Cylinder oil manufacturing

Abstract

A method for producing one or more cylinder oils having various kinematic viscosities for use in marine reciprocating internal combustion engines is disclosed, the method comprising providing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, providing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity different from the first kinematic viscosity and a second BN, blending the first and second fluids in a first ratio to produce a cylinder oil having a viscosity of 14 mm at 100° C. 2 and producing a first cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity of no more than 1 / s.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for producing one or more cylinder oils having different kinematic viscosities for use in a reciprocating internal combustion engine of a marine vessel, a method for operating a reciprocating internal combustion engine of a marine vessel, an apparatus for preparing the cylinder oil, and a marine vessel comprising an apparatus for preparing the cylinder oil. [Background technology]

[0002] Ships such as container ships are equipped with engines that use fuel such as heavy oil. The fuel consumption is the biggest factor in the daily running costs of a ship. Furthermore, the amount of fuel consumed affects the amount of pollutants produced, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and / or sulfur oxides (SO x )) The amount of fuel consumed is affected by the engine's operating efficiency and / or the engine's operating speed.

[0003] The components of a ship's engine require lubrication during operation. The effectiveness of the lubrication affects the operating efficiency of the engine, which in turn affects the amount of fuel consumed during engine operation. Friction losses in the engine can be reduced by proper lubrication.

[0004] Cylinder oils are used to lubricate the cylinders of marine reciprocating internal combustion engines. Cylinder oils have a variety of functions, including reducing mechanical wear of the pistons and / or piston rings and cylinder liners by forming an oil film between the pistons and / or piston rings and cylinder liners, thereby reducing friction between the surfaces.

[0005] The ability to form an oil film having suitable lubricating properties between the piston and / or piston rings and the cylinder liner is at least partially dependent on the viscosity of the cylinder oil. It is taught that higher viscosities result in thicker oil films between the surfaces, thereby providing better wear control. Viscosities of cylinder oils are typically at least 18.5 mm thick at 100°C. 2Major non-profit organizations such as CIMAC and manufacturers of marine reciprocating internal combustion engines have determined that for safe operation of marine reciprocating internal combustion engines, such as two-stroke crosshead engines, cylinder oils must have an SAE (Society of Automotive Engineering) viscosity grade of at least SAE 50 (viscosity at 100°C of at least 16.3 mmHg). 2 / s) Cylinder oils with low kinematic viscosity are taught to have poor lubricating properties because thinner oil films are formed between surfaces, which increases wear on engine parts, increases scuffing, and increases corrosion.

[0006] An additional function of cylinder oil is to reduce corrosion of piston materials and liner materials by neutralizing sulfur acids formed by the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels. The ability to reduce piston and cylinder liner corrosion depends at least in part on the alkalinity of the cylinder oil, called its Base Number (BN). BN is usually expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of oil (mg KOH / g). For marine applications, the BN of cylinder oil is typically between 25 and 140, depending on the sulfur content of the fuel used to power the engine. However, the BN required for the cylinder oil may change during engine operation due to changes in the sulfur content of the fuel or changes in engine load.

[0007] Ships may be provided with a blending system to produce cylinder oils of different alkalinity on board depending on different requirements during engine operation. This process is determined by the target BN of the required cylinder oil and does not take into account the target kinematic viscosity.

[0008] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present invention aim to address the above-mentioned problems whilst enabling a reduction in fuel consumption and the amount of pollutants produced during operation of a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine. Summary of the Invention

[0009] A first aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing one or more cylinder oils having various kinematic viscosities for use in a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine, the method comprising the steps of: providing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN; providing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity different from the first kinematic viscosity and a second BN; blending the first fluid and the second fluid in a first ratio to produce one or more cylinder oils having a viscosity of 14 mmHg at 100°C; 2 and producing a first cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity of no more than 1 / s.

[0010] The inventors have determined that by providing a cylinder oil with a reduced kinematic viscosity (e.g., below the minimum kinematic viscosity recommended by the engine manufacturer), the cylinder oil can be lubricated with reduced friction losses during engine operation. Lower cylinder oil viscosity means that a thinner oil film is formed between the piston and the cylinder liner, which leads to reduced fluid friction. Reduced friction losses lead to reduced fuel consumption during engine operation, which in turn leads to reduced amounts of pollutants produced.

[0011] Surprisingly, the inventors have further determined that a reduction in kinematic viscosity does not have a significant adverse effect on the oil's ability to control piston and / or cylinder liner wear, and in some instances can provide better control of engine component wear. Thus, the inventors have provided for the first time a cylinder oil with a low kinematic viscosity that can be reliably used in marine reciprocating internal combustion engines.

[0012] Optionally, the method is carried out offshore, such as on a ship. Advantageously, carrying out the method on a ship compared to on land allows the properties of the cylinder oil to be adapted to meet the requirements of the engine during operation.

[0013] All kinematic viscosities described herein are measured at a temperature of 100° C. unless otherwise specified. The kinematic viscosity of an oil at 100° C. can be expressed in centistokes (cSt). Thus, a kinematic viscosity of 14 mm at 100° C. is 2The kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil is 13.5 mm / s or less, which is equal to 14 cSt. In the embodiment, the kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil is 13.5 mm / s or less. 2 / s or less, or 13 mm 2 / s or less, or 12.5 mm 2 / s or less, or 10 mm 2 In the embodiment, the kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil is 8 mm / s or less. 2 / s or more, e.g. 8mm 2 / s to 14mm 2 / s, or 8mm 2 / s to 12.5mm 2 / s, or 8mm 2 / s to 10mm 2 / s.

[0014] Optionally, the kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil corresponds to SAE viscosity grade SAE 40, or SAE 30, or SAE 20. The first cylinder oil has any viscosity index suitable for use in lubricating piston liners and piston rings in cylinders of an engine. In an embodiment, the viscosity index of the first cylinder oil is from 59 to 120.

[0015] Optionally, the BN of the first cylinder oil is from 15 to 160 mg KOH / g, or from 25 to 150 mg KOH / g, or from 40 to 140 mg KOH / g, or from 50 to 120 mg KOH / g.

[0016] Optionally, the method includes determining a target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on the engine operating parameters and / or engine condition parameters.

[0017] Optionally, the method includes determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to a target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including the first kinematic viscosity and the second kinematic viscosity, and blending the first fluid and the second fluid such that the first ratio is set within the target ratio range corresponding to the target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil. Thus, the cylinder oil is adapted to have a kinematic viscosity suitable for the operation and / or condition of the engine during operation of the engine.

[0018] Optionally, for any target ratio range described herein, the upper limit of the target ratio range is equal to the lower limit of the target ratio range, e.g., the target ratio range is a single target ratio and the blending is performed such that the first ratio is the first target ratio.

[0019] Optionally, the blending includes blending the first and second fluids with a third fluid having a third kinematic viscosity and a third BN to produce the first cylinder oil. The third fluid is blended with the first and second fluids in a ratio to produce the first cylinder oil. Providing the third fluid can control both the kinematic viscosity and alkalinity of the first cylinder oil.

[0020] Optionally, the method includes determining a target BN for the first cylinder oil based on engine operating or condition parameters.

[0021] Optionally, the method includes determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to a target BN of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including at least a first BN, a second BN, and a third BN, and blending such that the first ratio is set to a target ratio corresponding to the target BN of the first cylinder oil. In an embodiment, the parameter set also includes at least one of a kinematic viscosity of the first fluid, a kinematic viscosity of the second fluid, a kinematic viscosity of the third fluid, and a BN of the third fluid. In an embodiment, the determining further includes determining a ratio of the third fluid to the first fluid and / or a ratio of the third fluid to the second fluid. For example, the determining includes determining the amounts of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid to be blended to produce the first cylinder oil.

[0022] Optionally, the method further includes producing a second cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity higher than that of the first cylinder oil by blending the first fluid and the second fluid in a second ratio different from the first ratio. During operation of a marine engine, the lubrication requirements of the cylinders typically change over time. For example, the engine operates at different speeds. In an embodiment, the second cylinder oil has a kinematic viscosity that is adapted to the new lubrication requirements of the cylinders. The second cylinder oil has any suitable kinematic viscosity. In an embodiment, the kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil is below the minimum kinematic viscosity recommended by the engine manufacturer, for example, 14mm. 2 / s or less, or 13.5 mm 2 / s or less, or 13 mm 2 / s or less, or 12.5 mm 2 / s or less, or 10 mm 2 In the embodiment, the kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil is 8 mm / s or less. 2 / s or more, e.g. 8mm 2 / s to 14mm 2 / s, or 8mm 2 / s to 12.5mm 2 / s, or 8mm 2 / s to 10mm 2 In another embodiment, the kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil is 14 mm / s.2 / s, e.g. 16.5 mm 2 / s or greater (for example, a kinematic viscosity within the kinematic viscosity range recommended by the engine manufacturer).

[0023] Optionally, the first cylinder oil has a different BN from the second cylinder oil. During the operation of the engine, the sulfur content of the fuel oil may change, for example, the amount of sulfur acid produced may change. Providing the second cylinder oil with a different BN from the first cylinder oil can mean providing the cylinder with a cylinder oil of suitable alkalinity.

[0024] Optionally, the BN of the second cylinder oil is from 15 to 160 mg KOH / g, or from 25 to 150 mg KOH / g, or from 40 to 140 mg KOH / g, or from 50 to 120 mg KOH / g.

[0025] Optionally, the method includes determining a target kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil based on engine operating or condition parameters.

[0026] Optionally, the method includes determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to a target kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil based on a parameter set including the first kinematic viscosity and the second kinematic viscosity, and blending the first fluid and the second fluid such that the second ratio is set within the target ratio range corresponding to the target kinematic viscosity of the second cylinder oil.

[0027] Optionally, the method includes determining a target BN for the second cylinder oil based on engine operating or condition parameters.

[0028] Optionally, producing the second cylinder oil includes blending the first fluid and the second fluid with a third fluid having a third kinematic viscosity and a third BN to produce the second cylinder oil, the method including: determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to the target BN of the second cylinder oil based on a parameter set including at least the first BN, the second BN, and the third BN; and blending such that the second ratio is set to the target ratio corresponding to the target BN of the second cylinder oil. In an embodiment, the determining further includes determining a ratio of the third fluid to the first fluid and / or a ratio of the third fluid to the second fluid. For example, the determining includes determining the amounts of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid to be blended to produce the second cylinder oil.

[0029] Optionally, the engine operating or engine condition parameter is at least one of fuel sulfur content, engine load, engine speed, relative air humidity, cylinder iron wear emissions, total iron wear emissions, iron oxide emissions, residual BN of the cylinder lubricant, and cylinder oil liner temperature.

[0030] Optionally, the first fluid is a system oil. In an embodiment, the system oil has a kinematic viscosity of 10 to 15 mm. 2 / s. Typically, the kinematic viscosity of the system oil corresponds to the SAE viscosity grade SAE 30. For example, the kinematic viscosity of the system oil is 11-12 mm 2 / s. In an embodiment, the system oil is at least partially used system oil, such as used system oil. Using used system oil reduces the operating costs of the engine. In another embodiment, the system oil is new (virgin) oil. The BN of the system oil is typically 5-30, such as 5-10. In an embodiment, such as when the system oil is new cylinder oil, the BN of the system oil is 5-8.

[0031] Optionally, the second fluid is an additive package, new cylinder oil, or used cylinder oil.

[0032] Optionally, the third fluid is a base oil. In an embodiment, the base oil has a kinematic viscosity of 3 to 8 mm. 2 / s. Typically, the kinematic viscosity of the base oil corresponds to an SAE viscosity grade of SAE 20. For example, the kinematic viscosity of the base oil is 4-7 mm 2 Advantageously, base oils are usually low cost, and thus including them in the formulation reduces the manufacturing costs of the cylinder oil. The BN of the base oil is usually less than 1, for example less than 0.5, or less than 0.1.

[0033] Optionally, at least one of the first fluid, the second fluid, or the third fluid is at least partially used oil, such as used oil. Using used system oil reduces the operating costs of the engine.

[0034] Optionally, at least one of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid (if present) is a monograde oil. For example, each of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid (if present) is a monograde oil. Optionally, at least one of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid (if present) is a multigrade oil. For example, each of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid (if present) is a multigrade oil.

[0035] Optionally, the first cylinder oil and / or the second cylinder oil are total loss cylinder oils.

[0036] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of operating a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine, the method comprising: 2 The present invention includes producing cylinder oil having a viscosity of 100 / s or less, and supplying the cylinder oil to a cylinder of a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine.

[0037] Surprisingly, the inventors have found that safe operation of a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine, such as a two-stroke crosshead engine, can be achieved with a 14mm 2 It was confirmed that the cylinder oil having a viscosity of less than 1 / s could be used.

[0038] Optionally, the kinematic viscosity of the cylinder oil is lower than a minimum cylinder oil kinematic viscosity recommended by a manufacturer for marine reciprocating internal combustion engines.

[0039] Optionally, the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine is operating at an engine load of 60% or less. For example, the engine may be operating at a speed significantly less than the maximum engine speed (sometimes referred to as "slow steaming"). In other examples, the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine is operating at an engine load greater than 60%, for example up to 70% or 80%.

[0040] Optionally, the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine is a two-stroke crosshead engine. In an embodiment, the two-stroke crosshead engine is a low speed engine.

[0041] A third aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus for preparing a cylinder oil comprising a blender; a first vessel containing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, the first vessel being in selectable fluid communication with the blender; a second vessel containing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity and a second BN, the second vessel being in selectable fluid communication with the blender; and a controller for determining an amount of the first fluid and an amount of the second fluid to be fed to the blender to provide a cylinder oil having a desired target viscosity and target BN, the target kinematic viscosity being 14 mm@100°C. 2 / s or less.

[0042] Optionally, the controller is configured to cause the blender to combine the first fluid and the second fluid in a determined ratio (e.g., combine a determined amount of the first fluid with a determined amount of the second fluid) to produce cylinder oil.

[0043] Optionally, the apparatus is vessel-based.

[0044] Optionally, the first container contains a first fluid, for example a system oil.

[0045] Optionally, the second container contains a second fluid, for example an additive package, new cylinder oil, or used cylinder oil.

[0046] Optionally, the apparatus further comprises a third vessel containing a third fluid having a third kinematic viscosity and a third BN, the third vessel being in selectable fluid communication with the blender. For example, the third vessel contains a third fluid, such as a base oil.

[0047] Optionally, the apparatus comprises a storage tank for storing the cylinder oil prepared in the apparatus. The storage tank is connected to the blender via a conduit, optionally provided with a valve allowing selectable fluid communication between the storage tank and the blender, and / or a pump for pumping the produced cylinder oil from the blender to the storage tank. Optionally, the storage tank is in selectable fluid communication with a cylinder liner of the cylinder, for example via a valve for controlling the flow of cylinder oil from the storage tank to the cylinder liner, and / or a pump for pumping cylinder oil from the storage tank to the cylinder liner.

[0048] Optionally, the blender of the apparatus is in selectable fluid communication with a cylinder liner of the cylinder for supplying the produced cylinder oil to the cylinder liner.

[0049] Optionally, the controller comprises a memory and one or more processors and is communicatively connected to and controls a first valve for controlling a flow of a first fluid from the first container to the blender and / or a first pump for pumping the first fluid from the first container to the blender, a second valve for controlling a flow of the first fluid from the second container to the blender and / or a second pump for pumping the second fluid from the second container to the blender, and optionally a third valve for controlling a flow of a third fluid from the third container to the blender and / or a third pump for pumping the third fluid from the third container to the blender, respectively.

[0050] Optionally, the controller is configured to receive data indicative of engine state parameters and / or engine operating parameters and / or fluid state parameters.

[0051] A fourth aspect of the invention provides a vessel comprising an apparatus as described above in relation to the third aspect.

[0052] Optionally, the vessel is a cargo vessel such as a container ship, a tanker, a dry cargo ship, a reefer ship, etc. Optionally, the vessel is a passenger ship.

[0053] Optionally, the vessel is a container ship.

[0054] Features described in connection with one aspect of the invention are expressly disclosed in combination with all other aspects to the extent compatible.

[0055] Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0056] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0057] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic side view of an example of a vessel according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary apparatus for preparing cylinder oil according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary apparatus for preparing cylinder oil according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] 1 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for producing one or more cylinder oils in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 5] 4 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method for producing one or more cylinder oils according to another embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 6] 3 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for operating a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0058] 1 shows a schematic side view of an example of a ship according to an embodiment. In this embodiment, the ship is a container ship 1. In other embodiments, the ship may be another type of cargo ship, such as a tanker, a dry bulk ship or a reefer ship, or a passenger ship or other ship that uses cylinder oil.

[0059] The vessel 1 has a hull 2 ​​and one or more engine rooms 3 inside the hull 2. The vessel 1 is powered by one or more large internal combustion engines 4, such as four-stroke or two-stroke auto-ignition combustion engines, arranged in the engine room 3. The engine(s) 4 drive a propulsion mechanism (such as one or more propellers). The vessel 1 may also comprise one or more auxiliary engines (known as generator sets) that provide power and / or heat to various power consumers on the vessel 1. The vessel 1 also comprises an apparatus 10, 20 for preparing cylinder oil, for supplying the engine(s) 4 with cylinder oil. The apparatus 10, 20 may be any apparatus for preparing cylinder oil described herein as an embodiment of the present invention, such as the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 3.

[0060] The engine 4 is a marine two-stroke internal combustion engine. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the engine 4 is powered by marine heavy fuel oil. In other examples (not shown), the marine two-stroke internal combustion engine is powered by a fuel other than heavy fuel oil, such as marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, marine gas oil, liquid natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, biofuel, methanol, ethanol, ammonia, hydrogen, methane, biomethane, or combinations thereof. In these examples, the fuel may be a natural fuel or a synthetic fuel. The two-stroke internal combustion engine is any suitable engine, such as a diesel uniflow engine or an Otto cycle engine. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the components and systems of the marine vessel 1, and therefore further detailed description will be omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0061] Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus 10 for preparing cylinder oil according to one embodiment for supplying cylinder oil to a cylinder liner of a cylinder of an engine such as the marine engine 4 shown in Figure 1 or any of the variations described herein.

[0062] In general terms, the apparatus 10 includes a blender 110 for blending fluids to provide a cylinder oil; a first vessel 120 containing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, the first vessel 120 being in selectable fluid communication with the blender 110; a second vessel 130 containing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity and a second BN, the second vessel 130 being in selectable fluid communication with the blender 110; and a controller 140 for determining an amount of the first fluid and an amount of the second fluid (e.g., a ratio of the first fluid to the second fluid) to provide to the blender 110 to provide a cylinder oil having a desired target viscosity and target BN, the target kinematic viscosity being 14mm. 2 / s or less. In an embodiment, the controller 140 is further configured to cause the blender 110 to combine the first fluid and the second fluid in a predetermined ratio.

[0063] More specifically, in FIG. 2, the first container 120 is connected to the blender 110 via a valve 122 through which the first fluid flows from the first container 120 to the blender 110. The valve is for controlling the flow of the first fluid from the first container 120 to the blender 110. For example, the valve can be closed to prevent or impede the flow of the first fluid from the first container 120 to the blender 110 and can be opened to allow the flow of the first fluid from the first container 120 to the blender 110. Thus, the first container 120 is in selectable fluid communication with the blender 110. Optionally, the valve 122 can be operated to allow a limited flow of the first fluid from the first container 120 to the blender 110 (e.g., the valve 122 can be "partially" closed or "partially" open). The valve can be operated manually or via a controller, as further described herein. In another embodiment (not shown), the first container 120 is in selectable fluid communication with the blender 110 via a pump for pumping the first fluid from the first container 120 to the blender 110.

[0064] In an embodiment, the first container 120 contains a first fluid, such as a system oil. The system oil is an oil suitable for use in a crankcase lubrication system of a marine low-speed two-stroke diesel engine. The system oil may be virgin oil (e.g., not used in a crankcase lubrication system), in which case the first container 120 is typically a storage tank for storing virgin system oil. Alternatively, the system oil is at least partially used system oil, such as system oil that has been circulated around the crankcase lubrication system. In this case, in an embodiment, the first container 120 is a storage tank for storing used system oil. Such a used system oil storage tank is, for example, in fluid connection with the crankcase to receive used system oil from the crankcase. In an embodiment, the used system oil storage tank is connected to the crankcase via a pump for pumping the used system oil from the crankcase to the used system oil tank. In other embodiments where the system oil is at least partially used system oil, the first container 120 is in or is the crankcase of the engine. For example, the first container 120 is a sump in the crankcase of the engine.

[0065] In FIG. 2 , the second container 130 is connected to the blender 110 via a valve 132 through which the second fluid flows from the second container 130 to the blender 110. More specifically, the valve is for controlling the flow of the second fluid from the second container 130 to the blender 110. For example, the valve can be closed to prevent or impede the flow of the second fluid from the second container 130 to the blender 110 and can be opened to allow the flow of the second fluid from the second container 130 to the blender 110. Thus, the second container 130 is in selectable fluid communication with the blender 110. Optionally, the valve 132 can be operated to allow a limited flow of the second fluid from the second container 130 to the blender 110 (e.g., the valve 132 can be “partially” closed or “partially” open). The valve 132 can be operated manually or via a controller, which will be further described herein. In another embodiment (not shown), the second container 130 is connected to the blender 110 via a pump for pumping the second fluid from the second container 130 to the blender 110 .

[0066] In an embodiment, the second container 130 contains a second fluid, such as an additive package, virgin cylinder oil, or at least partially used cylinder oil (e.g., cylinder oil that has been delivered to a cylinder to lubricate the piston and cylinder liner and then collected).

[0067] When the second fluid is an additive package, the second container 130 is a storage tank for storing the additive package. An additive package typically includes a base oil and one or more additives such as overbased and / or neutral detergents (metal alkali salts), and optionally other performance additives. The additive package typically has a high kinematic viscosity (often 50-200 mm at 100° C. 2 / s, e.g. 100mm 2 / s or higher) and a high BN (often 150-400).

[0068] When the second fluid is virgin cylinder oil (e.g., cylinder oil that has not yet been used to lubricate pistons and cylinder liners), the second container 130 is a storage tank for storing the cylinder oil. Typically, the kinematic viscosity of virgin cylinder oil is 16 to 21 mmHg. 2 / s and BN is 15-145.

[0069] If the second fluid is used cylinder oil (e.g., cylinder oil that has been used at some point to lubricate pistons and cylinder liners), the second container 130 in some embodiments is a storage tank for storing used cylinder oil. In other embodiments, the used cylinder oil is instead or additionally fed directly from a cylinder to the blender. In this case, the second container 130 is an engine cylinder.

[0070] The apparatus 10 includes a controller 140 for controlling the apparatus 10. The controller 140 includes a memory and one or more processors. The memory circuit is configured to store machine-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the controller to perform the methods described herein. In an embodiment, the controller 140 is communicatively connected to and controls a first valve 122 for controlling the flow of a first fluid from the first vessel 120 to the blender 110, a second valve 132 for controlling the flow of a second fluid from the second vessel 130 to the blender 110, and the blender 110, respectively. In some embodiments, some or all of these elements are controlled by an entity other than the controller 140.

[0071] The controller 140 is configured to determine the ratio of the fluids required to supply the cylinder oil. For example, the controller 140 is configured to determine a ratio of the first fluid and the second fluid corresponding to the amount of the first fluid and the second fluid sent to the blender 110 to supply the cylinder oil. Thus, the controller 140 is configured to control the first valve 122 to provide a controlled amount of the first fluid to the blender 110 according to the determined ratio, and to control the second valve 132 to provide a controlled amount of the second fluid to the blender 110 according to the determined ratio. This ratio is typically a mass ratio (thus, the controller 140 is configured to determine the mass of the first fluid and the mass of the second fluid sent to the blender 110), but may also be a volume ratio in some cases (thus, the controller 140 is configured to determine the volume of the first fluid and the volume of the second fluid sent to the blender 110).

[0072] In an embodiment, the controller 140 is configured to determine the ratio of fluids based on data received from one or more other entities (not shown). In some embodiments, the controller 140 is configured to receive data from one or more user input device(s) (not shown) where a user has provided information such as a target kinematic viscosity. Upon receiving data indicative of the target kinematic viscosity, the controller 140 is configured to determine the ratio of fluids required to provide a cylinder oil having the target viscosity, for example, based on data from a look-up table (e.g., including information regarding the kinematic viscosity and / or viscosity index of the first and second fluids) stored in a memory of the controller 140 and / or based on an algorithmic equation stored in a memory of the controller 140. In other embodiments, the controller is configured to receive data indicative of engine state parameters or engine operating parameters, as described in more detail with respect to FIG. 3. In other embodiments, the controller is configured to receive data indicative of fluid state parameters relating to the first fluid, the second fluid, the produced cylinder oil, or any combination thereof. For example, the controller may be configured to receive data indicative of a kinematic viscosity, alkalinity (BN), and / or temperature of the first fluid, the second fluid, the produced cylinder oil, or any combination thereof.

[0073] The controller 140 is 14 mm 2 and determining an amount of the first fluid and an amount of the second fluid to feed to the blender 110 to provide a cylinder oil having a target kinematic viscosity of no more than 1 / s.

[0074] Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of an apparatus 20 for preparing cylinder oil according to another embodiment. Some elements of the apparatus 20 shown in Figure 3 correspond to elements already described in connection with Figure 2, in which case the reference numbers are the reference numbers used in Figure 2 increased by 100.

[0075] In general terms, the apparatus 20 includes a blender 210 for blending fluids to provide a cylinder oil; a first vessel 220 containing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, the first vessel 220 being in selectable fluid communication with the blender 210; a second vessel 230 containing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity and a second BN, the second vessel 230 being in selectable fluid communication with the blender 210; a third vessel 250 containing a third fluid having a third kinematic viscosity and a third BN, the third vessel 250 being in selectable fluid communication with the blender 210; and a controller 240 for determining an amount of the first fluid, an amount of the second fluid, and an amount of the third fluid to be fed to the blender 210 to provide a cylinder oil having a desired target viscosity and target BN, the target kinematic viscosity being 14mm. 2 / s or less.

[0076] More specifically, the apparatus 20 includes one or more pumps for pumping fluid through the system. The one or more pumps can take any suitable form. The one or more pumps are optionally provided with respective valves (not shown) for controlling the flow of fluid. In the absence of such valves, the one or more pumps are used for selective fluid communication between elements of the apparatus, for example, selective fluid communication between each of the containers 220, 230, 250 and the blender 210, as the pumps control the flow of fluid from each of the containers 220, 230, 250 to the blender 210. In some embodiments, there may be flow or backflow through the pumps when not operating (e.g., when the pumps are not pumping), but such flow or backflow is of such magnitude that it does not substantially affect the amount of fluid provided to the blender 210. Thus, each of the containers 220, 230, 250 is in selectable fluid communication with the blender 210.

[0077] In this embodiment, the apparatus 20 includes a pump 222 for pumping the first fluid from the first container 220 to the blender 210. The pump 222 is selectively controlled by a controller 240, as described further herein. The first container 20 corresponds to the first container of the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 2, and is optionally adapted to function within the embodiment of the apparatus shown in FIG.

[0078] The apparatus 20 includes a pump 232 for pumping the second fluid from the second container 230 to the blender 210. The pump 232 is selectively controlled by a controller 240, as described further herein. The second container 230 corresponds to the second container 130 of the apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 2, and is optionally adapted to function within the embodiment of the apparatus shown in FIG.

[0079] The apparatus 20 includes a pump 252 for pumping the third fluid from the third container 250 to the blender. The pump 232 is selectively controlled by a controller 240, as further described herein.

[0080] In an embodiment, the third container 250 contains a third fluid, such as a base oil. A base oil is an oil that is generally suitable for combining with other ingredients to provide a lubricating product. The kinematic viscosity of the base oil is typically between 4 and 7 mm. 2 / s. The third vessel 250 is typically a storage tank for storing base oil. In some embodiments, the base oil is a virgin base oil (e.g., has not been used to lubricate mechanical parts). In other embodiments, the base oil is a used or recycled base oil (e.g., has been used to lubricate mechanical parts, and optionally has had additives and / or contaminants removed prior to being fed to the blender 210).

[0081] In some embodiments (not shown), pump 222 for pumping the first fluid and / or pump 232 for pumping the second fluid and / or pump 252 for pumping the third fluid are omitted, e.g., they are replaced with valves, and the first fluid and / or the second fluid and / or the third fluid flow to blender 210 under the influence of gravity or by operation of another pump in apparatus 20.

[0082] In another embodiment (not shown), rather than each container 220, 230, 250 being connected to the blender 210 via a respective pump, each container 220, 230, 250 is connected to the blender 210 via a single pump that is selectively connected and disconnected to each of the containers 220, 230, 250 and fluidly connected to a single inlet of the blender 210. In operation, for example, the pump is connected to the first container 220 and disconnected from the second container 230 and the third container 250 and pumps a quantity of a first fluid from the first container 220 to the blender 210. The pump is then disconnected from the first container 220 and connected to the second container 230 and pumps a quantity of a second fluid from the second container 230 to the blender 210. The pump is then disconnected from the second container 230 and connected to the third container 250 to pump a quantity of the third fluid from the third container 250 to the blender 210 .

[0083] Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the device 20 includes a controller 240 for controlling the device 20 .

[0084] The controller 240 is provided with an algorithm that determines the required proportions of a first fluid (e.g., system oil), a second fluid (e.g., additive package), and optionally a third fluid (base oil) that will result in a prepared cylinder oil in the blender 210 having a kinematic viscosity within the target kinematic viscosity range. For example, the controller 240 comprises a non-transitory computer readable medium that stores instructions that, when executed by a processor (not shown) of the controller 240, cause the processor to determine the required proportions of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid to provide a prepared cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity within the target kinematic viscosity range.

[0085] The controller 240 is configured to control the blender 210 and the pumps 222, 232, 252 to deliver appropriate amounts of each fluid to the blender 210. For example, the controller 240 is configured to operate each pump for a period of time such that an appropriate amount of fluid is provided to the blender 210 according to the required proportions of the fluids as determined by the controller 240.

[0086] In an embodiment, the controller 240 is configured to recalculate the ratios of the fluids to provide a second cylinder oil having a different viscosity and / or BN. For example, after formulating the first cylinder oil, when the controller 240 receives data indicating a change in temperature of the cylinder liner and / or a change in sulfur content of the fuel and / or data from an input data generator (such as a user input device or a sensor), the controller 240 is configured to determine the required proportions of the first fluid, the second fluid, and (optionally) a third fluid that results in a second cylinder oil having a suitable kinematic viscosity and / or a suitable BN to lubricate the cylinder liner under the changed conditions, which kinematic viscosity and / or BN is different from that of the first cylinder oil.

[0087] Controller 240 receives data indicative of information about the engine from one or more input data generators for generating data indicative of information about the engine. In an embodiment, at least some of the data is provided by one or more sensors for detecting parameters. In an embodiment, at least some of the data is provided from a memory containing information provided by a user, for example, by entering data using a user input device provided as part of a user interface (not shown). In an embodiment, at least some of the data is obtained from a look-up table included in a memory of controller 240.

[0088] The controller 240 is communicatively coupled to one or more input data generators of the input data generator array 280 and receives data from the input data generators. Each input data generator provides data indicative of an engine operating parameter and / or engine state parameter to the controller 240. Typically, each input data generator is a sensor for sensing an engine operating parameter or engine state parameter (or a parameter indicative of said parameter) or is a memory containing data indicative of an engine operating parameter or engine state parameter. For example, an input data generator may comprise a memory populated with data indicative of a parameter (e.g., a sulfur-containing fuel being supplied to the engine 4) that can be communicated to the controller 240. The input data generator or controller 240 typically determines the engine operating parameter or engine state parameter based on data received from the memory and a look-up table stored in the controller 240 or input data generator.

[0089] 3, input data generator array 280 includes an input data generator 282 for generating data indicative of the sulfur content of the fuel, an input data generator 284 for generating data indicative of the engine load of engine 4, an input data generator 286 for generating data indicative of the engine speed of engine 4, an input data generator 288 for generating data indicative of the relative air humidity in the cylinder, an input data generator 290 for generating data indicative of the iron wear emissions of the cylinder, an input data generator 292 for generating data indicative of the cylinder lubricant residual BN, and an input data generator 294 for generating data indicative of the cylinder oil liner temperature. In an embodiment, one or more of the input data generators are user input devices included in a user interface.

[0090] In an embodiment, the input data generator is a sensor for sensing an engine operating or state parameter and generating data indicative of the parameter, or a sensor for sensing a parameter related to the engine operating or state parameter, based on which the sensor and / or controller 240 determines the engine operating or state parameter. For example, the input data generator 282 for generating data indicative of the sulfur content of the fuel is a fuel sensor (e.g., an in-line or off-line X-ray fluorescence sulfur in oil analyzer) that senses a property of the fuel oil supplied to the engine 4, such as the sulfur content of the fuel oil. The input data generator 288 for generating data indicative of the relative air humidity is a hygrometer located in or near the cylinder of the engine 4 to sense the relative air humidity. The input data generator 290 for generating data indicative of the iron wear release of the cylinder is a magnetometer configured to detect iron wear release in the cylinder. The input data generator 292 for generating data indicative of the cylinder lubricant residual BN is an infrared spectrometer configured to analyze the cylinder oil in the cylinder. The input data generator 294, which generates data indicative of the cylinder oil liner temperature, is a temperature sensor, such as a thermometer, thermocouple, thermistor, etc., located in or near the cylinder of the engine 4 to sense temperature.

[0091] In other embodiments, the controller 240 is communicatively coupled to and receives data from any combination of the input data generators described above.

[0092] In other embodiments (not shown), the controller 240 is configured to receive data indicative of a fluid condition parameter for the system oil, the additive packet, the base oil, the produced cylinder oil, or any combination thereof. The controller 240 is communicatively coupled to and receives data from one or more input data generators indicative of the fluid condition parameters. Typically, each input data generator is a sensor for sensing the fluid condition parameter (or a parameter indicative of said parameter) or a memory containing information regarding the fluid condition parameter.

[0093] The fluid condition parameters include the kinematic viscosity, alkalinity (BN), and / or temperature of the fluid. In an embodiment, the input data generator that generates the data indicative of the kinematic viscosity is a viscosity sensor configured to detect the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The input data generator that generates the data indicative of the alkalinity is an infrared spectrometer configured to detect the alkalinity of the fluid. The input data generator that generates the data indicative of the fluid temperature is a temperature sensor that senses temperature disposed in or near the fluid, such as a thermometer, thermocouple, thermistor, etc.

[0094] In an embodiment, the controller 240 is configured to obtain or determine a target BN for the first and / or second cylinder oils. The controller 240 is configured to receive information (e.g., data from the input data generator 282 indicating the sulfur content of the fuel) and determine the target BN from a look-up table stored in a memory of the controller 240 or by using an algorithm stored in a memory of the controller 240.

[0095] The blender 210 is in selectable fluid communication with a storage tank 260 for storing the cylinder oil prepared in the blender. The storage tank 260 is, for example, a day tank. A pump 212 is disposed between the blender 210 and the storage tank 260 for pumping the prepared cylinder oil to the storage tank 260. The controller 240 is configured to selectively cause the pump 212 to pump the prepared cylinder oil from the blender 210 to the storage tank 260. In other embodiments (not shown), the controller 240 is not communicatively connected to the pump 212, and instead the pump 212 is controlled by a separate controller.

[0096] The storage tank 260 is in selective fluid communication with a cylinder liner 270 of the engine 4. A pump 262 is disposed between the storage tank 260 and the cylinder liner 270 for pumping stored cylinder oil from the storage tank 260 to the cylinder liner 270. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the pump 262 is controlled by a controller that is not part of the blending device 20. In other embodiments (not shown), the controller 240 of the blending device 20 is selectively configured to cause the pump 262 to pump stored cylinder oil from the storage tank 260 to the cylinder liner 270.

[0097] In another embodiment (not shown), the storage tank 260 is omitted and the blender 210 is fluidly connected to the cylinder liner 270 via a pump such that the prepared fluid is provided directly from the blender 210 to the cylinder liner 270.

[0098] 4 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of producing one or more cylinder oils having various kinematic viscosities for use in marine reciprocating internal combustion engines according to one embodiment. The method 30 includes providing 310 a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, providing 320 a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity different from the first kinematic viscosity and a second BN, and blending 320 the first and second fluids in a first ratio to produce a cylinder oil having a viscosity of 14 mm at 100° C. 2and producing 330 a first cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity of no more than 100 / s. In an embodiment, the method 30 of Figure 4 is carried out using an apparatus as described above.

[0099] The ratio of blending 330 depends on the amount of the first fluid provided to the blender 110 , 210 and the amount of the second fluid provided to the blender 110 , 210 .

[0100] Providing 310 the first fluid typically involves providing a controlled amount of the first fluid from a first container 120, 220 containing the first fluid, e.g., system oil. The controlled amount corresponds to the amount of the first fluid needed to blend the fluids in the first ratio. Providing 310 in an embodiment is controlled by a controller 140, 240, e.g., the controller 140, 240 causes a pump to pump an amount of the first fluid from the first container 120, 220 to the blender 110, 210. In other embodiments, providing 310 is manually controlled, e.g., an operator operates a valve 122 or pump 222 to provide a controlled amount to the blender 110, 210.

[0101] Providing 320 the second fluid typically involves providing a controlled amount of the second fluid from a second container 130, 230 containing the second fluid, e.g., an additive packet. The controlled amount corresponds to the amount of the second fluid required to combine the fluids in the first ratio. Providing 320 in an embodiment is controlled by a controller 140, 240, e.g., the controller 140, 240 causes a pump to pump an amount of the second fluid from the second container 130, 230 to the blender 110, 210. In other embodiments, providing 320 is manually controlled, e.g., an operator operates a valve 132 or pump 232 to provide a controlled amount to the blender 110, 210.

[0102] When the blender 110, 210 receives the controlled amounts of the first and second fluids, blending in a first ratio 330 includes operating the blender 110, 210 to blend the fluids in a first ratio, thereby achieving a 14 mm melting point at 100° C. 2 providing a first cylinder oil having a viscosity of no more than 100 / s.

[0103] FIG. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating another embodiment of a method 40 for producing one or more cylinder oils having various kinematic viscosities. The method 40 shown in FIG. 5 can be performed, for example, using the apparatus shown in FIG. 3. The method 40 includes determining 410 a target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on engine operating parameters and / or engine state parameters. For example, the method includes the controller 140, 240 receiving data indicative of the engine operating parameters and / or engine state parameters (e.g., from any of the input data generators of the input data generator array 280), optionally determining the parameters based on data and look-up tables contained in the memory of the controller 140, 240, and the controller 140, 240 determining a target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on the parameters. In an embodiment, the target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil is 14 mm. 2 / s or less.

[0104] The method further includes determining 420 a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to the target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including at least a viscosity of the first fluid, a viscosity of the second fluid, and a viscosity of the third fluid. The controller 140, 240 typically includes in its memory the kinematic viscosities of at least the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid. In an embodiment, determining 420 includes the controller 110, 210 determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid based on the kinematic viscosities of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid in its memory and a look-up table. Typically, determining the target ratio range includes determining a range of the amount of the first fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210 and determining a range of the amount of the second fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210. Optionally, determining also includes determining a range of the amount of the third fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210.

[0105] The method further includes determining 430 a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to the target BN of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including at least a BN of the first fluid, a BN of the second fluid, and a BN of the third fluid. The controller 140, 240 typically includes in its memory at least a BN of the first fluid, a BN of the second fluid, and a BN of the third fluid. In an embodiment, determining 430 includes the controller 110, 210 determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid based on the BN of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid in its memory and a look-up table. Typically, determining the target ratio range includes determining a range of the amount of the first fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210 and determining a range of the amount of the second fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210. Optionally, determining also includes determining a range of the amount of the third fluid to be provided to the blender 110, 210.

[0106] The method 40 further includes providing 440 the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid to the blender 110, 210 in ratios set within a target ratio range corresponding to a target kinematic viscosity of the cylinder oil and / or a target BN of the cylinder oil. Typically, providing 440 includes providing controlled amounts of the first fluid, the second fluid, and the third fluid to the blender 110, 210 such that the blender 110, 210 contains the fluids in the ratios when the fluids are provided to the blender 110, 210.

[0107] Method 40 is for cylinder oil at 14 mm 2 450. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

[0108] 6 shows a flow chart illustrating a method 50 of operating a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine. The method 50 includes producing 510 a cylinder oil. The producing 510 includes producing 510 a cylinder oil, the cylinder oil having a viscosity of 14 mm at 100° C. 2 The method 50 further includes delivering 520 the produced cylinder oil to a cylinder, such as a cylinder liner of the cylinder, of the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine. Delivering typically includes pumping the produced cylinder oil from a storage tank 260 (e.g., a day tank) to the cylinder liner 270. EXAMPLES

[0109] 12RT-flex96C-B engines, with a power output of 61,776 kW, were operated for 53,267 hours at an average engine load of 10% of maximum continuous rating, including a period of operation at 30% of maximum continuous rating.

[0110] First, to provide baseline data corresponding to known cylinder oils, a 16.2 mm 2 The engine was operated for a first period of time using a cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity of 1000 g / s (the "reference cylinder oil").

[0111] Cylinder oils having the viscosities shown in Table 1 were then prepared in-house and supplied to the cylinder liners of the engine during operation. [Table 1]

[0112] After the engine was operated with the above cylinder oil, the abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and corrosive wear of the cylinder liner were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0113] As shown in Table 2, during the second period when the engine was operated using the reduced viscosity cylinder oil, there was no increase in cylinder liner or piston ring wear.

[0114] Fuel consumption was calculated for a first operating period using the reference cylinder oil and a second operating period using the cylinder oil with reduced kinematic viscosity. The fuel consumption in the second operating period was 2 g / KWH less than in the first period, which corresponds to a 1% reduction in fuel consumption.

[0115] Other embodiments may combine two or more of the above-described embodiments. Other embodiments may combine features of one embodiment with features of one or more other embodiments.

[0116] Embodiments of the present invention have been described with particular reference to the illustrated examples. However, it will be understood that variations and modifications may be made to the described examples within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. 1. A method for producing one or more cylinder oils having different kinematic viscosities for use in marine reciprocating internal combustion engines, comprising the steps of: Providing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN; providing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity different from the first kinematic viscosity and a second BN; The first fluid and the second fluid are mixed in a first ratio to produce a 14 mm 2 Producing a first cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity of not more than 1 / s; The method comprising:

2. determining a target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on engine operating parameters and / or engine state parameters; determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to the target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including the first kinematic viscosity and the second kinematic viscosity; blending the first fluid and the second fluid such that the first ratio is set within the target ratio range corresponding to the target kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the blending comprises blending the first fluid and the second fluid with a third fluid having a third kinematic viscosity and a third BN to produce the first cylinder oil.

4. determining a target BN for the first cylinder oil based on engine operating parameters and / or engine condition parameters; determining a target ratio range of the first fluid to the second fluid corresponding to the target BN of the first cylinder oil based on a parameter set including at least the first BN, the second BN, and the third BN; performing the blending so that the first ratio is set within the target ratio corresponding to the target BN of the first cylinder oil; The method of claim 3 , comprising:

5. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a second cylinder oil having a kinematic viscosity higher than a kinematic viscosity of the first cylinder oil by blending the first fluid and the second fluid in a second ratio different from the first ratio.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first cylinder oil has a different BN than the second cylinder oil.

7. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the engine operating or engine state parameter is at least one of fuel sulfur content, engine load, engine speed, relative air humidity, cylinder iron wear emissions, total iron cylinder lubricant residual BN, and cylinder oil liner wall temperature.

8. the first fluid is a system oil; and / or the second fluid is an additive package, a new cylinder oil, or a used cylinder oil; and / or the third fluid is a base oil; The method of claim 1.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is at least partially used oil.

10. 1. A method of operating a marine reciprocating internal combustion engine, comprising: The method according to claim 1, wherein the kinematic viscosity at 100°C is 14 mm 2 / s or less; and supplying the cylinder oil to a cylinder of the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine; The method comprising:

11. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the kinematic viscosity of the cylinder oil is less than a minimum cylinder oil kinematic viscosity recommended by a manufacturer for the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine.

12. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine is operating at an engine load of 60% or less.

13. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the marine reciprocating internal combustion engine is a two-stroke crosshead engine.

14. 1. An apparatus for preparing cylinder oil, comprising: A blender and a first vessel containing a first fluid having a first kinematic viscosity and a first BN, the first vessel being in selectable fluid communication with the blender; a second vessel containing a second fluid having a second kinematic viscosity and a second BN, the second vessel being in selectable fluid communication with the blender; 14mm at 100℃ 2 a controller that determines an amount of the first fluid and an amount of the second fluid to be fed to the blender to provide a cylinder oil having a desired target viscosity and target BN of no more than 1 / s; The apparatus comprising:

15. A vessel comprising a device according to claim 14.

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