Compositions useful for treating spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA)

Abstract

Provided is a composition useful for treating spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), comprising administering a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector having an AAV capsid and a vector genome comprising a sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor, wherein the miRNA inhibits the expression of human androgen receptor.Also provided is a composition containing the rAAV vector, and a method for treating SBMA in a patient, comprising administering the rAAV vector.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (herein referred to as SBMA or Kennedy's disease) is an X-linked, slowly progressive motor neuron disease caused by a polyglutamine (CAG) expansion in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR). This expansion leads to nuclear aggregation of the AR protein, which causes motor neuron degeneration almost exclusively in males due to androgen-mediated toxic activation. To date, no effective treatment has been approved for SBMA. Knocking down the androgen receptor in neurons is not known to cause adverse effects, so reducing AR levels in SBMA is an attractive strategy for treating the disease.

[0002] Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a member of the parvovirus family, is a small, non-enveloped, icosahedral virus with a single-stranded linear DNA (ssDNA) genome approximately 4.7 kilobases (kb) long. The wild-type genome contains inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) at both ends of the DNA strand, as well as two open reading frames (ORFs), rep and cap. Rep is composed of four overlapping genes that code for the rep proteins required for the AAV life cycle, and cap contains overlapping nucleotide sequences of the capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, which self-assemble to form a capsid with dihedral symmetry.

[0003] AAV is assigned to the Dependovirus genus because the virus was found as a contaminant in purified adenovirus stocks. The life cycle of AAV includes a latent phase in which the AAV genome is specifically integrated into host chromosomes after infection, and an infectious phase in which the integrated genome is subsequently rescued, replicated, and packaged into infectious virus after infection with either adenovirus or herpes simplex virus. The properties of non-pathogenicity, broad host range infectivity including non-dividing cells, and potential site-specific chromosomal integration make AAV an attractive tool for gene transfer.

[0004] What is desired is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of SBMA. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Therapeutic recombinant (r) replication-deficient adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are provided that are useful for treating and / or reducing symptoms associated with SBMA in human patients in need thereof. The rAAVs are desirably replication-deficient and carry a vector genome that expresses an miRNA that targets the androgen receptor to motor neurons.

[0006] In one aspect, provided herein is an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor and inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor. The coding sequence is operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject. In some embodiments, the miRNA target site comprises: GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) compared to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence of TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NOs: 2-3610 targeting sequence). In other embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence of CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NOs: 3-36 13 targeting sequence). In some embodiments, the miRNA targeting sequence shares less than exact complementarity with the target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence of a) TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2-3610), or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions, or b) CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3-3613), or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions. In another embodiment, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 4 (3610-64mer), or a sequence with up to 30 substitutions. In yet another embodiment, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 (3613-64mer), or a sequence with up to 30 substitutions.

[0007] In another aspect, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is provided. The rAAV comprises an AAV capsid with a vector genome packaged therein, the vector genome comprising an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the nucleic acid sequence comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor and inhibits expression of human androgen receptor, flanked by 5'AAV ITR and 3'AAV ITR. In some embodiments, the AAV capsid is selected from AAV9, AAVhu68, AAV1, and AAVrh91. In some embodiments, the AAV capsid is AAVhu68.

[0008] In yet another aspect, a composition is provided, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs the expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject, wherein the miRNA inhibits the expression of the human androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous suspension, excipients, and / or diluents.

[0009] In another aspect, a method for treating a subject with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is provided. The method comprises delivering to a subject with SBMA an effective amount of an expression cassette, vector, rAAV, or composition comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the nucleic acid sequence comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor and inhibits the expression of human androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the target site has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence that has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) compared to SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0010] In another aspect, the use of an expression cassette, vector, rAAV, or composition for the treatment of patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is provided. The expression cassette, vector, rAAV, or composition comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, which comprises a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor and inhibits the expression of human androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the target site has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence that has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) compared to SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0011] In another aspect, a method for treating a human patient with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is provided. The method includes delivering a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) having an AAV capsid of adeno-associated virus hu.68 (AAVhu.68) to the central nervous system (CNS), the rAAV further comprising a vector genome packaged in the AAV capsid, the vector genome comprising an AAV inverted terminal repeat and a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA comprising a target sequence that binds to a target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor, the miRNA inhibiting expression of the human androgen receptor, and a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the miRNA. In one embodiment, the miRNA is In another embodiment, the miRNA is miR3163. In one embodiment, the patient receives 1×10 10GC / g brain mass ~3.33×10 11 In another embodiment, the patient is an adult human and is administered 1.44×10 13 ~4.33×10 14 The patient is administered a dose of rAAV containing a miR coding sequence. In another embodiment, the rAAV is delivered intrathecally via intraventricular delivery or via intraparenchymal delivery. In another embodiment, the rAAV is administered as a single dose via computed tomography (CT)-guided suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (intracisterna).

[0012] These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1A] 4 is a set of four graphs showing that the onset of SBMA correlates with the number of CAG repeats. [Figure 1B] 4 is a set of four graphs showing that the onset of SBMA correlates with the number of CAG repeats. [Figure 1C] 4 is a set of four graphs showing that the onset of SBMA correlates with the number of CAG repeats. [Figure 1D] 4 is a set of four graphs showing that the onset of SBMA correlates with the number of CAG repeats. [Figure 2A] Figure 3 shows three graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The graphs show the percentage of patients with each symptom versus age. These groups are divided into patients with less than 47 repeats or more than 47 repeats. [Figure 2B] Figure 3 shows three graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The graphs show the percentage of patients with each symptom versus age. These groups are divided into patients with less than 47 repeats or more than 47 repeats. [Figure 2C]Figure 3 shows three graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The graphs show the percentage of patients with each symptom versus age. These groups are divided into patients with less than 47 repeats or more than 47 repeats. [Figure 3A] These are four graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The time from first symptoms (weakness) to needing a handrail to climb stairs, cane use, wheelchair dependency, and death are highly reproducible between patients. Patients with more than 47 CAG repeats have a faster onset of disease but the same progression. [Figure 3B] These are four graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The time from first symptoms (weakness) to needing a handrail to climb stairs, cane use, wheelchair dependency, and death are highly reproducible between patients. Patients with more than 47 CAG repeats have a faster onset of disease but the same progression. [Figure 3C] These are four graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The time from first symptoms (weakness) to needing a handrail to climb stairs, cane use, wheelchair dependency, and death are highly reproducible between patients. Patients with more than 47 CAG repeats have a faster onset of disease but the same progression. [Figure 3D] These are four graphs showing that the rate of progression of SBMA disease is similar for all patients with less than 47 CAG repeats or more than 47 CAG repeats. The time from first symptoms (weakness) to needing a handrail to climb stairs, cane use, wheelchair dependency, and death are highly reproducible between patients. Patients with more than 47 CAG repeats have a faster onset of disease but the same progression. [Figure 4A]Figure 4 shows the results of screening AR-targeting miRNAs in HEK293 cells. HEK293 cells were transfected with Block-iT plasmids in vitro. Block-IT plasmids contain CMV promoter, emGFP, miRNA cloning sites, and TK polyA. miRNAs were designed using Block-iT online software. Figure 4A shows the mRNA levels of androgen receptor after knockdown of several individual miRNAs. Figure 4B shows the protein levels of androgen receptor after knockdown of several individual miRNAs. Both mRNA and protein data highlight miR3610 as an effective miRNA to knockdown androgen receptor in vitro. [Figure 4B] Figure 4 shows the results of screening AR-targeting miRNAs in HEK293 cells. HEK293 cells were transfected with Block-iT plasmids in vitro. Block-IT plasmids contain CMV promoter, emGFP, miRNA cloning sites, and TK polyA. miRNAs were designed using Block-iT online software. Figure 4A shows the mRNA levels of androgen receptor after knockdown of several individual miRNAs. Figure 4B shows the protein levels of androgen receptor after knockdown of several individual miRNAs. Both mRNA and protein data highlight miR3610 as an effective miRNA to knockdown androgen receptor in vitro. [Figure 5A]Figure 5 shows the evaluation of administration in mice. In Figure 5A, neonatal mice were injected with either PBS or miR NeuN at 1e11 GC via ICV. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. β-actin was used as a loading control. Figure 5B shows the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. In Figure 5C, adult mice were injected with PBS, AAV.CB7.miR.NeuN, or AAV.CB57.GFP via IV at 3e11 GC. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. Scatter plots show the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. [Figure 5B] Figure 5 shows the evaluation of administration in mice. In Figure 5A, neonatal mice were injected with either PBS or miR NeuN at 1e11 GC via ICV. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. β-actin was used as a loading control. Figure 5B shows the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. In Figure 5C, adult mice were injected with PBS, AAV.CB7.miR.NeuN, or AAV.CB57.GFP via IV at 3e11 GC. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. Scatter plots show the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. [Figure 5C]Figure 5 shows the evaluation of administration in mice. In Figure 5A, neonatal mice were injected with either PBS or miR NeuN at 1e11 GC via ICV. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. β-actin was used as a loading control. Figure 5B shows the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. In Figure 5C, adult mice were injected with PBS, AAV.CB7.miR.NeuN, or AAV.CB57.GFP via IV at 3e11 GC. Brains were harvested on day 14 and processed for Western blot analysis with NeuN antibody. Scatter plots show the quantification of protein as a percentage of NeuN in each group. [Figure 6A] Figure 6 shows the efficiency of miR3610-mediated androgen receptor knockdown. Wild-type mice were injected with 3e11GC AAV.PHP.eB.CB7.miR via the tail vein. Brains and spinal cords were harvested on day 14 and processed for RNA and protein analysis. Figure 6A and Figure 6B show androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. Figure 6A (% of control), Figure 6B (fold expression). Figure 6C shows androgen receptor protein levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. [Figure 6B] Figure 6 shows the efficiency of miR3610-mediated androgen receptor knockdown. Wild-type mice were injected with 3e11GC AAV.PHP.eB.CB7.miR via the tail vein. Brains and spinal cords were harvested on day 14 and processed for RNA and protein analysis. Figure 6A and Figure 6B show androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. Figure 6A (% of control), Figure 6B (fold expression). Figure 6C shows androgen receptor protein levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. [Figure 6C]Figure 6 shows the efficiency of miR3610-mediated androgen receptor knockdown. Wild-type mice were injected with 3e11GC AAV.PHP.eB.CB7.miR via the tail vein. Brains and spinal cords were harvested on day 14 and processed for RNA and protein analysis. Figure 6A and Figure 6B show androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. Figure 6A (% of control), Figure 6B (fold expression). Figure 6C shows androgen receptor protein levels in PBS and miR3610-treated brains. [Figure 7A] Comparison of two miRNAs targeted against androgen receptor in brain and spinal cord. Adult male wild-type mice (6-8 weeks old) received a single intravenous dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.AR.miR3613.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 3.0×1011 GC) (N=5 / group). Additional wild-type mice received vehicle (PBS) as a control (N=5). On day 14, mice were necropsied. One of the brain hemispheres was harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR). Figure 7A shows androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in brains treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. The fold change of expression for each animal was calculated based on the comparative Ct method and normalized to Gapdh. Error bars represent standard deviation. Figure 7B shows the mRNA expression level of androgen receptor in spinal cord treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. Figures 7C and 7D show the protein level of androgen receptor in brain treated with miR NT and miR3610 (C) or miR3613 (D). Figure 7E shows the quantification of androgen protein level as percentage in all four groups. [Figure 7B]Comparison of two miRNAs targeted against androgen receptor in brain and spinal cord. Adult male wild-type mice (6-8 weeks old) received a single intravenous dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.AR.miR3613.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 3.0×1011 GC) (N=5 / group). Additional wild-type mice received vehicle (PBS) as a control (N=5). On day 14, mice were necropsied. One of the brain hemispheres was harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR). Figure 7A shows androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in brains treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. The fold change of expression for each animal was calculated based on the comparative Ct method and normalized to Gapdh. Error bars represent standard deviation. Figure 7B shows the mRNA expression level of androgen receptor in spinal cord treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. Figures 7C and 7D show the protein level of androgen receptor in brain treated with miR NT and miR3610 (C) or miR3613 (D). Figure 7E shows the quantification of androgen protein level as percentage in all four groups. [Figure 7C]Comparison of two miRNAs targeted against androgen receptor in brain and spinal cord. Adult male wild-type mice (6-8 weeks old) received a single intravenous dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.AR.miR3613.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 3.0×1011 GC) (N=5 / group). Additional wild-type mice received vehicle (PBS) as a control (N=5). On day 14, mice were necropsied. One of the brain hemispheres was harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR). Figure 7A shows androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in brains treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. The fold change of expression for each animal was calculated based on the comparative Ct method and normalized to Gapdh. Error bars represent standard deviation. Figure 7B shows the mRNA expression level of androgen receptor in spinal cord treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. Figures 7C and 7D show the protein level of androgen receptor in brain treated with miR NT and miR3610 (C) or miR3613 (D). Figure 7E shows the quantification of androgen protein level as percentage in all four groups. [Figure 7D]Comparison of two miRNAs targeted against androgen receptor in brain and spinal cord. Adult male wild-type mice (6-8 weeks old) received a single intravenous dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.AR.miR3613.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 3.0×1011 GC) (N=5 / group). Additional wild-type mice received vehicle (PBS) as a control (N=5). On day 14, mice were necropsied. One of the brain hemispheres was harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR). Figure 7A shows androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in brains treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. The fold change of expression for each animal was calculated based on the comparative Ct method and normalized to Gapdh. Error bars represent standard deviation. Figure 7B shows the mRNA expression level of androgen receptor in spinal cord treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. Figures 7C and 7D show the protein level of androgen receptor in brain treated with miR NT and miR3610 (C) or miR3613 (D). Figure 7E shows the quantification of androgen protein level as percentage in all four groups. [Figure 7E]Comparison of two miRNAs targeted against androgen receptor in brain and spinal cord. Adult male wild-type mice (6-8 weeks old) received a single intravenous dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.AR.miR3613.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 3.0×1011 GC) (N=5 / group). Additional wild-type mice received vehicle (PBS) as a control (N=5). On day 14, mice were necropsied. One of the brain hemispheres was harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR). Figure 7A shows androgen receptor mRNA expression levels in brains treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. The fold change of expression for each animal was calculated based on the comparative Ct method and normalized to Gapdh. Error bars represent standard deviation. Figure 7B shows the mRNA expression level of androgen receptor in spinal cord treated with PBS, miR3610, or miR3613. Figures 7C and 7D show the protein level of androgen receptor in brain treated with miR NT and miR3610 (C) or miR3613 (D). Figure 7E shows the quantification of androgen protein level as percentage in all four groups. [Figure 8] Evaluate the promoter efficiency of CB7 and Syn. Wild type mice were injected with the following vectors of 3e11GC: AAV9-PHP.eB.CB7.CI.miR.NT.WPRE.rBG, AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG, AAV9-PHP.eB.Syn.PI.miR.NT.WPRE.bGH, or AAV9-PHP.eB.hSyn.PI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.bGH. Spinal cords were harvested on day 14 and processed for RNA isolation and qPCR. The graph shows the knockdown efficiency of androgen receptor in the two promoters relative to their controls. [Figure 9A]Figure 9 shows the protein levels of androgen receptor and survival in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mouse colonies. In Figure 9A, spinal cords were harvested from transgenic mice and processed for Western blotting. The blots show the protein levels of androgen receptor in AR97Q WT and HET male and female mice. Figure 9B shows the survival plots of male and female AR97Q transgenic mice. [Figure 9B] Figure 9 shows the protein levels of androgen receptor and survival in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mouse colonies. In Figure 9A, spinal cords were harvested from transgenic mice and processed for Western blotting. The blots show the protein levels of androgen receptor in AR97Q WT and HET male and female mice. Figure 9B shows the survival plots of male and female AR97Q transgenic mice. [Figure 10A] Figure 10 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Five to six week old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the tail vein or mice were left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 10A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 10B shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus the uninjected group. Figure 10C shows survival plots of uninjected and treated mice. [Figure 10B]Figure 10 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Five to six week old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the tail vein or mice were left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 10A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 10B shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus the uninjected group. Figure 10C shows survival plots of uninjected and treated mice. [Figure 10C] Figure 10 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Five to six week old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the tail vein or mice were left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 10A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 10B shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus the uninjected group. Figure 10C shows survival plots of uninjected and treated mice. [Figure 11A]Figure 11 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Three-week-old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the retro-orbital vein (ROV) or left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 11A shows survival plots of treated and AR97Q transgenic mice. Figure 11B shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 11C shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus uninjected group. [Figure 11B] Figure 11 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Three-week-old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the retro-orbital vein (ROV) or left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 11A shows survival plots of treated and AR97Q transgenic mice. Figure 11B shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 11C shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus uninjected group. [Figure 11C]Figure 11 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA transgenic mice. Three-week-old male transgenic mice were injected with 3e11GC of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via the retro-orbital vein (ROV) or left uninjected. Mice were followed for survival. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Figure 11A shows survival plots of treated and AR97Q transgenic mice. Figure 11B shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Age indicates when brains were harvested after injection. Figure 11C shows protein quantification of both forms of androgen receptor in treated mice versus uninjected group. [Figure 12A]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12B]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12C]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12D]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12E]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12F]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12G]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12H]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 12I]Figure 12 shows the effect of miR3610 in AR97Q SBMA neonatal transgenic mice. Neonatal transgenic mice of unknown sex and genotype were injected with 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (group 2) or PBS (group 1) via the temporal vein. Mice were followed for survival and genotype / sex was determined. Brains were harvested and processed for Western blotting. Male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Figure 12A shows protein levels of androgen receptor in both groups. Figures 12B and 12C show survival plots for both male (B) and female (C) groups. Figure 12D shows mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of male WT SBMA mice. Figure 12E shows human and mouse AR expression, Western blot, and quantification plots in the spinal cord of female HET SBMA mice. Figure 12F shows mouse AR expression in the spinal cord of female WT SBMA mice, Western blot, and quantification plot. Figures 12G and 12H show the body weight of HET and WT mice given either PBS or AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG for males (G) and females (H) over time. In Figure 12I, male mice from each group were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 3 months of age. Mice were placed on top of the cage top, which was then inverted and placed on top of the home cage. The latency to when the mouse fell was recorded in seconds. [Figure 13A]We demonstrate the efficacy of miR3610 in non-human primates (NHPs). Five-year-old male rhesus monkeys were ICM injected with 3e13GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG. On day 35, animals were sacrificed and spinal cords and livers were harvested. Spinal cords were processed for laser capture microdissection (LCM). Motor neurons were dissected from spinal cord sections and processed for qPCR. Livers were also processed for qPCR. Both spinal cord (A) and liver (B) show effective knockdown of androgen receptor after treatment with miR3610. FIG. 13C Rhesus AR protein expression was also measured in liver samples (Western blotting) based on percent expression relative to control animals. Expression was normalized to β-actin. Error bars represent standard deviation [Figure 13B] We demonstrate the efficacy of miR3610 in non-human primates (NHPs). Five-year-old male rhesus monkeys were ICM injected with 3e13GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG. On day 35, animals were sacrificed and spinal cords and livers were harvested. Spinal cords were processed for laser capture microdissection (LCM). Motor neurons were dissected from spinal cord sections and processed for qPCR. Livers were also processed for qPCR. Both spinal cord (A) and liver (B) show effective knockdown of androgen receptor after treatment with miR3610. FIG. 13C Rhesus AR protein expression was also measured in liver samples (Western blotting) based on percent expression relative to control animals. Expression was normalized to β-actin. Error bars represent standard deviation [Figure 13C]We demonstrate the efficacy of miR3610 in non-human primates (NHPs). Five-year-old male rhesus monkeys were ICM injected with 3e13GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG. On day 35, animals were sacrificed and spinal cords and livers were harvested. Spinal cords were processed for laser capture microdissection (LCM). Motor neurons were dissected from spinal cord sections and processed for qPCR. Livers were also processed for qPCR. Both spinal cord (A) and liver (B) show effective knockdown of androgen receptor after treatment with miR3610. FIG. 13C Rhesus AR protein expression was also measured in liver samples (Western blotting) based on percent expression relative to control animals. Expression was normalized to β-actin. Error bars represent standard deviation [Figure 14A] Figures 14A and 14B show the results of the experiment described in Example 9. Figure 14A shows the survival curves of SBMA male mice treated with PBS and pAAV.CB7.CI.AR.miR3610.WPRE.RBG. Figures 14B, 14C, and 14D show the latency to fall (seconds) for PBS- and vector-treated mice. [Figure 14B] Figures 14A and 14B show the results of the experiment described in Example 9. Figure 14A shows the survival curves of SBMA male mice treated with PBS and pAAV.CB7.CI.AR.miR3610.WPRE.RBG. Figures 14B, 14C, and 14D show the latency to fall (seconds) for PBS- and vector-treated mice. [Figure 14C] Figures 14A and 14B show the results of the experiment described in Example 9. Figure 14A shows the survival curves of SBMA male mice treated with PBS and pAAV.CB7.CI.AR.miR3610.WPRE.RBG. Figures 14B, 14C, and 14D show the latency to fall (seconds) for PBS- and vector-treated mice. [Figure 14D]Figures 14A and 14B show the results of the experiment described in Example 9. Figure 14A shows the survival curves of SBMA male mice treated with PBS and pAAV.CB7.CI.AR.miR3610.WPRE.RBG. Figures 14B, 14C, and 14D show the latency to fall (seconds) for PBS- and vector-treated mice. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Provided herein are sequences, vectors, and compositions for administering to a subject a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one miRNA that specifically targets a site in the human androgen receptor gene or transcript of the subject. Provided herein are novel miRNA sequences and constructs that contain them. These can be used alone or in combination with each other and / or other therapeutic agents for the treatment of SBMA.

[0015] As used herein, the term "androgen receptor" refers to the androgen receptor (AR) gene [reproduced in SEQ ID NO: 6] (Uniprot P10275-1) that encodes the protein androgen receptor (AR) in humans. The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and a member of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family, expressed in a wide range of cells and tissues. The AR protein belongs to a class of nuclear receptors called activated class I steroid receptors, which also include the glucocorticoid receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the mineralocorticoid receptor. These receptors recognize the canonical androgen response element (ARE). The main domains of the AR include the N-terminal and C-terminal activation domains, termed activation function-1 (AF-1) and AF-2, the ligand binding domain, and the polyglutamine tract. This gene may alternatively be referred to as the dihydrotestosterone receptor (DHTR), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4 (NR3C4). See OMIM.ORG / entry / 313700.

[0016] X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, SMAX1), also known as Kennedy disease, is caused by a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the gene encoding the androgen receptor (AR, 313700.0014). The number of CAG repeats ranges from 38 to 62 in SBMA patients, whereas healthy individuals have 10 to 36 CAG repeats. SBMA pathogenesis has been shown to correlate with the number of CAG repeats (Figure 1A-D; Fratta P, Nirmalananthan N, Masset L, et al. Correlation of clinical and molecular features in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. Neurology. 2014;82(23):2077-2084. doi:10.1212 / WNL.0000000000000507, which is incorporated herein by reference). However, the rate of progression was similar among all patients (Figures 2A to 3D, Natural history of spinal and bu lbar muscular atrophy (SBMA): a study of 223 Japanese patients; Brain. 2006; 129(6):1446-1455, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0017] Described herein are vectors expressing artificial microRNA (miRNA) that suppress the expression of endogenous androgen receptor. In a transgenic mouse model of SBMA, these vectors have been shown to dramatically reduce the expression of mutant androgen receptor in the spinal cord and improve motor function and survival.

[0018] As used herein, "miRNA" refers to microRNA, which is a small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates messenger RNA (mRNA) to inhibit protein translation. miRNA exists in a pre-miRNA hairpin structure (also called stem-loop) and is eventually processed into mature miRNA. As used herein, the terms "miRNA" and "miR" can be used to refer to either unprocessed or mature miRNA (or the sequence encoding it). In general, hairpin-forming RNAs have a self-complementary "stem-loop" structure that includes a single nucleic acid encoding a stem portion having a double strand that includes a sense strand (e.g., passenger strand) connected to an antisense strand (e.g., guide strand) by a loop sequence. The passenger strand and the guide strand share complementarity. In some embodiments, the passenger strand and the guide strand share 100% complementarity. In some embodiments, the passenger strand and the guide strand share at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% complementarity. The passenger strand and the guide strand may lack complementarity due to base pair mismatches. In some embodiments, the passenger strand and the guide strand of the hairpin-forming RNA have at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10 base pair mismatches.

[0019] Generally, the first 2-8 nucleotides of the stem (relative to the loop) are referred to as "seed" residues and play an important role in target recognition and binding. The first residue of the stem (relative to the loop) is referred to as the "anchor" residue. In some embodiments, the hairpin-forming RNA has a mismatch at the anchor residue. As used herein, miRNAs include a "seed sequence," which is a region of nucleotides that specifically binds to a target mRNA (e.g., human androgen receptor) by complementary base pairing, resulting in the destruction or silencing of the mRNA. Such silencing may result in downregulation, but not complete disappearance, of endogenous hAR. The miRNAs provided herein include a targeting sequence that binds to a target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor. The targeting sequence includes a seed sequence.

[0020] The encoded miRNA provided herein is designed to specifically target the endogenous human androgen receptor gene in patients with SBMA.In certain embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the antisense sequence of Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0021] As used herein, a "miRNA target site," "target sequence," or "target region" is a sequence located on the DNA plus strand (5' to 3') (e.g., of hAR) that is at least partially complementary to a miRNA sequence, including a miRNA seed sequence (or targeting sequence). Typically, a miRNA target sequence is at least 7 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides to 28 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides to 18 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides, and contains at least one contiguous region (e.g., 7 or 8 nucleotides) that is complementary to a miRNA seed sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence includes a sequence that has exact complementarity (100%) with the miRNA seed sequence, or a sequence that has partial complementarity with some mismatches with the miRNA seed sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence comprises at least 7-8 nucleotides that are 100% complementary to the miRNA seed sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence consists of a sequence that is 100% complementary to the miRNA seed sequence. In certain embodiments, the target sequence comprises multiple copies (e.g., 2 or 3 copies) of a sequence that is 100% complementary to the seed sequence. In certain embodiments, the region of 100% complementarity comprises at least 30% of the length of the target sequence. In certain embodiments, the remainder of the target sequence has at least about 80% to about 99% complementarity to the miRNA. In certain embodiments, in an expression cassette comprising a DNA positive strand, the miRNA target sequence is the reverse complement of the miRNA.

[0022] In certain embodiments, the miRNA comprises a targeting sequence that binds to the following AR target site: GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) therein. In some embodiments, the targeting sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2. In other embodiments, the targeting sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3. In certain embodiments, the seed sequence is located in the mature miRNA (5' to 3'), generally beginning 2-7, 2-8, or about 6 nucleotides from the 5' end of the miRNA sense strand (from the 5' end of the sense (+) strand) of the miRNA, although it can be longer in length. In certain embodiments, the length of the seed sequence is about 30% or more of the length of the mature miRNA sequence, and can be at least 7 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, 7 nucleotides to 28 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides to 18 nucleotides, 12 nucleotides to 28 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides. In the examples provided herein, the miRNA is delivered in the form of a stem-loop miRNA precursor sequence, for example, about 50 to about 80 nucleotides in length, or about 55 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides, or 60 to 65 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the stem-loop miRNA precursor sequence is 64 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the miRNA precursor comprises a targeting sequence of about 5 nucleotides (containing the seed sequence), a stem loop of about 21 nucleotides, and a targeting sequence of about 20 nucleotides. The miRNA precursor comprises a sense sequence of nucleotides, the sense sequence corresponding to the antisense sequence with 1, 2, or 3 nucleotide mismatch. In other embodiments, the miRNA precursor comprises about 5 nucleotides, a targeting sequence of about 21 nucleotides, a stem loop of about 21 nucleotides, and a sense sequence of about 18 nucleotides, the sense sequence corresponding to the antisense sequence with 1, 2, or 3 nucleotide mismatch. In certain embodiments, the miRNA targets the miRNA target site of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 27 on the human androgen receptor, or a sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (including truncations) therefrom.

[0023] In one aspect, an expression cassette is provided herein, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the nucleic acid sequence comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor and inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor. The coding sequence is operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject. In some embodiments, the miRNA target site comprises: SEQ ID NO: 1 or a sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) compared to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence of TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2-3610 targeting sequence). In some embodiments, the miRNA target site comprises: SEQ ID NO: 27 or a sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substitutions (or truncations) compared to SEQ ID NO: 27. In other embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence of CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3-3613 targeting sequence). In some embodiments, the miRNA targeting sequence shares less than exact complementarity with the target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises a) TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2-3610), or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions, or b) CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3-3613), or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions. In another embodiment, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence with up to 30 substitutions. In yet another embodiment, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, or a sequence with up to 30 substitutions.

[0024] An example of a suitable miRNA coding sequence is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, which provides the coding sequence for the pre-miRNA hairpin, including the mature miR, miR3610. In certain embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 4, a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 4, including a sequence having 100% identity to about nucleotide 6 to about nucleotide 26 of SEQ ID NO: 4. In yet another embodiment, positions 6 to 26 of SEQ ID NO: 4 are retained and an alternative sequence is selected for the stem-loop backbone. In another embodiment, the miRNA sequence comprises 5' and / or 3' flanking sequences. In certain embodiments, the miRNA sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 11, or a miRNA sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 11, or a miRNA sequence comprising at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11.

[0025] Another example of a suitable miRNA coding sequence is the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, which provides a sequence encoding a pre-miRNA hairpin and includes the mature miR, miR3613. In certain embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:5, a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:5, or a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:5, including a sequence having 100% identity to about nucleotide 9 to about nucleotide 29 of SEQ ID NO:5. In yet another embodiment, positions 9 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:5 are retained and an alternative sequence is selected for the stem-loop backbone. In another embodiment, the miRNA sequence comprises 5' and / or 3' flanking sequences. In certain embodiments, the miRNA coding sequence comprises 5' and / or 3' flanking sequences. In embodiments, the miRNA sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:12, or an miRNA sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:12, or an miRNA sequence comprising at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO:12.

[0026] In certain embodiments, an expression cassette is provided comprising SEQ ID NO:26, or a sequence sharing at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% identity thereto.

[0027] In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an expression cassette or vector genome) may contain more than one miRNA coding sequence. Such a nucleic acid molecule may contain a miRNA coding sequence having one, two, or more of the following: (a) a miRNA coding sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:4, (b) a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:4, (c) a miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO:4, including a sequence having 100% identity to about nucleotide 6 to about nucleotide 26 of SEQ ID NO:4, and / or (d) a miRNA coding sequence comprising the sequence TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC, an miRNA coding sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule may comprise an miRNA coding sequence having one, two or more of the following sequences: (a) an miRNA coding sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, (b) an miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 5, (c) an miRNA coding sequence comprising at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, including a sequence having 100% identity to about nucleotide 6 to about nucleotide 26 of SEQ ID NO: 5, and / or (d) CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG, miRNA coding sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:3.

[0028] As used herein, the term "AAV.AR-miR" or "rAAV.AR.miR" is used to refer to a recombinant adeno-associated virus having an AAV capsid having therein a vector genome comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, which comprises a targeting sequence that, under the control of a regulatory sequence, binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor and inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the targeting sequence is as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0029] For example, a particular capsid type may be specified, such as AAV1.AR.miR, which refers to a recombinant AAV having an AAV1 capsid, or AAVhu68.AR.miR, which refers to a recombinant AAV having an AAVhu68 capsid.

[0030] "Recombinant AAV" or "rAAV" is a DNAse-resistant viral particle that contains two elements, an AAV capsid and a vector genome that contains at least a non-AAV coding sequence packaged within the AAV capsid. Unless otherwise specified, this term may be used interchangeably with the phrase "rAAV vector". rAAV is a "replication-deficient virus" or "replication-deficient viral vector" because it lacks any functional AAV rep gene or functional AAV cap gene and cannot generate progeny. In certain embodiments, the only AAV sequences are AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), which are typically located at the 5' and 3' extreme ends of the vector genome to allow genes and regulatory sequences located between the ITRs to be packaged within the AAV capsid. The 5' and 3' ITR sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 14, respectively. Generally, the AAV capsid is composed of 60 capsid protein subunits, VP1, VP2, and VP3, arranged in icosahedral symmetry in a ratio of approximately 1:1:10 to 1:1:20, depending on the AAV selected. Various AAVs may be selected as the source of capsids for the AAV viral vectors identified above. In one embodiment, the AAV capsid is the AAVhu.68 capsid or a variant thereof (see, e.g., WO2018 / 160582 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 093,275, filed October 18, 2020, (These are incorporated herein by reference. See SEQ ID NO: 17. In another embodiment, the AAV capsid is an AAV.PHP.eb capsid (SEQ ID NO: 21). In certain embodiments, the capsid protein is designated by a number or a combination of numbers and letters following the term "AAV" in the name of the rAAV vector. Unless otherwise specified, the AAV capsids, ITRs, and other selected AAV components described herein may be readily selected from among any AAV, including, but not limited to, the AAVs identified as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAVrhlO, AAVhu37, AAVrh32.33, AAV8bp, AAV7M8, and AAVAnc80, AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9.47, AAV9(hu14), AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAVrh8, AAVrh74, AAV-DJ8, AAV-DJ, AAVhu68. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0036760-A1, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 0197338-A1, and EP1310571. See also WO2003 / 042397 (AAV7 and other simian AAVs), U.S. Patent No. 7,790,449 and U.S. Patent No. 7,282,199 (AAV8), WO2005 / 033321 and US 7,906,111 (AAV9), as well as WO2006 / 110689, and WO2003 / 042397 (rh.10), WO2005 / 033321, WO2018 / 160582, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 093,275, filed October 18, 2020 (AAVhu68), which are incorporated herein by reference. See also WO2019 / 168961 and WO2019 / 169004, which describe the deamidation profiles of these and other AAV capsids.Other suitable AAVs may include, but are not limited to, AAVrh90 [PCT / US20 / 30273, filed April 28, 2020], AAVrh91 [PCT / US20 / 30266, filed April 28, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 065,616, filed August 14, 2020], AAVrh92 [PCT / US20 / 30281, filed April 28, 2020], AAVrh93 [PCT / US20 / 30281, filed April 28, 2020], and AAVrh91.93 [PCT / US20 / 30281, filed April 28, 2020], which are incorporated herein by reference. Other suitable AAVs include the AAV3B variants described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 924,112, filed October 21, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 025,753, filed May 15, 2020, including AAV3B.AR2.01, AAV3B.AR2.02, AAV3B.AR2.03, AAV3B.AR2.04, AAV3B.AR2.05, AAV3B.AR2.06, AAV3B.AR2.07, AAV3B.AR2.09, AAV3B.AR2.10, AAV3B.AR2.11, AAV3B.AR2.12, AAV3B.AR2.13, AAV3B.AR2.14, AAV3B.AR2.15, AAV3B.AR2.16, AAV3B.AR2.17, AAV3B.AR2.18, AAV3B.AR2.19, AAV3B.AR2.20, AAV3B.AR2.21, AAV3B.AR2.22, AAV3B.AR2.23, AAV3B.AR2.24, AAV3B.AR2.25, AAV3B.AR2.26, AAV3B.AR2.27, AAV3B.AR2.28, AAV3B.AR2.29, AAV3B.AR2.30, AAV3B.AR2.31, AAV3B.AR2.32, AAV3B.AR2.33, AAV3B.AR2.34, AAV3B.AR2.35, AAV3B.AR2.36, AAV3B.AR2.37, AAV3B.AR2.38, AAV3B.AR2.39, AAV3B.AR , AAV3B.AR2.06, AAV3B.AR2.07, AAV3B.AR2.08, AAV3B.AR2.10, AAV3B.AR2.11, AAV3B.AR2.12, AAV3B.AR2.13, AAV3B.AR2.14, AAV3B.AR2.15, AAV3B.AR2.16, or AAV3B.AR2.17 are described in the literature, which are incorporated herein by reference. These documents also describe other AAV capsids that can be selected to generate rAAV, which are incorporated herein by reference. Among the well-characterized AAVs isolated or engineered from humans or non-human primates (NHPs), human AAV2 was the first AAV developed as a gene transfer vector, and it has been widely used for efficient gene transfer experiments in different target tissues and animal models.

[0031] As used herein, "vector genome" refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is packaged inside the rAAV capsid that forms the viral particle. Such a nucleic acid sequence includes the AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). In the example herein, the vector genome includes, at least 5' to 3', the AAV5'ITR, the miRNA coding sequence, and the AAV3'ITR. ITRs from AAV2, a source AAV different from the capsid, or other than the full-length ITRs may be selected. In certain embodiments, the ITRs are selected from the rep function or trans-complementing AA during production. The ITR is derived from the same AAV source as the AAV that provides the V. Additionally, other ITRs may be used. Additionally, the vector genome includes a regulatory sequence that directs the expression of the miRNA. Suitable components of the vector genome are discussed in more detail herein.

[0032] In certain embodiments, compositions are provided that include an aqueous liquid suitable for intrathecal injection and a stock of vectors (e.g., rAAV) with AAV capsids that preferentially target cells in the central nervous system and / or dorsal root ganglia (e.g., CNS), including, for example, neuronal cells (such as pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, granule cells, spindle cells, and interneuronal cells) and glial cells (such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells), and the vectors have at least one AR-specific miRNA for delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). In certain embodiments, compositions that include one or more vectors described herein are formulated for suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (intracisterna). In certain embodiments, the compositions are administered via computed tomography (CT) rAAV injection. In certain embodiments, the patient is administered a single dose of the composition.

[0033] As used herein, "expression cassette" refers to a nucleic acid polymer that includes a miRNA coding sequence targeting the human AR, a promoter, and may include other regulatory sequences therefor, which cassette may be packaged into a vector (e.g., rAAV, lentivirus, retrovirus, etc.).

[0034] rAAV Recombinant parvovirus is particularly suitable as a vector for the treatment of SBMA.As described herein, recombinant parvovirus can comprise AAV capsid (or bocavirus capsid).In certain embodiments, the capsid targets cells in dorsal root ganglion and / or cells in lower motor neurons and / or primary sensory neurons.In certain embodiments, the composition provided herein can have a single rAAV stock that comprises rAAV that comprises miRNA that specifically targets hAR to downregulate endogenous hAR levels.

[0035] For example, vectors generated using AAV capsids from clade F (e.g., AAVhu68 or AAV9) can be used to generate vectors that target and express miRs in the CNS. Alternatively, vectors generated using AAV capsids from clade A (e.g., AAV1, AAVrh91) may be selected. In yet other embodiments, other parvoviruses or other AAV viruses may be suitable sources of AAV capsids.

[0036] AAV1 capsid refers to a capsid having AAV vp1 protein, AAV vp2 protein, and AAV vp3 protein. In a specific embodiment, AAV1 capsid is composed of AAV vp1 protein, AAV vp2 protein, and AAV vp3 protein in a predetermined ratio of about 1:1:10, assembled into a T1 icosahedral capsid of 60 total vp proteins. AAV1 capsid can package genome sequences to form AAV particles (e.g., recombinant AAV whose genome is a vector genome). Typically, the capsid nucleic acid sequence encoding the longest vp protein (i.e., VP1) is expressed in trans during the production of rAAV having AAV1 capsid. For example, U.S. Patent No. 6,759,237, U.S. Patent No. 7,105,345, U.S. Patent No. 7,186,552, U.S. Patent No. 8,637,255, and U.S. Patent No. 9,567,607, which are incorporated herein by reference. See also, for example, WO2018 / 168961, which is incorporated by reference. In certain embodiments, AAV1 is a deamidated VP isoform as defined in the following table based on the total amount of VP protein in the capsid determined using mass spectrometry. The capsid composition is characterized by a heterogeneous population of AAV capsids. In certain embodiments, the AAV capsid is modified at one or more of the following positions, in the ranges provided below, as determined using mass spectrometry. Suitable modifications include those described in the paragraph above, labeled by deamidation, and are incorporated herein. In certain embodiments, one or more of the following positions, or glycines following N, are modified as described herein. In certain embodiments, AAV1 mutants are constructed in which the glycines following N at positions 57, 383, 512, and / or 718 are conserved (i.e., left unmodified). In certain embodiments, the NGs at the four positions shown in the previous sentence are conserved in the native sequence. In certain embodiments, an artificial NG is introduced at a position different from one of the positions specified in the table above, as shown.

[0037] As used herein, AAVhu68 capsid refers to the capsid defined in WO2018 / 160582, which is incorporated herein by reference. See SEQ ID NO: 17. The product sequence of AAVhu68 can be found in SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 18 (the coding sequence for the capsid only).

[0038] rAAVhu68 resulting from production using a single vp1 nucleic acid sequence produces heterogeneous populations of vp1, vp2, and vp3 proteins. These subpopulations contain, at a minimum, deamidated asparagine (N or Asn) residues. For example, asparagine in an asparagine-glycine pair is highly deamidated. In certain embodiments, vp2 and / or vp3 proteins can additionally or alternatively be expressed from a nucleic acid sequence different from vp1, e.g., to alter the ratio of vp proteins in a selected expression system.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the AAVhu68 capsid comprises AAVhu68 VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins, which are amino acids 1-736, amino acids 138-736, and amino acids 203-736, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or variants thereof, VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins, but having one or more modifications selected from: (i) acetylated lysine, phosphorylated serine and / or threonine, isomerized aspartic acid, oxidized tryptophan and / or methionine, or amidated amino acids, and / or (ii) deamination of N57, N66, N94, N113, N252, N253, Q259, N270, N303, N304, N305, N314, N319, N328, N329, N336, N409, N452, N477, N512, N515, N598, Q599, N628, N651, N663, N709, N735, or combinations thereof, as determined using a suitable method (e.g., mass spectrometry).

[0040] In certain embodiments, the AAVhu68 capsid is selected from a vp1 protein produced by expression from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the predicted amino acid sequence of 1-736 of SEQ ID NO:17, a vp1 protein produced from SEQ ID NO:18, or a vp1 protein produced from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the predicted amino acid sequence of 1-736 of SEQ ID NO:17 that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:18. A heterogeneous population of vp1 proteins and vp2 proteins produced by expression from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the predicted amino acid sequence of at least about amino acids 138-736 of SEQ ID NO:17, vp2 proteins produced from a sequence including at least nucleotides 412-2211 of SEQ ID NO:18, or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the predicted amino acid sequence of at least about amino acids 138-736 of SEQ ID NO:17 and is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least nucleotides 412-2211 of SEQ ID NO:18. and a heterogeneous population of AAVhu68 vp3 proteins selected from vp3 proteins produced by expression from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the predicted amino acid sequence of at least about amino acids 203-736 of SEQ ID NO:17, vp3 proteins produced from a sequence that includes at least nucleotides 607-2211 of SEQ ID NO:18, or vp3 proteins produced from a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the predicted amino acid sequence of at least about amino acids 203-736 of SEQ ID NO:17 and that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to at least nucleotides 607-2211 of SEQ ID NO:18.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the AAVhu68 capsid comprises (a) AAVhu68 VP1, AAVhu68 VP2, and AAVhu68 VP3 proteins produced by expression from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of 1-736 of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or (b) AAVhu68 VP1, AAVhu68 VP2, and AAVhu68 VP3 proteins that are amino acids 1-736, amino acids 138-736, and amino acids 203-736 of SEQ ID NO: 17, further comprising at least 60% deamidation of asparagines at positions 57, 329, 452, and 512 of SEQ ID NO: 17, as determined using mass spectrometry. In certain embodiments, the deamidation is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% at positions 57, 329, 452, and 512 of SEQ ID NO: 17, as determined using mass spectrometry. AAVhu68 capsid retains glutamic acid at position 67 and valine at position 157, but may contain other post-translational modifications, including deamidation at other positions.

[0042] In certain embodiments, AAVhu68 capsids are produced using engineered AAVhu68 coding sequences. See, e.g., U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 093,275, filed October 18, 2020, and International Patent Application No. PCT / US21 / 55436, filed October 18, 2021, which are incorporated herein by reference. Capsids can be produced in any suitable production cell system, including cell culture, adherent cells, or cell suspensions.

[0043] The genomic sequence packaged in the AAV capsid and delivered to the host cell typically consists of at least a transgene (miRNA), and its regulatory sequence, and AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Both single-stranded and self-complementary (sc) AAVs are included in rAAV. A transgene is a nucleic acid coding sequence heterologous to the vector sequence that encodes a polypeptide, protein, functional RNA molecule (e.g., miRNA, miRNA inhibitor), or other gene product of interest. The nucleic acid coding sequence is operably linked to a regulatory element in a manner that allows transcription, translation, and / or expression of the transgene in cells of the target tissue.

[0044] The AAV sequences of the vector typically contain cis-acting 5' and 3' inverted terminal repeat sequences (see, e.g., BJ Carter, in "Handbook of Parvoviruses", ed., P. Tijsser, CRC Press, pp. 155 168 (1990)). The ITR sequences are about 130 or 145 bp in length. Preferably, substantially the entire sequences encoding the ITRs are used in the molecule, although some minor modification of these sequences is tolerated. The ability to modify these ITR sequences is within the skill of the art. (See, e.g., Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual", 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); and K. Fisher et al., J. Virol., 70:520 532 (1996)). One example of such a molecule that may be utilized in the present invention is a transgene vector in which a selected transgene sequence and associated regulatory elements are flanked by 5' and 3' AAV ITR sequences. It is a "cis-acting" plasmid containing the ITRs. In one embodiment, the ITRs are from a different AAV than the one supplying the capsid. In one embodiment, the ITR sequences are from AAV2. A shortened version of the 5'ITR, called ΔITR, has been reported, in which the D sequence and the terminal separation site (trs) are deleted. In other embodiments, full-length AAV 5' and 3'ITRs are used. However, ITRs from other AAV sources may be selected. If the source of the ITRs is from AAV2 and the AAV capsid is from another AAV source, the resulting vector may be referred to as pseudotyped. However, other configurations of these elements may be suitable.

[0045] In addition to the key elements identified above for a vector (e.g., rAAV), the vector also contains the necessary conventional regulatory elements operably linked to the transgene in a manner that allows its transcription, translation, and / or expression in the cell. As used herein, the term "expression" or "gene expression" refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product. A gene product can be an miRNA, a protein, a peptide, or a nucleic acid polymer (such as RNA, DNA, or PNA).

[0046] As used herein, the term "regulatory sequence" or "expression control sequence" refers to nucleic acid sequences, such as initiator sequences, enhancer sequences, and promoter sequences, that induce, repress, or otherwise control the transcription of protein-coding nucleic acid sequences to which they are operably linked.

[0047] As used herein, "operably linked" sequences include both expression control sequences adjacent to a gene of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to regulate the gene of interest.

[0048] The regulatory control element typically includes a promoter sequence located as part of an expression control sequence, for example, between a selected 5'ITR sequence and a coding sequence. In certain embodiments, the promoter is a chicken beta actin promoter with a CMV enhancer element, for example, the CB7 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 23). In one embodiment, the CB8 promoter has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In certain embodiments, the CB7 promoter includes a CMV enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 8), a chicken beta actin promoter (SEQ ID NO: 9), and a chimeric intron (SEQ ID NO: 10). In certain embodiments, a central nervous system tissue-specific promoter is selected. For example, the promoter can be a neuronal promoter, for example, the gfaABC(1)D promoter (Addgene number 50473), or the human Syn promoter (sequence available from Addgene, ref. 50465, SEQ ID NO: 15).

[0049] Other suitable promoters include, for example, constitutive promoters, regulatable promoters [see, for example, WO2011 / 126808 and WO2013 / 04943], or promoters that respond to physiological cues. The promoters can be selected from different sources, for example, human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer / promoter, SV40 immediate early enhancer / promoter, JC polymomavirus promoter, myelin basic protein (MBP) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) latency-associated promoter (LAP), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, neuron-specific promoter (NSE), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promoter, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) promoter, CBA, matrix metalloprotein promoter (MPP), and chicken beta-actin promoter.

[0050] In addition to the promoter, the vector may contain one or more other suitable transcription initiation, termination, enhancement, and transcriptional regulation sites. The enhancer may include a sequence for efficient RNA processing, such as a promoter sequence, a splicing and polyadenylation (polyA) signal, a sequence for stabilizing cytoplasmic mRNA, e.g., WPRE, a sequence for increasing translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence), a sequence for enhancing protein stability, and, optionally, a sequence for enhancing secretion of the encoded product. An example of a suitable enhancer is the CMV enhancer. Other suitable enhancers include those appropriate for the desired target tissue indication. In one embodiment, the expression cassette includes one or more expression enhancers. In one embodiment, the expression cassette includes two or more expression enhancers. These enhancers may be the same or different from each other. For example, the enhancer may include a CMV immediate early enhancer. This enhancer may be present in two copies located adjacent to each other. Alternatively, the double copies of the enhancer may be separated by one or more sequences. In yet another embodiment, the expression cassette further includes an intron, e.g., a chicken beta actin intron. Other suitable introns include those known in the art and described, for example, in WO2011 / 126808. Examples of suitable polyA sequences include, for example, rabbit beta globin polyA (SEQ ID NO: 25), SV40, SV50, bovine growth hormone (bGH), human growth hormone, and synthetic polyA. Optionally, one or more sequences may be selected to stabilize the mRNA. One example of such a sequence is a modified WPRE sequence, which may be engineered upstream of the polyA sequence and downstream of the coding sequence [see, for example, MA Zanta-Boussif, et al, Gene Therapy (2009) 16:605-619. An example of a suitable WPRE is shown in SEQ ID NO: 13.

[0051] In one embodiment, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a promoter, an optional enhancer, an optional intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor, a polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a promoter, an optional enhancer, an optional intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor, an optional WPRE, a polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, a WPRE, a polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a CB7 promoter / enhancer, a chicken-beta intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, a WPRE, a rabbit beta globin polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a CB7 promoter / enhancer, a chicken-beta intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, including SEQ ID NO:2, or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions therefrom, a WPRE, a rabbit beta globin polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises an AAV5'ITR, a CB7 promoter / enhancer, a chicken-beta intron, a coding sequence for a miRNA targeting the human androgen receptor sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, including SEQ ID NO:3, or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions therefrom, a WPRE, a rabbit beta globin polyA, and an AAV3'ITR. The miRNA coding sequence is selected from the sequences defined herein. Other elements of the vector genome or variations on these sequences may be selected for the vector genome for certain embodiments of the invention.

[0052] Vector production For use in producing AAV viral vectors (e.g., recombinant (r)AAV), the expression cassette can be carried on any suitable vector, e.g., a plasmid, that is delivered to a packaging host cell. Plasmids useful in the present invention can be engineered to be suitable for in vitro replication and packaging in prokaryotic, insect, and mammalian cells, among others. Suitable transfection techniques and packaging host cells include: These are known and / or can be readily designed by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0053] In certain embodiments, the production plasmid contains a vector genome for packaging into a capsid that includes at least one miRNA sequence specific for the human androgen receptor in an SBMA patient and is operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the miRNA in the patient.

[0054] Methods for generating and isolating AAV suitable for use as a vector are known in the art. See generally, e.g., Grieger & Samulski, 2005, "Adeno-associated virus as a gene therapy vector: Vector development, production and distribution." and clinical applications," Adv. Biochem. Engin / Biotechnol. 99:119-145; Buning et al., 2008, "Recent developments in adeno-associated viral vector technology," J. Gene Med. 10:717-733, and the references cited below, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The ITRs are the only AAV components required in cis in the same construct as the nucleic acid molecule containing the expression cassette in order to package the transgene into virions. The cap and rep genes can be supplied in trans.

[0055] In one embodiment, the expression cassettes described herein are engineered into genetic elements (e.g., shuttle plasmids) that introduce the miRNA construct sequences carried thereon into packaging host cells to produce viral vectors. In one embodiment, the selected genetic elements can be delivered to AAV packaging cells by any suitable method, including transfection, electroporation, liposome delivery, membrane fusion techniques, high-speed DNA-coated pellets, viral infection, and protoplast fusion. Stable AAV packaging cells can also be created. Alternatively, the expression cassettes can be used to generate viral vectors other than AAV, or for the production of mixtures of antibodies in vitro. Methods used to create such constructs are known to those skilled in nucleic acid manipulation and include genetic engineering, recombinant engineering, and synthetic techniques. See, for example, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ed. Green, J. Med. Soc. 2002, 143:1311-1323, 1999. and Sambrook, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (2012).

[0056] The term "AAV intermediate" or "AAV vector intermediate" refers to an assembled rAAV capsid that lacks the desired genomic sequence packaged therein. These may be referred to as "empty" capsids. Such capsids may contain no detectable genomic sequence of the expression cassette or may contain only partially packaged genomic sequence that is insufficient to achieve expression of a gene product. These empty capsids are non-functional for introducing a gene of interest into a host cell.

[0057] The recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) described herein may be produced using known techniques. See, for example, WO2003 / 042397, WO2005 / 033321, WO2006 / 110689, US7588772B2. Such methods include culturing a host cell that contains an expression cassette consisting of a nucleic acid sequence encoding an AAV capsid protein, a functional rep gene, at a minimum an AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) and a transgene, and sufficient helper functions to allow packaging of the expression cassette into the AAV capsid protein. Methods for producing capsids, coding sequences therefor, and methods for producing rAAV viral vectors have been described. See, for example, Gao, et al., J. Immunol. 1999, 143:1311-1323, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 ...8, 2019, 2020, 2020, 203, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220 See t al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100(10), 6081-6086 (2003) and US2013 / 0045186A1.

[0058] In one embodiment, a producer cell culture is provided that is useful for producing recombinant AAV. Such cell culture comprises a nucleic acid that expresses AAV capsid proteins in a host cell, a nucleic acid molecule suitable for packaging into an AAV capsid, such as a vector genome containing AAV ITRs, and a non-AAV nucleic acid sequence that encodes a transgene (e.g., miRNA) operably linked to a sequence that directs the expression of the transgene in a host cell, and sufficient AAVrep and adenovirus helper functions to allow packaging of the nucleic acid molecule into a recombinant AAV capsid. In one embodiment, the cell culture is composed of mammalian cells (e.g., human embryonic kidney 293 cells, among others) or insect cells (e.g., baculovirus).

[0059] Typically, the rep function is derived from the same AAV source as the AAV that provides the ITRs flanking the vector genome. In the examples herein, AAV2 ITRs were selected, and AAV2 rep is used. Optionally, other rep sequences or different rep sources (and optionally different ITR sources) may be selected. For example, rep may be, but is not limited to, AAV1 rep protein, AAV2 rep protein, or rep78, rep68, rep52, rep40, rep68 / 78, and rep40 / 52, or fragments thereof. Optionally, the rep and cap sequences are on the same genetic element in the cell culture. There may be a spacer between the rep sequence and the cap gene. Any of these AAV or mutant AAV capsid sequences may be under the control of exogenous regulatory sequences that direct their expression in the host cell.

[0060] In one embodiment, the cells are produced in a suitable cell culture (e.g., HEK293). Methods for producing therapeutic vectors described herein include methods well known in the art, such as generation of plasmid DNA used for production of therapeutic vectors, generation of vectors, and purification of vectors. In some embodiments, the therapeutic vector is an AAV vector, and the generated plasmids are AAV cis-plasmids encoding the AAV genome and genes of interest (e.g., miRNA), AAV trans-plasmids containing AAV rep and cap genes, and adenovirus helper plasmids. The vector production process may include method steps such as initiation of cell culture, passaging of cells, seeding of cells, transfection of cells with plasmid DNA, medium exchange with serum-free medium after transfection, and harvesting of cells and culture medium containing the vector.

[0061] In certain embodiments, the manufacturing process of rAAV.AR-miR involves transient transfection of HEK293 cells with plasmid DNA. Single or multiple batches are produced by PEI-mediated triple transfection of HEK293 cells in a PALL iCELLis bioreactor. Harvested AAV material is sequentially purified, when possible, by clarification, TFF, affinity chromatography, and anion exchange chromatography in a single-use closed bioprocessing system.

[0062] The harvested vector-containing cells and culture medium are referred to herein as crude cell harvest. In yet another system, the therapeutic vector is introduced into insect cells by infection with a baculovirus-based vector. For a review of these production systems generally, see, for example, Zhang et al., 2009, "Adenovirus-adeno-associated virus hybrid for large-scale See, "recombinant adeno-associated virus production," Human Gene Therapy 20:922-929, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Methods of making and using the AAV production system are also described in the following U.S. patents, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties: 5,139,941; 5,741,683; 6,057,152; 6,204,059; 6,268,213; 6,491,907; 6,660,514; 6,951,753; 7,094,604; 7,172,893; 7,201,898; 7,229,823; and 7,439,065, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0063] The crude cell harvest may then be subjected to additional process steps, such as concentration of the vector harvest, diafiltration of the vector harvest, microfluidization of the vector harvest, nuclease digestion of the vector harvest, filtration of the microfluidized intermediate, crude purification by chromatography, crude purification by ultracentrifugation, buffer exchange by tangential flow filtration, and / or formulation and filtration to prepare bulk vector.

[0064] The vector drug product is purified and empty capsids are removed using a two-step high salt affinity chromatography purification, followed by anion exchange resin chromatography. These methods are described in further detail in International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 065970, filed December 9, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference. A method for purifying AAV8: International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 065976, filed December 9, 2016; and a method for purifying rh10: International Patent Application No. PCT / US16 / 66013, filed December 9, 2016 and entitled "Scalable Purification Method for AAVrh10" (also filed December 11, 2015); and a method for purifying AAV1: International Patent Application No. PCT / US2016 / 065974, filed December 9, 2016, entitled "Scalable Purification Method for AAV1", filed December 11, 2015, are all incorporated herein by reference.

[0065] To calculate the empty and full particle content, the VP3 band volume for a selected sample (e.g., in the examples herein, an iodixanol gradient-purified preparation, where number of GC = number of particles) is plotted against the GC particles loaded. The resulting linear equation (y = mx + c) is used to calculate the number of particles in the band volume of the test article peak. The number of particles (pt) per 20 μL loaded is then multiplied by 50 to obtain particles (pt) / mL. Pt / mL is divided by GC / mL to obtain the particle to genome copy ratio (pt / GC). Pt / mL - GC / mL gives empty pt / mL. Empty pt / mL is divided by pt / mL and then multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage of empty particles.

[0066] In general, methods for assaying AAV vector particles containing empty capsids and packaged genomes are known in the art. See, for example, Grimm et al., Gene Therapy (1999) 6:1322-1330; Sommer et al., Molec. Ther. (2003) 7:122-128. To test for denatured capsids, the method includes subjecting the processed AAV stock to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, consisting of any gel capable of separating the three capsid proteins, such as a gradient gel containing 3-8% Tris-acetate in buffer, then running the gel until the sample material is separated, blotting the gel onto a nylon or nitrocellulose membrane, preferably nylon. The anti-AAV capsid antibody is then used as the primary antibody that binds to the denatured capsid protein, preferably an anti-AAV capsid monoclonal antibody, most preferably a B1 anti-AAV-2 monoclonal antibody (Wobus et al., J. Virol. (2000) 74:9281-9293). The primary antibody is then bound to the primary antibody, more preferably an anti-IgG antibody that contains a detection molecule covalently attached to the antibody, most preferably horseradish peroxidase. A secondary antibody is used that includes a means for detecting binding to a sheep anti-mouse IgG antibody covalently bound to the primary antibody. To semi-quantitatively measure the binding between the primary and secondary antibodies, a method for detecting binding is used, preferably a detection method capable of detecting radioisotope emission, electromagnetic radiation, or color change, most preferably a chemiluminescence detection kit. For example, in SDS-PAGE, samples from the column fractions can be taken and heated in SDS-PAGE loading buffer containing a reducing agent (e.g., DTT), and capsid proteins were resolved in a precast gradient polyacrylamide gel (e.g., Novex). Silver staining may be performed using SilverXpress (Invitrogen, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions, or other suitable staining methods, i.e., SYPRO Ruby or Coomassie staining. In one embodiment, the concentration of AAV vector genome (vg) in the column fractions can be measured by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). The samples are diluted and digested with DNaseI (or another suitable nuclease) to remove exogenous DNA. After inactivation of nucleases, the samples are further diluted and amplified using a TaqMan™ fluorogenic probe specific for the primers and the DNA sequence between the primers. The number of cycles required to reach a defined level of fluorescence (threshold cycle, Ct) is measured for each sample on an Applied Biosystems Prism 7700 sequence detection system. Plasmid DNA containing the same sequence as that contained in the AAV vector is used to generate a standard curve in a Q-PCR reaction. The cycle threshold (Ct) value obtained from the sample was used to determine the vector genome titer by normalizing it to the Ct value of the plasmid standard curve. An endpoint assay based on digital PCR can also be used.

[0067] In one embodiment, an optimized q-PCR method is used that utilizes a broad-spectrum serum protease, such as Protease K (e.g., commercially available from Qiagen). More specifically, the optimized qPCR genomic titer assay is similar to the standard assay, except that after DNase I digestion, the sample is diluted with Protease K buffer and treated with Protease K, followed by heat inactivation. Suitably, the sample is diluted with an amount of Protease K buffer equal to the sample size. The Protease K buffer can be concentrated 2-fold or more. Typically, the Protease K treatment is about 0.2 mg / mL, but can vary from 0.1 mg / mL to about 1 mg / mL. The treatment step is generally carried out at about 55° C. for about 15 minutes, but may be performed at lower temperatures (e.g., about 37° C. to about 50° C.) for longer periods (e.g., about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes), or at higher temperatures (e.g., up to about 60° C.) for shorter periods (e.g., about 5 to 10 minutes). Similarly, heat inactivation is generally at about 95° C. for about 15 minutes, but may be performed at lower temperatures (e.g., about 70 to about 90° C.) and for longer periods (e.g., about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes). The sample is then diluted (e.g., 1000-fold) and subjected to TaqMan analysis as described for standard assays.

[0068] Additionally or alternatively, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) may be used. For example, a method for measuring single-stranded and self-complementary AAV vector genome titer by ddPCR has been described. See, for example, M. Lock et al, Hu Gene Therapy Methods, Hum Gene Ther Methods. 2014 Apr; 25 (2): 115-25. doi: 10.1089 / hgtb.2013.131. Epub 2014 Feb 14.

[0069] Briefly, a method for separating rAAV particles with packaged genome sequences from genome-defective AAV intermediates comprises subjecting a suspension containing recombinant AAV viral particles and AAV capsid intermediates to high performance liquid chromatography, in which the AAV viral particles and AAV intermediates are bound to a strong anion exchange resin equilibrated at high pH and subjected to a salt gradient while monitoring the eluate for ultraviolet absorbance at about 260 and about 280. The pH can be adjusted depending on the AAV selected. See, e.g., WO2017 / 1603 See WO2017 / 100704 (AAVrhlO), WO2017 / 100676 (e.g., AAV8), and WO2017 / 100674 (AAV1), which are incorporated herein by reference. In this method, AAV full capsids are recovered from the fraction that elutes when the A260 / A280 ratio reaches the infection point. In one example, for the affinity chromatography step, the diafiltered product may be applied to Capture Select™ Poros-AAV2 / 9 affinity resin (Life Technologies), which efficiently captures AAV2 serotypes. Under these ionic conditions, a significant percentage of residual cellular DNA and proteins flow through the column, and AAV particles are efficiently captured.

[0070] Non-AAV and non-viral vectors A "vector" as used herein is a biological or chemical moiety that contains a nucleic acid sequence and can be introduced into an appropriate target cell for replication or expression of said nucleic acid sequence. Examples of vectors include, but are not limited to, recombinant viruses, plasmids, lipoplexes, polymersomes, polyplexes, dendrimers, cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugates, magnetic particles, or nanoparticles. In one embodiment, a vector is a nucleic acid molecule into which an exogenous or heterologous or engineered miRNA can be inserted and then introduced into an appropriate target cell. Such vectors preferably have one or more origins of replication and one or more sites into which recombinant DNA can be inserted. Vectors often have a means by which cells that carry the vector can be selected from cells that do not, for example, they encode drug resistance genes. Common vectors include plasmids, viral genomes, and "artificial chromosomes". Conventional methods for the generation, production, characterization, or quantification of vectors are available to those skilled in the art.

[0071] In one embodiment, the vector is a non-viral plasmid, e.g., "naked DNA", "naked plasmid DNA", RNA, mRNA, shRNA, RNAi, etc., containing an expression cassette as described therefor. Optionally, the plasmid or other nucleic acid sequence is delivered via a suitable device, e.g., via electrospray, electroporation. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is combined with various compositions and nanoparticles, including, for example, micelles, liposomes, cationic lipid-nucleic acid compositions, polyglycan compositions, and other polymer, lipid and / or cholesterol-based-nucleic acid conjugates, and other constructs as described herein. See, e.g., WO2014 / 089486, US2018 / 0353616A1, US2013 / 0037977A1, WO2015 / 074085A1, US9670152B2, and US8,853,377B2, X. Su et al, Mol. Pharmaceutics, 2011, 8(3), pp774-787; Web Published: March 21, 2011, WO2013 / 182683, WO2010 / 053572, and WO2012 / 170930, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0072] In certain embodiments, non-viral vectors are used to deliver miRNA transcripts targeting endogenous hAR, for example, with SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the miRNA is delivered in an amount of miRNA greater than about 0.5 mg / kg (e.g., greater than about 1.0 mg / kg, 1.5 mg / kg, 2.0 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, 3.0 mg / kg, 4.0 mg / kg, 5.0 mg / kg, 6.0 mg / kg, 7.0 mg / kg, 8.0 mg / kg, 9.0 mg / kg, or 10.0 mg / kg) body weight per dose. In some embodiments, the miRNA is administered at a dose of about 0.1-100 mg / kg (e.g., about 0.1-90 mg / kg, 0.1-80 mg / kg, 0.1-70 mg / kg, 0.1-60 mg / kg, 0.1-50 mg / kg, 0.1-40 mg / kg, 0.1-30 mg / kg, 0.1-20 mg / kg, 0.1-10 mg / kg) of body weight per dose. In some embodiments, the miRNA is delivered in an amount greater than about 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 40 mg, 45 mg, 50 mg, 55 mg, 60 mg, 65 mg, 70 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg, 90 mg, 95 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, or 500 mg per dose.

[0073] In certain embodiments, the miRNA transcript is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). As used herein, the phrase "lipid nanoparticles" refers to a transfer vehicle that includes one or more lipids (e.g., cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids, and PEG-modified lipids). Preferably, the lipid nanoparticles are formulated to deliver one or more miRNAs to one or more target cells (e.g., dorsal root ganglion, lower motor neuron and / or upper motor neuron, or the cell types identified above in the CNS). Examples of suitable lipids include, for example, phosphatidyl compounds (e.g., phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, cerebrosides, and gangliosides). Also contemplated is the use of polymers as transfer vehicles, alone or in combination with other transfer vehicles. Suitable polymers may include, for example, polyacrylates, polyalkylcyanoacrylates, polylactides, polylactide-polyglycolide copolymers, polycaprolactones, dextran, albumin, gelatin, alginates, collagen, chitosan, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and polyethyleneimines. In one embodiment, the transfer vehicle is selected based on its ability to facilitate the transfection of miRNA into target cells. Lipid nanoparticles useful for miRNA include cationic lipids to encapsulate and / or enhance the delivery of miRNA to target cells that function as a depot for protein production. As used herein, the phrase "cationic lipid" refers to any of several lipid species that carry a net positive charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH. Contemplated lipid nanoparticles may be prepared by including a multi-component lipid mixture in varying ratios using one or more cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids, and PEG-modified lipids. Several cationic lipids have been described in the literature, many of which are commercially available. See, e.g., WO2014 / 089486, US2018 / 0353616A1, and US8,853,377B2, which are incorporated by reference.In certain embodiments, LNP formulations are performed using routine procedures that include cholesterol, ionizable lipids, helper lipids, PEG lipids, and polymers that form lipid bilayers around the encapsulated mRNA (Kowalski et al., 2019, Mol. Ther. 27(4):710-728). In some embodiments, the LNPs include a cationic lipid (i.e., N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)) with the helper lipid DOPE. In some embodiments, the LNPs include an ionizable lipid Dlin-MC3-DMA ionizable lipid, or a diketopiperazine-based ionizable lipid (cKK-E12). In some embodiments, the polymer includes polyethyleneimine (PEI) or poly(β-amino)ester (PBAE). See, e.g., WO2014 / 089486, US2018 / 0353616A1, US2013 / 0037977A1, WO2015 / 074085A1, US9670152B2, and US8,853,377B2, which are incorporated by reference.

[0074] In certain embodiments, the vectors described herein are "replication-deficient viruses" or "viral vectors," which refer to synthetic or artificial viral particles in which an expression cassette contains a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one miRNA that targets hAR. Replication-deficient viruses are unable to produce progeny virions but retain the ability to infect target cells. In one embodiment, the genome of the viral vector encodes the enzymes required for replication. It does not contain any genes encoding E2 (the genome can be engineered to be "gutless," containing only nucleic acid sequences encoding E2 flanked by signals required for amplification and packaging of the artificial genome), but these genes can be supplied during production. It is therefore considered safe for use in gene therapy, since replication and infection by progeny virions cannot occur except in the presence of viral enzymes required for replication.

[0075] As used herein, a recombinant viral vector may be any suitable replication-defective viral vector, including, for example, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus, bocavirus, hybrid AAV / bocavirus, herpes simplex virus, or lentivirus.

[0076] As used herein, the term "host cell" may refer to a packaging cell line in which a vector (e.g., recombinant AAV) is produced. Host cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic (e.g., human, insect, or yeast) cells, containing exogenous or heterologous DNA that is introduced into the cells by any means, such as electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, microinjection, transformation, viral infection, transfection, liposome delivery, membrane fusion techniques, high-speed DNA-coated pellets, viral infection, and protoplast fusion. Examples of host cells may include, but are not limited to, isolated cells, cell cultures, Escherichia coli cells, yeast cells, human cells, non-human cells, mammalian cells, non-mammalian cells, insect cells, HEK-293 cells, liver cells, kidney cells, central nervous system cells, neurons, glial cells, or stem cells.

[0077] As used herein, the term "target cell" refers to any target cell that is desired to express miRNA.In certain embodiments, the term "target cell" is intended to refer to the cells of the subject undergoing treatment for SBMA.Examples of target cells can include, but are not limited to, cells in the central nervous system.

[0078] composition Provided herein is a composition comprising at least one vector (e.g., rAAV.AR-miR stock) comprising a sequence encoding a miRNA targeting human androgen receptor, and / or at least one vector comprising an AR-miR, and / or at least one vector comprising an AR-miR stock, and optionally a carrier, excipient, and / or preservative. A vector (e.g., rAAV) stock refers to a plurality of vectors that are the same, such as in the amounts described below in the discussion of concentrations and dosage units.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises at least a virus stock that is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) suitable for use in the treatment of SBMA, alone or in combination with other vector stocks or compositions.In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a virus stock that is a recombinant AAV (rAAV) suitable for use in the treatment of SBMA, the rAAV comprising (a) an adeno-associated virus capsid, and (b) a vector genome packaged in the AAV capsid, the vector genome comprising an AAV inverted terminal repeat, a coding sequence of at least one miRNA specifically targeted to human androgen receptor, and a regulatory sequence directing the expression of the miRNA.In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a miRNA coding sequence targeting the hAR sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a WPRE, and a polyadenylation signal.In certain embodiments, the vector genome further comprises an AAV2 5'ITR and an AAV2 3'ITR, which flank all elements of the vector genome. In certain embodiments, the vector genome comprises a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a miRNA coding sequence encoding miR3610, a WPRE, and Polyadenylation signal included. In certain embodiments, the vector genome includes a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a miRNA coding sequence encoding miR3613, a WPRE, and a polyadenylation signal.

[0080] The rAAV.AR-miR may be suspended in a physiologically compatible carrier for administration to a human SBMA patient. In certain embodiments, for administration to a human patient, the vector is suitably suspended in an aqueous solution containing saline, a surfactant, and a physiologically compatible salt or mixture of salts. Suitably, the formulation is adjusted to a physiologically acceptable pH, for example, in the range of pH 6-9, or pH 6.5-7.5, pH 7.0-7.7, or pH 7.2-7.8. The pH of cerebrospinal fluid is about 7.28 to about 7.32, or for intrathecal delivery, about 7.2 to about 7.4, so a pH within this range is desirable, while for intravenous delivery, a pH of about 6.8 to about 7.2 may be desirable. However, other pHs in a broader range, and subranges of these, may be selected for other delivery routes.

[0081] In certain embodiments, the formulation may contain a buffered saline solution that does not contain sodium bicarbonate. Such a formulation may contain a buffered saline solution, such as Harvard buffer, which contains one or more of sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and mixtures thereof in water. The aqueous solution may further contain Kolliphor® P188, a poloxamer, which is commercially available from BASF and was previously sold under the trade name Lutrol® F68. The aqueous solution may have a pH of 7.2 or a pH of 7.4.

[0082] In another embodiment, the formulation may comprise a buffered saline solution including 1 mM sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 3 mM potassium chloride (KCl), 1.4 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.8 mM magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and 0.001% Kolliphor® 188. See, e.g., harvardapparatus.com / harvard-apparatus-perfusion-fluid.html. In certain embodiments, Harvard buffer is preferred.

[0083] In other embodiments, the formulation may include one or more permeation enhancers. Examples of suitable permeation enhancers may include, for example, mannitol, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium salicylate, sodium caprate, sodium caprate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, or EDTA.

[0084] In another embodiment, the composition comprises a carrier, diluent, excipient and / or adjuvant. A suitable carrier can be easily selected by those skilled in the art, taking into consideration the indication for which the introduced virus is intended. For example, one suitable carrier comprises saline, and can be formulated with various buffer solutions (e.g., phosphate buffered saline). Other exemplary carriers include sterile saline, lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, gelatin, dextran, agar, pectin, peanut oil, sesame oil, and water. The buffer / carrier should contain a component that prevents rAAV from adhering to the injection tube, but does not interfere with rAAV binding activity in vivo.

[0085] Optionally, the compositions may contain other conventional pharmaceutical ingredients, such as preservatives or chemical stabilizers, in addition to the vector (e.g., rAAV) and carrier. Suitable exemplary preservatives include chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallate, parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, and parachlorophenol. Suitable chemical stabilizers include gelatin and albumin.

[0086] As used herein, "carrier" includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, vehicles, coatings, diluents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, buffers, carrier solutions, suspensions, colloids, and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharma- ceutical active substances is well known in the art. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the composition. The phrase "pharmacologically acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce allergic or similar adverse reactions when administered to a host. Delivery vehicles such as liposomes, nanocapsules, microparticles, microspheres, lipid particles, vesicles, and the like can be used to introduce the compositions of the present invention into suitable host cells. In particular, rAAV vector-delivered transgenes can be formulated for delivery either encapsulated in lipid particles, liposomes, vesicles, nanospheres, or nanoparticles, and the like.

[0087] In one embodiment, the composition comprises a final formulation suitable for delivery to a subject, for example, an aqueous liquid suspension buffered to a physiologically compatible pH and salt concentration.Optionally, one or more surfactants are present in the formulation.In another embodiment, the composition can be delivered as a concentrate that is diluted for administration to a subject.In other embodiments, the composition can be lyophilized and reconstituted at the time of administration.

[0088] A suitable surfactant or combination of surfactants may be selected from among non-toxic non-ionic surfactants. In one embodiment, a bifunctional block copolymer surfactant terminated in a primary hydroxyl group is selected, such as Pluronic® F68 [BASF], also known as Poloxamer 188, with a neutral pH and an average molecular weight of 8400. Other surfactants and other poloxamers may be selected, i.e., a non-ionic triblock copolymer consisting of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)), SOLUTOL HS 15 (macrogol-15 hydroxystearate), LABRASOL (polyoxycapric acid glyceride), polyoxy 10 oleyl ether, TWEEN (polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester), ethanol, and polyethylene glycol. In one embodiment, the formulation contains a poloxamer. These copolymers are generally named using the letter "P" (for poloxamer) followed by three digits, the first two digits x 100 indicating the approximate molecular mass of the polyoxypropylene core, and the last digit x 10 indicating the percent polyoxyethylene content. In one embodiment, poloxamer 188 is selected. The surfactant may be present in an amount up to about 0.0005% to about 0.001% of the suspension.

[0089] The vector is administered in an amount sufficient to transfect cells and provide sufficient levels of gene transfer and expression to provide a therapeutic effect without undue adverse effects or with a medically acceptable physiological effect, which can be determined by one of skill in the art. Optionally, routes other than intrathecal administration can be used, such as direct delivery to the desired organ (e.g., liver (optionally via the hepatic artery), lung, heart, eye, kidney), oral, inhalation, intranasal, intratracheal, intraarterial, intraocular, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, and other parental routes of administration. Routes of administration may be combined, if desired.

[0090] The dosage of the vector depends primarily on factors such as the condition being treated, the age, weight, and health of the patient, and may therefore vary between patients. For example, a therapeutically effective human dosage of a viral vector is generally about 1×10 (to treat an average subject weighing 70 kg) in the range of about 25 to about 1000 microliters to about 100 mL. 9 ~1×10 16 The concentration of the genomic viral vector (including all integers or fractions therein, preferably 1.0×10 for human patients) 12 GC~1.0×10 14 In one embodiment, the composition comprises at least one glycerol per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. ×10 9 , 2×10 9 , 3×10 9 , 4×10 9 , 5×10 9 , 6×10 9 , 7×10 9 , 8×10 9 , or 9 x 10 9 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. 10 , 2×10 10 , 3×10 10 , 4×10 10 , 5×10 10 , 6×10 10 , 7×10 10 , 8×10 10 , or 9 x 10 10 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. 11 , 2×10 11 , 3×10 11 , 4×10 11 , 5×10 11 , 6×10 11 , 7×10 11 , 8×10 11 , or 9 x 10 11 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range.12 , 2×10 12 , 3×10 12 , 4×10 12 , 5×10 12 , 6×10 12 , 7×10 12 , 8×10 12 , or 9 x 10 12 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. 13 , 2×10 13 , 3×10 13 , 4×10 13 , 5×10 13 , 6×10 13 , 7×10 13 , 8×10 13 , or 9 x 10 13 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. 14 , 2×10 14 , 3×10 14 , 4×10 14 , 5×10 14 , 6×10 14 , 7×10 14 , 8×10 14 , or 9 x 10 14 In another embodiment, the composition is formulated to contain at least 1 x 10 GC per dose, including all integers or decimals within the range. 15 , 2×10 15 , 3×10 15 , 4×10 15 , 5×10 15 , 6×10 15 , 7×10 15 , 8×10 15 , or 9 x 10 15 In one embodiment, for human applications, the dose is formulated to contain 1×10 per dose, including all integers or fractions within the range. 10 ~Approx. 1×10 12 It may be in the GC range.

[0091] In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1×10 9GC / g brain mass ~ approx. 1×10 12 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1×10 10 GC / g brain mass ~ approx. 3.33×10 11 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 3.33×10 11 GC / g brain mass ~ approx. 1.1×10 12 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1.1×10 12 GC / g brain mass ~ approx. 3.33×10 13 GC / g brain mass range. In certain embodiments, the dose is 3.33×10 11 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is 1.1×10 12 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is 3.33×10 13 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 2×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 2×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 3×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 4×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 5×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 6×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 7×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 8×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 9×10 10 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1×10 11 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 2×10 11 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 3×10 11GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 4×10 11 GC / g brain mass. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1.44×10 13 ~4.33×10 14 The dose is administered to a human as a flat dose in the range of GC. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 1.44 x 10 of rAAV. 13 ~2×10 14 The rAAV is administered to a human as a flat dose in the range of GC. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 3×10 13 ~1×10 14 The dose is administered to a human as a flat dose in the range of GC. In certain embodiments, the dose is about 5×10 of rAAV. 13 ~1×10 14 The composition is administered to a human as a flat dose in the range of GC. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in a dosage unit, Approximately 1 x 10 of rAAV 13 ~8×10 14 In some embodiments, the composition may contain an amount of AAV in the range of about 1.44×10 rAAV. 13 ~4.33×10 14 In some embodiments, the composition may contain an amount of rAAV in the range of about 3×10 13 ~1×10 14 In some embodiments, the composition may contain an amount of rAAV in the range of about 5×10 13 ~1×10 14 It may contain an amount of rAAV in the range of GC.

[0092] In certain embodiments, the vector is administered to the subject in a single dose. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to be able to deliver the vector by multiple injections (e.g., two doses).

[0093] Dosage is adjusted to balance therapeutic benefit against any side effects, and such dosage may vary according to the therapeutic application that recombinant vector is used for.The expression level of transgene can be monitored to determine the dosage frequency that results in viral vector, preferably AAV vector containing minigene.Optionally, the same dosage regimen as described for therapeutic purposes can be used for immunization using the composition provided herein.

[0094] As used herein, the term "intrathecal delivery" or "intrathecal administration" refers to a route of administration via injection into the spinal canal, and more specifically into the subarachnoid space to reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Intrathecal delivery may include lumbar puncture, intraventricular (including intraventricular ventricle (ICV)), suboccipital / intracisternal, and / or C1-2 puncture. For example, the material may be introduced by lumbar puncture for diffusion throughout the subarachnoid space. In another example, injection may be into the cisterna magna. In certain embodiments, delivery is accomplished by use of a subdurally implantable device, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

[0095] As used herein, the term "intracisternal delivery" or "intracisternal administration" refers to a route of administration directly into the cerebrospinal fluid of the cisterna magna cerebellomedularis, more specifically, via a suboccipital puncture or by direct injection into the cisterna magna, or via a permanently placed tube.

[0096] Compositions comprising miR targeting sequences described herein for inhibiting endogenous hAR (e.g., in SBMA patients) generally target one or more different cell types within the central nervous system, including, but not limited to, neurons (e.g., lower motor neurons and / or primary sensory neurons, which may include, for example, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, granule cells, spindle cells, and interneuron cells).

[0097] use The vectors and compositions provided herein are useful for treating patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) or various symptoms associated therewith. A regimen for treating patients with SBMA is provided. In certain embodiments, the regimen comprises administering a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs the expression of the nucleic acid sequence in the subject, wherein the miRNA inhibits the expression of the human androgen receptor. In certain embodiments, the miRNA target site comprises GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1). In certain embodiments, the AAV, expression cassette, nucleic acid, or composition described herein is used.

[0098] In certain embodiments, the composition is 1×10 10 GC / g brain mass ~3.33×10 1 1 In another embodiment, the patient is a human adult and is administered intrathecally at a dose of 1.44×10 13 ~4.33×10 14 The patient is administered a dose of rAAV in the amount of GC. In other embodiments, the composition is delivered intrathecally via intraventricular delivery or via intraparenchymal delivery. In another embodiment, the composition is administered as a single dose via computed tomography (CT)-guided suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (ICM).

[0099] Optionally, the vectors and compositions provided herein can be used in combination with one or more combination therapies selected from acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tricyclic antidepressants, or antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine or gabapentin. Other combination therapies include PEGylated IGF-1 mimetics (e.g., BVS857) (see, e.g., Grunseich C, et al, BVS857 study group. Safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of an IGF-1 mimetic in patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Dec;17(12):1043-1052. doi:10.1016 / S1474-4422(18)30320-X. Epub 2018 Oct 15. PMID:30337273), antisense oligonucleotides that suppress AR gene expression (see, e.g., Cell Rep. 2014 May 8;7(3):774-784. doi:10.1016 / j.celrep.2014.02.008), intrabodies (e.g., INT41), small molecule Nrf1 or Nrf2 activators (e.g., AJ201, ALZ002 aka ASC-JM17) (see, e.g., Human Molecular Genetics, 2016, Vol. 25, No. 10), leuprorelin acetate (see, e.g., Lancet Neurol 2010;9:875-84), dutasteride (a synthetic 4-azasteroid compound) (see, e.g., 1 Lancet Neurol. 2011 February;10(2):140-147. doi:10.1016 / S1474-4422(10)70321-5), mrR-196a, Src kinase inhibitors (e.g., A419259), AR isoform 45 (e.g., AAV9-AR45), and clenbuterol (see, e.g., Querin G, D'Ascenzo C, Peterle E, et al. Pilot trial of clenbuterol in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neurology 2013;80:2095-8). In yet other embodiments, the vectors can be delivered in combination with an immunomodulatory regimen that includes one or more steroids, e.g., prednisone.

[0100] As used herein, the term computed tomography (CT) refers to radiography in which a three-dimensional image of a body structure is constructed by a computer from a series of planar cross-sectional images made along an axis.

[0101] "Self-complementary nucleic acid" refers to a nucleic acid that can hybridize (i.e., fold back on itself) to form a single-stranded duplex structure due to the complementarity (e.g., base pairing) of nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand. Self-complementary nucleic acid can form various secondary structures, such as hairpin loops, loops, bulges, junctions, and internal bulges. Certain self-complementary nucleic acids (e.g., miRNA or AmiRNA (artificial miRNA)) perform regulatory functions, such as gene silencing.

[0102] The terms "substantial homology" or "substantial similarity," when referring to a nucleic acid or a fragment thereof, refers to a nucleic acid or a fragment thereof that is optimally aligned with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions. When aligned, there is at least about 95-99% nucleotide sequence identity in the aligned sequences. Preferably, the homology is over the full length sequence, or its open reading frame, or another suitable fragment that is at least 15 nucleotides in length. Examples of suitable fragments are described herein.

[0103] The terms "sequence identity," "percent sequence identity," or "percent identical" in the context of nucleic acid sequences refer to residues in two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. The length of sequence identity comparison can be over the entire length of a genome, the entire length of a gene coding sequence, or a fragment of at least about 500-5000 nucleotides, desirably. However, identity between smaller fragments, e.g., of at least about 9 nucleotides, usually at least about 20-24 nucleotides, at least about 28-32 nucleotides, at least about 36 nucleotides or more, may also be desired. Similarly, "percent sequence identity" can be readily determined for amino acid sequences over the entire length of a protein or fragments thereof. Preferably, the fragments are at least about 8 amino acids in length and can be up to about 700 amino acids in length. Examples of suitable fragments are described herein.

[0104] The terms "substantial homology" or "substantial similarity", when referring to an amino acid or a fragment thereof, when optimally aligned with another amino acid (or its complementary strand) with appropriate amino acid insertions or deletions, there is amino acid sequence identity in at least about 95-99% of the aligned sequence. Preferably, the homology is over the full length sequence, or the protein thereof, e.g., cap protein, rep protein, or fragments thereof that are at least 8 amino acids in length, or more preferably, at least 15 amino acids in length. Examples of suitable fragments are described herein.

[0105] The term "highly conserved" means at least 80% identity, preferably at least 90% identity, more preferably greater than 97% identity. Identity is readily determined by those of skill in the art using algorithms and computer programs known to those of skill in the art.

[0106] Generally, when referring to "identity", "homology", or "similarity" between two different adeno-associated viruses, the "identity", "homology", or "similarity" is determined with reference to "aligned" sequences. An "aligned" sequence or "alignment" refers to multiple nucleic acid or protein (amino acid) sequences, often including corrections for missing or additional bases or amino acids, as compared to a reference sequence. In the examples, the AAV alignment is performed using the published AAV9 sequence as a reference point. The alignment is performed using any of a variety of publicly or commercially available multiple sequence alignment programs. Examples of such programs include "Clustal Omega", "Clustal W", "CAP Sequence Assembly", "MAP", and "MEME", which are accessible through web servers on the Internet. Other sources of such programs are known to those of skill in the art. Alternatively, the Vector NTI utility is also used. There are also several algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide sequence identity, including those included in the programs listed above. As another example, polynucleotide sequences can be compared using Fasta™, a program in GCG version 6.1. Fasta™ provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the best overlapping regions between a query sequence and a search sequence. For example, percent sequence identity between nucleic acid sequences can be determined using Fasta™ with its default parameters (word size 6 and NOPAM coefficient for the scoring matrix) as provided in GCG version 6.1, which is incorporated herein by reference. "Clustal Omega", "Clustal X", "MAP", "PIMA", "MSA Multiple sequence alignment programs such as the programs ", "BLOCKMAKER", "MEME" and "Match-Box" are also available for amino acid sequences. Generally, any of these programs are used with default settings, but the skilled artisan can change these settings if desired. Alternatively, the skilled artisan can use another algorithm or computer program that provides at least the level of identity or alignment as provided by the referenced algorithm and program. See, e.g., JD Thomson et al, Nucl. Acids. Res., "A comprehensive comparison of multiple sequence alignments", 27(13):2682-2690 (1999).

[0107] It should be noted that the terms "a" or "an" refer to one or more. Thus, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more," and "at least one" are used interchangeably herein.

[0108] The terms "comprise", "comprises", and "comprising" are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. The terms "consist", "consisting", and variations thereof are to be interpreted exclusively rather than inclusively. Although various embodiments herein are set forth using the word "comprising", it is also intended that in other circumstances the relevant embodiment should be construed and described using the word "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of".

[0109] As used herein, the term "about" means a variability of 10% (±10%, e.g., ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±6, ±7, ±8, ±9, ±10, or any value therebetween) from a given reference, unless otherwise specified.

[0110] As used herein, "disease," "disorder," and "condition" are used interchangeably to refer to an abnormal condition in a subject.

[0111] As used herein, the term "SBMA-associated symptoms" or "symptoms" refers to symptoms seen in SBMA patients and SBMA animal models. Early symptoms of SBMA may include one or more of the following: weakness / spasms in the muscles of the arms and legs, weakness of the muscles of the face, mouth, and tongue, difficulty speaking and swallowing, spasms (fasciculations), tremors and trembling in certain positions, breast enlargement, (gynecomastia), numbness, infertility, and testicular atrophy. The disease affects the lower motor neurons that are responsible for the movement of many muscles in the legs, arms, mouth, and throat. Affected individuals often show signs of spasms in the tongue and / or hands, followed by muscle weakness and problems with the muscles of the face. These neurons that connect the spinal cord to the muscles are missing and die, so the muscles cannot contract. The destruction of these nerves is the main reason for the numbness, muscle weakness, and inability to control muscle contractions. Due to the lack of normal neuromuscular function, patients may experience enlarged calves, where the calf muscles thicken due to muscle spasms. In some cases, patients may also have one side of the body more affected than the other.

[0112] The disease also affects the nerves that control the bulbar muscles important for breathing, speaking, and swallowing. Androgen insensitivity can also occur, sometimes beginning in adolescence and continuing into adulthood, and is characterized by breast enlargement, reduced masculine appearance, and infertility. Patients may experience problems such as low sperm count and erectile dysfunction.

[0113] As used herein, "patient" or "subject" refers to male or female humans, dogs, and animal models used in clinical studies. In one embodiment, the subject of these methods and compositions is a human diagnosed with SBMA. In certain embodiments, the human subject of these methods and compositions is a prenatal, neonatal, infant, toddler, preschooler, elementary school student, teen, young adult, or adult. In further embodiments, the subject of these methods and compositions is an adult SBMA patient. In further embodiments, the subject is male.

[0114] The term "expression" is used herein in the broadest sense and includes the production of RNA or RNA and protein. With respect to RNA, the terms "expression" or "translation" particularly relate to the production of peptides or proteins. Expression can be transient or stable.

[0115] As used herein, "expression cassette" refers to a nucleic acid molecule that includes a coding sequence, a promoter, and may include other regulatory sequences therefor, which may be delivered to a packaging host cell by a genetic element (e.g., a plasmid) and packaged into a viral vector capsid (e.g., a viral particle). Typically, such an expression cassette for producing a viral vector includes coding sequences for miRNAs described herein adjacent to packaging signals of the viral genome, and other expression control sequences such as those described herein.

[0116] As used herein, the term "operably linked" refers both to expression control sequences that are contiguous with a gene of interest, and to expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the gene of interest.

[0117] The term "heterologous" when used with reference to a protein or nucleic acid indicates that the protein or nucleic acid contains two or more sequences or subsequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature. For example, nucleic acids having two or more sequences from unrelated genes arranged to create a new functional nucleic acid are typically produced recombinantly. For example, in one embodiment, a nucleic acid has a promoter from one gene arranged to direct expression of a coding sequence from a different gene. Thus, with respect to the coding sequence, the promoter is heterologous.

[0118] The term "translation" in the context of the present invention relates to the process in which the ribosome controls the assembly of a sequence of amino acids to produce a protein or peptide.

[0119] Specific embodiments 1. An expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of a human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject, wherein the miRNA inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor.

[0120] 2. The expression cassette of embodiment 1, wherein the miRNA target site comprises GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO:1).

[0121] 3. The expression cassette of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2).

[0122] 4. The expression cassette of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3).

[0123] 5. The miRNA targeting sequence positively correlates with the target site on the human androgen receptor mRNA. 5. The expression cassette of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, sharing less than exact complementarity.

[0124] 6. The miRNA coding sequence is a) TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a sequence having up to 10 substitutions, or b) An expression cassette according to any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising the sequence CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a sequence having up to 10 substitutions.

[0125] 7. The expression cassette of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 4, or a sequence having up to 30 substitutions.

[0126] 8. The expression cassette of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 5, or a sequence having up to 30 substitutions.

[0127] 9. The expression cassette of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 11, or a sequence having up to 60 substitutions.

[0128] 10. The expression cassette of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequence having up to 60 substitutions.

[0129] 11. An expression cassette according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises one or more of a promoter, an intron, a WPRE, and a polyA.

[0130] 12. The expression cassette of embodiment 11, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises a CB7 promoter or a Syn promoter.

[0131] 13. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) comprising an AAV capsid having a vector genome packaged therein, the vector genome comprising the expression cassette of any of embodiments 1-12 flanked by 5' and 3' AAV ITRs.

[0132] 14. The AAV of embodiment 13, wherein the AAV capsid is selected from AAV9, AAVhu68, AAV1, or AAVrh91.

[0133] 15. The AAV of embodiment 14, wherein the AAV capsid is AAVhu68.

[0134] 16. An AAV according to any one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises a neuron-specific promoter.

[0135] 17. The AAV of embodiment 16, wherein the promoter is a human synapsin promoter.

[0136] 18. The AAV of any one of embodiments 13 to 17, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises a constitutive promoter.

[0137] 19. The AAV of embodiment 18, wherein the promoter is a CB7 promoter.

[0138] 20. An AAV according to any one of embodiments 13 to 19, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises a WPRE.

[0139] 21. The AAV of any one of embodiments 13 to 20, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises an intron.

[0140] 22. An AAV according to any one of embodiments 13 to 21, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises rabbit beta globin polyA.

[0141] 23. A composition comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject, wherein the miRNA inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor.

[0142] 24. The composition of embodiment 23, wherein the miRNA targets the following site on the human androgen receptor mRNA: GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[0143] 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, an AAV according to embodiments 13 to 22, or a composition according to embodiment 23 or 24, and a pharma- ceutical acceptable aqueous suspension, excipient, and / or diluent.

[0144] 26. A method for treating a subject having spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), comprising delivering an effective amount of an expression cassette described in any one of embodiments 1 to 12, an AAV described in embodiments 13 to 22, or a composition described in embodiment 23 or 25 to a subject in need thereof.

[0145] 27. Use of an expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, an AAV according to embodiments 13 to 22, or a composition according to embodiment 23 or 25 for the treatment of patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).

[0146] 28. Composition: 1x10 10 GC / g brain mass ~3.33x10 11 The use of embodiment 27, wherein the rAAV is formulated to be administered intrathecally at a dose of GC / g brain mass.

[0147] 29. The patient is an adult human and has a 1.44 x 10 13 ~4.33×10 14The use of any one of embodiments 27 or 28, wherein a dose of GC of rAAV is administered.

[0148] 30. The use of any one of embodiments 27 to 29, wherein the rAAV is delivered intrathecally via intraventricular delivery or via intraparenchymal delivery.

[0149] 31. The use according to any one of embodiments 27 to 29, wherein the composition is administered as a single dose via computed tomography (CT)-guided suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (intracisternae).

[0150] 32. The use of any one of embodiments 19 to 25, wherein the patient has SBMA.

[0151] 33. A method of treating a human patient with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, comprising delivering to the central nervous system (CNS) a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) having an AAV capsid of adeno-associated virus hu.68 (AAVhu.68), the rAAV further comprising a vector genome packaged in the AAV capsid, the vector genome comprising an AAV inverted terminal repeat and a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA that comprises a target sequence that binds to a target site on the mRNA of the human androgen receptor, A method comprising an iRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence that inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor and a regulatory sequence that directs expression of an miRNA.

[0152] 34. The method according to embodiment 33, in which the patient is administered an expression cassette according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, an AAV according to embodiments 13 to 22, or a composition according to embodiment 23 or 25.

[0153] 35. The patient is 1 × 10 10 GC / g brain mass ~3.33×10 11 The method of any one of embodiments 33 or 34, wherein a dose of rAAV of GC / g brain mass is administered intrathecally.

[0154] 36. The patient is an adult human and has a 1.44 x 10 13 ~4.33×10 14 The method of any one of embodiments 33 to 35, wherein a dose of GC of rAAV is administered.

[0155] 37. The method of any one of embodiments 33 to 36, wherein the rAAV comprising the coding sequence for the miR is delivered intrathecally via intraventricular delivery or via intraparenchymal delivery.

[0156] 38. The method of any one of embodiments 33-37, wherein the rAAV is administered as a single dose via computed tomography (CT)-guided suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (intracisternae).

[0157] 39. The method of any one of embodiments 27-35, wherein the patient has SBMA.

[0158] Unless otherwise defined herein, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and by reference to published documents which provide general guidance to those of ordinary skill in the art for many of the terms used herein. EXAMPLES

[0159] The following examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0160] Example 1: Screening for androgen receptor (AR)-targeting miRNAs in vitro HEK293 cells were transfected with Block-iT plasmids. The Block-IT plasmids contained a CMV promoter, emGFP, a cloning site for miRNA, and a TK polyA, and miRNAs were designed using Block-iT online software. The miRNA flanking regions were based on miR155. Cell lysates were extracted and prepared for RNA extraction and qPCR or Western blotting. RNA extracted from cells was reverse transcribed into cDNA, and qPCR was performed using a TaqMan assay for AR. The graph shows the knockdown levels of AR after transfection with various miRNAs. qPCR highlighted miR3160 as the most efficient miRNA to knockdown AR in vitro (Figure 4A). Protein analysis on a limited number of miRNAs confirmed that miR3610 effectively knocked down the protein expression of AR (Figure 4B).

[0161] Example 2: Evaluation of Routes of Administration To evaluate the route of administration, the following were injected via the tail vein into wild-type adult mice and via the intracerebroventricular route into neonatal mice: PBS, AAV.CB7.miR_NeuN (3x10 11 GC), or AAV.CB7.GFP (3x10 11 GC). Mouse Mice were euthanized 14 days after injection. Brains and spinal cords were harvested, homogenized, and processed for Western blotting. NeuN protein levels were reduced in both neonatal and adult mice injected with miR NeuN (Figures 5A-5C).

[0162] Example 3: Evaluation of androgen receptor knockdown in vivo Mice were infected with AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG (3 × 10 in 100 µL) 11GC) or PBS was administered via tail vein injection. Mice were sacrificed 14 days after injection. Brains and spinal cords were harvested and processed for RNA and Western blotting. miR3610 cross-reacts with human and mouse AR mRNA. RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and qPCR was performed using TaqMan primers for hAR. All mice in the miR3610-injected group showed a 40% reduction in AR mRNA levels compared to the PBS-injected group (Figure 6A, 6B). AR protein levels were also reduced in the miR3610-injected group compared to the PBS-injected group (Figure 6C).

[0163] In vitro screening of various miRNAs also identified miR3613 as a potential therapeutic target to knock down AR. To evaluate miR3613 in vivo compared to miR3610, mice were administered the following vectors via tail vein: AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.Cl.hARmiRNT.WPRE.rBG, AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.Cl.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG, AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.Cl.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG, or PBS. All mice were sacrificed on day 14. Brains and spinal cords were harvested and processed for RNA and Western blotting. Both miRNAs induced a reduction in AR mRNA levels in the brain (Figure 7A) and spinal cord (Figure 7B). Similar results were seen for both miRNAs on protein levels in the brain (FIGS. 7C-E), although miR3610 had a more pronounced effect on gene and protein levels compared to miR3613.

[0164] Example 4: Evaluation of various promoters This study evaluated four different AAV9-PHP.eB vectors that were identical except that they contained two different promoters (CB7 or hSyn) expressing either a non-targeting artificial miRNA (miR.NT) or an AR-targeting artificial miRNA (miR3610). The CB7 promoter (contained in GTP-211) was evaluated because it is a ubiquitous chicken β-actin promoter and results in high levels of expression in any CNS cell type. The hSyn promoter is a human synapsin promoter that is expected to result in high levels of expression specifically in neurons and minimize expression in non-neuronal cell types. miR.NT is a non-targeting artificial miRNA that is expected to have little or no sequence similarity to other expressed genes in mice and serves as a negative control vector. hAR.miR3610 (contained in GTP-211) is an artificial miRNA sequence that targets human AR mRNA and was selected based on previously collected data.

[0165] Adult male wild-type mice (6–8 weeks old) received a single intravenous injection of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.miR.NT.WPRE.rBG, AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG, AAV9.PHP.eB.Syn.PI.miR.NT.WPRE.bGH, or AAV9.PHP.eB.hSyn.PI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.bGH at a dose of 3.0 × 10 GC. Mice were necropsied on day 14. Spinal cords were harvested to assess mouse AR mRNA expression (TaqMan qPCR).

[0166] AAV administration was well tolerated and all mice survived to scheduled necropsy.

[0167] As shown in Figure 8, administration of AAV9.PHP.eB vectors expressing a non-targeting artificial miRNA (miR.NT) did not affect AR mRNA expression, with similar expression levels observed with both the CB7 and hSyn promoters. In comparison, mice treated with AAV9.PHP.eB vectors expressing an artificial miRNA sequence targeting human AR mRNA (hAR.miR3610) showed knockdown of mouse AR mRNA transcripts, indicating that both the CB7 and hSyn promoters conferred robust expression of hAR.miR3610.

[0168] Example 5: In vivo SBMA AR97Q transgenic mouse studies SBMA transgenic mice have been described by Katsuno et al. (Neuron. 2002 Aug 29;35(5):843-54. doi:10.1016 / s0896-6273(02)00834-6, incorporated herein by reference). The mouse model carries a full-length AR containing 97 CAGs. To evaluate the levels of AR expressed in AR97Q transgenic mice, spinal cords were harvested from wild-type male mice and heterozygous male and female mice. Spinal cords were processed for Western blotting. Male and female heterozygous mice showed robust levels of hAR (AR97Q), whereas WT male mice showed no expression of hAR. All mice showed varying levels of mAR (Figure 9A). Survival was also tracked in this colony. The plot showed a steep decline in male survival with a median survival of 92 days, whereas a gradual decline in survival was observed for females with a median survival of 192 days (Figure 9B).

[0169] To evaluate the effect of miR3610 in transgenic lines, adult male SBMA mice (5–6 weeks old) were inoculated with 3.0 × 10 11Mice received a single IV dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG at a dose of 100 mg / kg / day. Additional age-matched male SBMA mice remained uninjected as controls. Animals were checked daily for viability (survival). At the humane endpoint, mice were necropsied and brains were harvested to assess expression of mutant human AR protein and endogenous mouse AR protein by Western blot.

[0170] AAV administration was well tolerated, and all mice reached a humane endpoint due to disease progression characterized by a body condition score of 2 / 5 or less, the inability of the mouse to right itself, or paralysis of two or more limbs.

[0171] The median survival of AAV-treated SBMA mice was 81 days, whereas the median survival of uninjected control SBMA mice was 75 days (FIG. 10C). The difference in survival between AAV-treated SBMA mice and uninjected controls was not statistically significant.

[0172] In the brain, substantial knockdown of both endogenous mouse AR protein and mutant human AR protein was observed by Western blot in SBMA mice treated with AAV, but not in uninjected controls (Figure 10A). Western blot quantification revealed that SBMA mice treated with AAV showed approximately 2-fold reduction in the expression of endogenous mouse AR protein and mutant human AR protein in the brain compared to uninjected SBMA control mice (Figure 10B).

[0173] In SBMA mice treated with AAV, longer survival was observed in animals that showed greater knockdown of mutant human AR protein. Notably, animals 140 and 163 showed the greatest reduction in mutant human AR protein expression, with survival of 111 and 158 days, respectively (FIG. 10A). In contrast, animals 147, 149, and 154, which exhibited higher expression of mutant human AR protein, had shorter survival, ranging from 73 to 81 days (Figures 10A, 10C).

[0174] Young male SBMA mice (3 weeks old) were injected with 3.0 × 10 11 SBMA mice received a single IV dose of AAV9.PHP.eB.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG at a dose of GC. Natural history data from SBMA mouse colonies or uninjected SBMA mice served as historical controls. Animals were checked daily for viability (survival). At the humane endpoint, mice were necropsied and brains were harvested to assess expression of mutant human AR protein and endogenous mouse AR protein by Western blot.

[0175] AAV administration was well tolerated, and all mice reached a humane endpoint due to disease progression characterized by a body condition score of 2 / 5 or less, the inability of the mouse to right itself, or paralysis of two or more limbs.

[0176] The median survival of AAV-treated SBMA mice was 105.5 days, while non-injected historical control SBMA mice had a median survival of 92 days (FIG. 11A). The difference in survival between AAV-treated SBMA mice and non-injected historical controls was not statistically significant.

[0177] In the brain, substantial knockdown of both endogenous mouse AR protein and mutant human AR protein was observed by Western blot in SBMA mice treated with AAV, but not in uninjected historical controls (Figure 11B). Western blot quantification revealed that AAV-treated SBMA mice showed approximately 5-fold and 8-fold reduction in the expression of endogenous mouse AR protein and mutant human AR protein, respectively, compared to uninjected SBMA historical control mice (Figure 11C).

[0178] In SBMA mice treated with AAV, longer survival was observed in animals that showed greater knockdown of mutant human AR protein. Notably, animals 225, 226, and 230 showed the greatest reduction in mutant human AR protein expression and had survival ranging from 112 to 123 days (Figure 11B). In contrast, animals 232, 235, and 237 showed less substantial reduction in mutant human AR protein expression and had short survival ranging from 87 to 99 days (Figure 11B).

[0179] Neonatal (PND0-1) male and female SBMA mice were inoculated with 3.0 × 10 11 Received a single IV dose of either AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or vehicle (PBS) at a dose of GC. Additional age-matched male and female C57BL / 6J (wild type) mice were administered 3.0 × 10 mAbs via the temporal vein as controls and because genotype could not be ascertained until after weaning around PND21. 11 Mice received a single IV dose of either AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG or vehicle (PBS) at a dose of 100 mg / kg / day. Animals were checked daily for viability (alive) and weighed weekly. Male mice from both treatment groups were subjected to the wire hang test at approximately 90 days of age. At the humane endpoint, mice were necropsied and brains were harvested to evaluate the expression of mutant human AR protein and endogenous mouse AR protein by Western blot. AR protein expression is shown in Figure 12A.

[0180] AAV administration was well tolerated based on daily viability checks. All SBMA mice necropsied to date showed no significant disease progression (body condition score of 2 / 5 or lower, indicating that the mice were unable to right themselves), except for 3 / 4 AAV-treated male SBMA mice, which were found to have died on days 55, 168, and 238 of undetermined causes. All wild-type mice reached a humane endpoint due to inability to tolerate any of the following conditions (defined as inability to tolerate any of the following conditions or paralysis of two or more limbs). All wild-type mice remain viable, except for 2 / 11 AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG-treated male wild-type mice, which were found to have died on days 109 and 143 due to unknown causes.

[0181] AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG administration resulted in a substantial increase in median survival of both male and female SBMA mice when compared to gender-matched vehicle-treated SBMA control mice. Among male mice, the median survival of vehicle-treated SBMA mice was 101.5 days, whereas a significantly longer median survival of 203 days was observed for GTP-211-treated SBMA mice. In female mice, the median survival of vehicle-treated SBMA mice was 175 days, whereas all AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG-treated SBMA mice (N=8 / 8) were currently alive at ages ranging from 366-373 days, indicating a significant increase in survival following AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG treatment (Figures 12B and 12C).

[0182] Both male and female GTP-211-treated SBMA mice showed improved weight gain and maintenance over time compared to gender-matched vehicle-treated SBMA controls, indicating amelioration of the body-wasting phenotype associated with disease progression (Figures 12G, 12H).

[0183] At approximately 90 days of age, a wire hang test was performed on male mice to assess muscle strength and coordination. Vehicle-treated SBMA mice showed a significant reduction in fall latency compared to vehicle and AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG-treated wild-type controls. In contrast, AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG administration resulted in a significant increase in fall latency in SMBA mice compared to vehicle-treated SBMA mice. Furthermore, AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG-treated animals performed this behavioral assay similar to wild-type mice, indicating that AAVhu68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG fully maintained muscle strength and coordination in SBMA mice (Figure 12I).

[0184] Example 6: Evaluation of MIR3610 in NHPs A 5-year-old male rhesus monkey was given 3 × 10 13 GCs were administered AAVhu.68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG. Control samples were derived from uninjected NHP samples. NHPs were sacrificed on day 35. Spinal cords were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded for laser capture microdissection (LCM). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were cut and placed on PEN membrane slides suitable for LCM. Motor neurons were cut from spinal cord sections. RNA was extracted and qPCR was performed. Livers were also harvested and processed for RNA isolation and qPCR. Both motor neurons (Figure 13A) and livers (Figure 13B) showed a significant reduction (about 75%) in AR mRNA levels after injection with miR3610. AR protein expression was also reduced after injection with miR3610 (Figure 13C). In-life safety endpoints, including cage-side observations, serum chemistry, complete blood counts, nerve conduction studies, and CSF chemistry and cytology, showed no evidence of vector-related toxicity after 35 days. No significant pathological findings were observed in any tissue, including the DRG.

[0185] Example 7: Mouse MED Study This planned GLP-compliant pharmacology study aims to evaluate the efficacy and determine the MED of IV administered AAVhu.68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG in a male SBMA mouse model (AR-97Q mice).

[0186] The study will evaluate N=60 newborn (PND0-1) male SBMA mice and N=12 age-matched male wild-type C57BL / 6J mice as controls. The study will include one necropsy time point (180 days). Four dose levels of AAVhu.68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG will be evaluated using IV administration. Dose levels will be selected based on completed pilot safety and pharmacology studies conducted in adult rhesus NHPs as well as POC efficacy data in ongoing studies evaluating treatment of newborn SBMA mice. The dose levels evaluated will bracket the expected clinical doses.

[0187] Currently, IV administration is planned for this study, but ongoing pilot studies in neonatal mice are evaluating an ICV route for vector delivery directly to the CSF to target disease-relevant cell types (spinal motor neurons) (data not yet available). If similar spinal motor neuron targeting can be achieved with ICV administration as systemic administration, this intrathecal route will be used in this study to more closely model the intended clinical ROA (ICM administration).

[0188] Example 8: GLP NHP Pharmacology / Toxicity Study A 180-day GLP-compliant toxicity study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacology (artificial miRNA-mediated knockdown of rhesus AR), biodistribution, and excretion profile following single ICM administration at low, medium, or high doses (N=4 / dose) to adult male rhesus macaques (5-7 years old). Additional age-matched male NHPs will receive vehicle (ITFFB) as control (N=2).

[0189] Fourteen adult male rhesus macaques will receive one of three doses (4 NHP per dose, 2 NHP receive vehicle) of AAVhu.68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via image-guided intracisternal delivery (ICM). Half will be sacrificed at 90 days and the rest at 180 days. Spinal cords will be harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded for laser capture microdissection (LCM). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks will be cut and placed on PEN membrane slides suitable for LCM. Motor neurons will be dissected from the spinal cord sections. RNA will be extracted and qPCR will be performed. Livers will also be harvested and processed for RNA isolation and qPCR. The following tests will also be performed: CBC / chem / Coags, CSF chemistry and cytology, blinded neurological exam, nerve conduction velocity study, and histopathology.

[0190] Example 9: Evaluation of ICV delivery of AAVhu.68.CB7.CI.hARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG in SBMA neonatal mice Neonatal SBMA transgenic mice were administered 3e11GC AAVhu68.CB7.CI.ARmiR3610.WPRE.rBG via ICV, or PBS. Mice were followed for survival and weight, and sex and genotype were determined. Mice were subjected to the hanging wire test. Brains were harvested at the time of death and processed for Western blotting.

[0191] Male SBMA mice had a mean life span of 135 days for PBS-treated mice and 181.5 days for AAV-treated mice (Figure 14A). The mean age at disease onset for PBS-treated mice was 80 days for PBS-treated mice and 150 days for AAV-treated mice (Figure 14A). PBS-treated Het significantly reduced hanging time compared to PBS-treated WT and AAV-treated Het (Figure 14B). Hanging time was significantly reduced at 14 weeks (Figure 14C) and 16 weeks (Figure 14D) for PBS-treated Het.

[0192] Example 10: Phase I / II Clinical Trial Phase I / II clinical trials in humans are proposed. The protocol incorporates recent FDA pre-IND feedback and industry guidance for similar uses. A dose escalation / safety study is also designed to allow evaluation of key biomarkers (thigh muscle volume measured by MRI). A concurrent randomized control (per FDA) will provide comparative data.

[0193] Evaluate safety and tolerability of two vector doses. A total of 12 subjects will be enrolled and randomized 2:1 to vector:placebo. Eight subjects randomized to vector arm: two to low dose, two to high dose, four to MTD. For the first four subjects, 30-day data will be reviewed by the DSMB prior to dosing of subsequent subjects. Four subjects randomized to placebo arm. Analysis of safety and MRI changes at 1 year, long-term follow-up at 5 years.

[0194] The Danish Natural History Study of 29 SBMA patients was followed for 18 months (Dahlqvist JR, et al. Disease progression and outcome measures in spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Ann Neurol. 2018 Nov;84(5):754-765, incorporated herein by reference). Dahlqvist showed highly significant declines in composite Dixon MRI scores of multiple muscles, validating the use of MRI scores in clinical trials. Also, statistically significant declines in 6MWT, stair climbing, and grip strength were shown, although these outcome measures require greater strength in interventional trials.

[0195] All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference, as is the sequence listing labeled "21-9557.PCT_ST25.txt". Additionally, U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 63 / 293,505, 63 / 187,883, and 63 / 173,885 are incorporated by reference. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, it will be understood that modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

[0196] (Sequence Listing Free Text) The following information is a numeric identifier <223> Below we provide an array containing free text. [Table 2]

Claims

1. 1. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) comprising an AAVhu68 capsid having a vector genome packaged therein, said vector genome comprising an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on an mRNA of a human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject, said miRNA inhibiting expression of the human androgen receptor, said expression cassette being flanked by a 5′ AAV ITR and a 3′ AAV ITR.

2. The miRNA target site is a) GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1), or b) The AAV of claim 1, comprising CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA TCG (sequence number 27).

3. The miRNA coding sequence is a) comprising the sequence TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions; or b) the miRNA coding sequence comprises the sequence CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a sequence having up to 10 substitutions; 3. The AAV of claim 1 or 2.

4. The AAV of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5, or a sequence having up to 30 substitutions.

5. The AAV of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the miRNA coding sequence comprises SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:12, or a sequence having up to 60 substitutions.

6. The regulatory sequence comprises one or more of a promoter, an intron, a WPRE, and a polyA, and optionally The promoter is a CB7 promoter, and optionally The regulatory sequence comprises rabbit beta globin polyA. The AAV according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the AAV of any one of claims 1 to 6 and a pharma- ceutical acceptable aqueous suspension, excipient, and / or diluent.

8. 8. An AAV according to any one of claims 1 to 6, or a composition according to claim 7, for use in treating patients with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).

9. The composition is 1x10 10 GC / g brain mass ~3.33x10 11 The use of claim 8, wherein the rAAV is formulated to be administered intrathecally at a dose of GC / g brain mass.

10. The patient is an adult human and has a 1.44×10 13 ~4.33 x 10 14 and optionally administering a dose of said rAAV of The rAAV is delivered intrathecally via intraventricular delivery or via intraparenchymal delivery.

10. Use according to any one of claims 8 or 9.

11. The use according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the composition is administered as a single dose via computed tomography (CT) guided suboccipital injection into the cisterna magna (intracisterna).

12. 1. An expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one hairpin-forming miRNA, the miRNA comprising a targeting sequence that binds to a miRNA target site on the mRNA of a human androgen receptor, operably linked to a regulatory sequence that directs expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a subject, wherein the miRNA inhibits expression of the human androgen receptor, the expression cassette being flanked by a 5′ AAV ITR and a 3′ AAV ITR, preferably The miRNA target site is a) comprises GAA CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA (SEQ ID NO: 1); or b) CTA CAT CAA GGA ACT CGA TCG (SEQ ID NO: 27); Expression cassette.

13. The miRNA coding sequence is a) comprising the sequence TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG TTC (SEQ ID NO: 2) or a sequence with up to 10 substitutions; or b) comprising the sequence CGA TCG AGT TCC TTG ATG TAG (SEQ ID NO: 3) or a sequence having up to 10 substitutions; 13. The expression cassette of claim 12.

14. The regulatory sequence comprises one or more of a promoter, an intron, a WPRE, and a polyA, and optionally The promoter is a CB7 promoter.

14. An expression cassette according to any one of claims 12 or 13.

15. The expression cassette according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the regulatory sequence comprises rabbit beta globin polyA.

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