Vandal-resistant elements containing geopolymers that are both fire-resistant and intrusion-resistant

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a vandal-resistant element comprising a geopolymer, a method for producing a vandal-resistant element, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a skeleton of the vandal-resistant element, b) producing a geopolymer formulation, c) casting the geopolymer formulation of step b) into the skeleton of the vandal-resistant element of step a), and d) optionally removing the skeleton. The present disclosure further relates to the use of a geopolymer as part of the vandal-resistant element.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to vandal-resistant elements comprising geopolymers, methods for their manufacture, and the use of geopolymers as part of a vandal-resistant element. [Background technology]

[0002] A safe is a secure, lockable box used to protect valuables against burglary and / or fire damage. Typically, its body and door include vandal-resistant elements that may be cast from metal and / or from a hollow metal body that is usually filled with concrete based on calcium silicate and / or calcium aluminate cements. Vaults are larger and may include a vault door to protect valuables against burglary and may also be used to protect people, for example in the form of an emergency escape room. In general, concrete has poor fire resistance, especially above 250 °C, where the structure of the matrix deteriorates very rapidly due to the desorption of structural water, leading to a decrease in mechanical properties. At high temperatures, especially those reached during fires, the hydrated cement in the concrete gradually dehydrates and returns to a powder state, and the water goes into the form of steam. As a result, the strength and elastic modulus (stiffness) of the concrete decrease. In some fires, concrete collapse occurs, with concrete fragments breaking off, sometimes violently, from the rest of the concrete. For the intended application, this behavior on heating therefore represents a very significant weakness, allowing third parties to weaken the material using thermal attack and then to use mechanical attack, for example by drilling. It is possible to improve concrete's fire resistance. However, such concrete has poor break-in resistance (resistance to burglary). Attempts to improve the break-in resistance of such concrete usually result in a worsening of the fire resistance. Thus, concrete that simultaneously exhibits good fire resistance and good break-in resistance is quite difficult to achieve. Therefore, a vandal resistant element that does not have the adverse properties of concrete would be desirable. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The invention is defined in the appended claims. According to a first aspect, there is provided a vandal-resistant element comprising a geopolymer. According to a second aspect, there is provided a method for manufacturing a vandal-resistant element, comprising the steps of: a) providing a skeleton of a vandal-resistant element; b) preparing a geopolymer formulation; c) casting the geopolymer formulation of step b) into or on the skeleton of the vandal-resistant element of step a); d) optionally removing the backbone. A method is provided, comprising: According to a third aspect there is provided a vandal-resistant element according to the first aspect manufactured by a method according to the second aspect. According to a fourth aspect, there is provided the use of a geopolymer as part of a vandal-resistant element.

[0004] Particular embodiments of the invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. ● Desired fire resistance - Desired intrusion resistance (resistance to burglary) ● Desired mechanical properties - Desired combination of good fire resistance and intrusion resistance - Potential to replace concrete in current fracture-resistant elements and their applications Desirable ease of production using known methods and equipment All details, examples, and preferred embodiments provided in connection with a particular described aspect or aspects of the invention apply equally to all aspects of the invention. All combinations of the embodiments, examples, and preferred embodiments described herein, in all possible variations, are encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The invention is further explained by reference to the following figures. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0005] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram showing a panel, with each circle representing a thermocouple. [Diagram 2] 11 is a graph showing changes in temperature control over time. [Diagram 3] 13 is a graph showing the change in temperature rise over time when the panel thickness is 56 mm (panel C1). [Figure 4] 13 is a graph showing the change in temperature rise over time when the panel thickness is 86 mm (Panel C2). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0006] The present invention is based on the surprising finding that geopolymers are suitable for producing vandal-resistant elements, the elements obtained often exhibiting good fire resistance and good intrusion resistance. In one embodiment, the vandal-resistant elements are safe elements, vault elements, armored doors and / or armored walls. Vandal-resistant elements A vandal-resistant element is an element that protects against burglary, ie is capable of slowing down the destruction of and / or access to the interior of the room or box that contains it. As outlined above, safes / vaults are secure, lockable boxes / rooms used to protect valuables against damage by burglary and / or fire and / or for personal protection, for example in the form of an emergency escape room. They usually have the shape of a hollow cube or cylinder, with one side detachable or hinged to form a door. The vandal-resistant elements according to the present disclosure are suitable for forming safe elements, vault elements, armored doors, and / or armored walls, for example for forming safe or vault walls and doors, or ATM safes. Thus, the vandal-resistant elements according to the present disclosure provide the fire resistance and / or break-in resistance required for safes / vaults, armored doors / walls, and ATM safes. In this disclosure, the term "walls" in relation to safes, vaults, and ATM safes includes the top and bottom walls of the safes, vaults, and ATM safes, respectively, including, for example, the floors and ceilings of the vaults, and the doors of the safes, vaults, and ATM safes, respectively. Depending on the size of the safes, vaults, or ATM safes and where they are installed, it may not be required that all walls be made of fire and / or burglary resistant materials. For example, the safes may be installed in a part of a building where the floors already have the required fire and / or burglary resistance.

[0007] In one embodiment, the vandal-resistant element comprises at least 10% v / v geopolymer, at least 20% v / v geopolymer, at least 30% v / v geopolymer, at least 40% v / v geopolymer, at least 50% v / v geopolymer, at least 60% v / v geopolymer, at least 70% v / v geopolymer, at least 80% v / v geopolymer, or at least 90% v / v geopolymer, based on the volume of the vandal-resistant element. In one embodiment, the total thickness of the puncture resistant element according to the present disclosure is at least about 2.0 cm, such as at least about 5.0 cm or at least about 10 cm. In one embodiment, the total thickness of the puncture resistant element according to the present disclosure is no greater than 100 cm, such as no greater than 80 cm, such as no greater than 50 cm. In one embodiment, vandal resistant elements according to the present disclosure form all of the walls of a safe, vault or ATM safe.

[0008] According to the present disclosure, a safe, vault, and / or ATM safe comprises a vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure, which is a safe element, a vault element, an armored door, and / or an armored wall according to the present disclosure. In one embodiment, at least one wall and / or at least one door of the safe, vault, or ATM safe comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure, which is a safe element, a vault element, an armored door, and / or an armored wall according to the present disclosure, which is a safe element, a vault element, an armored door, and / or an armored wall according to the present disclosure. In another embodiment, the walls and one or more doors of the safe, vault, or ATM safe include, consist essentially of, or consist of vandal-resistant elements according to the present disclosure, which are safe elements, vault elements, armored doors, and / or armored walls according to the present disclosure, which are safe elements, vault elements, armored doors, and / or armored walls according to the present disclosure, which are safe elements, vault elements, armored doors, and / or armored walls according to the present disclosure. The dimensions of the safe, safe room, and / or ATM safe according to the present disclosure are not particularly limited and may each be in the range of 10 centimeters to several meters. For example, the height may be about 400 mm to about 2160 mm, the width about 720 mm to about 1560 mm, and the depth about 640 mm to about 1320 mm, or the height may be about 500 mm to about 1800 mm, the width about 900 mm to about 1300 mm, and the depth about 800 mm to about 1100 mm, or the height may be about 600 mm to about 1440 mm, the width about 1000 mm to about 1200 mm, and the depth about 900 mm to about 1000 mm.

[0009] In an embodiment, the sabotage-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 P determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019. For example, the fire resistance determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019 is at least S 60 D, or at least S 60 DIS, or at least DI 60 P / DIS. In another embodiment, the sabotage-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019 of at least S 120 P, or at least S 120 D, or at least S 120 DIS, or at least DI 120 P / DIS. The test specimen for carrying out the test according to NF EN 1047-1:2019 on the sabotage-resistant element according to the present disclosure is a cylindrical test specimen of the sabotage-resistant element having a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 10 cm. The measuring device specified in NF EN 1047-1:2019 is placed in the centre of the cylinder by drilling a hole in the centre of the cylinder and sealing it with a silicone sealant or a similar material, e.g. the material used to seal gaps around cables in clause 6.3.1.5 of NF EN 1047-1:2019.

[0010] In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class 0 or at least resistance class L, as determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019. For example, the resistance to burglary, as determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, is at least resistance class I, or at least resistance class II, or at least resistance class III, or at least resistance class IV, or at least resistance class V, or at least resistance class VI, or at least resistance class VII, or at least resistance class VIII, or at least resistance class IX, or at least resistance class X, or at least resistance class XI, or at least resistance class XII, or at least resistance class XIII. The vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure is subject to the requirements for safe doors and safes according to NF EN 1143-1:2019. If the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure is an ATM safe, the respective grades are used. For example, the ATM safe has a resistance to burglary determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019 of at least resistance class L. For example, the resistance to burglary determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019 is at least resistance class I, or at least resistance class II, or at least resistance class III, or at least resistance class IV, or at least resistance class V, or at least resistance class VI, or at least resistance class VII, or at least resistance class VIII. In this embodiment, the geopolymer comprised in the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure typically comprises metal fibers as described herein.

[0011] In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure meets the requirements of the CD designation determined according to the test conditions specified in clause 11.3 of NF EN 1143-1:2019. In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 P determined according to NF EN 1047-1: 2019, and a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class 0 determined according to NF EN 1143-1: 2019. For example, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 D, or at least S 60 DIS, or at least DI 60 P / DIS, and a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class I, or at least resistance class II, or at least resistance class III, or at least resistance class IV, or at least resistance class V, or at least resistance class VI, or at least resistance class VII, or at least resistance class VIII, or at least resistance class IX, or at least resistance class X, or at least resistance class XI, or at least resistance class XII, or at least resistance class XIII.

[0012] In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 120 P, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, and a resistance against burglary of at least resistance class 0, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, such as a fire resistance of at least S 120 DIS, or at least S 120 DIS, or at least DI 120 P / DIS, and a resistance against burglary of at least resistance class I, or at least resistance class II, or at least resistance class III, or at least resistance class IV, or at least resistance class V, or at least resistance class VI, or at least resistance class VII, or at least resistance class VIII, or at least resistance class IX, or at least resistance class X, or at least resistance class XI, or at least resistance class XII, or at least resistance class XIII. In an embodiment, a safe, such as a cashbox, a vault, a safe room, and / or an ATM safe comprising a vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019 and / or a resistance to burglary determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019 as defined for the vandal-resistant element of the present disclosure.

[0013] In an embodiment, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium silicate-based cement as a reinforcing or fire-resistant material. In an embodiment, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium silicate-based cement. In this context, "substantially free" means that the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure comprises, for example, as a reinforcing or fire-resistant material, less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement, based on the total weight of the rupture-resistant element. For example, the rupture-resistant element comprises, for example, as a reinforcing or fire-resistant material, less than about 4.5% by weight, or less than about 4.0% by weight, or less than about 3.5% by weight, or less than about 3.0% by weight, or less than about 2.5% by weight, or less than about 2.0% by weight, or less than about 1.5% by weight, or less than about 1.0% by weight, or less than about 0.5% by weight, or less than about 0.1% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement, based on the total weight of the rupture-resistant element. In an embodiment, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is free of calcium silicate-based cement, as a reinforcing or fire-resistant material. In another embodiment, the vandal resistant element according to the present disclosure does not include a calcium silicate based cement. By calcium silicate cement is meant a cement that mainly comprises calcium silicate, i.e. that contains at least 50% by weight of calcium silicate. For example, it may be Portland cement. In an embodiment, the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium aluminate-based cement as a reinforcing or refractory material. In an embodiment, the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium aluminate-based cement. In this context, "substantially free" means that the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure comprises, for example, as a reinforcing or refractory material, less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium aluminate-based cement based on the total weight of the puncture-resistant element. For example, the puncture-resistant element comprises, for example, as a reinforcing or refractory material, less than about 4.5% by weight, or less than about 4.0% by weight, or less than about 3.5% by weight, or less than about 3.0% by weight, or less than about 2.5% by weight, or less than about 2.0% by weight, or less than about 1.5% by weight, or less than about 1.0% by weight, or less than about 0.5% by weight, or less than about 0.1% by weight of calcium aluminate-based cement based on the total weight of the puncture-resistant element. In an embodiment, the rupture resistant element according to the present disclosure does not include calcium aluminate cement as a reinforcing or fireproofing material, hi another embodiment, the rupture resistant element according to the present disclosure does not include calcium aluminate cement.

[0014] Calcium aluminate cement, also called alumina cement, means a cement that mainly contains calcium aluminate, i.e. a cement that contains at least 50% by mass of calcium aluminate. For example, it may be Ciment Fondu. In an embodiment, the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium silicate-based cements and calcium aluminate-based cements as reinforcing or fire-resistant materials. In an embodiment, the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure is substantially free of calcium silicate-based cements and calcium aluminate-based cements. In this context, "substantially free" means that the puncture-resistant element according to the present disclosure contains less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cements and calcium aluminate-based cements as reinforcing or fire-resistant materials, based on the total weight of the puncture-resistant element. For example, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure includes, for example, as a reinforcing material or fire-resistant material, less than about 4.5% by weight, or less than about 4.0% by weight, or less than about 3.5% by weight, or less than about 3.0% by weight, or less than about 2.5% by weight, or less than about 2.0% by weight, or less than about 1.5% by weight, or less than about 1.0% by weight, or less than about 0.5% by weight, or less than about 0.1% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement and calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the rupture-resistant element. In an embodiment, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure does not include calcium silicate-based cement and calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the rupture-resistant element. In another embodiment, the rupture-resistant element according to the present disclosure does not include calcium silicate-based cement and calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the rupture-resistant element.

[0015] In one embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure is produced with and / or includes a skeleton. The skeleton may be completely or partially removed after manufacturing the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure, or may be retained in the vandal-resistant element. In one embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure includes a skeleton. In one embodiment, the skeleton is a single-walled or double-walled body, such as a metal body, such as a steel body, a plastic body, a mould (e.g. a mould of plastic, metal or fire-resistant material), and / or a cage-like structure, such as a metal cage-like structure, such as a steel cage-like structure. The cage-like structure may be surrounded on its outside by a removable cover, such as a plastic or metal cover. The cage-like structure may thus serve as a mould for casting the geopolymer, as described below. In one embodiment, the skeleton is a double-walled body, such as a double-walled metal body. Skeletons suitable for vandal-resistant elements filled with concrete are known in the art and are also suitable for vandal-resistant elements according to the present disclosure.

[0016] In one embodiment, the anti-fracture element according to the present disclosure comprises a scaffold that is at least partially covered with a geopolymer as defined herein. In the present disclosure, "at least partially covered with geopolymer" means at least 10% v / v of geopolymer, at least 20% v / v of geopolymer, at least 30% v / v of geopolymer, at least 40% v / v of geopolymer, at least 50% v / v of geopolymer, at least 60% v / v of geopolymer, at least 70% v / v of geopolymer, at least 80% v / v of geopolymer, at least 90% v / v of geopolymer, at least 95% v / v of geopolymer, based on the volume of the scaffold. In some embodiments, "at least partially covered with geopolymer" means that the scaffold is completely covered with geopolymer. In one embodiment, the scaffold is a single walled body, such as a single walled metal body.

[0017] In one embodiment, the fracturing resistant element according to the present disclosure comprises a scaffold, the scaffold being a double-walled scaffold, the space inside the scaffold being at least partially filled with a geopolymer as defined herein. In the present disclosure, "at least partially filled with a geopolymer" means at least 10% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 20% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 30% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 40% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 50% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 60% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 70% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 80% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 90% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 95% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 97% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 98% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 99% v / v of the geopolymer, at least 99.5% v / v of the geopolymer, or at least 99.9% v / v of the geopolymer, based on the volume of the space inside the scaffold. In some examples, "at least partially filled with geopolymer" means that the space inside the scaffold is completely filled with geopolymer. In one embodiment, the scaffold is a double-walled body, for example a double-walled metal body.

[0018] In one embodiment, the skeleton forms all the walls of the safe, vault, or ATM safe. For example, a suitable skeleton for a vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure is a suitable skeleton for a vandal-resistant element filled with concrete. In one variation of this embodiment, the skeleton is a double-walled body, for example a double-walled metal body. In one embodiment, the skeleton, such as the double walled metal body, is made from steel. Steels suitable for the crush resistant elements are known in the art. The thickness of the skeleton walls is selected depending on the application and safety requirements of the fracture-resistant element. In one embodiment, the thickness of each of the skeleton walls is about 0.5 mm to about 50.0 cm, preferably about 1.0 mm to about 40.0 cm, more preferably about 1.0 mm to about 30.0 cm, for example, about 1.0 mm to about 20.0 cm, about 1.0 mm to about 10.0 cm, about 1.0 mm to about 5.0 cm, about 1.0 mm to about 1.0 cm, for example, about 1.0 mm to about 3.0 mm.

[0019] In one embodiment, the scaffold may include reinforcement within spaces within the scaffold or on the surface of the scaffold that is at least partially filled with the geopolymer defined in this disclosure. In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 P, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class 0, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcement or fire-resistant material less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element. In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 P, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class 0, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcement or fire-resistant material less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element. In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 P, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class 0, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcing or fire-resistant material less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement and calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element.

[0020] In an embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 120 P, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a burglary resistance of at least III, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcement or fire resistance material less than about 5.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure. In another embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 60 D, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class III, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcement or fire-resistant material less than about 3.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element. In yet another embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 120 D, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class VIII, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and comprises as reinforcement or fire-resistant material less than about 1.0% by weight of calcium silicate-based cement and calcium aluminate-based cement, based on the total weight of the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure.

[0021] In yet another embodiment, the vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure has a fire resistance of at least S 120 D, determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, a resistance to burglary of at least resistance class VIII, determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019, and is free of calcium silicate- and calcium aluminate-based cements. Geopolymer Geopolymers are inorganic, typically aluminosilicate-based networks. They are usually ceramic and non-crystalline (amorphous). According to Fernandez-Jimenez A. et al. (Cement and Concrete Research, 35 (6), pages 1204 to 1209, 2005), the first reaction step is the dissolution of solid aluminosilicates by alkaline hydrolysis, which leads to the formation of aluminates and silicates. When the formation equilibrium is reached, a saturated solution is formed, resulting in an oligomeric network structure, which undergoes polycondensation to form a three-dimensional aluminosilicate network structure. The water used in this process is at least partially removed from the product.

[0022] In one embodiment, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , CaO, MgO, Na 2 O and P 2 O 5 The sum of all amounts of the geopolymer comprises at least about 75% by weight, such as at least about 85% by weight, such as at least about 90% by weight, or at least about 99% by weight of the geopolymer. Preferably, the geopolymer comprises about 2% to about 30% by weight Al, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 O 3 For example, about 5% by mass to about 25% by mass of Al 2 O 3 and preferably about 10% by mass to about 20% by mass of Al. 2 O 3 Includes. Preferably, the geopolymer comprises about 5% to about 70% by weight of SiO, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 For example, about 10% by mass to about 60% by mass of SiO 2 For example, about 20% by mass to about 55% by mass of SiO 2 For example, about 25% by mass to about 45% by mass of SiO 2 For example, about 30% by mass to about 40% by mass of SiO 2 Includes.

[0023] Preferably, the geopolymer contains from about 0% to about 15% by weight of K, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 O, for example, about 0 mass % to about 12 mass % K 2 O, for example, about 0.5% by mass to about 10% by mass of K 2 O, for example, about 1.0 mass % to about 8 mass % K 2 Contains O. Preferably, the geopolymer comprises about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight Fe, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 O3 For example, about 0.1% by mass to about 5.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 For example, about 0.1% by mass to about 3.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 For example, about 0.2% by mass to about 2.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 Includes. Preferably, the geopolymer comprises about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight of TiO, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 For example, about 0.1% by mass to about 3.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 For example, about 0.2% by mass to about 2.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 Includes. Preferably, the geopolymer comprises from about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight CaO, such as from about 1.0% to about 4.0% by weight CaO, for example from about 2.0% to about 3.0% by weight CaO, based on the total weight of the geopolymer.

[0024] Preferably, the geopolymer comprises from about 0 to about 5.0 wt.% MgO, such as from about 0 to about 3.0 wt.% MgO, for example from about 0.01 to about 2.0 wt.% MgO, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. Preferably, the geopolymer contains from about 0% to about 10% by weight of Na, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 O, for example, about 0.1% by mass to about 9% by mass of Na 2 O, for example, about 1.0 mass % to about 8 mass % Na 2 O, for example, about 1.0 mass % to about 5 mass % Na 2 Contains O. Preferably, the geopolymer contains from about 0% to about 2.0% by weight P, based on the total weight of the geopolymer. 2 O 5 For example, about 0% by mass to about 1.5% by mass of P 2 O 5 For example, about 0.001% by mass to about 0.5% by mass of P 2 O 5 Includes. In some embodiments, the geopolymer includes one or more inorganic fillers. In this disclosure, unless expressly stated to the contrary and / or unless the context dictates otherwise, the term "filler" also encompasses a single type of filler.

[0025] In some embodiments, the total amount of one or more inorganic fillers is from about 1.0% to about 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the geopolymer, for example, from about 2.0% to about 90% by weight, or from about 2.0% to about 80% by weight, or from about 2.0% to about 70% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 60% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 50% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 40% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 30% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 20% by weight, or from about 4.0% to about 15% by weight, or from about 5.0% to about 15% by weight. In one embodiment, the one or more inorganic fillers are ○ inorganic non-metallic fillers, and optionally Metal Fibers Includes. In some embodiments, the one or more inorganic fillers include inorganic non-metallic fillers selected from the group consisting of wollastonite, andesite, phononite, silicate, silica, graphite, quartz sand, silica fume, diatomaceous earth, talc, and natural or synthetic inorganic fibers, such as ceramic fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, and mixtures thereof. For example, the inorganic non-metallic filler is selected from the group consisting of quartz, wollastonite, basalt fibers, carbon fibers, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more inorganic fillers do not include aluminosilicate-containing compounds.

[0026] In some embodiments, the total amount of one or more inorganic non-metallic fillers is from about 1.0% to about 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the geopolymer, for example, from about 2.0% to about 90% by weight, or from about 2.0% to about 80% by weight, or from about 2.0% to about 70% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 60% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 50% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 40% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 30% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 20% by weight, or from about 4.0% to about 15% by weight, or from about 5.0 to about 15% by weight. The intrusion resistance provided by geopolymers may be further enhanced by the addition of metal fibres. In the case of (cement-based) concrete, the fire resistance is usually deteriorated by the addition of metal fibres, especially those fibres longer than 10mm. In some embodiments, the one or more inorganic fillers include metal fibers selected from the group consisting of iron fibers, steel fibers, tungsten fibers, copper fibers, platinum fibers, brass fibers, zinc fibers, aluminum fibers, chromium fibers, and mixtures thereof. For example, the metal fibers are selected from the group consisting of iron fibers, steel fibers, and mixtures thereof. In the case of non-fibrous inorganic fillers, the fillers are particulate matter. In one embodiment, the maximum diameter of such fillers is less than about 1000 μm, such as less than about 900 μm, or less than about 800 μm, or less than about 700 μm, or less than about 600 μm, or less than about 500 μm.

[0027] In one embodiment, the inorganic non-metallic filler may be natural or synthetic inorganic fibers. In some embodiments, the natural or synthetic inorganic fibers have an average length of about 1.0 to about 50 mm, such as about 2.5 to about 45 mm, or about 5.0 to about 40 mm, or about 7.5 to about 30 mm. In one embodiment, the inorganic non-metallic filler may be a natural or synthetic inorganic fiber. In some embodiments, the average diameter of the natural or synthetic inorganic fiber is about 1.0 μm to about 200 μm, for example, about 2.0 μm to about 180 μm, or about 3.0 to about 160 μm, or about 4.0 μm to about 140 μm, or about 5.0 μm to about 120 μm, or about 7.0 μm to about 100 μm, or about 8.0 μm to about 80 μm, or about 9.0 μm to about 60 μm, or about 10 μm to about 40 μm. In one embodiment, the metal fibers have an average length of about 2.0 mm to about 50 mm, for example, about 5.0 mm to about 40 mm, or about 10 mm to about 35 mm, or about 11 mm to about 30 mm. In one embodiment, the average diameter of the metal fibers is from about 1.0 μm to about 500 μm, for example, from about 2.0 μm to about 450 μm, or from about 3.0 to about 400 μm, or from about 4.0 μm to about 350 μm, or from about 5.0 μm to about 300 μm, or from about 7.0 μm to about 250 μm, or from about 8.0 μm to about 200 μm, or from about 9.0 μm to about 150 μm, or from about 10 μm to about 100 μm.

[0028] In some embodiments, the metal fibers may be coated, for example iron or steel fibers are typically coated, for example with copper, to prevent corrosion of the iron. In one embodiment, the one or more inorganic fillers are each as defined herein. Inorganic non-metallic fillers, and Metal Fibers Includes. In one embodiment, the one or more inorganic fillers include an inorganic non-metallic filler selected from the group consisting of quartz, wollastonite, basalt fibers, and mixtures thereof, and metal fibers selected from the group consisting of iron fibers and steel fibers. In some embodiments, the one or more inorganic fillers include inorganic non-metallic fillers as defined herein and metal fibers, and the mass ratio of the inorganic non-metallic fillers to the metal fibers [inorganic non-metallic fillers:metal fibers] is from about 1:95 to about 99:1, such as from about 40:60 to about 70:30, such as from about 45:55 to about 65:35 or from about 50:50 to about 60:40.

[0029] In one embodiment, -Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, Li 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , CaO, MgO, and P 2 O 5 The sum of all amounts of the above comprises at least about 85% by weight of the geopolymer, e.g., at least about 90% by weight or at least about 99% by weight of the geopolymer; - one or more inorganic fillers as defined herein Inorganic non-metallic fillers, and Metal Fibers Including, - the total amount of inorganic filler is from about 2.0% to about 70% by weight, for example from about 3.0% to about 60% by weight, or from about 3.0% to about 50% by weight, or from about 5.0% to about 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the geopolymer; and The mass ratio of the inorganic non-metallic filler to the metallic fibers [inorganic non-metallic filler: metallic fibers] is about 45:55 to about 65:35, for example about 50:50 to about 60:40. This embodiment has good fire and intrusion resistance.

[0030] Method for manufacturing vandal-resistant elements The present disclosure is further directed to a method of manufacturing a vandal-resistant element, the method comprising: a) providing a skeleton of a vandal-resistant element; b) preparing a geopolymer formulation; c) casting the geopolymer formulation of step b) into or on the skeleton of the vandal-resistant element of step a); d) optionally removing the backbone. Includes. The features of the geopolymer formulation, its production, the geopolymer, and the vandal-resistant elements described herein are also features of the method according to the present disclosure, and vice versa. Casting a geopolymer formulation into a scaffold, e.g., a mold, and polymerizing it is generally known in the art and is described, for example, in J. Davidovits (1999) et al. st editor), Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications, Institut Geopolymere, Saint-Quentin, 5 th Ed., March 2020;John L. Povis and Jannie SJ Van Deventer, Geopolymers Structure, processing, properties and industrial applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC, 2009;Liew Yun-Ming, Heah Cheng-Yong, Mohd, Mustafa Al Bakri, Kamarudin Hussin; Structure and properties of clay-based geopolymer cements: A review; Prog. Mater. Sci. 83 (2016), p. 596-610, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0031] In an embodiment, the geopolymer formulation comprises: i. combining an alkaline composition comprising an alkali metal silicate and preferably an alkali metal hydroxide with at least one aluminosilicate; ii. optionally adding one or more inorganic fillers as defined herein; The present invention is produced by a method comprising the steps of: In an embodiment, the aluminosilicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of metakaolin, fly ash, halloysite, metahalloysite, slag, calcined clay, kaolin, perlite, mica, feldspar, and mixtures thereof, e.g., the aluminosilicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of metakaolin, calcined clay, and perlite. In an embodiment, the alkali metal silicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li silicates, and mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the alkali metal silicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, sodium metasilicate (water glass), potassium silicate, potassium metasilicate, lithium silicate, and mixtures thereof, such as potassium metasilicate, sodium metasilicate, or mixtures thereof, such as sodium metasilicate.

[0032] In some embodiments, the alkaline composition comprising an alkali metal silicate is a dry composition. In this embodiment, in step i., the alkaline composition comprising an alkali metal silicate may be combined with at least one aluminosilicate before adding water. In another preferred embodiment, the alkaline composition comprising alkali metal silicate is an aqueous composition. In this embodiment, water is already present when the alkaline composition comprising alkali metal silicate is combined with at least one aluminosilicate in step i. If necessary, more water can be added after the alkaline composition comprising alkali metal silicate is combined with at least one aluminosilicate in step i. In one embodiment, the total amount of alkali metal silicate used in step i. is about 2.5% by weight to about 100% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i., for example, about 5.0% by weight to about 90% by weight, or about 7.5% by weight to about 80% by weight, or about 10% by weight to about 70% by weight, or about 20% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 30% by weight to about 60% by weight, or about 40% by weight to about 60% by weight. In certain embodiments, the alkaline composition produced in step i. is aqueous and has a pH value of at least about 11, such as at least about 12, or at least about 13, or at least about 14.

[0033] In some embodiments, the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises an alkali metal hydroxide. In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, LiOH, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the alkali metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and mixtures thereof, such as NaOH and KOH. In other embodiments, the total content of the alkali metal hydroxide, such as NaOH and KOH, is about 5.0% by weight to about 40% by weight, such as about 10% by weight to about 35% by weight, or about 12.5% ​​by weight to about 32.5% by weight, or about 15% by weight to about 30% by weight, or about 18% by weight to about 25% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i. In some embodiments, the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises NaOH and KOH, e.g., in a weight ratio of KOH:NaOH from about 2.5:1.0 to about 10.0:1.0, or from about 3.0:1.0 to about 9.0:1.0, or from about 3.5:1.0 to about 8.0:1.0, or from about 4.0:1.0 to about 7.0:1.0.

[0034] In one embodiment, the alkaline composition produced in step i. is aqueous and has a total water content of about 0.5% to about 60% by weight, for example about 5.0% to about 50% by weight, or about 10.0% to about 40.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i. In one embodiment, - the alkali metal silicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of sodium silicate, sodium metasilicate (water glass), potassium silicate, potassium metasilicate, lithium silicate, and mixtures thereof; - the total amount of alkali metal silicate used in step i. is about 2.5% by weight to about 100% by weight based on the total weight of the alkali composition produced in step i.; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. is aqueous and has a pH value of at least about 11; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises an alkali metal hydroxide selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and mixtures thereof; - the total content of alkali metal hydroxides selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and mixtures thereof, such as NaOH and KOH, is about 10 to about 35% by weight based on the total weight of the alkali composition produced in step i.; and The total water content of the alkaline composition produced in step i. is about 0.5% by weight to about 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i.

[0035] In yet another embodiment, - the alkali metal silicate used in step i. is sodium metasilicate (water glass); the total amount of alkali metal silicate used in step i. is about 20 to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the alkali composition produced in step i.; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. is aqueous and has a pH value of at least about 12; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises NaOH and KOH; the total content of NaOH and KOH is about 15% by weight to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i.; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises NaOH and KOH in a mass ratio of KOH:NaOH of about 3.5:1.0 to about 8.0:1.0; and The total water content of the alkaline composition produced in step i. is about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i.

[0036] In yet another embodiment, - the alkali metal silicate used in step i. is sodium metasilicate (water glass); the total amount of alkali metal silicate used in step i. is about 40 to about 60% by weight based on the total weight of the alkali composition produced in step i.; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. is aqueous and has a pH value of at least about 14; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises NaOH and KOH; the total content of NaOH and KOH is about 18% by weight to about 25% by weight based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i.; - the alkaline composition produced in step i. comprises NaOH and KOH in a mass ratio of KOH:NaOH of about 4.0:1.0 to about 7.0:1.0; and The total water content of the alkaline composition produced in step i. is about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the alkaline composition produced in step i.

[0037] The production of the alkaline composition used in step i. is usually exothermic. Thus, in some embodiments, evaporation of water from the vessel in which the reaction according to step i. is carried out is substantially prevented. In this regard, "substantially prevented" means that a small amount of water may be allowed to evaporate in order to avoid excess pressure in the vessel. In one embodiment, the mass ratio of the aluminosilicate used in step i. to the total mass of the alkaline composition produced in step i., including water if present in the alkaline composition, is from about 35 / 65 to about 80 / 20, for example, from about 40 / 60 to about 70 / 30, or from about 45 / 55 to about 50 / 50. In certain embodiments, the time between the end of step i. and the start of step ii. is at least 4 hours, such as at least 6 hours, or at least 12 hours, or at least 18 hours. In an embodiment, in step ii., one or more inorganic fillers as defined herein are added to the mixture obtained after step i.

[0038] In one embodiment, two or more inorganic fillers are added in step ii., whereby the inorganic fillers are added sequentially. In one embodiment, the one or more inorganic fillers are each as defined herein. ○ inorganic non-metallic fillers, and optionally Metal Fibers Including, When the one or more inorganic fillers include metal fibers, the inorganic non-metallic fillers are added in step ii. before the metal fibers. In one embodiment, one or more inorganic fillers are combined with the aluminosilicate prior to combining the aluminosilicate with the alkaline composition in step i., for example, one or more inorganic fillers are dry mixed with the aluminosilicate and the resulting mixture is combined with the alkaline composition in step i. In one variation of this embodiment, the inorganic filler combined with the aluminosilicate prior to combining the aluminosilicate with the alkaline composition in step i. comprises an inorganic non-metallic filler.

[0039] In another embodiment, all of the inorganic fillers used to produce the geopolymer are added after step i. is performed. In one embodiment, the inorganic non-metallic fillers (i.e., all of the inorganic non-metallic fillers, if two or more inorganic non-metallic fillers are used) are added to the mixture obtained after step i. is performed, and if metal fibers are used, the metal fibers are added in a separate step thereafter. When two or more inorganic fillers are used and these are added sequentially, a homogenization step is usually performed after the addition of one type of inorganic filler and before the addition of the next type of inorganic filler. In some embodiments, the steps of the method for producing the geopolymer blend are carried out at a temperature suitable for the aqueous composition, for example within a temperature range of about 5°C to about 90°C, for example about 10°C to about 80°C, or about 15°C to about 70°C, for example at room temperature, i.e., 25°C. The present disclosure is further directed to a vandal-resistant element according to the present disclosure manufactured by a method according to the present disclosure.

[0040] use The present disclosure is further directed to the use of the geopolymers described herein as part of a vandal-resistant element. In one embodiment, the vandal-resistant element is fire-resistant and / or burglary-resistant as defined herein. The features of the geopolymer formulations, their manufacture, geopolymers, vandal-resistant elements, and methods described herein are also features of the uses according to the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the anti-vandal element may have one or more of the following effects: - Good fire resistance, - Good break-in resistance (resistance to burglary), - a good combination of good fire resistance and good penetration resistance, - Excellent mechanical properties, - Improved fire resistance, intrusion resistance and mechanical properties compared to concrete-based vandal-resistant elements of the same or similar dimensions EXAMPLES

[0041] An aqueous alkaline composition was prepared containing the following components: [Table 1] Liquid sodium silicate was added to the water in a stirred vessel. KOH and NaOH were added throughout. Once the mixture has cooled to ambient temperature, it can be used, as it will reach approximately 50-70°C due to the exothermic reaction. The mixture can be used for at least 24 hours after cooling, or stored in a suitable container for future formulations if one decides to test after standing for 24 hours. Each aqueous alkaline composition was combined with an appropriate aluminosilicate for the geopolymer in a weight ratio of 45:55 to 55:45 [aqueous alkaline composition:aluminosilicate]. After homogenization of the resulting mixture, inorganic non-metallic fibers were added, the resulting mixture was homogenized, followed by addition of metallic fibers, and the resulting mixture was homogenized. The amounts of inorganic non-metallic fibers and metallic fibers were selected such that the inorganic non-metallic fibers were 6 to 8% by weight and the metallic fibers were 5 to 6% by weight, respectively, based on the total weight of the composition after addition of the inorganic non-metallic fibers and metallic fibers. The compositions produced exhibited interesting penetration and fire resistance properties.

[0042] Intrusion resistance Example A The first set of panels was installed with a total thickness of 56mm: 3mm outer sheet 50 mm geopolymer filing (weight ratio of [aqueous alkaline composition:aluminosilicate] 51:49, metal fiber 110 kg / m 3 ) was prepared as described above. 3mm inner sheet. The panels of the set were 50 x 50 x 5.6 cm. The panels were aged for 28 days (at room temperature in ambient conditions) before testing. A-1 125cm using various tools 2 The time to drill a hole was measured using the following procedure. 1. Cutting the outer sheet with a blow torch 2. Destruction of filings with a 1.5kg hammer 3.Cutting the inner sheet with a blow torch

[0043] result Partial access was achieved after 2 minutes and 30 seconds. [Table 2] The VR is calculated as follows: Sum of reference points + time x highest coefficient of the tool used during the attack. Therefore, VR = 19 + 2 minutes 30 seconds (i.e., 2.5 minutes) x 7.5 = 38 RU.

[0044] A-2 125cm using various tools 2 The time to drill a hole was measured using the following procedure. 1. Cutting the outer sheet with a blow torch Destruction of filings with a 2.3kg sledgehammer 3.Cutting the inner sheet with a blow torch result Partial access was achieved after 2 minutes and 57 seconds. [Table 3] VR=21+2 minutes 57 seconds x 7.5=44RU.

[0045] A-3 125cm using a single tool, 230mm diameter grinder 2 The time required to drill a hole was measured. The resulting VR is comprised between 50 and 80 RU. A-4 125cm using a drill press and a jigsaw 2 The time required to drill a hole was measured. The resulting VR is comprised between 30 and 50 RU.

[0046] Example B The first set of panels, with an overall thickness of 86mm, were installed: 3mm outer sheet Geopolymer filing (used in Example A) 80 mm 3mm inner sheet. The panels of the set were 50 x 50 x 8.6 cm. The panels were aged for 28 days (at room temperature in ambient conditions) before testing. B-1 125cm using various tools2 The time to drill a hole was measured using the following procedure. 1. Cutting the outer sheet with a blow torch 2. Destruction of filings with a 1.5 kg hammer and mason's chisel 3.Cutting the inner sheet with a blow torch

[0047] result Partial access was achieved after 5 minutes and 44 seconds. [Table 4] VR=20+5 minutes 44 seconds x 7.5=63RU.

[0048] B-2 125cm using various tools 2 The time to drill a hole was measured using the following procedure. 1. Cutting the outer sheet with a blow torch Destruction of filings with a 2.3 kg sledgehammer, a 1.5 kg hammer, and a mason's chisel 3.Cutting the inner sheet with a blow torch

[0049] result Partial access was achieved after 4 minutes and 47 seconds. [Table 5] VR=27+4 minutes 47 seconds x 7.5=63RU.

[0050] B-3 125cm using various tools 2 The time to drill a hole was measured using the following procedure. 1. Cutting the outer sheet with a blow torch 2. Destruction of filings with electric hammer drills and masonry chisels 3.Cutting the inner sheet with a blow torch The resulting VR is comprised between 80 and 120 RU. All of Examples A-1 to B-3 exhibit excellent resistance to burglary. In particular, Examples A-1 to A-3 are at least For safes = Class 0, I For ATMs = Class 0, I For vault = class 0,I showed resistance to burglary. In particular, Examples B-1 to B-3 are at least For safes = Class 0, I For ATMs = Class 0, I For vault = class 0,I showed resistance to burglary.

[0051] fire resistance Example C The same set of panels as in Examples A and B was installed. Each panel was attached to a fireproof block and corresponded to new Examples C1 (using panels from Example A) and C2 (using panels from Example B). In the fire resistance test, five thermocouples are installed on the panel as shown in Figure 1 to enable temperature measurement. The temperature of the furnace immediately prior to ignition was (20±10)° C. According to the time-temperature curve of FIG. 2, the test panels are exposed to the furnace flame for 120 minutes. The temperature is recorded over time with a thermocouple and after 120 minutes the flame is turned off and the furnace is allowed to cool. The results are shown in FIG. 3 for Example C1 and in FIG. 4 for Example C2.

[0052] observation The recorded temperature is below 100°C after 120 minutes of exposure to flame, regardless of thickness. There is no deformation of the metal structure. The geopolymer matrix did not crumble or crumble, and the structure only showed a few minor cracks. The matrix held the blocks together. According to the EN 1047-1:2019 standard, the embodiments C-1 and C-2 comply with at least the protection classes S60P and S120P.

Claims

1. A break-resistant element comprising a geopolimer.

2. The break-resistant element according to claim 1, which is an element of a safe, an element of a safe room, an armored door and / or an armored wall.

3. The break-resistant element according to claim 1, substantially free of calcium silicate-based cement and / or calcium aluminate-based cement, such as calcium silicate-based cement and / or calcium aluminate-based cement as a reinforcing material or refractory.

4. - A fire resistance of at least S60P determined according to NF EN 1047-1:2019, and / or - A resistance to break-in theft of at least resistance class 0 or at least class L determined according to NF EN 1143-1:2019 The break-resistant element according to claim 1 having.

5. The break-resistant element according to claim 1, wherein the geopolimer comprises one or more inorganic fillers.

6. The break-resistant element according to claim 5, wherein the one or more inorganic fillers comprise an inorganic non-metallic filler and / or metal fibers.

7. The break-resistant element according to claim 6, wherein the one or more inorganic fillers comprise an inorganic non-metallic filler selected from the group consisting of wollastonite, andesite, rhyolite, silicate, silica, graphite, quartz sand, silica fume, diatomaceous earth, talc, and fibers, such as natural or synthetic inorganic fibers such as ceramic fibers, basalt fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, etc., and mixtures thereof.

8. The break-resistant element according to claim 6, wherein the one or more inorganic fillers comprise metal fibers selected from the group consisting of iron fibers, steel fibers, tungsten fibers, copper fibers, platinum fibers, brass fibers, zinc fibers, aluminum fibers, chromium fibers, and mixtures thereof.

9. The geopolimer is based on the total mass of the geopolimer i) from about 2% to about 30% by mass of Al 2 O 3 , ii) from about 5% to about 70% by mass of SiO 2 , iii) from about 0% to about 15% by mass of K 2 O, iv) from about 0.1% to about 5.0% by mass of Fe 2 O 3 , v) about 0.1% to about 5.0% by mass of TiO 2 , vi) about 0.1% to about 5.0% by mass of CaO, vii) about 0% to about 5.0% by mass of MgO, viii) from about 0% to about 10% by mass of Na 2 O, and / or ix) from about 0% by mass to about 2.0% by mass of P 2 O 5 The break-resistant element according to any one of claims 1 to 8.

10. A method for manufacturing a break-resistant element, comprising: a) preparing a skeleton of the break-resistant element; b) manufacturing a geopolimer formulation; c) casting the geopolimer formulation of step b) into or onto the skeleton of the break-resistant element of step a); d) optionally, removing the skeleton A method comprising.

11. The geopolimer formulation of step b) is i. Combining an alkaline composition comprising an alkali metal silicate and preferably an alkali metal hydroxide with at least one aluminosilicate; ii. Optionally, adding one or more inorganic fillers as defined in claim 8; A method according to claim 10, produced by a method comprising the above steps. **Claim 12** The method according to claim 11, wherein the aluminosilicate used in step i. is selected from the group consisting of metakaolin, fly ash, halloysite, metahalloysite, slag, calcined clay, kaolin, perlite, mica, feldspar, and mixtures thereof. **Claim 13** A burst-resistant element according to claim 1, produced by the method according to claim 10. **Claim 14** Use of a geopolimer as part of a burst-resistant element. **Claim 15** The use according to claim 14, wherein the burst-resistant element has fire resistance and / or resistance to break-in theft.

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