reaching an unsafe analyte level. For example, a visual or audio warning may be issued when an unsafe analyte level is about to be reached within 1 hour, 30 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, 1 minute, and any time increment therebetween. Additionally, a visual or audio warning may be issued when the operator's analyte levels reach an unsafe level or exceed a predefined threshold.

[0149] In some embodiments, if an unsafe analyte level is measured while the operator 1102 is operating the vehicle 1106, the control module 1104 may be configured to issue one or more warnings (visual or audible) to alert the operator 1102 of the unsafe analyte level. In some cases, the volume of a stereo in the vehicle 1106 may be automatically lowered so that the operator 1102 can hear the audible warning. In such embodiments, the control module 1104 may be configured to suggest one or more corrective actions to the operator 1102. Examples of corrective actions include, but are not limited to, slowing and stopping the vehicle 1106, locating and driving to a nearby convenience store or pharmacy, and locating a nearby hospital or medical facility. If the vehicle 1106 is an autonomous vehicle and the current analyte level places the operator 1102 in a potentially unsafe condition, the control module 1104 may automatically direct the vehicle 1106 to a medical facility for treatment. Alternatively, or in addition, the control module 1104 can gradually slow or limit the speed of the vehicle 1106 when an unsafe analyte level is detected, thus stopping the operator 1102 and addressing the problem before continuing to operate the vehicle 1106.

[0150] The system 1100 may be useful in several different scenarios to protect the operator 1102 and / or people around the operator 1102 while driving. In some applications, the system 1100 may be voluntarily implemented by the operator to detect impairments in real time. In other applications, the system 1100 may be required by the owner of the vehicle 1106 to detect impairments of the operator 1102. In such applications, the owner of the vehicle 1106 may be a transportation or trucking company. In yet other applications, the system 1100 may be legally mandated by the operator 1102 to detect impairments.

[0151] Embodiments disclosed herein include the following: F. An analyte monitoring and vehicle control system including a sensor control device having a sensor for detecting and monitoring one or more analytes present in an operator's body, and a control module in communication with the sensor control device and the vehicle's electrical system, the control module including a computer system programmed to receive and process data provided by the sensor control device, wherein operation of the vehicle is controlled or disabled by the computer system when the operator's real-time measured analyte levels exceed a predetermined safety threshold.

[0152] G. A method comprising: detecting and monitoring one or more analytes present in an operator's body using a sensor control device having a sensor; receiving and processing data provided by the sensor control device in a control module in communication with the sensor control device and an electrical system of the vehicle; and controlling or disabling operation of the vehicle using a computer system of the control module when the real-time measured analyte level in the operator exceeds a predetermined safety threshold.

[0153] Each of embodiments F and G may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: A sensor control device is coupled to an operator, and a sensor is transdermally placed under the skin of the operator for detecting and monitoring an analyte present in the operator's bodily fluid. Element 2: The sensor control device includes an in vitro analyte sensor. Element 3: The sensor control device further includes a reader device that receives data from the sensor control device and transmits the data to the control module. Element 4: The vehicle includes a vehicle selected from the group consisting of an automobile, an autonomous vehicle, a truck, a sports utility vehicle, an aircraft, a watercraft, a spacecraft, or any combination thereof. Element 5: The sensor control device pairs with the control module for communication when the operator approaches the vehicle. Element 6: The vehicle further includes a vehicle user interface included in the vehicle and in communication with the control module. Element 7: The operation of the vehicle is disabled by disabling one or more critical systems of the vehicle, the critical systems being selected from the group consisting of an ignition system, a transmission system, a fuel system, and an energy supply system. Element 8: The operation of the vehicle is controlled by at least one of activating one or more non-critical systems of the vehicle, calling or sending a message to one or more emergency contacts, and gradually reducing the speed of the vehicle. Element 9: The vehicle further comprises one or more proximity sensors installed in the vehicle to monitor the driver's area of ​​the vehicle and detect the presence of an operator. Element 10: The control module further comprises a vehicle state detection module that detects a current state of the vehicle. Element 11: The control module generates a visual or audible warning perceptible to the operator when the operator's real-time measured analyte level is outside of a predetermined safety threshold. Element 12: The visual or audible warning is generated at a specific time increment before an unsafe analyte level is reached. Element 13: The visual or audible warning includes one or more suggested corrective actions that are communicated to the operator. Element 14: The control module includes a bypass function that allows the operator to operate the vehicle when the operator's real-time measured analyte level exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0154] Element 15: further comprising receiving data from the sensor control device and transmitting the data to the control module using a reader device that communicates with the sensor control device and the control module. Element 16: disabling the operation of the vehicle includes disabling one or more critical systems of the vehicle, the critical systems being selected from the group consisting of an ignition system, a transmission system, a fuel system, and an energy supply system. Element 17: controlling the operation of the vehicle includes at least one of activating one or more non-critical systems of the vehicle, calling or sending a message to one or more emergency contacts, and gradually reducing the speed of the vehicle. Element 18: further comprising monitoring a driver's area of ​​the vehicle using one or more proximity sensors mounted on the vehicle to detect the presence of an operator. Element 19: further comprising detecting a current state of the vehicle using a vehicle state detection module included in the control module. Element 20: further comprising generating a visual or audio alert perceivable by the operator using the control module when the real-time measured analyte level of the operator exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0155] One or more exemplary embodiments incorporating various features are presented herein. For clarity, not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application. In developing a physical embodiment incorporating an embodiment of the present invention, it is understood that numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related and other constraints. These will vary from implementation to implementation and from case to case. While the developer's efforts may be time consuming, such efforts are nevertheless routine for those of ordinary skill in the art who would have the benefit of this disclosure.

[0156] Although various systems, tools, and methods are described herein in terms of "including" various components or steps, the systems, tools, and methods may also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" various components and steps.

[0157] As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" with the term "and" or "or" preceding a list of items and separating any of the items modifies the entire list, not each member (i.e., each item) of the list. The phrase "at least one of" allows for the meaning of including at least one of any one of the items, and / or at least one of any combination of the items, and / or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" refers, respectively, to A only, B only, or C only; any combination of A, B, and C; and / or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

[0158] Thus, the disclosed systems, tools, and methods are well adapted to achieve the objects and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The specific embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the teachings of the disclosure may be modified and implemented in different and equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Moreover, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design shown herein, except as set forth in the appended claims. Thus, it will be apparent that the specific exemplary embodiments disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified, and all such variations are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure. The systems, tools, and methods illustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of elements not specifically disclosed herein and / or optional elements disclosed herein. Although the systems, tools, and methods are described in terms of "including" various components or steps, the systems, tools, and methods may also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" various components and steps. All of the numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary somewhat. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number within that range and any included range is specifically disclosed. In particular, all range values ​​disclosed herein (in the form of "about a to about b", or equivalently "about a to b", or equivalently "about a to b") should be understood to describe all numbers and ranges within the broader range of values. In addition, unless expressly and unambiguously defined by the patent owner, the claim terms have their ordinary meaning. In the event of a discrepancy in the usage of a word or term between this specification and one or more patent documents or other documents that may be incorporated by reference herein, the definition in accordance with this specification shall prevail.

Claims

1. An analyte sensor for in vivo detection of glucose and ethanol, comprising: a) a first working electrode; b) a second working electrode; c) a glucose-responsive active area capable of generating a first signal at the first working electrode that is proportional to a glucose concentration, the glucose-responsive active area being disposed on a surface of the first working electrode, the glucose-responsive active area including a glucose-responsive enzyme; d) an acetaldehyde responsive active area capable of reacting with acetaldehyde to generate a second signal at the second working electrode that is proportional to ethanol concentration, the acetaldehyde responsive active area being disposed directly on a surface of the second working electrode, the acetaldehyde responsive active area comprising xanthine oxidase; e) a first membrane, permeable to acetaldehyde, disposed over the acetaldehyde-responsive active area; f) an ethanol-responsive active area capable of forming acetaldehyde upon exposure to ethanol, the ethanol-responsive active area being disposed directly on the first membrane, the ethanol-responsive active area comprising glucose oxidase and catalase; and g) a second membrane, permeable to glucose and ethanol, disposed over the glucose-responsive active area and the ethanol-responsive active area. and configured to be partially inserted within the skin of a user.

2. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the first membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole, or any copolymer thereof, and the second membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole, or any copolymer thereof.

3. An analyte sensor as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the first membrane contains polyvinylpyridine.

4. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the second membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene.

5. An analyte sensor described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the acetaldehyde responsive active region further comprises a first polymer.

6. The analyte sensor of claim 5, wherein the xanthine oxidase is covalently bonded to the first polymer in the acetaldehyde responsive active region.

7. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the ethanol-responsive active region further comprises a second polymer.

8. The analyte sensor of claim 7, wherein the glucose oxidase is covalently bonded to the second polymer of the ethanol-responsive active region.

9. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the acetaldehyde responsive active region further comprises an electron transfer agent.

10. The analyte sensor of claim 9, wherein the electron transfer agent is covalently bonded to the first polymer.

11. The analyte sensor of claim 9 or 10, wherein the electron transfer agent comprises an osmium complex.

12. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the acetaldehyde-responsive active region further comprises catalase.

13. An analyte sensor described in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the glucose responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase.

14. The analyte sensor of claim 1, wherein the glucose-responsive active region further comprises a third polymer.

15. The analyte sensor of claim 14, wherein the glucose responsive active region further comprises a second electron transfer agent.

16. The analyte sensor of claim 15, wherein the second electron transfer agent is covalently bonded to the third polymer.

17. The analyte sensor of claim 15 or 16, wherein the second electron transfer agent comprises an osmium complex.

18. An analyte sensor as described in claim 5 or 6, wherein the xanthine oxidase is present in an amount ranging from about 1% by weight to about 50% by weight relative to the first polymer.

19. A method of controlling operation of an analyte sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the analyte sensor has already been introduced into the skin of a user, the method comprising: applying a first potential to the first working electrode to generate a first signal that is proportional to a concentration of glucose in a bodily fluid contacted by the glucose-responsive active region and that is equal to or greater than the redox potential of the glucose-responsive active region; applying a second potential to the second working electrode to generate a second signal that is proportional to a concentration of ethanol in a bodily fluid contacted by the ethanol-responsive active region and that is equal to or greater than the redox potential of the acetaldehyde-responsive active region and the ethanol-responsive active region; and correlating said first signal to a concentration of glucose in said bodily fluid and correlating said second signal to a concentration of ethanol in said bodily fluid. A method comprising:

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the bodily fluid is interstitial fluid.

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