Building Materials

Abstract

Disclosed herein are mixtures for cement-based building materials, methods for their manufacture, and methods of cementing using same.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 171,770, filed April 7, 2021, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0002] The present disclosure relates, in part, to a method for making a cement-based building material mixture and compositions made using the method. [Background technology]

[0003] Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the world. Since concrete deteriorates and ages after a period of time after being cast or molded, concrete structures need to be regularly maintained and repaired by repairing or reinforcing to avoid deterioration such as cracks. When cracks occur in concrete, harmful air, moisture, and chemicals can penetrate the concrete, thereby further reducing the performance of the concrete. This can lead to the collapse of the structure.

[0004] There is a need for new and improved building materials that provide concrete with self-healing capabilities, shrinkage compensation and corrosion resistance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present disclosure provides a method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), the calcium compound dosage being between about 3.1% and about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture; and (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is between about 6.5% and about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0006] The present disclosure also provides a method for producing a dry cementitious mixture for a building material. The method includes obtaining a cementitious mixture including a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), the cementitious mixture having a calcium compound dosage of about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0007] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a concrete mixture for a building material, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture including a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), the calcium compound dosage being about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture; and (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0008] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a concrete mixture for a building material, the method comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine and coarse aggregates, and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method comprises mixing the cementitious mixture.

[0009] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

[0010] In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25%.

[0011] In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0012] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 It is.

[0013] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3, about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 It is.

[0014] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3, about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 , or about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 It is.

[0015] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 , about 600kg / m 3 , or 700 kg / m 3 It is.

[0016] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 It is.

[0017] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0018] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10.

[0019] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 63 mm to about 204 mm.

[0020] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0021] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 67% to about 100% calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 33% to about 66% calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 32% calcium oxide and about 68% to about 100% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is in a dry state. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is not digested. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is digested.

[0022] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of high calcium quicklime, dolomitic quicklime, calcium slaked lime, or dolomitic slaked lime.

[0023] In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP).

[0024] In some embodiments, step b) is performed after step a). In some embodiments, steps a) and b) are performed simultaneously.

[0025] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregate, which in some embodiments comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

[0026] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregate.

[0027] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more flow enhancers to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more set retarders to the cementitious mixture.

[0028] The present disclosure also provides a ceramic material prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is selected from cement paste, grout, mortar, and concrete. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is grout. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is mortar. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is concrete. In some embodiments, the ceramic material comprises sand. In some embodiments, the ceramic material comprises gravel. In some embodiments, the ceramic material further comprises one or more superplasticizers. In some embodiments, the ceramic material further comprises one or more set retarders. In some embodiments, the ceramic material has one or more properties of self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation, volume expansion, corrosion protection, and enhanced compressive strength. In some embodiments, the ceramic material is for use underwater.

[0029] The present disclosure also provides a composition prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition has one or more of the following properties: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation, volume expansion, corrosion protection, and improved compressive strength. In some embodiments, the composition is for use underwater.

[0030] The present disclosure also provides a building material comprising the ceramic material or composition of the present disclosure.

[0031] In some embodiments, the building material comprises reinforced concrete.

[0032] In some embodiments, the building material comprises Opus signinum (Cocciopesto).

[0033] The present disclosure also provides a concrete admixture prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

[0034] The present disclosure also provides a blended cement prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

[0035] The present disclosure also provides a cementitious mixture prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

[0036] The present disclosure also provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods of the present disclosure.

[0037] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete for building materials comprising a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a reinforcing material. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete further comprises a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), optionally the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP). In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0038] The present disclosure also provides a method for producing a concrete for use in construction materials, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), and one or more of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0039] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a hardened cementitious body, the method comprising: (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) onto a surface or into a concrete form, the calcium compound dosage being about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious materials; and (b) solidifying the cementitious mixture by reaction of the cementitious mixture with water to form a hardened mass.

[0040] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

[0041] In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25%.

[0042] In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0043] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3, or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 It is.

[0044] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 , or about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 It is.

[0045] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 , about 600kg / m 3 , or 700 kg / m 3 It is.

[0046] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 It is.

[0047] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of greater than about 0 to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0048] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10.

[0049] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 63 mm to about 204 mm.

[0050] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0051] In some embodiments, the calcium compound includes about 67% to about 100% calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound includes about 33% to about 66% calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound includes about 0% to about 32% calcium oxide and about 68% to about 100% calcium hydroxide by weight.

[0052] In some embodiments, the calcium compound includes about 0% to about 5% magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% calcium oxide, about 6% to about 35% magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% calcium oxide, about 36% to about 46% magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% calcium oxide, about 47% to about 50% magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% calcium oxide, about 51% to about 75% magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% calcium oxide, or about 76% to about 100% magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% calcium oxide.

[0053] In some embodiments, the calcium compound includes about 0% to about 5% magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% calcium hydroxide, about 6% to about 35% magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% calcium hydroxide, about 36% to about 46% magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% calcium hydroxide, about 47% to about 50% magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% calcium hydroxide, about 51% to about 75% magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% calcium hydroxide, or about 76% to about 100% magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% calcium hydroxide.

[0054] In some embodiments, the calcium compound is dry. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is non-digestible. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is digestible.

[0055] In some embodiments, water is present in an amount of about 20% to about 40% of the cement composition.

[0056] In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP).

[0057] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregate, which in some embodiments comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

[0058] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregate.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more flow enhancers to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more set retarders to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more reinforcing materials to form reinforced concrete. In some embodiments, the reinforcing materials comprise one or more materials selected from steel, polymers, fibers, and / or alternative composite materials. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cementitious mixture onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing a cement-based surface. In some embodiments, the method comprises pouring the cementitious mixture into a concrete form.

[0060] The present disclosure provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0061] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the admixture conforming to ASTM C494 and / or EN934, comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0062] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing the calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide.

[0063] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing the calcium oxide with any admixture listed in ASTM C494 and / or EN934.

[0064] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and mixing the calcium oxide with an SCM.

[0065] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and adding water to the calcium oxide to form a slurry.

[0066] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and mixing the calcium oxide with sand.

[0067] The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a cement additive comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0068] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a cement additive, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide and an SCM.

[0069] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing a cement additive, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0070] In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, ie, from about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0071] In some embodiments, the calcium hydroxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, in some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, about 10 mm to about 30 mm, or greater than about 30 mm to about 75 mm.

[0072] In some embodiments, the calcium oxide has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and is digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium oxide has a particle size of about 63 mm to about 204 mm and is digested prior to step (a).

[0073] In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0074] The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture comprises a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture depending on the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0075] The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture comprises a SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture depending on the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0076] The present disclosure also provides an admixture for concrete. In some embodiments, the admixture includes a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is manufactured in accordance with ASTM C494 Type S. In some embodiments, the admixture, when used in a cementitious mixture, imparts one or more of the following properties: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in ASTM C494.

[0077] The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture includes a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is manufactured in compliance with EN934. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN934.

[0078] The present disclosure also provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout. In some embodiments, the admixture comprises a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is manufactured in compliance with a European Technical Assessment under EN934 or EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN934.

[0079] The present disclosure also provides an additive for concrete. In some embodiments, the additive is defined by EN206. In some embodiments, the additive includes SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and is manufactured in compliance with EN450 or a European Technical Assessment under EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN450.

[0080] The present disclosure also provides an additive for concrete. In some embodiments, the additive comprises a SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or particle size range. In some embodiments, the additive is manufactured in compliance with European Technical Assessment under EN450 or EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN450.

[0081] The present disclosure also provides an additive for concrete. In some embodiments, the additive includes a SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the additive is manufactured in accordance with ASTM C618. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in ASTM C618.

[0082] In some embodiments, the particle size range of the calcium compound is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0083] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0084] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide.

[0085] In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0086] [Figure 1A] The particle size of quicklime after crushing and sieving is shown. The prepared particle size is 0.50 to 1.50 mm. [Figure 1B] The particle size of quicklime after crushing and sieving is shown. The particle size prepared is 1.50-2.50 mm. [Figure 1C] The particle size of quicklime after crushing and sieving is shown. The particle size prepared is 2.50-3.50 mm. [Figure 1D] This indicates coarse-grained quicklime. [Diagram 2] An example of the pop-up phenomenon caused by CaO particles in blend G is shown. [Figure 3A] An image of a slump cone test is shown. [Figure 3B] An image of a slump cone test is shown. [Figure 4]1 shows a summary of experimental data demonstrating initial slump and slump retention for Formulas A, B, D, H, and a control. The order of the curves from top to bottom of the points at 60 minutes on the X-axis is Formula H, Formula B, Control, Formula D, and Formula A. [Diagram 5] 1 shows experimental data demonstrating the results of temperature development of concrete mixes. The order of the curves from top to bottom of the points at 10 minutes on the X-axis is Mix A, Mix D, Control, and Mix B. [Figure 6] 1 shows a schematic diagram of a flowing water self-repair test. [Figure 7] Images of pre-cracked samples with crack widths between 0.40 mm and 0.50 mm are shown. [Figure 8A] Shows HD screen for image analysis. [Figure 8B] Microscope and HD camera are shown. [Figure 9] 1 shows the progression of the flow of Formulation A over a 43 day period. [Figure 10] The progression of the flow of Formula H over a 46 day period is shown. [Figure 11] The discontinuous growth of white calcite spherulite crystals at the walls of the cracks is shown. [Figure 12] The continuous growth of white calcite spherulite crystals on the walls of the cracks is shown. [Figure 13] An example of image analysis of the formulation A used for coverage is shown. [Figure 14] An example of image analysis of the compound H used for coverage is shown. [Figure 15] The heat of hydration results are shown. The order of the curves from top to bottom at 15:00 hours on the X-axis is Formula S, Formula N, Formula M, Formula L, and the control. [Figure 16A] The following shows an overview of the hydration heat test results for mortar mix. [Figure 16B] The following shows an overview of the hydration heat test results for mortar mix. [Figure 17] Flux versus time for formulations G1 (24 days) and H1 (46 days) is shown. [Figure 18]1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 20x magnification as viewed from the seal, showing examples of quicklime particles (red arrows). [Figure 19] 1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 50x magnification viewed from the seal area, showing an example of quicklime particles that have reacted with water to form calcium hydroxide in their vicinity. [Figure 20] 1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 100x magnification viewed from the seal showing examples of quicklime particles with whiter reaction edges and amorphous "microspheres" of calcium hydroxide. [Figure 21] 1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 300x magnification as viewed through the seal, showing examples of amorphous "microspheres" of calcium hydroxide. [Figure 22] 1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 900x magnification as viewed through the seal, showing examples of amorphous "microspheres" at much higher magnification. [Figure 23] Figure 1 shows an image of Formulation H1 at 200x magnification as viewed from the seal. The amorphous "microspheres" homogeneously coat the cement paste. [Figure 24] 1 shows an image of Formulation G1 at 300x magnification observed from the seal, showing white lumps covering the cement paste. [Diagram 25] 1 shows an image of Formulation G1 at 600x magnification viewed from the plug, showing examples of needle-like crystals. [Figure 26] 1 shows an image of Formulation G1 at 1000x magnification as viewed through the seal. The red circles indicate "microspheres" surrounded by needle-like crystals. [Figure 27] 1 shows an image of Formulation G1 at 300x magnification observed from the seal showing the cement paste uniformly covered with the reaction product. [Figure 28A] 1 shows an image of mixture H1b at 30x magnification as viewed from a cut section, the red arrows indicate calcium oxide visible in the solid concrete. [Figure 28B] 1 shows an image of mix G1b at 50x magnification as viewed from a cut section, showing that calcium oxide is either not visible or has been absorbed into the solid concrete. [Figure 29]1 shows a chart illustrating examples of dosages of calcium compounds useful in cementitious mixtures for concrete based on total binder content (total cement and SCM content). [Diagram 30] FIG. 1 shows a chart illustrating the fineness of the fly ash used in certain formulations containing the fly ash described herein. [Diagram 31] 1 shows a chart depicting experimental data relating to concrete mixes of the present disclosure using different particle sizes and dosages of dry compounds. The chart compares the performance of several specimens of the present disclosure cast using different particle sizes and dosages of dry compounds. [Diagram 32] 1 shows a chart showing experimental data related to concrete mixes of the present disclosure using calcium compounds of different compositions and forms at a constant dosage. The chart compares the performance of several test specimens of the present disclosure cast using compounds of different compositions and forms at a constant dosage (40 kg / m3). [Diagram 33] 1 shows a chart depicting experimental data related to concrete mixes of the present disclosure using a dry calcium compound essentially containing CaO+MgO (B2), which shows improved performance of specimens of the present disclosure using a dry compound essentially containing CaO+MgO (B2) compared to specimens cast without calcium compound (Control (C)) for compressive strength at 28 days (tested according to SN EN12390-3). [Diagram 34] 1 shows a chart showing experimental data from additional testing of concrete mixes of the present disclosure using different particle sizes and dosages of dry compounds. The chart compares the drying shrinkage performance of several specimens of the present disclosure cast using different particle sizes and dosages of dry compounds. [Diagram 35]1 shows a graph showing experimental data on early drying shrinkage. Early drying shrinkage performance of specimen R and control (C) is shown. The specimens containing calcium compounds show a reduction in the early stages of drying shrinkage (3, 7, 14, and 28 days) (lines starting at 0.009 on day 3), which is favorable for reducing cracks early on, compared to the control (C) (lines starting at 0.022 on day 3). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0087] The present disclosure relates, in part, to the surprising discovery that concrete mixtures of specific formulations containing calcium compounds, such as calcium oxide (CaO), exhibit enhanced self-healing without detrimental reduction in concrete workability or loss of compressive strength. The methods and compositions described herein provide safe and reliable infrastructure, as well as economic and environmental sustainability through, for example, reduced costs, less building maintenance, and reduced CO2 emissions from longer building life. method

[0088] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for making a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC); (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally includes a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. As used herein, the term "cementitious mixture" refers to a mixture (e.g., grout, mortar, concrete) that includes ordinary Portland cement and may optionally include other materials, such as supplemental cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. As used herein, the term "total binder content" refers to the total weight of OPC and SCM in the cementitious mixture (e.g., kg / m of OPC). 3 and kg / m of SCM 3 (The sum of

[0089] In some embodiments, step b) is performed after step a). In some embodiments, steps a) and b) are performed simultaneously. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, adding water to a calcium compound, such as quicklime, is exothermic, thus generating heat. In some embodiments, when water is added to the cementitious mixture, the heat generated by the hydration of the calcium compound provides a protective rim around the calcined limestone chips. As used herein, the term "quicklime" refers to calcium oxide. As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the dosage and presence of aggregates and the amount of water in the cementitious mixture will determine the properties of the building material, such as one of grout, mortar, or concrete. In some embodiments, calcium oxide is not slaked prior to step (a). In some embodiments, calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a).

[0090] In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) combining a calcium compound with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to obtain a cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture; (c) mixing the cementitious mixture with water. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally includes a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0091] In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), a fine aggregate, and optionally further comprising a coarse aggregate; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0092] In another aspect, the disclosure includes a method of making a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC). In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally comprises a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally comprises a fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture optionally comprises a coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is between about 3.1% and about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is between about 6.5% and about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0093] In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of preparing a building material (e.g., grout, mortar, concrete), comprising: (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium composition, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and supplemental cementitious materials (SCM); (b) solidifying the cementitious mixture by reacting the cementitious mixture with water to form a hardened mass. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the building material is a hardened cementitious material. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0094] In some embodiments, the building material is concrete. In some embodiments, the method includes pouring concrete onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method of preparing concrete includes preparing a cement-based surface. In some embodiments, the method includes pouring cement onto a surface. In some embodiments, the method of preparing cement includes preparing a cement-based surface. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, any surface is contemplated by this disclosure. In some embodiments, the method includes pouring cement into a concrete form. As used herein, a "concrete form" is a solid barrier that helps hold a fluid cement-based mixture in place until it hardens and acquires a particular shape. Non-limiting examples of concrete forms include wood forms, insulated concrete forms, aerated concrete forms, concrete wall forms, and steel forms. In some embodiments, the method further includes adding one or more reinforcing materials to form reinforced concrete. Any reinforcing material is contemplated by this disclosure. In some embodiments, the reinforcing material includes one or more materials selected from steel, polymers, fibers, and / or alternative composite materials.

[0095] In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of repairing a break in a cement-based building material, comprising: (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium composition, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally further comprising fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and supplemental cementitious materials (SCM) into the fracture; (b) solidifying the cementitious mixture by reacting the cementitious mixture with water to form a hardened mass. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0096] In another aspect, the disclosure includes a method for producing a blended cement for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), and a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes blending the cementitious mixture.

[0097] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, in some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0098] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the admixture conforming to ASTM C494 and EN 934, comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0099] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0100] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and mixing calcium oxide with any admixture listed in ASTM C494 and / or EN 934. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0101] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and mixing calcium oxide with SCM. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0102] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and adding water to the calcium oxide to form a slurry. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0103] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range and mixing calcium oxide with sand. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0104] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, in some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0105] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture, the method including mixing quicklime and SCM. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0106] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete admixture, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0107] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a concrete additive and / or cement additive, the method comprising mixing quicklime with an SCM. In some embodiments, the SCM is fly ash. In some embodiments, the quicklime is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0108] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement additive comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, in some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, greater than 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0109] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement additive, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide with an SCM. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0110] In another aspect, the disclosure also includes a method of preparing a cement additive, the method comprising mixing calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. Cement-based mixtures and compositions

[0111] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises a cement, such as ordinary Portland cement, and optionally comprises supplemental cementitious materials (SCM), fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, admixtures, and / or admixtures as specified in ASTM C494 and EN934, including flow enhancers or retarders. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises water. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a cement paste mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a grout mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a mortar mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, concrete comprises the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises a calcium compound. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, "ASTM C494" refers to the standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, "EN934" refers to the European standard for admixtures for concrete, mortar, and grout.

[0112] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0113] As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the admixtures specified in ASTM C494 include admixtures of specific performance that provide a desired performance characteristic or characteristics other than reducing the moisture content or changing the set time of concrete without adversely affecting the fresh, hardened, and durability characteristics of concrete specified in ASTM C494, excluding admixtures primarily used in the production of dry cast concrete products.

[0114] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, admixtures as specified in EN 934 include those admixtures which are effective for their intended use without adverse effects, and admixtures for concrete include materials added during the mixing process of concrete in amounts up to 5% by weight of the cement content of the concrete to modify the properties of the mix in the fresh and / or hardened state.

[0115] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of cement and supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs).

[0116] In some embodiments, the total binder content includes ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and supplemental cementitious materials (SCM). In some embodiments, the total binder content includes about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 50 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 OPC, approx. 0 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 SCM, approx. 10kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 of calcium compounds, and about 10 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 150kg / m 3 Contains calcium compounds.

[0117] In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 100% OPC. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 80% to about 90% OPC and about 10% to about 20% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 85% to about 95% OPC and about 5% to about 15% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 90% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 10% SCM.

[0118] In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 60% to about 70% OPC and about 30% to about 40% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 65% to about 75% OPC and about 25% to about 35% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 65% to about 70% OPC and about 30% to about 35% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 70% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 30% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 70% OPC and about 30% SCM.

[0119] In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 40% OPC and about 60% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 20% to about 30% OPC and about 70% to about 80% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 30% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 70% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises about 30% to about 40% OPC and about 60% to about 70% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content includes about 40% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 60% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content includes about 40% to about 50% OPC and about 50% to about 60% SCM. In some embodiments, the total binder content includes about 50% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 50% SCM.

[0120] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, an OPC, and an SCM. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound added to the mixture is a specific percentage dosage based on the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises a calcium compound at a specific percentage dosage based on the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. As a non-limiting example, the calcium compound may be added at a dosage of about 10% (e.g., mg / m) based on the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. 3 of cement and mg / m 3 SCM) are added to the mixture, resulting in a total binder content of approximately 300 kg / m 3 In this case, the amount of calcium compound added is about 30 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m3 ~about 600kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 It is.

[0121] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 , about 600kg / m 3 , or 700 kg / m 3 It is.

[0122] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 900 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 1000 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 It is.

[0123] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 It is.

[0124] In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 25% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 15% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 20% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 20% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, or about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0125] In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0126] In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, or about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm.

[0127] In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the dosage of the calcium compound is about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0128] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixture of FIG. 28A. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixture of FIG. 28B. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixture of Table 13. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixture of Table 15. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture further comprises water, fine aggregate, and optionally coarse aggregate.

[0129] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0130] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0131] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0132] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0133] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0134] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0135] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0136] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0137] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0138] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 15% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 25% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 25% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0139] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 20% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 6.5% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 8% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0140] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 200 kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, or about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 400 kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1%, about 5%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 500 kg / m 3and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1%, about 5%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 600 kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5%, about 10%, or about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1%, about 5%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, or about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0141] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 5% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1%, about 5%, or about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0142] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 100% OPC and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 4% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0143] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 100% OPC and the calcium compound dosage is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 4% to about 10% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0144] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 100% OPC and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0145] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 100% OPC and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 30% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 10% to about 25% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0146] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 100% OPC and the calcium compound dosage is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 41% OPC and about 59% to about 80% SCM and the calcium compound dosage is about 30% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0147] In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 50 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 OPC and about 0kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 50 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 OPC and about 0kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 80 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 of OPC and about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 350kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 250 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 of OPC and about 100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 150kg / m 3In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 270 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 of OPC and about 110 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 470 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 490kg / m 3 of OPC and about 80kg / m 3 ~about 90kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 280 kg / m 3 of OPC and about 120 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the total binder content of the cementitious mixture is about 481 kg / m 3 of OPC and about 85 kg / m 3 Includes SCM.

[0148] In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP). Other non-limiting examples of SCM include volcanic ash, silica fume, calcined clay, brick, cocchio paste, or other ceramic materials. In some embodiments, one or more SCMs are added to a cementitious mixture to make the concrete mixture more economical, reduce permeability, increase strength, or affect other concrete properties. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash. As used herein, "fly ash" refers to the residue from the combustion of powdered or pulverized coal, and fly ash carried by flue gases may be collected, for example, by electrostatic precipitator. A variety of fly ashes may be suitably used, including fly ashes classified as Class C and Class F fly ashes according to the American Petroleum Institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements, API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. ASTM C618 defines two classes of fly ashes: Class F fly ash and Class C fly ash. Class C fly ash contains both silica and lime and solidifies to form a hardened mass when mixed with water. Class F fly ash generally does not contain enough lime, so an additional calcium ion source is required to form a cement composition with water using Class F fly ash. Suitable examples of fly ash include, but are not limited to, "POZMIX® A" cement additive available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Duncan, Okla. In some embodiments, the fly ash includes fly ash that meets the specifications set forth in ASTM C618.In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises fly ash that meets the standards set forth in EN 450. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, "ASTM C618" refers to the standard specifications for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolans for use in concrete. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, "EN 450" refers to the European standard definitions, specifications, and suitability criteria for fly ash for concrete.

[0149] In one aspect, the fly ash of the present disclosure comprises fly ash particles of a desired size. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, any method used to determine the particle size of the fly ash is contemplated by the present disclosure. As a non-limiting example, the particle size of the fly ash is determined by sieving.

[0150] In some embodiments, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, or about 60% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

[0151] In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises Class N fly ash. In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises Class S fly ash. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 12% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 13% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 50% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater. In some embodiments, about 0% to about 60% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

[0152] In some embodiments, the fly ash comprises fly ash that meets standards set forth by ASTM D. In some embodiments, between about 0.1% and about 34% of the fly ash particles have a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

[0153] In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 87% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 88% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 70% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 66% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 60% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 50% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 40% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 0.1% to about 30% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 70% to about 60% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 60% to about 50% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 50% to about 40% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 40% to about 30% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns. In some embodiments, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns.

[0154] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if more than about 88% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 45 microns, such fly ash is not generally commercially available and must be custom manufactured, making the fly ash more expensive to use and less advantageous than commercially available fly ash. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if more than about 0% of the fly ash particles have a particle size less than about 44 microns, or about 40 microns, or about 30 microns, or about 20 microns, such fly ash is not generally commercially available and must be custom manufactured, making the fly ash more expensive to use and less advantageous than commercially available fly ash.

[0155] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture does not include an activated SCM, such as activated fly ash. Methods for activating SCMs, such as fly ash, will be understood by those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, fly ash can be activated by being pulverized and combined with slaked calcium oxide.

[0156] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a grout mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a mortar mixture. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, concrete comprises the cementitious mixture.

[0157] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 10 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 , about 140kg / m 3 ~Approx. 160kg / m 3 , about 10kg / m 3 ~Approx. 150kg / m 3 , about 20kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 , about 22kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 , about 20kg / m 3 ~about 60kg / m 3, about 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 , about 25kg / m 3 ~Approx. 75kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 ~about 70kg / m 3 , about 30kg / m 3 ~about 90kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 ~about 60kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 ~about 50kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 20 kg / m 3 , about 25kg / m 3 , about 30kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 , about 45kg / m 3 , about 50kg / m 3 , about 60kg / m 3 , about 70kg / m 3 , about 75kg / m 3 , about 90kg / m 3 , about 100kg / m 3 , or about 150 kg / m 3 Contains calcium compounds.

[0158] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix has a viscosity of about 10 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 , about 140kg / m 3 ~Approx. 160kg / m 3 , 10kg / m 3 ~Approx. 150kg / m 3 , about 20kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 , about 22kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 , about 20kg / m 3 ~about 60kg / m 3 , about 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3, about 25kg / m 3 ~Approx. 75kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 ~about 70kg / m 3 , about 30kg / m 3 ~about 90kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 ~about 60kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 ~about 50kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix comprises about 20 kg / m 3 , about 25kg / m 3 , about 30kg / m 3 , about 35kg / m 3 , about 40kg / m 3 , about 45kg / m 3 , about 50kg / m 3 , about 60kg / m 3 , about 70kg / m 3 , about 75kg / m 3 , about 90kg / m 3 , about 100kg / m 3 , or about 150 kg / m 3 Contains calcium compounds.

[0159] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is not digested (submerged in water) prior to addition to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the SCM is not premixed or combined with digested calcium oxide prior to addition to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium oxide is digested prior to addition to the cementitious mixture.

[0160] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of greater than about 80% by weight, greater than about 85% by weight, greater than about 90% by weight, greater than about 91% by weight, greater than about 92% by weight, greater than about 93% by weight, greater than about 94% by weight, greater than about 95% by weight, greater than about 96% by weight, greater than about 97% by weight, greater than about 98% by weight, or greater than about 99% by weight calcium oxide.

[0161] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of greater than about 80% by weight, greater than about 85% by weight, greater than about 90% by weight, greater than about 91% by weight, greater than about 92% by weight, greater than about 93% by weight, greater than about 94% by weight, greater than about 95% by weight, greater than about 96% by weight, greater than about 97% by weight, greater than about 98% by weight, or greater than about 99% by weight calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0162] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 91%, greater than about 92%, greater than about 93%, greater than about 94%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 96%, greater than about 97%, greater than about 98%, or greater than about 99% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0163] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and magnesium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide, optionally further comprising magnesium oxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, optionally further comprising calcium hydroxide.

[0164] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 67% to about 100% calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 33% to about 66% calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 32% calcium oxide and about 68% to about 100% calcium hydroxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound further comprises magnesium oxide.

[0165] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% calcium oxide by weight. In some embodiments, the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

[0166] In some embodiments, the calcium compound is in a dry state. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is indigestible. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is in a dump state. As used herein, dump refers to a calcium compound in a state combined with an amount of water that does not result in hydration of the calcium compound.

[0167] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of hydrated lime (submerged in water). In some embodiments, the total binder content comprises OPC and SCM. In some embodiments, the SCM is fly ash. In some embodiments, about 2% to about 60% of the fly ash has a particle size of about 45 microns or greater.

[0168] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises hydrated lime, such as lime submerged in water, hi some embodiments, the total binder content of the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of 100% OPC.

[0169] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0 to greater than about 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0 to greater than about 0.75 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 3.5 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0170] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about 5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about 6 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about 7 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about 8 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0171] In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide and has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide and has a particle size of about 63 mm to about 204 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide and has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and is digested prior to step (a). In some embodiments, the calcium compound is calcium oxide and has a particle size of about 63 mm to about 204 mm and is digested prior to step (a).

[0172] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide having a particle size of less than about 0.3 mm, about 0.2 mm, about 0.1 mm, about 0.09 mm, about 0.08 mm, about 0.07 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.06 mm, about 0.04 mm, about 0.03 mm, about 0.02 mm, or about 0.01 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide, wherein about 90% to about 95% by weight of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size of less than about 0.3 mm or about 0.2 mm, and about 10% to about 15% by weight of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size of less than about 0.7 mm or about 0.6 mm.

[0173] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of high calcium quicklime, hi some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic quicklime.

[0174] In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of slaked lime, hi some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic slaked lime.

[0175] In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a coarse grain size (e.g., about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm) to prevent excessive heat generated by hydration of concrete prepared by the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the heat of hydration is increased by less than about 10° C., less than about 9° C., less than about 8° C., less than about 7° C., less than about 6° C., less than about 5° C., less than about 4° C., less than about 3° C., less than about 2° C., less than about 1° C., or about 0° C. relative to a concrete mix without the calcium compound. In some embodiments, a coarse grain calcium compound is used when a higher weight percent (loading) of calcium compound is used in the concrete and / or concrete mix.

[0176] In some embodiments, calcium oxide is made by calcining calcium carbonate at a temperature range of about 500° C. to about 1550° C., about 600° C. to about 1450° C., about 600° C. to about 1000° C., about 600° C. to about 750° C., about 1300° C. to about 1450° C., or greater than 1300° C. In some embodiments, the calcined lime can be crushed, ground, or milled and sieved. As non-limiting examples, lime can be obtained from limestone, dolomitic limestone, marble, and any other source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

[0177] In some embodiments, the mixture is about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 150 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 170 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 180 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the mixture comprises about 350 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 370kg / m 3 Contains water.

[0178] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises fine aggregate. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of sand. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises particles less than about 10 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the fine aggregate comprises particles less than about 5 mm in diameter.

[0179] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 500 kg / m 3 ~About 2000kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 500 kg / m3 ~About 1000kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 750 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1000 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1500 kg / m 3 ~About 2000kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1600 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1800kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1800kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 1700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 Contains fine aggregate.

[0180] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises one or more of gravel, crushed stone, cobblestone, and rock. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles greater than about 9.5 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles greater than about 5 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles between about 9.5 mm and about 38 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles between about 4 mm and about 8 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles between about 8 mm and about 16 mm in diameter. In some embodiments, the coarse aggregate comprises particles between about 4 mm and about 8 mm in diameter and particles between about 8 mm and about 16 mm in diameter.

[0181] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 0 kg / m 3 ~About 1000kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 0 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 0 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 of the first coarse aggregate and approximately 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 The second coarse aggregate is included.

[0182] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

[0183] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a grout mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the grout mixture comprises an OPC, and optionally a SCM, water, fine aggregate, and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the grout mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

[0184] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a mortar mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the mortar mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein, water, fine aggregate, and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the mortar mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

[0185] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises an OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture described herein.

[0186] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete mixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises an OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

[0187] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete mixture comprises a cementitious mixture described herein. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises an OPC, and optionally comprises SCM, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, and optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a reinforcing material. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 8% to about 12% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete further comprises a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), optionally comprising one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP). In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0188] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a concrete comprising a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, optionally wherein the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and optionally including a reinforcing material.

[0189] In some embodiments, the method further includes adding one or more workability enhancing or workability retarding chemical admixtures to the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the workability enhancing admixtures include superplasticizers, superplasticizers, and super superplasticizers. In some embodiments, the workability retarding admixtures include superplasticizer-retarders. In some embodiments, the chemical admixtures may be added in dry or solution form. These admixtures help reduce the water demand of the mixture and improve workability. Non-limiting examples of superplasticizers include hydrocarbon oils (e.g., paraffinic, aromatic, and naphthenic oils), long chain alkyl diesters (e.g., phthalates such as dioctyl phthalate, and adipates such as dioctyl adipate), sebacates, glycols, fatty acids, phosphates, and stearates, epoxy superplasticizers (e.g., epoxidized soybean oil), polyether and polyester superplasticizers, alkyl monoesters (e.g., butyl oleate), long chain partial ether esters (e.g., butyl cellosolve oleate). In some embodiments, the superplasticizer is a high performance superplasticizer. Non-limiting examples of high performance superplasticizers include polynaphthalene sulfonates, polyacrylates, polycarboxylates, lignosulfonates, melamine sulfonates, and the like. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, the concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

[0190] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a viscosity of about 1 kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 2 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 5 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 5 kg / m 3 ~about 10kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 10 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises about 15 kg / m 3 ~about 20kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture.

[0191] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mixtures of the present disclosure include one or more superplasticizers. In some embodiments, the superplasticizer is about 1 kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the superplasticizer is present in an amount of about 2 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the fluidizing agent is present in an amount of about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the flow agent is present in an amount of about 5 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the flow agent is present in an amount of about 5 kg / m 3 ~about 10kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the superplasticizer is present in an amount of about 10 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 15kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the superplasticizer is present in an amount of about 15 kg / m 3 ~about 20kg / m 3 is present in an amount of

[0192] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more set retarders to the cementitious mixture. Set retarders can be used to slow the hardening rate of concrete. Non-limiting examples of set retarders include boric acid, borax, citric acid, potassium tartrate, sodium tartrate, and the like, and any set retarders specified in ASTM C494 and EN934. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is a concrete mixture. In some embodiments, concrete comprises a cementitious mixture.

[0193] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix has a viscosity of about 1 kg / m 3 ~about 10kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix comprises about 2 kg / m 3 ~about 8kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix comprises about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 Contains a set retarder.

[0194] In some embodiments, the retarder is about 1 kg / m 3 ~about 10kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the set retarder is present in an amount of about 2 kg / m 3 ~about 8kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the set retarder is present in an amount of about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 is present in an amount of

[0195] Other admixtures may also be added to the composition, concrete, and / or concrete mix as desired for a particular application. Examples of such admixtures include, but are not limited to, those admixtures specified in ASTM C494 and EN934. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will be readily able to determine the types and amounts of admixtures useful for a particular application and desired result.

[0196] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises: a) a total binder content of about 60% to about 70% by weight OPC and about 25% to about 30% by weight SCM; and b) a calcium compound, the calcium compound being dosed at about 5% to about 15% by weight of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm.

[0197] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: c) Approximately 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and d) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm; f) Approximately 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, g) Approx. 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and h) Approximately 1700kg / m 3~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0198] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) Approx. 55kg / m 3 ~about 65kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0199] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0200] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0201] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: g) Approx. 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and h) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and i) Approximately 55 kg / m 3 ~about 65kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm; j) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, k) Approx. 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and l) About 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0202] In some embodiments, the concrete mixture for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0203] In some embodiments, the concrete mixture for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3The calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0204] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 55kg / m 3 ~about 65kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 and f) Approximately 1700kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1750kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0205] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m3 SCM and c) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Optionally, further about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0206] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 15kg / m 3 ~about 25kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm;

[0207] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 The calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Approximately 3 kg / m3~約4 kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0208] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 having a particle size of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, and optionally comprising greater than about 95% calcium oxide; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Approximately 3 kg / m 3~約4 kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0209] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 having a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, and optionally comprising greater than about 95% calcium oxide; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Approximately 3 kg / m 3~約4 kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0210] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 a calcium compound of formula (I) containing greater than about 95% calcium oxide and mixed with an excess of water to form a slurry; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Approximately 3 kg / m 3~約4 kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0211] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) Approximately 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 a calcium compound having a particle size of about 1 mm to about 3 mm, and optionally calcium oxide and magnesium oxide in an amount of more than about 85% by weight of the total weight of the calcium compound; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm; i) Approximately 3 kg / m 3~約4 kg / m 3 and, comprising, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of, a set retarder of

[0212] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 wherein about 94% of the calcium compound has a particle size of less than about 0.2 mm, and optionally comprises more than about 90% calcium hydroxide; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3and, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0213] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 wherein about 99% of the calcium compound has a particle size of less than about 0.2 mm, and optionally comprises more than about 90% calcium hydroxide; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0214] In some embodiments, the concrete and / or concrete mix for the building material comprises: a) About 270kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 110kg / m 3~Approx. 130kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 35kg / m 3 ~about 45kg / m 3 wherein greater than about 93% to about 94% has a particle size less than about 0.2 mm, and about 14% to about 15% has a particle size less than about 0.063 mm, and optionally comprising about 95% or more calcium hydroxide; d) About 170kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 of water, e) About 4kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 and f) About 750kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of g) About 100kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 A coarse aggregate comprising particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm; h) About 700kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 and, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0215] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises: a) About 470kg / m 3 ~Approx. 490kg / m 3 OPC and b) About 80kg / m 3 ~about 90kg / m 3 SCM and c) About 140kg / m 3 ~Approx. 160kg / m 3 having a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, and optionally comprising greater than about 95% calcium oxide; d) About 350kg / m 3 ~Approx. 370kg / m 3 of water, e) About 1000kg / m3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 and fine aggregate of, consisting essentially of, and / or consisting of.

[0216] In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 1. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 2. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 8. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 10. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 13. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture for the building material comprises, consists essentially of, and / or consists of the mixtures in Table 15.

[0217] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes ceramic materials produced by the methods described herein. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, any ceramic material is contemplated by the present disclosure. Non-limiting examples of ceramic materials include cement paste, grout, mortar, and concrete. The term "grout" as used herein refers to a mixture including water, OPC, and optionally SCM. The term "mortar" as used herein refers to a mixture including fine aggregate (e.g., sand) and grout. In some embodiments, the mortar includes fine aggregate less than 5 mm in diameter. The term "concrete" as used herein refers to a mixture including coarse aggregate (e.g., gravel), fine aggregate (e.g., sand), and grout.

[0218] In one aspect, the present disclosure includes a cement prepared by the methods described herein.

[0219] In one aspect, the disclosure includes a composition prepared by the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the composition and / or ceramic material has one or more of the following properties: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength. In some embodiments, the self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection properties do not adversely affect the workability, workability retention, and compressive strength. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a building material including the composition and / or ceramic material prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the building material includes reinforced concrete. In some embodiments, the building material includes Opus signinum (Cocciopesto). In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a cement prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a grout prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a mortar prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a concrete admixture prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a concrete additive prepared by any one of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a cement additive prepared by any one of the methods described herein.

[0220] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a blended cement prepared by the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the blended cement comprises a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), and a supplemental cementitious material (SCM). In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0221] In some embodiments, the composition and / or ceramic material has a peak temperature of about 70° C. to about 75° C. In some embodiments, the composition and / or ceramic material has a peak temperature of less than about 90° C., about 85° C., about 80° C., about 75° C., about 70° C., about 65° C., or about 60° C.

[0222] In some embodiments, the maximum amount of calcium compounds such as CaO is determined based on the total volume of concrete. For example, at a fixed binder content, a small volume of concrete may contain more CaO than a large volume of concrete (i.e., mass concrete) because the base (i.e., no CaO) heat of hydration in mass concrete is higher than in small volumes of concrete.

[0223] Self-healing, as used herein, refers to any process by a material to repair itself, including repairing and thereby improving performance after a previous action that has degraded the performance of the material. In some embodiments, self-healing can be divided into two categories. a) Self-Forming Self-Healing: When concrete is capable of undergoing self-healing due to compounds present in the matrix or compounds added to the system to enhance its self-healing ability. b) Autonomous self-repairing: When concrete is specifically designed with external compounds that alter the chemistry of the matrix to create a self-repairing effect.

[0224] In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure are self-forming self-repairing compositions. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure are autonomous self-repairing compositions. In some embodiments, the cementitious compounds contained in the concrete may cause some degree of natural self-repair. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for relatively low hydraulic gradients and up to 10% relative movement of the crack, any crack width between about 0.20 mm and about 0.25 mm may be naturally self-repaired, whereas for about 10% to about 20% relative movement, the naturally self-repairing crack width is between about 0.15 mm and about 0.20 mm.

[0225] In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure may self-heal cracks with dimensions of at least 1.0 mm, 0.9 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1 mm. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure may self-heal cracks with dimensions ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 0.1 mm. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the crack dimensions can be determined using any method known in the art, including any optical method known in the art. For example, the crack dimensions can be the maximum crack width or the average crack width.

[0226] The purpose of self-repair is a) Restoring watertightness; b) Restoration (or enhancement) of durability against aggressive fluids.

[0227] Restoring watertightness means a complete sealing of the crack, whereas restoring resistance to aggressive fluids (carbon dioxide and chlorides) requires restoring a threshold crack width below which migration phenomena do not occur. The threshold width considered to substantially block migration mechanisms to the concrete cover in reinforced concrete is 0.15 mm.

[0228] Three factors thought to contribute to self-repair are: a) Precipitation of newly formed crystals (a chemical process), b) expansion (a physical process), and c) There is an obstruction.

[0229] Under laboratory conditions using clean tap water, the likelihood of clogging is low. Therefore, in assessing the self-healing properties, a) a substantial decrease in flow over time, and b) Crystal formation must be taken into consideration.

[0230] Self-healing is considered to be achieved only if the flow of water through the crack decreases over time to within 0.0÷1.0 liters / hour under the boundary conditions of the test.

[0231] In some embodiments, self-healing is rated as "chemically dominant" if visual microscopic evidence of extensive crystal formation on the walls of the crack is observed. In some embodiments, self-healing is rated as "chemically and physically dominant" if crystal formation is not dominant.

[0232] In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure exhibit flows of less than about 2.0 L / h, about 1.9 L / h, about 1.8 L / h, about 1.7 L / h, about 1.6 L / h, about 1.5 L / h, about 1.4 L / h, about 1.3 L / h, about 1.2 L / h, about 1.1 L / h, about 1.0 L / h, about 0.9 L / h, about 0.8 L / h, about 0.7 L / h, about 0.6 L / h, about 0.5 L / h, about 0.4 L / h, about 0.3 L / h, about 0.2 L / h, or about 0.1 L / h. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure exhibit flows of between about 0.0 L / h and about 1.0 L / h.

[0233] In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure exhibit chemically predominantly self-healing properties. In non-limiting embodiments, the chemically predominantly self-healing properties include crystals that occupy greater than about 99%, about 98%, about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about 91%, about 90%, about 85%, about 80%, about 75%, or about 70% of the net attachment surface of the crack walls (i.e., the total surface area of ​​the crack walls minus the area occupied by aggregate).

[0234] In some embodiments, compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure exhibit chemically predominantly and physically predominantly self-healing properties. In non-limiting embodiments, the chemically predominantly and physically predominantly self-healing properties include crystals on about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 55%, about 55% to about 60%, about 60% to about 65%, or about 65% to about 70% of the net application surface of the crack walls.

[0235] In some embodiments, compositions and / or ceramic materials of the present disclosure exhibit predominantly physically self-healing properties. In non-limiting embodiments, predominantly physically self-healing includes crystals occupying less than about 50%, about 49%, about 48%, about 47%, about 46%, about 45%, about 44%, about 43%, about 42%, about 41%, about 40%, about 35%, about 30%, or about 25% of the net attachment surface of the crack walls (i.e., the total surface area of ​​the crack walls minus the area occupied by aggregate).

[0236] In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials prepared by the methods described herein are for underwater use. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials prepared by the methods described herein are for surface use. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials prepared by the methods described herein are for subsurface use. In some embodiments, the compositions and / or ceramic materials prepared by the methods described herein are for construction use.

[0237] Other admixtures suitable for use in the methods described herein may also be added to certain embodiments of cementitious mixtures, including concrete and / or concrete mixtures. Non-limiting examples of such admixtures include those specified in ASTM C494 and EN934. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this disclosure, will be readily able to determine the types and amounts of admixtures useful for a particular application and desired result.

[0238] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides cementitious mixtures useful in the methods of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes water, an OPC, and optionally an SCM. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes a calcium compound, water, an OPC, and optionally an SCM. In some embodiments, the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. In some embodiments, the total binder content includes about 20% to about 100% by weight of OPC and about 0% to about 80% by weight of SCM. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture includes water, about 20 kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 Contains calcium compounds, 50 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 OPC and about 0kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture has a total binder content including SCM of about 50 kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 OPC, 0kg / m 3 ~about 400kg / m 3 SCM and about 20 kg / m 3 ~about 100kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises a fine aggregate and optionally a coarse aggregate. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture comprises a fine aggregate and a coarse aggregate.

[0239] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, the admixture comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture depending on the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0240] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, which must be extinguished prior to preparing the concrete, mortar, and / or grout. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture depending on the dosage of calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments. In some embodiments, the particle size is about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm, and about 63 mm to about 204 mm, which is extinguished prior to preparing the concrete, mortar, and / or grout.

[0241] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, the admixture comprising a SCM of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and a calcium compound. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture depending on the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0242] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an admixture for concrete comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and manufactured in accordance with ASTM C494 Type S. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, "ASTM C494 Type S" refers to an admixture of a specific performance as described in ASTM C494. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects as described in ASTM C494. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0243] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and manufactured in accordance with EN934. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in cementitious mixtures: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN934. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0244] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or particle size range, and manufactured in compliance with a European Technical Assessment under EN934 or EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, "EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive" refers to the Regulation on the EEA of March 9, 2011 that sets harmonized conditions for the marketing of construction products and replaces the Construction Products Directive 89 / 106 / EEC. In some embodiments, the admixture imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN934. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm.

[0245] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an additive for concrete comprising a calcium compound and SCM of a desired particle size or range as defined by EN206, and manufactured in compliance with a European Technical Assessment under EN450 or EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN450. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0246] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an additive for concrete, comprising a SCM of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and a calcium compound, the additive manufactured in compliance with a European Technical Assessment under EN450 or EU305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in EN450. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0247] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an additive for concrete comprising a SCM of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes and a calcium compound, the additive manufactured in accordance with ASTM C618. In some embodiments, the additive imparts one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mixture: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength without the deleterious effects described in ASTM C618. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide. In some embodiments, the particle size is greater than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, greater than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 4 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm, or greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0248] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, certain embodiments of the cementitious mixtures, including the grouts, mortars, concretes, and concrete mixtures of the present disclosure, may be used in a variety of applications including primary and repair cementing, surface applications, underground applications, underwater applications, building materials, construction activities, and the like. Certain embodiments of the cementitious mixtures may be introduced into an earth formation, such as a subsurface formation, a surface formation, and an underwater formation, and allowed to set therein. Certain embodiments of the cementitious mixtures may include nano-hydraulic cement, hydraulic cement, and water. As an example, in certain primary cementing embodiments, the cementitious mixture may be introduced into a space between an earth formation and a structure, such as a lift pipe, disposed in the formation. The cementitious mixture may be allowed to set to form a hardened mass in the space between the earth formation and the structure. Also, in certain repair cementing embodiments, the cementitious mixture may be used, for example, in squeeze cementing operations or in the installation of cement plugs.

[0249] In some embodiments, introducing the cementitious mixture into a desired location, such as a surface, a structure, an underground formation, an underwater formation, etc., includes introducing into any portion of the location. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is allowed to set to form a hardened ceramic material. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is allowed to set to form a hardened concrete. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is allowed to set to form a hardened mortar. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is allowed to set to form a hardened grout. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is allowed to set to form a hardened cement paste. In some embodiments, the cementitious mixture is used to form a barrier that prevents fluids from migrating to an adjacent location. As an example, the cementitious mixture may be used to seal an opening (e.g., a cavity or crack) in an earth formation or other structure.

[0250] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a building material comprising one or more of a calcium compound and a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), and optionally an admixture. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is mixed with the SCM such that about 1% to about 99% by weight, about 1% to about 50% by weight, about 1% to about 40% by weight, about 1% to about 30% by weight, about 1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 5% by weight, about 3% to about 4% by weight, about 4% to about 10% by weight, or about 10% to about 30% by weight of the total weight of the SCM is replaced with the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the calcium compound is mixed with the admixture such that about 1% to about 99%, about 1% to about 50%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, about 3% to about 4%, about 4% to about 10%, or about 10% to about 30% of the total weight of the admixture is replaced with the calcium compound. In some embodiments, the SCM comprises one or more selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP). In some embodiments, the admixture comprises one or more admixtures specified in ASTM C494 and EN934.

[0251] Although the present disclosure has been described in detail, it will be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalents are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the appended claims. Moreover, it should be understood that all examples of the present disclosure are provided as non-limiting examples.

[0252] The following clauses describe specific embodiments.

[0253] Clause 1a. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

[0254] Clause 1b. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

[0255] Article 1C. A method for producing a concrete mix for building materials, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

[0256] Clause 1d. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for building materials, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

[0257] Clause 2a. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is from about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0258] Clause 2b. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is between about 6.5% and about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0259] Clause 2c. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0260] Clause 2d. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5 to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0261] Clause 2e. A method for producing a concrete mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is from about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0262] Clause 2f. A method for producing a concrete mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0263] Clause 2g. A method for producing a concrete mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0264] Clause 2h. A method for producing a concrete mixture for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0265] Clause 3a. A method for producing a blended cement for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), and a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is from about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0266] Clause 3b. A method for producing a blended cement for a building material, comprising obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), and a supplemental cementitious material (SCM); and blending the cementitious mixture, wherein an amount of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0267] Clause 4. A method for preparing a cement-based hardened body, comprising: (a) pouring a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, water, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and supplemental cementitious materials (SCM), the calcium compound dosage being between about 3.1% and about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, onto a surface or into a concrete form; (b) solidifying the cementitious mixture by reacting the cementitious mixture with the water to form a hardened mass.

[0268] Clause 5a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-4, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

[0269] Clause 5b. The method of any one of clauses 1a-4, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM.

[0270] Clause 6a. The amount of the calcium compound added is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 3 5%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25%, optionally about 8% to about 12%.

[0271] Clause 6b. The method of any one of clauses 1a-5b, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is from about 6.5% to about 15%.

[0272] Clause 6c. The method of any one of clauses 1a-5b, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is from about 8% to about 12%.

[0273] Clause 7. The method of any one of clauses 1a-6c, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0274] Clause 8a. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3, about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 7, wherein

[0275] Clause 8b. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 7, wherein

[0276] Clause 8c. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 7, wherein

[0277] Clause 8d. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 7, wherein

[0278] Clause 8e. The total binder content is about 270 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 of OPC and about 110 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 8d, comprising the SCM of

[0279] Clause 9. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 , or about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 8e, wherein

[0280] Clause 10. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3, about 600kg / m 3 , or about 700 kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 9, wherein

[0281] Clause 11. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 1a to 10, wherein

[0282] Clause 12. The calcium compound has a particle size of more than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, more than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 12. The method of any one of clauses 1a-11, wherein the particle size is from about 1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, from about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, from about 4 mm to about 5 mm, from about 4 mm to about 6 mm, from about 4 mm to about 7 mm, from about 4 mm to about 8 mm, from about 4 mm to about 9 mm, from about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0283] Clause 13. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 12, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0284] Clause 14. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 12, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0285] Clause 15. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 12, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0286] Clause 16. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 12, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0287] Clause 17. The method of any one of clauses 1a-16, wherein the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).

[0288] Clause 18. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 17, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0289] Clause 19. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 18, wherein the calcium compound is in a dry state.

[0290] Clause 20. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 19, wherein the calcium oxide is not digested, and optionally the calcium oxide is not digested prior to step (a).

[0291] Clause 21. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 19, wherein the calcium oxide is digested, optionally the calcium oxide is digested prior to step (a).

[0292] Clause 22a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-17, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide.

[0293] Clause 22b. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0294] Clause 22c. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0295] Clause 22d. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0296] Clause 22e. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0297] Clause 22f. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0298] Clause 22g. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0299] Clause 22h. The method of clause 22b, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0300] Clause 23a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0301] Clause 23b. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of quicklime.

[0302] Clause 23c. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic lime.

[0303] Clause 23d. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of slaked lime.

[0304] Clause 23e. The method of any one of clauses 1a-22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of dolomitic slaked lime.

[0305] Clause 24. The method of any one of clauses 23a to 23e, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 67% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0306] Clause 25. The method of any one of clauses 23a to 23e, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 33% to about 66% by weight calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0307] Clause 26. The method of any one of clauses 23a to 23e, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 32% by weight calcium oxide and about 68% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0308] Clause 27. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 22a, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0309] Clause 28. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide.

[0310] Clause 29. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium oxide.

[0311] Clause 30. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium oxide.

[0312] Clause 31. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0313] Clause 32. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0314] Clause 33. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium oxide.

[0315] Clause 34. The method of clause 27, wherein the calcium compounds include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and further include magnesium oxide.

[0316] Clause 35. The method of any one of clauses 22 to 26, wherein the calcium compound further comprises magnesium oxide.

[0317] Clause 36. The method of any one of clauses 27 to 34, wherein the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

[0318] Clause 37. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 36, wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP), and optionally includes fly ash.

[0319] Clause 38. The method according to any one of clauses 1 and 5 to 37, wherein step b) is carried out after step a).

[0320] Clause 39. The method according to any one of clauses 1 and 5 to 37, wherein steps a) and b) are carried out simultaneously.

[0321] Clause 40. The method of any one of clauses 1a to 39, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregate.

[0322] Clause 41a. The method of clause 40, wherein the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

[0323] Clause 41b. The fine aggregate has a mass of about 750 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 42. The method according to claim 40 or 41, wherein

[0324] Clause 42a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-41b, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregate.

[0325] Clause 42b. The coarse aggregate has a density of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 The method according to claim 42a, wherein

[0326] Clause 42c. The method of clause 42a or 42b, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm.

[0327] Clause 42d. The coarse aggregate has a mass of about 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 The method of any one of clauses 42a to 42c, wherein

[0328] Clause 42e. The method of any one of clauses 42a-42d, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of from about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0329] Clause 43a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-42e, further comprising adding one or more plasticizers to the cementitious mixture.

[0330] Clause 43b. The one or more superplasticizers have a viscosity of about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 The method according to claim 43a, wherein

[0331] Clause 44a. The method of any one of clauses 1a-43b, further comprising adding one or more set retarders to the cementitious mixture.

[0332] Clause 44b. The one or more retarders are about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 The method according to claim 44a, wherein

[0333] Clause 45. A ceramic material prepared by the method according to any one of clauses 1 and 5 to 44b.

[0334] Clause 46. The ceramic material according to clause 45, wherein the ceramic material is selected from cement paste, grout, mortar, and concrete.

[0335] Clause 47. The ceramic material according to clause 45, wherein the ceramic material is a grout.

[0336] Clause 48. The ceramic material according to clause 45, wherein the ceramic material is a mortar.

[0337] Clause 49. The ceramic material according to clause 45, wherein the ceramic material is concrete.

[0338] Clause 50. The ceramic material according to clause 46, wherein the ceramic material is sand.

[0339] Clause 51. The ceramic material according to clause 46, wherein the ceramic material is gravel.

[0340] Clause 52a. The ceramic material of any one of clauses 45-51, wherein the ceramic material further comprises one or more fluidizing agents.

[0341] Clause 52b. The one or more superplasticizers have a viscosity of about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3The ceramic material of claim 52a, wherein the ceramic material is present in an amount of

[0342] Clause 53a. The ceramic material of any one of clauses 45-52b, wherein the ceramic material further comprises one or more set retarders.

[0343] Clause 53b. The one or more retarders are about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 The ceramic material of claim 53a, wherein the ceramic material is present in an amount of

[0344] Clause 54. A composition prepared by the method according to any one of clauses 1a to 45.

[0345] Clause 55. The ceramic material or the composition, a) self-healing; b) waterproof; c) shrinkage compensation; d) volume expansion, e) Corrosion protection, and f) the ceramic material according to any one of clauses 45 to 53 or the composition according to clause 54 having one or more of the properties of improved compressive strength and / or having improved performance in one or more of those properties.

[0346] Clause 56. The ceramic material according to any one of clauses 45 to 53 or the composition according to clause 54.

[0347] Clause 57. A ceramic material according to any one of clauses 45 to 53 or a composition according to clause 54, wherein the ceramic material or the composition is for underwater use.

[0348] Clause 58. A building material comprising a ceramic material according to any one of clauses 45 to 53, 56 or 57, or a composition according to any one of clauses 54 to 57.

[0349] Clause 59. A building material as claimed in clause 58, wherein said building material comprises reinforced concrete.

[0350] Clause 60. The building material according to clause 58 or 59, further comprising Opus signinum (Cocciopesto).

[0351] Clause 61. A concrete admixture prepared by the method of any one of clauses 1a to 1d and 5 to 44.

[0352] Clause 62. A concrete admixture prepared by the method according to any one of clauses 2, 3, 5-37, and 40-44.

[0353] Clause 63. A blended cement prepared by the method of any one of clauses 2a-2g, 3a-3b, 5-37, and 40-44.

[0354] Clause 64a. The method of any one of clauses 4-37 and 40-44, wherein the water is present in an amount of about 20% to about 40% of the cement composition.

[0355] Clause 64b. The water is about 170 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 4 to 37 and 40 to 44, wherein

[0356] Clause 65. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, 64a, and 64b, wherein the method further comprises adding one or more reinforcing materials to form reinforced concrete.

[0357] Clause 66. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, 64a, 64b, and 65, further comprising adding one or more set retarders to the cementitious mixture.

[0358] Clause 67. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, and 64a-66, wherein the method further comprises adding one or more reinforcing materials to form reinforced concrete.

[0359] Clause 68. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, and 64a-67, wherein the reinforcement comprises one or more materials selected from steel, polymer, fiber, and / or alternative composite materials.

[0360] Clause 69. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, and 64a-68, wherein the method includes pouring the cementitious mixture onto a surface.

[0361] Clause 70. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, and 64a-69, wherein the method includes preparing a cement-based surface.

[0362] Clause 71. The method of any one of clauses 4-37, 40-44, and 64a-70, wherein the method comprises pouring the cementitious mixture into a concrete form.

[0363] Clause 72. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing the calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0364] Clause 73. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, said admixture conforming to ASTM C494 and / or EN934, comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0365] Clause 74. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing said calcium oxide with calcium hydroxide.

[0366] Clause 75. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing said calcium oxide with any admixture listed in ASTM C494 and / or EN934.

[0367] Clause 76. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing said calcium oxide with an SCM.

[0368] Clause 77. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, said method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and adding water to said calcium oxide to form a slurry.

[0369] Clause 78. A method for preparing an admixture for a cementitious mixture comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range, and mixing said calcium oxide with sand.

[0370] Clause 79. A method for preparing a cement additive comprising calcium oxide, the method comprising reducing said calcium oxide to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0371] Clause 80. A method for preparing a cement additive, comprising mixing calcium oxide and SCM.

[0372] Clause 81. A method for preparing a cement additive, comprising mixing calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0373] Clause 82. The method of clause 80 or 81, wherein the calcium oxide is reduced to a desired particle size and / or particle size range.

[0374] Clause 83. The particle diameter of the calcium oxide is about 0 mm or more to about 0.2 mm, about 0 mm or more to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 83. The method of any one of clauses 72-82, wherein the diameter is 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0375] Clause 84. The method of clause 76 or 80, wherein the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0376] Clause 85. An admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, which when used in a cementitious mix depending on the dosage of said calcium compound imparts one or more of the following properties: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0377] Clause 86. An admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar, and grout, comprising an SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, the admixture imparting one or more of the following properties when used in a cementitious mix depending on the dosage of the calcium compound: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0378] Clause 87. An admixture for concrete, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, manufactured in accordance with ASTM C494 Type S, which when used in a cementitious mixture imparts one or more of the following properties without the deleterious effects described in ASTM C494: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0379] Clause 88. An admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, manufactured in accordance with EN 934 and which, when used in a cementitious mixture, imparts one or more of the following properties without the deleterious effects described in EN 934: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention and improved compressive strength.

[0380] Clause 89. An admixture for one or more of concrete, mortar and grout, comprising a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, manufactured in compliance with a European technical assessment under EN 934 or EU 305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive, and which, when used in cementitious mixtures, imparts one or more of the following properties without detrimental effects as described in EN 934: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention and improved compressive strength.

[0381] Clause 90. Additive for concrete, comprising SCM and a calcium compound of desired particle size or particle size range, as defined by EN 206, manufactured in compliance with EN 450 or a European technical assessment under EU 305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive, which, when used in cementitious mixtures, imparts one or more of the following properties without detrimental effects as described in EN 450: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0382] Clause 91. An additive for concrete, comprising a SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or particle size range, manufactured in accordance with a European technical assessment based on EN 450 or EU 305 / 2011 Construction Materials Directive, which, when used in a cementitious mixture, imparts one or more of the following properties without detrimental effects as described in EN 450: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0383] Clause 92. An additive for concrete, comprising an SCM and a calcium compound of a desired particle size or range of particle sizes, manufactured in accordance with ASTM C618, which when used in a cementitious mixture imparts one or more of the following properties without the deleterious effects described in ASTM C618: self-healing, waterproofing, shrinkage compensation; waterproofing, corrosion protection, workability, workability retention, and improved compressive strength.

[0384] Clause 93a. The particle size range of the calcium compound is from about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, from about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, from 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, from 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. m, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, more than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0385] Clause 93b. The admixture according to any one of clauses 85-89 or the additive according to any one of clauses 90-92, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and about 63 mm to about 204 mm and is digested before being used to prepare concrete, mortar, and / or grout.

[0386] Clause 94. An admixture according to any one of clauses 85-89 or 93a-93b or an additive according to any one of clauses 90-92, 93a or 93b, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0387] Clause 95. An admixture according to any one of clauses 85-89 or 93a-93b or an additive according to any one of clauses 90-92, 93a or 93b, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0388] Clause 96. The admixture according to Clause 95 or the additive according to Clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0389] Clause 97. The admixture according to Clause 95 or the additive according to Clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% by weight to about 35% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 65% by weight to about 94% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0390] Clause 98. The admixture according to clause 95 or the additive according to clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% by weight to about 46% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 64% by weight to about 54% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0391] Clause 99. The admixture according to Clause 95 or the additive according to Clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% by weight to about 50% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 53% by weight to about 50% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0392] Clause 100. The admixture according to Clause 95 or the additive according to Clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% by weight to about 75% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 50% by weight to about 25% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0393] Clause 101. The admixture according to Clause 95 or the additive according to Clause 95, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% by weight to about 100% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 24% by weight to about 0% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0394] Clause 102a. The admixture according to clause 95 or the additive according to clause 95, wherein the calcium compounds include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and further include magnesium oxide.

[0395] Clause 102b. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein said calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0396] Clause 102c. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0397] Clause 102d. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0398] Clause 102e. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0399] Clause 102f. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0400] Clause 102g. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0401] Clause 102h. The admixture of clause 102a or the additive of clause 102a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0402] Clause 103. The admixture according to any one of clauses 94 to 101 or the additive according to any one of clauses 94 to 101, wherein the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

[0403] Clause 104. The SCM is an admixture as described in clause 86 or an additive as described in clause 90 or 91, comprising fly ash.

[0404] Clause 105. A cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is between about 3.1% and about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0405] Clause 106a. The cementitious mixture of clause 105, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

[0406] Clause 106b. The cementitious mixture of clause 105 or 106a, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM.

[0407] Clause 106c. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 106. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 106b,

[0408] Clause 106d. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 106. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 106b,

[0409] Clause 106e. The total binder content is about 270 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 of OPC and about 110 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 10. A cementitious mixture as described in any one of clauses 105 to 106d, comprising a SCM of

[0410] Clause 107a. The amount of calcium compound added is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. , about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 15%, about 3.1% to about 25%, about 3.1% to about 20%, about 3.1% to about 15%, or about 3.1% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 8%, about 3.1% to about 6.5%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 20% to about 25%, optionally about 8% to about 12%.

[0411] Clause 107b. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-106e, wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 6.5% to about 15%.

[0412] Clause 107c. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-106e, wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 8% to about 12%.

[0413] Clause 108. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-107c, wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0414] Clause 109a. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3, about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 109. The cementitious mixture of any one of claims 105 to 108, wherein

[0415] Clause 109b. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 109. The cementitious mixture of any one of claims 105 to 108, wherein

[0416] Clause 109c. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m3 109. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 108, wherein

[0417] Clause 109d. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 109. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 108, wherein

[0418] Clause 110. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 , or about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 109. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 108, wherein

[0419] Clause 111. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 , about 600kg / m 3 , or about 700 kg / m 3 The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 109d,

[0420] Clause 112. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3, about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 111. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 108 and 110,

[0421] Clause 113a. The calcium compound is more than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, more than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm 113. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-112, having a particle size of about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0422] Clause 113b. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-112, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and about 63 mm to about 204 mm, and optionally the calcium compound is digested.

[0423] Clause 114. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 113b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0424] Clause 115. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 113b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0425] Clause 116. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 113b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0426] Clause 117. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 113b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0427] Clause 118. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 117, wherein the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).

[0428] Clause 119. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 105 to 118, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0429] Clause 120. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 105 to 119, wherein the calcium compound is in a dry state.

[0430] Clause 121. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 120, wherein the calcium oxide is not digested, and optionally the calcium oxide is not digested prior to step (a).

[0431] Clause 122. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105 to 120, wherein the calcium oxide is slaked, optionally the calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a).

[0432] Clause 123a. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-118, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide.

[0433] Clause 123b. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0434] Clause 123c. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0435] Clause 123d. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0436] Clause 123e. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0437] Clause 123f. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0438] Clause 123g. The cementitious mixture of clause 123a, wherein the calcium compound comprises between about 76% and about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and between about 24% and about 0% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0439] Clause 124. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 105 to 123, wherein the calcium compound comprises calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0440] Clause 125. The cementitious mixture of clause 124, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 67% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0441] Clause 126. The cementitious mixture of clause 124, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 33% to about 66% by weight calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0442] Clause 127. The cementitious mixture of clause 124, wherein the calcium compound comprises from about 0% to about 32% by weight calcium oxide and from about 68% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0443] Clause 128. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 105 to 123, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0444] Clause 129. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide.

[0445] Clause 130. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium oxide.

[0446] Clause 131. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium oxide.

[0447] Clause 132. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight of magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight of calcium oxide.

[0448] Clause 133. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0449] Clause 134. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium oxide.

[0450] Clause 135. The cementitious mixture of clause 128, wherein the calcium compounds include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and further include magnesium oxide.

[0451] Clause 136. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 118 to 127, wherein the calcium compound further comprises magnesium oxide.

[0452] Clause 137. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 128 to 134, wherein the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

[0453] Clause 138a. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-137, wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP).

[0454] Clause 138b. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-137, wherein the SCM comprises fly ash.

[0455] Clause 139. A cementitious mixture according to any one of clauses 105 to 138, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises fine aggregate.

[0456] Clause 140a. The cementitious mixture of clause 139, wherein the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

[0457] Clause 140b. The fine aggregate has a mass of about 750 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 139 or 140a, wherein the cementitious mixture is present in an amount of

[0458] Clause 141a. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-140, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises coarse aggregate.

[0459] Clause 141b. The coarse aggregate has a mass of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 141a.

[0460] Clause 141c. The cementitious mixture of clause 141a or 141b, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm.

[0461] Clause 141d. The coarse aggregate has a mass of about 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 The cementitious mixture according to clauses 141a-141c, wherein

[0462] Clause 141e. The cementitious mixture of clauses 141a-141d, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0463] Clause 142a. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-141e, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises one or more plasticizers.

[0464] Clause 142b. The one or more superplasticizers have a viscosity of about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 142a.

[0465] Clause 143a. The cementitious mixture of any one of clauses 105-142b, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises one or more set retarders.

[0466] Clause 143b. The one or more retarders are about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 143a.

[0467] Clause 144. A cementitious mixture prepared by the method according to any one of clauses 1a to 44.

[0468] Clause 145a. A concrete comprising a cementitious mixture including a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate, and optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0469] Clause 145b. A concrete comprising a calcium compound and a cementitious mixture comprising ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0470] Clause 145c. A concrete for building materials comprising a cementitious mixture including a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0471] Clause 145d. A concrete for building materials comprising a cementitious mixture including a calcium compound, ordinary Portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, optionally the fine aggregate includes one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and optionally including a reinforcing material.

[0472] Clause 145e. Concrete made from a mixture including a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, optionally the fine aggregate including one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and optionally including a reinforcing material.

[0473] Clause 146a. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-145e, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture includes about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

[0474] Clause 146b. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-145d, or 146a, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM.

[0475] Clause 146c. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The concrete according to any one of Clauses 145a to 146b,

[0476] Clause 146d. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The concrete according to any one of Clauses 145a to 146b,

[0477] Clause 146e. The total binder content is about 270 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 290kg / m 3 of OPC and about 110 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 130kg / m 3 A concrete according to any one of clauses 145a to 146d, comprising a SCM of

[0478] Clause 147a. The amount of calcium compound added is about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, about The concrete of clause 145a, 145b, or 146e, wherein the total content of the filler is between 10% and about 30%, between 10% and about 15%, between 3.1% and about 25%, between 3.1% and about 20%, between 3.1% and about 15%, or between 3.1% and about 10%, between 3.1% and about 8%, between 3.1% and about 6.5%, between 5% and about 25%, between 5% and about 20%, between 5% and about 15%, between 5% and about 10%, between 10% and about 20%, between 20% and about 30%, or between 20% and about 25%, optionally between about 8% and about 12%.

[0479] Clause 147b. The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 146b, wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 6.5% to about 15%.

[0480] Clause 147c. The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 146b, wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 8% to about 12%.

[0481] Clause 148. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-147c, wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 35%, about 30%, about 25%, about 20%, about 15%, about 10%, about 5%, or about 3.1% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

[0482] Clause 149a. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 148,

[0483] Clause 149b. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 148,

[0484] Clause 149c. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 200 kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 700kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 ~about 600kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 , or about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 and optionally about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 148,

[0485] Clause 149d. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 The method according to any one of clauses 145a to 148, wherein

[0486] Clause 150. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 , about 800kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m3 , about 900kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1200kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1100kg / m 3 , or about 1100 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 1300kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of Clauses 145a to 148,

[0487] Clause 151. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m 3 , about 200kg / m 3 , about 300kg / m 3 , about 400kg / m 3 , about 500kg / m 3 , about 600kg / m 3 , or about 700 kg / m 3 The concrete according to any one of Clauses 145a to 149d,

[0488] Clause 152. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 800 kg / m 3 , about 900kg / m 3 , about 1000kg / m 3 , about 1100kg / m 3 , about 1200kg / m 3 , or about 1300 kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 148 and 150,

[0489] Clause 153a. The calcium compound is more than about 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, more than about 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-152 having a particle size of about 1.5 mm, about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 4 mm to about 5 mm, about 4 mm to about 6 mm, about 4 mm to about 7 mm, about 4 mm to about 8 mm, about 4 mm to about 9 mm, about 4 mm to about 10 mm, greater than about 4 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 10 mm.

[0490] Clause 153b. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-152, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm and about 63 mm to about 204 mm, and optionally the calcium compound is digested.

[0491] Clause 154. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 153b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0492] Clause 155. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 153b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0493] Clause 156. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 153b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm.

[0494] Clause 157. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 153b, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0495] Clause 158. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 157, wherein the calcium compound comprises one or more of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).

[0496] Clause 159. A concrete according to any one of clauses 145a to 158, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide.

[0497] Clause 160. The concrete according to any one of clauses 145a to 159, wherein the calcium compound is in a dry state.

[0498] Clause 161. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 160, wherein the calcium oxide is unslaked, and optionally the calcium oxide is unslaked prior to step (a).

[0499] Clause 162. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 160, wherein the calcium oxide is slaked, optionally the calcium oxide is slaked prior to step (a).

[0500] Clause 163a. ​​The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-158, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide.

[0501] Clause 163b. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0502] Clause 163c. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0503] Clause 163d. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0504] Clause 163e. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0505] Clause 163f. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0506] Clause 163g. The concrete of clause 163a, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0507] Clause 163b. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 158, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, and / or consists essentially of calcium hydroxide, and about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size of less than about 0.3 mm or about 0.2 mm, and about 10% by weight to about 15% by weight of the calcium hydroxide has a particle size of less than about 0.7 mm or about 0.6 mm.

[0508] Clause 164. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 163b, wherein the calcium compounds include calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.

[0509] Clause 165. The concrete of clause 164, wherein the calcium compounds include about 67% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0510] Clause 166. The concrete of clause 164, wherein the calcium compounds include about 33% to about 66% by weight calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0511] Clause 167. The concrete of clause 164, wherein the calcium compounds include from about 0% to about 32% by weight calcium oxide and from about 68% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

[0512] Clause 168. A concrete according to any one of clauses 145a to 163, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.

[0513] Clause 169. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide.

[0514] Clause 170. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium oxide.

[0515] Clause 171. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium oxide.

[0516] Clause 172. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium oxide.

[0517] Clause 173. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 51% to about 75% by weight magnesium oxide and about 50% to about 25% by weight calcium oxide.

[0518] Clause 174. The concrete of clause 168, wherein the calcium compound comprises about 76% to about 100% by weight magnesium oxide and about 24% to about 0% by weight calcium oxide.

[0519] Clause 175. The concrete according to clause 168, wherein the calcium compounds include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and further include magnesium oxide.

[0520] Clause 176. The concrete according to any one of clauses 148 to 177, wherein the calcium compound further comprises magnesium oxide.

[0521] Clause 177. The concrete according to any one of clauses 148 to 174, wherein the calcium compound further comprises calcium hydroxide.

[0522] Clause 178a. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-177, wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and ground glass (GP).

[0523] Clause 178b. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-177, wherein the SCM includes fly ash.

[0524] Clause 179a. The concrete of clauses 145a-178b, wherein the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

[0525] Clause 179b. The fine aggregate has a mass of about 750 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 Concrete as described in clause 179a, present in an amount of

[0526] Clause 180a. The coarse aggregate has a mass of about 100 kg / m 3 ~about 200kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 179b, wherein the concrete is present in an amount of

[0527] Clause 180b. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-180a, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of about 4 mm to about 8 mm.

[0528] Clause 180c. The coarse aggregate has a mass of about 700 kg / m 3 ~about 800kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 180b, wherein the concrete is present in an amount of

[0529] Clause 180d. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-180c, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises particles having a diameter of from about 8 mm to about 16 mm.

[0530] Clause 181a. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-180d, wherein the concrete further comprises one or more superplasticizers.

[0531] Clause 181b. The one or more superplasticizers have a viscosity of about 4 kg / m 3 ~about 5kg / m 3 Concrete as described in clause 181a, present in an amount of

[0532] Clause 182a. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a-181b, wherein the concrete further comprises one or more set retarders.

[0533] Clause 182b. The one or more retarders are about 3 kg / m 3 ~about 4kg / m 3 Concrete as described in clause 181a, present in an amount of

[0534] Clause 183. The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 182b, wherein the concrete further comprises one or more reinforcing materials.

[0535] Clause 184. The concrete of clause 183, wherein the reinforcement comprises one or more of steel reinforcement, non-steel reinforcement, stainless steel reinforcement, ferrous reinforcement, non-ferrous reinforcement, fibre reinforcement and non-fibre reinforcement.

[0536] Clause 185. Concrete as claimed in clause 183 or 184, wherein the reinforcement comprises one or more of steel bar, reinforcing bar, plain steel bar, profiled steel bar, T-section steel, composite bar, wire rod, reinforcing wire, cold drawn wire, composite wire, welded wire mesh, profiled steel mesh, composite welded wire mesh, strand, prestressed strand, steel prestressed strand, composite prestressed strand, fibre, composite fibre, reinforcing fibre, steel reinforcing fibre, copper reinforcing fibre, glass reinforcing fibre, reinforced synthetic fibre, reinforced nylon fibre, reinforced polyester fibre, reinforced polypropylene fibre, natural reinforcing fibre, composite reinforcing fibre, chemical fibre, natural fibre and composite fibre.

[0537] Clause 186. The water is about 170 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 190kg / m 3 The concrete of any one of clauses 145a to 185, wherein the concrete is present in an amount of

[0538] Clause 187. Concrete prepared by the method according to any one of clauses 1a to 44. definition

[0539] The following definitions are used in connection with the present disclosure disclosed herein: Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0540] As used herein, "a," "an," or "the" may mean one or more.

[0541] When referred to herein, all composition percentages are by weight of the total composition unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the word "include" and variations thereof are intended to be open-ended, such that the description of items in a list does not exclude other similar items that may also be useful in the materials, compositions, devices, and methods of the present technology. Similarly, the terms "can" and "may" and variations thereof are intended to be open-ended, such that a description that an embodiment can or may include certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not include those elements or features.

[0542] The open-ended term "comprising" as a synonym for terms such as including, containing, or having is used in this disclosure to describe and claim the disclosure, but the disclosure or embodiments thereof may instead be described using alternative terms such as "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of."

[0543] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES

[0544] Example 1: Study of the effect of quicklime on some important properties of concrete

[0545] This example presents the results of a laboratory study that defines the effect of added quicklime on several important properties of concrete.

[0546] This study was carried out based on the following steps. a) A useful initial charge and particle size of quicklime was identified using small-scale laboratory mortar batches. b) Laboratory made concrete batches were prepared using specific selected gradations and proportions of quicklime. c) The workability, carbonation resistance, thermal properties, and self-healing properties of concrete mixes containing a useful range of quicklime dosages and gradations were characterized.

[0547] Commercially available quicklime (approximately 96.8% CaO) was purchased in the 30-80 mm range and further reduced to the required particle size as described below.

[0548] Upon completion of the 63-day accelerated neutralization test, the testing program had been carried out for 116 days.

[0549] Laboratory Mortar Batches: Over the first five days of the test program, eleven batches of 2.0 liters each were prepared along with one batch designated "Control" that contained no quicklime for comparison purposes. The addition order was: 1. Powder (CEMI, fly ash), 2. Quicklime in granular and sand form, 3. Water, 4. Superplasticizer. The following criteria were applied for batching and testing of the mortar: a) EN196-1 - Test methods for determination of strength of cement b) EN196-3 - Test methods for cement - Measurement of setting time

[0550] Coarse quicklime was ground to three particle sizes by laboratory grinding and sieving procedures (FIGS. 1A-1D).

[0551] Laboratory Program Results for Mortar Mixes: A summary of the mortar mix compositions and laboratory results for density, air content, initial / final setting times, and compressive / flexural strength are presented in Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0552] Mortar Mix Results: From the test program on mortar mixes, Mixes A, B, D, and H in Table 1, were selected for further testing. Unlike the remaining mixes, these mixes did not show any detrimental effects (on setting time, workability, and / or strength) due to the addition of quicklime in the system when compared to the control mix.

[0553] In particular, pop-up formation was considered one of the main criteria for discarding a particular mix, since pop-ups on finished concrete surfaces are always unacceptable (Fig. 2).

[0554] Compatibility of ingredients: All ingredients used in the mortar and concrete testing programme comply with the relevant EN standards, such as: a) Compliant with CEM I 42.5N-EN196; b) Fly ash - fine as shown in Figure 30 and conforms to EN 450; c) High performance flow enhancer / retarder - conforms to EN934, and d) Aggregates-Complies with EN12620.

[0555] Laboratory Concrete Batches: Four batches of concrete, approximately 40.0 liters each, were prepared over a 12 day period, along with one batch, designated "Control", that did not contain quicklime for comparison purposes. The concrete mix designs subjected to further testing are outlined in Table 2 below. [Table 2]

[0556] The addition order was: 1. Powders (CEM I and fly ash), 2. Quicklime in granular and aggregate form, 3. Water, 4. High performance superplasticizer / retarder.

[0557] Slump cone workability tests (EN12350-2) were conducted on the ready-mix concrete batches only at 30-min intervals from the initial time point until 2 hours (Figures 3A-3B).

[0558] Results of workability tests on concrete mixes: A summary of initial slump and slump retention for mixes “A”, “B”, “D”, “H” and “Control” are reported in Table 3 and Figure 4. [Table 3]

[0559] The workability and workability retention results show that adding quicklime at the selected grading and dosage has no detrimental effect on the workability of the concrete. All mixes were given a target initial slump class of S5 (>220mm) according to EN206-1, and at the end of the 120 minute workable period, all concrete mixes retained class S4 (160-210mm) according to EN206-1.

[0560] It was found that when retarder was used (formulations B and H), workability retention had the highest value.

[0561] Temperature development results for concrete mixes: Using a thermocouple placed in the center of the specimen, the temperature development was measured for small volumes of concrete (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) cast in polystyrene molds to evaluate whether the addition of quicklime increases the semi-adiabatic temperature rise compared to the control mix. The results are shown in Figure 5.

[0562] The quicklime dosage and particle size for mixes A, B, and D were as follows: a) Formulation A: 20kg / 0.5~1.5mm, b) Mixture B: 40 kg / 0.5-1.5 mm, and c) Formulation D: 20kg / 1.5~2.5mm.

[0563] These results demonstrate that fine quicklime (mix A, 0-5-1.5mm) generates more heat than coarse quicklime (mix D, 1.5-2.5mm) at the same charge. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is hypothesized that this result is due to the increased specific surface area of ​​the finer quicklime.

[0564] Compared to the control formula, Formula A generated an exotherm of over +4° C. and Formula B generated an exotherm of over +7° C., while Formula D did not generate any additional temperature exotherm.

[0565] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the temperature development is approximately linearly proportional to the volume of concrete and acts with linear superposition. Therefore, these results suggest that the heat of hydration of concrete containing quicklime for large volumes of real structures ranges from unaffected (0% increase for mix D) to moderately affected (peak temperatures of structures of +4°C and +7°C for mixes A and B, respectively).

[0566] Mixes A and D were selected for further testing because they contained quicklime dosages and gradings that did not change the relative heat of hydration of concrete by more than +5°C. If a higher dosage of quicklime is desired, a coarser (and therefore less thermally active) grading may be useful.

[0567] Self-repair results in concrete mixes: Mixes A and H were subjected to self-repair tests to verify whether the addition of quicklime in different dosages and gradations in the system would promote the healing of cracks by reaction of free lime to form newly deposited calcium carbonate crystals in the matrix of concrete containing quicklime and carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

[0568] Self-healing of cracks with a width of up to 0.50 mm (measured on the surface of the specimen exposed to the water flow) refers to autogenous self-healing induced by external cementitious and / or pozzolanic compounds that enhance the natural self-healing properties of concrete.

[0569] Test description: The test was performed by unidirectionally flowing water from a reservoir through a concrete pre-cracked cylinder of diameter = height = 100 mm under the action of gravity only. The initial flow is the maximum flow (liters / h) that a crack with a width W in the range of 0.40-0.60 mm at the face exposed to the flow can have. The average height difference between the water level in the reservoir and the inlet of the specimen is 3.5 m (Figure 6). This corresponds to an average hydraulic gradient of 35 (m / m) for a specimen height of 0.1 m. The specimen was pre-cracked in split tensile strength mode adjacent to the wall opposite the cracked specimen to achieve a width in the range of 0.40 mm-0.50 mm (Figure 7). The crack width was measured optically at the surface exposed to the inflow of water according to structural engineering definition. The flow of tap water through the cracked specimen was digitally recorded with an electromagnetic flux meter. A data logger periodically collected the flow measurements. All visual and quantitative evaluation of the self-repair process and the rating were performed using an optical microscope with magnification up to 1000x as shown in Figures 8A and 8B below.

[0570] Outcome Assessment: The criteria used to assess the outcome were based on the difference between physically and chemically dominated self-healing. See, e.g., de Rooij et al., “Self-Healing Phenomena in Cement-Based Materials,” Vol. 11 (2013), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0571] The following criteria were used to evaluate the results: Flow rate drops to within the range of 1.0.0 liters / h to 1.0 liters / h → Pass, otherwise Fail. 2. New crystals formed on more than 70% of the net-applied surface* of the crack walls → chemically dominant self-repair; 3. New crystals are formed on 50%-70% of the netting surface along the crack walls → self-repair, which is chemically and physically dominant. 4. New crystals formed on less than 50% of the net attachment surface* of the crack walls → physically dominant self-repair. *Total surface area of ​​crack walls minus area occupied by aggregate.

[0572] For a residual steady inflow of 0.5-1.0 liters / h, the width of the residual crack is calculated as the number of visible cracks per meter (q w ) can be determined using an equation that calculates the initial water leakage (see Edvardsen, Innovation in Concrete Structures: Design and Construction; 473-487 (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

number

[0573] The temperature of the water leaving the electromagnetic flux meter was measured automatically throughout the duration of the test and averaged 26°C with negligible scattering, from which a value of =1.20 could be interpolated.

[0574] Validation: Although there is no common agreement in the literature on uniform test methods and criteria for evaluating the self-healing properties of cementitious systems, this approach incorporates known elements such as configurations exposed to time-varying flow and optical techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of secondary crystal growth on the crack walls.

[0575] Flow Decrease Over Time: The flow progression over time for Formulations A and H is reported in Figures 9 and 10.

[0576] Newly formed crystals and coverage: A typical appearance of the crack walls for Formula A at the end of the test is shown in Figure 11. A typical appearance of the crack walls for Formula H at the end of the test is shown in Figure 12. The coverage of Formulas A and H at the end of the test are reported in Tables 4 and 5. [Table 4] [Table 5]

[0577] Examples of image analysis used to calculate coverage are shown in FIG. 13 for Formula A and FIG. 14 for Formula H.

[0578] The ratings presented here are based on the ranges reported in Table 6 below. [Table 6]

[0579] Table 7 reports the outcome assessment based on the criteria defined in the outcome assessment section above. [Table 7]

[0580] Interpretation of the self-healing results: The results obtained in the self-healing tests show the formation of new crystalline phases in both formulas due to the precipitation of CaCO3 (mainly calcite) after the reaction of the free lime (CaO) artificially introduced into the system with carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in the mineral water. However, for the purpose of comparison with the best-in-class products, where chemically dominated mechanisms play a major role, formula H (40 kg / m 3 (using 2.5-3.5 mm CaO) represents a general sealing mechanism that is chemically dominated and, by definition, irreversible when the concrete is above water.

[0581] Formulation A (20kg / m 3Conversely, concrete with 0.5-1.5 mm CaO) appears to be more effective due to the combined effect of the expansion known to be caused by excess free lime and the precipitation of newly formed phases. This process may be partially reversible after the concrete has been allowed to dry.

[0582] This means that Formula H has the potential for a self-healing process that requires water for activation but continues even after the water is removed, whereas Formula A may shrink slightly after the water is removed, causing the self-healed cracks to partially reopen.

[0583] The implication of the above is that if this behavior is observed, mix A is only suitable for structures permanently submerged in water, while mix H is suitable for concrete that is cyclically exposed to wet / dry cycles.

[0584] Results of accelerated carbonation of concrete mixes: The addition of quicklime to the cementitious system increases the free lime content of concrete, and since free lime increases the rate of concrete carbonation while keeping all other factors constant, accelerated carbonation tests were carried out according to Swiss SIA262 / 1-I standard on mixes A, B, C, D, H and a control.

[0585] Test conditions for neutralization test: In this test, samples are exposed to a target concentration of carbon dioxide (4.0%) that is 10 times the average atmospheric concentration (0.4%) and a target RH of 57% at a target temperature of 20°C for 63 days, and the neutralization front is measured on days 0, 7, 28, and 63.

[0586] Accelerated carbonation test (

number

[0587] Carbonation test: for a service life of 50 years, according to Swiss standard SIA262 / 1:2019, the accelerated carbonation factor of concrete is 4.50

number

[0588] These results demonstrate that, except for Mix D, the carbonation coefficients of concretes containing quicklime are not adversely affected by an excess of free lime, and that Mixes A and B are clearly very close to the values ​​of the control mix.

[0589] Compressive strength results of concrete mixes: The compressive strength of mix H was determined according to SN EN12390-3 using cubes of 150x150x150 mm. The results are reported in Table 9 below. [Table 9]

[0590] Compressive Strength Test Commentary: These results demonstrate that the addition of quicklime did not adversely affect the compressive strength of Mix H. In fact, the average compressive strength at 28 days was comparable to a similar grade of concrete cast without the addition of quicklime.

[0591] Example 2: Summary of hydration heat test results for mortar containing quicklime

[0592] This example demonstrates the results of heat of hydration tests on eight mortar mixtures.

[0593] All components used in the tests comply with the relevant EN standards, such as: a) Compliant with CEM I 42.5N-EN196; b) Fly ash - fine as shown in Figure 30 and conforms to EN 450; c) High performance flow enhancer / retarder - conforms to EN934, and d) Aggregates-Complies with EN12620. The quicklime used in the tests has a CaO content of about 96.9% and is reduced to the desired particle size by laboratory grinding and sieving means.

[0594] Eight mortar mixes were produced, each containing a different dosage of quicklime (Table 10). The particle size of the quicklime ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 mm. This material was added to the mortar in a dry state and mixed together with the other dry ingredients before adding water and the liquid admixture(s). Each mortar mix was visually inspected in both the fresh and hardened states to evaluate the presence of potential defects, e.g., excessive stiffness, lack of cohesion, cracking, and swelling. Subsequently, based on the results of the visual inspection, mortar flow tests were performed to determine the workability of each mix. Finally, heat of hydration tests were performed on some selected mixes that performed well in the visual inspection and workability tests. For this test, the mortar mixes were poured into 150 × 150 mm polystyrene cubes that had previously been embedded with thermocouples. [Table 10]

[0595] result:

[0596] 340kg / m 3 The above calcined lime / quicklime containing mixes (i.e., Mixes O, P, Q, and R) were found to have poor workability and, most importantly, exhibited very low surface hardness in the hardened state.

[0597] 200kg / m 3 Mixture S, which contained 100% quicklime, showed fairly good workability in the green state, but showed very low surface hardness in the hardened state.

[0598] 150kg / m 3 Below (90kg / m 3 ~120kg / m 3The mixtures (L, M, and N) containing quicklime of 100% showed fairly good workability and good cohesion in the hardened state, and were theoretically suitable for practical use.

[0599] However, the heat of hydration test was 90 kg / m 3 It was demonstrated that the peak temperature of the mix with lime of 1000 mm is 50 °C, corresponding to a semi-adiabatic rise of about 27 °C (Figure 15). The results show that for a mass concrete structure (foundation, retaining wall, pile, pier, column, etc.) with a thickness of 1000 mm, which is averagely discharged at 20 °C to 25 °C, it reaches more than 80 °C to 85 °C (for example, 50 °C for a 150 mm cube with an initial temperature of 23 °C to 80 °C for a 1000 mm member cast with concrete at 23 °C). The heat of hydration in the first hours rises much faster with a higher lime content. This means that for limited thicknesses (members with a thickness of 500 mm to 1000 mm), the concrete in service is exposed to very high temperature gradients, increasing the risk of uncontrolled thermal cracking when the tensile strength of the concrete is still very low. Figures 16A and 16B show an overview of the test results of the new mix.

[0600] None of the above options would be applicable for mass concrete structures, since the maximum temperature that components can reach in-situ is set at 70°C-75°C worldwide to prevent detrimental destabilization of ettringite during cement hardening and the associated internal sulphate attack caused by expansion of the water used, and since the rate of heat gain should be kept to a minimum for internal stresses. 3 CaO exhibits a peak temperature of 40°C in the completed test program for a 150 mm cube, while the 90 kg / m 3 Considering that the temperature in the concrete structure is 50°C, which corresponds to 80°C or higher in the actual structure, these results indicate that the maximum content expected to remain within the 70°C peak temperature in mass concrete is 40 kg / m 3 This indicates that.

[0601] Finally, removing the PFA and using 100% OPC increases the heat of hydration by about 25%, while holding all other factors constant. This is equivalent to a hydration heat of 90 kg / m for a 1000 mm thick concrete member. 3 The CaO-containing formulation heats up to over 100°C and produces 40 kg / m 3 This means that the formula containing CaO will reach about 90°C.

[0602] Based on these results, the useful range of CaO is 20 kg / m 3 ~100kg / m 3 , or 40 kg / m 3 ~50kg / m 3 and suggests PFA as partial cement replacement in mass concrete or combined with 100% OPC for thin walled members. In some embodiments, the maximum amount of CaO is determined based on the total volume of concrete. In some embodiments, thin walled members include only walls and decks up to 300 mm, or precast slender elements. These results also suggest that lime at 100 kg / m 3 These results suggest that above 20 kg / m, the peak temperature of a practical structure would be too high for any thickness, even with the addition of fly ash. 3 Below this, the self-repairing properties are not fully expressed.

[0603] Example 3: Comparison of the self-repairing properties of two concrete mixes containing quicklime

[0604] This example demonstrates the results of self-repair tests performed on two concrete mixes containing quicklime.

[0605] All components used in the tests comply with the relevant EN standards, such as: a) Compliant with CEM I 42.5N-EN196; b) Fly ash - fine as shown in Figure 30 and conforms to EN 450; c) High performance flow enhancer / retarder - conforms to EN934, and d) Aggregates-Complies with EN12620. The quicklime used in the tests has a CaO content of about 96.9% and is reduced to the desired particle size by laboratory grinding and sieving means.

[0606] Sample 11525H (mixture H1)

[0607] This example demonstrates the results of self-repair tests performed on two concrete mixes containing quicklime.

[0608] This mix is ​​280kg / m 3 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 120 kg / m 3 of fly ash, and with a particle size in the range of 2.5-3.5 mm, 40 kg / m 3 (Table 11) The quicklime was added to the mix in dry form and mixed with the other dry ingredients prior to the addition of water and liquid admixtures.

[0609] Sample 11525G (mixture G0) - Discard

[0610] This mix is ​​280kg / m 3 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 120 kg / m 3 of fly ash, and with a particle size in the range of 2.5-3.5 mm, 40 kg / m 3 It is designed to be made using quicklime of (Table 11), a) Quicklime is mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry; b) premixing the reaction product obtained in step a) with fly ash; c) The premix product from step b) is mixed with the other dry ingredients followed by the addition of the remaining water and liquid admixtures. The procedure was interrupted and this formulation was discarded in step b) since the reaction product obtained in step b) had excessive stiffness.

[0611] Sample 11525G (mixture G1)

[0612] This mix is ​​280kg / m 3 Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 120 kg / m 3 of fly ash, and with a particle size in the range of 2.5-3.5 mm, 40 kg / m 3 The quicklime was first mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry. This slurry was then mixed with the other dry ingredients, after which the remaining water and liquid admixtures were added. [Table 11]

[0613] Self-repair test

[0614] The test was conducted by constructing a concrete pre-cracked cylinder of diameter=height=100 mm and allowing water to flow unidirectionally from a reservoir under gravity only, as described in Example 1. Figure 17 shows the decrease in flow over time for the two formulations.

[0615] Microscopic observation of mixture H1 (granular quicklime) and mixture G1 (slurry quicklime mixture)

[0616] Sample 11525H (Mixture H1): Mixture H1 shows quicklime particles clearly visible in the cement paste. The particles have shapes ranging from rounded to angular and sizes ranging from 2.5mm to 0.3mm (Figure 18). In detail, it can be seen that the quicklime particles react with the mix water and running water to form calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide is visible near the edges of the quicklime particles and in the cement paste (Figure 19). In the quicklime particles, reactive edges (lighter) can be seen (compared to the darker interior) and calcium hydroxide is seen in the form of translucent amorphous "microspheres" (dimensions ranging from 0.01mm to 0.10mm) near the edges and in the cement paste (Figures 20-22).

[0617] Sample 11525G (Mixture G1): In the slurry mix, there are no visible calcined lime / quicklime particles in the cement paste. The reaction product (calcium hydroxide) is integrated in needle-shaped translucent crystals, single crystals, or "microspheres" (dimensions are in the range of 0.01 mm-0.05 mm for crystals / 0.02-0.06 mm for microspheres) (Figure 23). The crystals and "microspheres" are seen as a white mass covering the cement paste (Figure 24). In detail and at higher magnification, the needle-shaped crystals constituting the bottom mass are seen (Figure 25). At higher magnification, the "microspheres" of needle-shaped crystals are seen (Figure 26). The reaction product in the form of needle-shaped crystals and "microspheres" covers the cement paste homogeneously and diffusely (Figure 27).

[0618] Comparison of Mix H1 (granular quicklime) and Mix G1 (slurry quicklime mix)

[0619] Comparison of the two formulations shows clear differences in the crystalline morphology of the reaction products, with the only common feature being the translucent color.

[0620] In formula H1 (quicklime in dry state), the reaction products are represented by amorphous "microspheres" without any evidence of any form of single crystals in or around them. All these "microspheres" seem to arise from calcined lime / quicklime crystals reacting with water to form reaction products (mostly calcium hydroxide). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is hypothesized that the quicklime reaction is not yet complete and that in fact some lime crystals are found in a more "reacted" state than others.

[0621] In the slurry formulation (mixture G1), the crystals are very well formed, needle-like, sometimes integrated into "microspheres", but always a single shape is seen. The slurry formulation appears to be at a more advanced stage of crystal formation.

[0622] In another comparison, calcium oxide is found in the solid concrete in mix H1 (Figure 28A), but calcium oxide is not found / absorbed in the solid concrete in mix G1 (Figure 28B).

[0623] The coverage of the cement paste by the reaction products ranges from high to very high in both slurry and dry formulations. In both cases, the self-healing process is chemically dominated.

[0624] The crystals obtained from the slurry formulation are similar in shape and spread to the "best in class" product.

[0625] Example 4: Compound Dosage

[0626] Table 12 below lists concrete and mortar mixtures produced using the methods of the present disclosure to highlight the relative dosages of compounds. [Table 12]

[0627] Example 5: Additional Formulations

[0628] Figure 29 lists examples of cementitious mixtures containing large amounts of calcium compounds and useful in concrete mixtures, where the calcium compound dosage is expressed as a percentage of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture. The light green and green examples are preferred.

[0629] Example 6: Further testing

[0630] This example illustrates the results of a laboratory study to determine the effect of added compounds having various compositions, conditions, dosages, and particle sizes on several important properties of concrete, including compressive strength, capillary absorption, and drying shrinkage.

[0631] Concrete mix

[0632] Using the method of the present disclosure, seven concrete mixes (B, H1, K; B1, B2, N, N1) were prepared, each containing one of six calcium compounds (CP1, CP2, CP4, CP5, CP6, CP7), and one cementitious mixture (control) was also prepared without this compound.

[0633] Table 13 below lists the concrete mix for Example 6, where the values ​​are in kg / m of concrete. 3 It is expressed as: [Table 13]

[0634] component

[0635] All components used in the tests comply with the relevant EN standards, such as: a) Compliant with CEM I 42.5N-EN196; b) Fly ash - Compliant with EN450; c) High performance flow enhancer / retarder - conforms to EN934, and d) Aggregates-Complies with EN12620.

[0636] compound

[0637] Below is a list of compounds used in concrete mixes. CP1: Quicklime with a CaO content of approximately 96.9% and a particle size of 0.5mm to 1.5mm CP2: Quicklime with a CaO+MgO content of 90% or more and a particle size of 1mm to 3mm CP4: Quicklime with a CaO content of approximately 96.9% and a particle size of 2.5mm to 3.5mm. CP5: A slurry formed by mixing quicklime with a CaO content of approximately 96.9% with excess water for 10 minutes. CP6: Calcium hydroxide powder with a Ca(OH)2 content of over 91% and 99.95% of the particles smaller than 0.2 mm CP7: Calcium hydroxide powder with a Ca(OH)2 content of 95% or more, 93.6% of the particle size is less than 0.2 mm, and 14.6% of the particle size is less than 0.063 mm.

[0638] Test specimen preparation

[0639] Concrete test specimens of different concrete mixes were prepared in the shape, size and number required according to the relevant SN EN and SIA standards listed in the test procedures below.

[0640] To cast the control (C) concrete mix, a procedure was used in which the dry ingredients were mixed, followed by the addition of water and liquid admixtures.

[0641] For casting the concrete mixes B, H1, K, B2, N and N1, a procedure was used in which the compounds were mixed with other ingredients in dry form followed by addition of water and liquid admixtures.

[0642] To cast concrete mix B1, a procedure was used in which the compound was first mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry, which was then mixed with the other dry ingredients, followed by the addition of the remaining water and liquid admixtures.

[0643] Test procedure

[0644] Determine important properties of the concrete mix by testing concrete specimens according to standard procedures, in particular: a) Compressive strength at 28 days was determined according to SN EN 12390-3 by testing three samples of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cubic specimens. b) The capillary water absorption is determined according to SIA262-1 / A by testing five samples of cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 50 mm, and the results are average values. c) Drying shrinkage at 91 days has been determined according to SIA 262-1 / F by testing two specimens of a prism shape of L=360mm, W=120mm, H=120mm, and the results are the average values.

[0645] The standard procedures listed above are all intended to be effective as of 2019.

[0646] result

[0647] The results are reported in Table 14 below. [Table 14]

[0648] FIG. 31 shows a comparison of the performance of several concrete mixes cast using different grades and dosages of dry compound.

[0649] In particular, Figure 31 shows the performance of concrete mixes cast with compounds essentially consisting of CaO (B, H1, K) in the dry state and without compounds, named control (C), for compressive strength at 28 days (tested according to SN EN12390-3) and capillary water absorption (tested according to SIA 262-1 / A, using specimens at 29 days of testing). The concrete mixes containing compounds were cast with different dosages and different particle sizes of compounds.

[0650] Concrete mixes H1 and B (both containing 40 kg of compound) show improved compressive strength compared to the control (C), with the concrete mix cast using the coarser compound (H1) showing the best performance. Concrete mix K (containing 100 kg of compound) shows a detrimental effect compared to the control (C).

[0651] Concrete mixes H1 and B also have reduced capillary absorption of desirable surrounding water exposed to water or high humidity compared to the control (C), with the concrete mix cast using the finer compound (B) showing the best performance. Concrete mix K shows a detrimental effect compared to the control (C).

[0652] Figure 32 shows the performance of several concrete mixes cast using compounds of different compositions and morphologies at a fixed dosage (40 kg / m 3 ) are compared.

[0653] In particular, FIG. 32 shows the performance of a concrete mix containing a compound essentially consisting of CaO mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry (B1), a concrete mix containing a compound essentially consisting of Ca(OH)2(N,N1), and a concrete mix cast without the compound, termed control (C), for compressive strength at 28 days (tested according to SN EN12390-3).

[0654] All concrete mixes containing the compound show improved compressive strength compared to the control (C). Concrete mixes containing a compound consisting essentially of Ca(OH)2(N,N1) perform better than concrete mixes containing a compound consisting essentially of CaO mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry (B1). Among the concrete mixes containing a compound consisting essentially of Ca(OH)2, those containing higher contents of Ca(OH)2(N) performed best.

[0655] FIG. 32 also shows the performance for capillary absorption (tested according to SIA 262-1 / A using B1 and N specimens at 33 days and C specimens at 29 days) of a concrete mix containing a compound consisting essentially of CaO mixed with excess water for 10 minutes to form a slurry (B1), a concrete mix containing a compound consisting essentially of a high grade Ca(OH)2(N), and a concrete mix cast without the compound, termed the control (C).

[0656] Both concrete mixes containing compounds (B1, N) have reduced capillary absorption of desirable ambient water exposed to water or humidity compared to the control (C), with the concrete mix cast using Ca(OH)2(N) showing the best performance.

[0657] FIG. 33 shows the improved performance of concrete mixes using compound (B2) essentially consisting of CaO+MgO in the dry state compared to a concrete mix cast without compound named control (C) for compressive strength at 28 days (tested according to SN EN12390-3).

[0658] FIG. 34 shows a comparison of the drying shrinkage performance of several concrete mixes cast using different gradations and dosages of dry compound.

[0659] In particular, FIG. 34 shows the performance of concrete mixes cast with compounds essentially consisting of CaO (B, H1, K) in the dry state and without compounds, designated as control (C), on drying shrinkage at 91 days (tested according to SIA262-1 / F).

[0660] All concrete mixes containing the compound exhibit reduced drying shrinkage and preferably reduced cracking compared to the control, with concrete mix H1 showing the best performance.

[0661] Example 7: Early stage shrinkage reduction

[0662] This example presents the results of a laboratory study to define the effect of quicklime on early drying shrinkage of cementitious mixtures.

[0663] Cement-based mixture

[0664] One cementitious mixture (R) containing one compound (CP4) was prepared using the method of the present disclosure. One cementitious mixture (control) was also prepared without this compound. Table 15 below lists the compositions of the cementitious mixtures, where the values ​​are in kg / m 3 It is expressed as: [Table 15]

[0665] component

[0666] All components used in the tests comply with the relevant EN standards, such as: e) Compliant with CEM I 42.5N-EN196; f) Fly Ash – Compliant with EN450; and g) Aggregates (sand) - Complies with EN12620.

[0667] compound

[0668] The following are compounds used in cementitious mixtures: CP4: Quicklime with a CaO content of approximately 96.9% and a particle size of 2.5mm to 3.5mm.

[0669] Preparation of test specimens

[0670] Test specimens of different cementitious mixtures were prepared as prisms of L=360mm, W=120mm, H=120mm in the manner and number required according to the relevant SIA standards listed in the test procedure below.

[0671] A procedure of mixing the dry ingredients followed by the addition of water was used to cast the control (C) cementitious mixture.

[0672] To cast the R cementitious mixtures, a procedure was used in which the compound was mixed with the other dry ingredients and then water was added.

[0673] Test procedure

[0674] The shrinkage reduction of cementitious mixtures was tested by determining the following: a) Drying shrinkage on the third day was determined according to SIA262-1 / F b) Drying shrinkage on the 7th day was determined according to SIA262-1 / F c) Drying shrinkage on the 14th day was determined according to SIA262-1 / F d) Drying shrinkage at 28 days was determined according to SIA262-1 / F

[0675] Each test is carried out on two samples of a test piece in the form of a prism of L=360 mm, W=120 mm, H=120 mm, as required by this standard, and the results are the average values.

[0676] The above standards are intended to be effective as of 2019.

[0677] As an additional step, the specimens were wrapped in wet geotextile for the first 7 days after preparation.

[0678] The test was started 23 hours after sample preparation.

[0679] result

[0680] The results are reported in Table 16 below. [Table 16]

[0681] Figure 35 compares the early stage drying shrinkage performance of cementitious mixture R and the control (C). The cementitious mixture containing the compound shows a reduction in the early stage drying shrinkage (3, 7, 14, and 28 days) and preferably a reduction in early stage cracking, as compared to the control (C).

[0682] Equivalent Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments specifically described herein, which equivalents are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the following claims.

[0683] As used herein, all headings are for organizational purposes only and are not intended to limit the disclosure in any manner. The content of any individual section may be equally applicable to all sections.

[0684] Incorporation by Reference All patents and publications referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Claims

1. 1. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM), wherein the calcium compound dosage is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

2. 1. A method for producing a cementitious mixture for a building material, comprising: obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound and ordinary portland cement (OPC), and optionally a supplemental cementitious material (SCM); and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

3. A method for producing a concrete mixture for building materials, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture; (b) adding water to the cementitious mixture.

4. 1. A method for producing a concrete mixture for a building material, comprising: obtaining a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), fine and coarse aggregates, and optionally supplementary cementitious materials (SCM); and mixing the cementitious mixture, wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 6.5% to about 15% of a total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

5. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the total binder content of the cementitious mixture comprises about 60% to about 79% OPC and about 21% to about 40% SCM, about 20% to about 100% OPC and about 0% to about 80% SCM, about 80% to about 99% OPC and about 1% to about 20% SCM, or about 20% to about 59% OPC and about 41% to about 80% SCM.

6. The amount of calcium compound added is about 8% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 30%, about 6.5% to about 20%, about 6.5% to about 15%, about 6.5% to about 12%, about 6.5% to about 10%, about 6.5% to about 8%, about 8% to about 30%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 10%, about 3.1% to about 35%, about 25% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 15% to about 25%, about 10% to about 35%, 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the solubility is from about 10% to about 30%, from about 10% to about 15%, from about 3.1% to about 25%, from about 3.1% to about 20%, from about 3.1% to about 15%, or from about 3.1% to about 10%, from about 3.1% to about 8%, from about 3.1% to about 6.5%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 20% to about 30%, or from about 20% to about 25%, optionally from about 8% to about 12%.

7. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 100 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 200kg / m ３ The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein

8. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 300 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 500kg / m ３ , about 200kg / m ３ ~Approx. 700kg / m ３ , about 300kg / m ３ ~Approx. 700kg / m ３ , about 400kg / m ３ ~Approx. 700kg / m ３ , about 200kg / m ３ ~Approx. 600kg / m ３ , about 300kg / m ３ ~Approx. 600kg / m ３ , about 400kg / m ３ ~Approx. 600kg / m ３ , about 500kg / m ３ ~Approx. 600kg / m ３ , or about 200 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 300kg / m ３ and optionally about 300 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 500kg / m ３ The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein

9. The cementitious mixture has a total binder content of about 700 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1300kg / m ３ , about 800kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1300kg / m ３ , about 900kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1300kg / m ３ , about 800kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1200kg / m ３ , about 900kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1200kg / m ３ , about 900kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1200kg / m ３ , about 1000kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1100kg / m ３ , or about 1100 kg / m ３ ~Approx. 1300kg / m ３ The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein

10. The calcium compound may have a diameter of about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, about greater than 0 mm to about 0.2 mm, about greater than 0 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.002 mm to about 0.75 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 1 mm, 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, 0.075 mm to about 5 mm, about 0.075 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 0.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 4 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 3.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, about 2.5 mm 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the granules have a particle size of from about 0.075 mm to about 1.5 mm, optionally from about 1.5 mm to about 2.5 mm, optionally from about 1 mm to about 2.5 mm, optionally from about 2.5 mm to about 10 mm.

11. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the calcium compound has a particle size of greater than about 6.35 mm to about 63 mm, or from about 63 mm to about 204 mm.

12. The calcium compounds are calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ２ 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising one or more of the following:

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the calcium compounds comprise about 67% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide and about 0% to about 33% by weight calcium hydroxide, about 33% to about 66% by weight calcium oxide and about 34% to about 67% by weight calcium hydroxide, or about 0% to about 32% by weight calcium oxide and about 68% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide.

14. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the calcium compounds comprise about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium oxide, about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium oxide, about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium oxide, or about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium oxide.

15. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the calcium compounds comprise about 0% to about 5% by weight magnesium oxide and about 95% to about 100% by weight calcium hydroxide, about 6% to about 35% by weight magnesium oxide and about 65% to about 94% by weight calcium hydroxide, about 36% to about 46% by weight magnesium oxide and about 64% to about 54% by weight calcium hydroxide, or about 47% to about 50% by weight magnesium oxide and about 53% to about 50% by weight calcium hydroxide.

16. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the calcium compound comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of one or more of high calcium quicklime, dolomitic quicklime, calcium slaked lime, or dolomitic slaked lime.

17. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the SCM comprises one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP), and optionally includes fly ash.

18. The method according to claim 1 or 3, wherein step b) is carried out after step a), or steps a) and b) are carried out simultaneously.

19. 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the cementitious mixture further comprises one or more of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, and optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

20. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay.

21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising adding one or more superplasticizers and / or set retarders to the cementitious mixture.

22. 5. A ceramic material produced by the method of any one of claims 1 to 4, said ceramic material being selected from cement paste, grout, mortar and concrete, optionally comprising sand and optionally comprising gravel.

23. 23. The ceramic material of claim 22, further comprising one or more flow enhancers and / or one or more set retarders.

24. 23. A building material comprising the ceramic material of claim 22, said building material comprising reinforced concrete.

25. 25. A building material comprising the ceramic material of claim 24, further comprising Opus signinum (Cocciopesto).

26. A concrete admixture prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 4.

27. A mixed cement prepared by the method of claim 2 or 4.

28. A cementitious mixture prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 4.

29. 1. A concrete for building materials comprising a cementitious mixture comprising a calcium compound, ordinary portland cement (OPC), optionally a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, wherein optionally the fine aggregate comprises one or more of sand, crushed stone, silt, stone powder, and clay, and wherein the dosage of the calcium compound is about 3.1% to about 35% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture, and optionally comprising a reinforcing material.

30. 30. The concrete of claim 29, wherein the calcium compound dosage is from about 6.5% to about 15% of the total binder content of the cementitious mixture.

31. 31. The concrete of claim 30, wherein the concrete further comprises supplemental cementitious materials (SCM), optionally comprising one or more materials selected from fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, metakaolin, microsilica, natural pozzolana, rice husk, palm oil ash (POA), and glass powder (GP), and optionally including fly ash.

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