In vitro composition comprising neural precursor cell population

Abstract

To provide methods for producing neural precursor cell populations.SOLUTION: The invention provides a cell population enriched for a specific neuronal precursor marker and a method for using such a cell population to treat disorders related to dysregulation of inhibitory neuronal function and / or imbalance in excitatory / inhibitory neuronal activity. In particular, the invention provides a cell population for use as a cell-based therapeutic, and a method for purifying these neural precursor cells and using them in transplantation to ameliorate neural disorders associated with aberrant neural function.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to the fields of cell biology, pluripotent stem cells, and cell differentiation. The present invention discloses populations of neural progenitor cells and their therapeutic uses. [Background technology]

[0002] In the following discussion, certain products and methods are described for background and introductory purposes. Nothing contained herein should be construed as an "admission" of prior art. Applicants expressly reserve the right to demonstrate, where appropriate, that the products and methods described herein do not constitute prior art under applicable statutory provisions.

[0003] The clinical management of central and peripheral nervous system conditions, diseases and injuries leaves room for significant unmet clinical needs.Currently used treatments for various disorders, including seizure disorders, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, pain and spasticity, usually focus on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying cause of the disease or injury.Therefore, there remains a pressing need for improved and effective treatments for the central and peripheral nervous system that can repair or replace injured or damaged nervous system tissue. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] The present invention addresses this need by providing a novel population of neural progenitor cells that have the capacity to migrate and differentiate into functional neurons in vivo. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] This Summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the claimed subject matter will become apparent from the Detailed Description set forth below, including the aspects illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.

[0006] The present invention provides cell populations enriched for specific neural precursor markers and methods of using such cell populations for the treatment of disorders associated with dysregulation of inhibitory neuronal function and / or imbalance of excitatory / inhibitory neuronal activity. In particular, the present invention provides cell populations for use as cell-based therapeutics, as well as methods for the purification and use of these neural precursor cells in transplants to improve neurological disorders associated with abnormal neural function.

[0007] Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides an enriched population of neural progenitor cells that express key factors that indicate the ability of these cells to efficiently differentiate into inhibitory interneurons when transplanted into mammals.Preferably, neural progenitor cells are enriched in the expression of markers expressed by cortical interneurons, which are cells that originate mainly from MGE.The cell population of the present invention can be enriched using methods including, but not limited to, isolation using cell surface markers; depletion of cell populations using cell surface markers that are downregulated in neural progenitors; and differentiation of multipotent cells to express neural progenitor markers.

[0008] Exemplary neural progenitor markers enriched in the population include, but are not limited to, AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MA F, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1.

[0009] In some embodiments, the invention provides a neural progenitor cell population comprising cells capable of differentiating into GABA expressing cells, said cell population comprising neural progenitor markers AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC0059, LINC00611, LINC0059, LINC00612, LINC0059, LINC00613, LINC0059 ... 9, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1. In some embodiments, the neural progenitor cells can be differentiated to form neurons capable of producing GABA in vitro. In other embodiments, neural progenitor cells can be differentiated to form neurons capable of producing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system (eg, the central nervous system, or CNS).

[0010] The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention can be isolated from human tissue (e.g., human fetal cortex or human basal ganglia eminence) or can be differentiated from stem cells or other multipotent cells. Thus, in some embodiments, the neural progenitor cell population is isolated from a source of pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the neural progenitor cells are differentiated from human stem cells, e.g., human embryonic stem cells. In other embodiments, the neural progenitor cells are differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells. In still other embodiments, the neural progenitor cells are differentiated from neural stem cells. In still other embodiments, the neural progenitor cell population is generated via reprogramming of cells, such as, for example, neural cells obtained from the MGE, cortex, subcortex, other regions of the brain, or non-neuronal cells.

[0011] Thus, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for generating a neural progenitor cell population, comprising isolating cells from mammalian brain tissue under conditions that cause cells to enhance expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in neural progenitor cells, and enriching for neural cell surface marker-expressing cells to generate a cell surface marker-enriched cell population, the enriched cell population comprising neural progenitor cells that can form GABA-producing neurons in vitro and / or upon transplantation into a mammalian nervous system (e.g., CNS). In a preferred embodiment, the cell surface marker is ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

[0012] In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for generating a neural progenitor cell population, comprising: preparing a multipotent mammalian stem cell population; differentiating said stem cells under conditions that enhance the expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in targeted neural progenitor cells; and enriching said cell population for cells that express one or more of said cell surface markers; said enriched cell population comprises neural progenitor cells that can form GABA-producing neurons in vitro and / or when transplanted into mammalian brain.Preferably, the neural progenitor cell surface marker is ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

[0013] In some embodiments, the enriched cells are also enriched for expression of a second neural progenitor marker. For example, in addition to the cell surface markers used to enrich the cells, the cells may be enriched for expression of AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT , MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1.

[0014] In some embodiments, the cells expressing the cell surface marker are enriched using an agent (e.g., an antibody) that selectively binds to the neural progenitor cell surface marker. In certain embodiments, the cells expressing the neural progenitor cell surface marker are isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In other specific embodiments, the cells expressing the neural progenitor cell surface marker are isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS).

[0015] Preferably, the neural progenitor cells are capable of forming functional inhibitory interneurons that integrate into the mammalian central or peripheral nervous system following transplantation, and the formation and integration of such functional inhibitory neurons is relevant to the treatment of neurological disorders.

[0016] In another aspect, the invention features a method for isolating the neural progenitor cell population of the invention, comprising providing a tissue from a subject (e.g., tissue from a mammalian fetal brain) or a differentiated cell from a pluripotent cell source, and enriching the selected cell population with one or more different cell surface proteins selected from ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2, thereby isolating the neural progenitor cell population.

[0017] In another aspect, the invention features a method for depleting an isolated cell population from unwanted cells with one or more cell surface proteins that have at least 2-fold suppression in the neural progenitor cells of the invention. For example, a neural progenitor cell population can be enriched by depleting the cell population with one or more different cell surface proteins selected from ATP1A2, BCAN, CD271, CD98, CNTFR, FGFR3, GJA1, MLC1, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, PDPN, PTPRZ1, SLC1A5, TMEM158, or TTYH1.

[0018] Additionally or alternatively, the method may further comprise the step of cryopreserving said cells. The method may further comprise culturing the population of neural progenitor cells under conditions that support the proliferation of said cells.

[0019] The invention also features populations of neural progenitor cells produced by any of the above methods. The invention also provides neural progenitor cell populations in which the majority (greater than 50%) of cells have the potential to differentiate into functional inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system.

[0020] The present invention identifies cells expressing the cell surface marker PLEXINA4 that have an enhanced ability to mature into functional cortical interneurons upon transplantation into the mammalian CNS. Thus, in certain embodiments, the neural progenitor cell population expresses PLEXINA4 as one of the enriched neural precursor markers.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for the treatment of cancer comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a medicament comprising The present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population enriched with cells comprising enhanced expression of one or more of NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1; and enhanced expression of PLEXINA4. These neural progenitor cells can form GABA-producing neurons in vitro and / or upon transplantation into a mammalian nervous system (e.g., a mammalian CNS).

[0022] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population enriched for cells comprising enhanced expression of one or more cell surface markers of ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2; and enhanced expression of PLEXINA4. These neural progenitor cells can form GABA-producing neurons in vitro and / or upon transplantation into a mammalian nervous system (e.g., a mammalian CNS).

[0023] In some embodiments, a method is provided for treating a mammal with a neurological condition, disease, or injury associated with inhibitory neuron dysfunction and / or excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, comprising transplanting a population of neural progenitor cells of the present invention into the nervous system of the mammal. The population of neural progenitor cells of the present invention is identified by the expression of certain signature transcripts and / or the absence of expression of other transcripts that identify the cells as migratory cells that can functionally integrate with the host nervous system, in particular the host central nervous system, as described in more detail herein. The neural progenitor cells of the present invention can migrate at least 0.5 mm from the transplantation site, and can mature and functionally integrate with the endogenous tissue of the desired treatment site.

[0024] Neurological conditions, diseases, or injuries that can be treated with the method of the present invention include various degenerative diseases, developmental diseases, genetic diseases, acute injuries, and chronic injuries. The cells can be transplanted into the central or peripheral nervous system. In some embodiments, the neurological conditions, diseases, or injuries include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's disease, seizure disorders (e.g., epilepsy), spasticity, spinal cord injury, brain injury, or peripheral nerve injury, pain (e.g., neuropathic pain), Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, autism, stroke, chronic pruritus, amblyopia / visual plasticity, psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia), dyskinesia, and / or ataxia.

[0025] Thus, the present invention also provides a method for treating a neurological disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the nervous system of a mammal suffering from a neurological disorder a gene that is at least 50% of the population selected from the group consisting of AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNAT and allowing the transplanted cells to migrate and integrate into the central nervous system of said mammal, thereby treating a neurological disorder in said mammal.

[0026] In some embodiments, the neurological condition being treated is a seizure disorder (e.g., epilepsy) and transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in spontaneous electrographic seizure activity. In certain embodiments, the neurological condition is epilepsy and transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in seizure intensity and / or duration. In some embodiments, the neurological condition is epilepsy and transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in seizure frequency and / or intensity. In some embodiments, the neurological condition is epilepsy and transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention reduces the use of anti-epileptic drugs required in the patient receiving the graft.

[0027] In some embodiments, the neurological disease treated by the method of the present invention is Parkinson's disease, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in the required use of anti-Parkinson's drugs. In some embodiments, the neurological disease is Parkinson's disease, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in resting tremor, muscle rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, impaired postural reflexes, flexed posture, and / or freezing reaction.

[0028] In some embodiments, the neurological condition being treated is spasticity, including but not limited to neurogenic bladder spasticity, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention reduces or avoids the need for medication or surgery. In some embodiments, the neurological condition is spasticity, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in a reduction in the need for antispasmodic medication.

[0029] In other embodiments, the neurological condition treated using the methods of the invention is nerve injury (e.g., spinal cord or peripheral nerve injury), and transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the invention results in amelioration of physiological disorders associated with the nerve injury.

[0030] In yet other embodiments, the neurological condition being treated is pain (eg, chronic pain or neuropathic pain), and transplantation of the neural progenitor cell population of the invention results in a reduction in pain in the treated subject.

[0031] In yet other embodiments, the neurological condition treated using the methods of the invention is Alzheimer's disease, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cell population of the invention results in increased learning and memory capacity.

[0032] In yet other embodiments, the neurological condition treated using the methods of the invention is traumatic brain injury (e.g., stroke), and transplantation of the neural progenitor cell population of the invention results in improved locomotion and / or coordination.

[0033] In yet other embodiments, the neurological condition treated using the methods of the invention is a neurodevelopmental or psychiatric disease, including autism, schizophrenia or psychosis, and transplantation of the neural progenitor cell populations of the invention improves behavior, such as social and learning disabilities, in these patients.

[0034] In each of the above treatment regimens, transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention results in at least a 10% improvement in the subject's disease-associated symptoms, more preferably at least a 20% improvement in the subject's disease-associated symptoms, and even more preferably at least a 30% improvement in the subject's disease-associated symptoms.

[0035] Preferably, the transplanted neural precursor cells, or cells derived from the transplanted cells, survive in the subject for at least 1 month, preferably 2 months, more preferably 6 months after transplantation. These aspects, as well as other features and advantages of the invention, are described in more detail below. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the scope of the following claims. Effect of the Invention

[0036] According to the present invention, a method for generating a neural progenitor cell population is provided. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0037] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a series of graphs showing the efficiency of FACS sorting of human cortical interneurons using APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 (FIG. 1B) and APC-conjugated anti-ERBB4 (FIG. 1D) antibodies, or respective isotype negative control antibodies (FIGS. 1A and 1C). [Figure 1B] FIG. 1 is a series of graphs showing the efficiency of FACS sorting of human cortical interneurons using APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 (FIG. 1B) and APC-conjugated anti-ERBB4 (FIG. 1D) antibodies, or respective isotype negative control antibodies (FIGS. 1A and 1C). [Figure 1C] FIG. 1 is a series of graphs showing the efficiency of FACS sorting of human cortical interneurons using APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 (FIG. 1B) and APC-conjugated anti-ERBB4 (FIG. 1D) antibodies, or respective isotype negative control antibodies (FIGS. 1A and 1C). [Figure 1D] FIG. 1 is a series of graphs showing the efficiency of FACS sorting of human cortical interneurons using APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 (FIG. 1B) and APC-conjugated anti-ERBB4 (FIG. 1D) antibodies, or respective isotype negative control antibodies (FIGS. 1A and 1C). [Figure 2A] FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing enriched expression by quantitative RTPCR of MGE-specific markers LHX6, DLX2 and SOX6 in surface marker-positive FACS-sorted cell populations compared to the respective surface marker-negative population controls. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a bar graph showing enriched expression by quantitative RTPCR of MGE-specific markers LHX6, DLX2, and SOX6 in surface marker-positive FACS-sorted cell populations compared to the respective surface marker-negative population controls. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing significantly reduced expression by quantitative RT-PCR of markers of other non-MGE GABAergic interneuron cell types in surface marker-positive FACS-sorted cell populations compared to the respective surface marker-negative population controls. [Figure 4] Figure 4 is a series of graphs showing flow cytometry analysis of differences in cell debris / dead cells (left) and CXCR4-expressing cell purity (right) in pre-sort cell populations (top) and surface marker-positive populations after FACS sorting (bottom) using APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 antibodies. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a series of graphs showing flow cytometry analysis of the difference in ERBB4-expressing cell purity in the pre-sort cell population (top) and the surface marker positive population after FACS sorting (bottom) using an APC-conjugated anti-ERRB4 antibody. [Figure 6]Figure 6 is a series of graphs showing flow cytometric analysis of the percentage of surface marker positive cells before magnetic MACS sorting (pre-sort, left) and the purity of surface marker positive cells after the use of MACS sorting (post-sort, right) to isolate both MACS-positive and MACS-negative populations. MACS sorting was performed using an anti-ERBB4 biotinylated primary antibody followed by an anti-biotin secondary antibody conjugated to magnetic beads. Flow cytometric analysis before and after MACS sorting was performed using an APC-conjugated anti-ERRB4 antibody. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a bar graph summarizing the reproducible post-sort purity of MACS-isolated surface marker positive and negative populations as the percentage of cells expressing the surface marker ERBB4 by post-sort flow cytometric analysis. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing enriched expression of exemplary GABAergic interneuron markers (LHX6, DCX, ERBB4) and depletion of expression of markers of non-interneuron cell lineages, with post-sort protein expression quantified by immunocytochemistry analysis of isolated surface marker positive populations. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a table summarizing flow cytometry analysis of sorted preneuronal cell populations showing the percentage of cells expressing various interneuron surface markers. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a table of enriched transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of the most upregulated transcripts in surface marker positive populations isolated by FACS using anti-CXCR4 antibody compared to negative populations, along with select markers. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a table of enriched transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of the most upregulated transcripts in surface marker positive populations isolated by FACS using anti-CXCR7 antibody compared to negative populations, along with select markers. [Figure 12]FIG. 12 is a table of enriched transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of the most upregulated transcripts in surface marker positive populations isolated by FACS using anti-ERBB4 antibody compared to negative populations, along with select markers. [Figure 13A] FIG. 13A is a table of enriched surface marker transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change (compared to the respective negative populations) of the most upregulated surface markers in positive cell populations isolated by FACS using anti-CXCR4, anti-CXCR7, and anti-ERBB4 antibodies. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13B is a table of enriched surface marker transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change (compared to the respective negative populations) of the most upregulated surface markers in positive cell populations isolated by FACS using anti-CXCR4, anti-CXCR7, and anti-ERBB4 antibodies. [Figure 13C] FIG. 13C is a table of enriched surface marker transcript expression by RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change (compared to the respective negative populations) of the most upregulated surface markers in positive cell populations isolated by FACS using anti-CXCR4, anti-CXCR7, and anti-ERBB4 antibodies. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a table of marker sets that can define various cell lineages by RNA sequencing and the fold change of these markers (compared to each surface marker negative population) in surface marker-positive populations isolated by FACS, showing enriched MGE interneuron marker transcript expression and a significant depletion in expression of transcripts markers of various non-interneuron cell lineages. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a set of bar graphs showing HPLC analysis of GABA levels in cell culture medium harvested from isolated surface marker positive and negative cell populations sorted by either FACS (left) or MACS (right) and replated after sorting. [Figure 16]FIG. 16 is a graph showing migration of human HNA+ neuronal progenitor cells in rodent brain one month after injection of neural progenitor cell surface marker (NPCSM+) positive cells isolated by cell sorting prior to transplantation. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a graph showing immunohistochemical quantification of human HNA+ cells co-expressing the GABAergic interneuron markers LHX6, CMAF, and MAFB in rodent brains one month after injection of neural progenitor cell surface marker (NPCSM+) positive cells isolated by cell sorting prior to transplantation. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a graph showing immunohistochemical quantification of human HNA+ cells that co-express SST and CALR, markers of cortical interneuron subtype maturation, in rodent brains at 90 and 130 days after injection of neural progenitor cell surface marker (NPCSM+) positive cells isolated by cell sorting prior to transplantation. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing injection sites in the adult rodent brain. [Figure 20A] Figure 20A shows graphs depicting three populations isolated by FACS sorting based on expression of the surface marker PLXNA4 alone, or PLXNA4 and one other NPCSM, and Figure 20A includes bar graphs showing quantitative RTPCR analysis of the isolated populations. The isolated surface marker-positive population shows enrichment of GABAergic interneuron marker transcripts and depletion of non-interneuron markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT) compared to the surface marker-negative population. [Figure 20B] Figure 20B includes bar graphs showing quantitative RTPCR analysis of isolated populations. The isolated surface marker positive population shows enrichment of GABAergic interneuron marker transcripts and depletion of non-interneuron markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT) compared to the surface marker negative population. [Figure 21A]Figure 21A shows graphs depicting three populations isolated from human ESC-derived neural progenitor cultures by FACS sorting based on expression of the surface markers NPCSM alone or PLXNA4 and one other NPCSM, and Figure 21A includes bar graphs showing quantitative RTPCR analysis of the isolated populations. The isolated surface marker-positive populations show enrichment of GABAergic interneuron marker transcripts and depletion of non-interneuron markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT, LHX8, GBX1, ZIC1) compared to the surface marker-negative population. [Figure 21B] Figure 21B contains bar graphs showing quantitative RTPCR analysis of isolated populations. The isolated surface marker positive population shows enrichment of GABAergic interneuron marker transcripts and depletion of non-interneuron markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT, LHX8, GBX1, ZIC1) compared to the surface marker negative population. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts upregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- cell population. [Diagram 23] FIG. 23 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts that were downregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- cell population. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts upregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4+NPCSM− cell population. [Diagram 25] FIG. 25 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts that were downregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4+NPCSM− cell population. [Figure 26]FIG. 26 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts upregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM− cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4−NPCSM− cell population. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a table of RNA sequencing analysis showing the fold change of exemplary transcripts that were downregulated in PLEXINA4+NPCSM− cells isolated by FACS sorting compared to the PLEXINA4−NPCSM− cell population. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is a series of histogram graphs showing flow cytometry analysis of the percentage of NPCSM+ cells before sorting (unsorted) and after MACS sorting to isolate NPCSM+ and NPCSM- populations from four different human ESC lines differentiating towards an MGE-type interneuron lineage. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a series of bar graphs of immunocytochemical analysis showing enrichment of cells expressing cortical interneuron marker transcripts, and depletion of other cell types expressing OLIG2, KI67, ISL1, in NPCSM+ populations isolated by magnetic MACS from four different human ESC lines differentiating towards an MGE-type interneuron lineage, compared to NPCSM− and unsorted populations. [Diagram 30] FIG. 30 is a series of bar graphs of immunohistochemical analysis and quantification of the percentage of human HNA+ cells that co-express various markers indicative of human interneuron maturation in rodent brains at 1 and 2 months after transplantation of NPCSM+ cells sorted from hESC-derived cultures. [Diagram 31] FIG. 31 is a graph showing migration of human HNA+ neuronal progenitor cells in rodent brain one month after injection of NPCSM+ cells isolated by cell sorting from two different human ESC lines. [Diagram 32]FIG. 32 is a graph showing HPLC analysis of GABA levels in cell culture medium harvested from sorted PLXNA4 and / or one other NPCSM surface marker positive and negative cell populations isolated from human ESC-derived cultures and replated after sorting. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0038] definition Terms used herein are intended to have their clear and ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The following definitions are intended to aid the reader in understanding the invention and are not intended to alter or otherwise limit the meaning of such terms, unless expressly stated.

[0039] The term "isolated" as used herein refers to the purification or substantial purification of a cell population comprising cells having a particular transcriptional signature, e.g., a cellular phenotype with expression of transcripts indicative of the migratory and / or differentiation potential of the cells.

[0040] A "stem cell" is generally defined as a cell that (i) has the ability to renew itself, and (ii) can give rise to more than one type of cell through asymmetric cell division (Watt et al., Science, 284:1427-1430, 2000). Stem cells generally give rise to a type of multipotent cell called a progenitor cell.

[0041] A "progenitor cell" is a cell that is capable of differentiating into a lineage-committed cell that occupies a location in the body. Such cells may be pre-mitotic or post-mitotic and include, but are not limited to, progenitor cells and cells that have not fully completed differentiation and / or integration with endogenous host tissue but have established a neural fate.

[0042] The terms "neural precursor cells" and "neural precursor cells of interest" as described herein refer to cells that can migrate and differentiate into GABA-producing inhibitory interneurons in vitro or in vivo. Such precursor cells of the present invention are preferably migratory cells that have the ability to migrate from the implantation site to the desired treatment site. Such cells can originate, for example, from the MGE, CGE, LGE or another part of the mammalian brain. Such cells can also be differentiated or reprogrammed from other cell types. Neural precursor cells for use in the methods of the present invention are further defined by their expression patterns and in vitro and in vivo activities, as described in more detail herein.

[0043] Detailed Description of the Invention The practice of the techniques described herein may use conventional techniques and descriptions of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), biochemistry, therapeutic drug formulation, and stem cell differentiation, all of which are within the skill of the art, unless otherwise specified. Such conventional techniques include differentiation techniques that are complementary or useful to the methods described herein, techniques for the formulation of therapeutic drugs that include cell populations, delivery methods that are useful for the delivery of the cell populations of the present invention, and the like. Specific examples of suitable techniques may be obtained by reference to the examples herein.

[0044] Such prior techniques and descriptions can be found, for example, in Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, edited by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (edited by DN Glover, 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (edited by MJ Gait, 1984); U.S. Patent No. 4,683,195 to Mullis et al.; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (edited by B.D. Hames & S.J. Higgins, 1984); Transcription And Translation (edited by B.D. Hames & S.J. Higgins, 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R.I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, 1986); Press, Inc., NY); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (eds. J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos, 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Methods In Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155 (eds. Wu et al.), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (eds. Mayer and Walker, Academic Press, London, 1987); and Handbook Of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (eds. D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, 1986), all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

[0045] Transcripts and genes referenced herein use naming conventions such as those used in the Weitzman Institutes GeneCards® Human Gene Database (http: / / www.genecards.org / ) and / or the databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) as of the priority and filing dates of this application.

[0046] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a cell" refers to one or more cells having different pluripotency and expression patterns, reference to "the method" includes reference to equivalent steps and methods known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

[0047] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing devices, formulations and methodologies that can be used in connection with the invention described herein.

[0048] When a range of values ​​is stated, it is understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of that range, and any other stated value or intermediate value within that stated range, is encompassed within the scope of the invention. The upper and lower limits of these narrower ranges may independently be included within the narrower range, and are also encompassed within the scope of the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in that stated range. When the stated range includes one or both limits, ranges excluding both of those included limits are also included in the invention.

[0049] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more complete understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading this specification that the present invention may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features and procedures familiar to those skilled in the art have not been described in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.

[0050] The present invention provides neural progenitor cell populations, methods for producing neural progenitor cell populations, and treatment methods using such neural progenitor cell populations. A distinctive feature of these cells is their ability to migrate and differentiate into functional inhibitory interneurons in mammalian endogenous tissues. Such cell populations can be identified by the expression levels of certain signature transcripts or markers indicative of neural progenitor cells. Such cell populations can also be identified by reduced expression levels of other transcripts indicative of other neural cell types. The neural progenitor cell populations of the present invention have the ability to migrate and differentiate into functional inhibitory interneurons after transplantation.

[0051] The enriched neuronal progenitor markers generally exhibit at least two-fold higher levels than other cell types, such as astrocytes, endothelial cells, intermediate progenitors of excitatory cortical neurons, microglial cells, excitatory cortical projection neurons, oligodendrocytes, and radial glial progenitors of excitatory cortical neurons. In other embodiments, the enriched neuronal progenitor markers generally exhibit at least two-fold higher levels of marker expression compared to pluripotent cells, such as undifferentiated human ES cells.

[0052] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 50% of the cell population is enriched for two or more neural progenitor cell markers. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 60% of the cell population is enriched for two or more neural progenitor cell markers. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 70% of the cell population is enriched for two or more neural progenitor cell markers. In certain other embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 80% of the cell population is enriched for two or more neural progenitor cell markers. In still other embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 90% of the cell population is enriched for two or more neural progenitor cell markers.

[0053] In other embodiments, the present invention provides a neural progenitor cell population, in which at least 55% of the cell population is comprised of cells that have at least 2-fold increased expression of a neuronal progenitor cell marker relative to other neural cell types. In some embodiments, at least 80% of the cell population is comprised of cells that have at least 2-fold increased expression of a neuronal progenitor cell marker transcript relative to other neural cell types. In other specific embodiments, at least 90% of the cell population is comprised of cells that have at least 2-fold increased expression of a neuronal progenitor cell marker relative to other neural cell types.

[0054] In some preferred embodiments, expression of neural progenitor cell markers is increased at least 10-fold over expression in other neural cell types. In other embodiments, the invention provides neural progenitor cell populations, in which at least 55% of the cell population expresses 2 or more, preferably 3 or more, and even more preferably 5 or more neural progenitor markers indicative of the ability of the cells to migrate and differentiate into interneurons, particularly GABA-expressing interneurons. In some embodiments, at least 70% of the cell population expresses 2 or more, preferably 3 or more, and even more preferably 5 or more neural progenitor markers indicative of the ability of the cells to migrate and differentiate into interneurons, particularly GABA-expressing interneurons. In yet other embodiments, at least 80% of the cell population expresses 2 or more, preferably 3 or more, and even more preferably 5 or more neural progenitor markers indicative of the ability of the cells to migrate and differentiate into interneurons, particularly GABA-expressing interneurons.

[0055] Preferably, the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention comprises at least 55% neural progenitor cells that can be efficiently differentiated into inhibitory interneurons when transplanted into a mammal, more preferably at least 80% neural progenitor cells that can be efficiently differentiated into inhibitory interneurons when transplanted into a mammal, more preferably at least 90% neural progenitor cells that can be efficiently differentiated into inhibitory interneurons when transplanted into a mammal, and even more preferably at least 95% cells that can be efficiently differentiated into inhibitory interneurons when transplanted into a mammal.

[0056] The cells of the present invention are uniquely suited for large-scale use for a variety of indications, as described in more detail herein. Preferably, at least 50% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system, more preferably, at least 60% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system, and even more preferably, at least 70% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system. , even more preferably, at least 80% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system, at least 90% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system, and even more preferably, at least 95% of the cells of the neural progenitor cell population mature into GABAergic inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation into a mammalian central or peripheral nervous system.

[0057] Generation of neural progenitor cell populations In certain embodiments, the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is enriched with one or more cell surface proteins expressed in MGE-derived human interneurons.Such markers are more abundantly expressed in human cortical interneurons than in other cell type populations, such as excitatory neurons or radial glia or undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells.Cell surface markers for use in isolating and / or enriching the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention include, but are not limited to, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

[0058] In other embodiments, cell populations are isolated or enriched using more general neural cell surface proteins, and further enriched using one or more specific methods for enriching neural progenitor cells described herein.For example, pan-neuronal markers, including but not limited to CD24, CD56, CD200, L1CAM and NCAM, PSANCAM, can be used to isolate cell populations that are further enriched to provide neural progenitor cells of the present invention.

[0059] The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention may also be isolated and / or enriched using non-antibody-based purification methods, preferably in combination with another method to enrich cells for a majority of progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate, migrate, and / or functionally integrate into functional inhibitory interneurons upon transplantation. Such purification methods include, but are not limited to, size selection (e.g., by density gradient, FACS, or MACS), using labeled ligands for cell surface receptors, or using enhancer-promoter reporter gene expression or using labeled surface markers.

[0060] For example, a cell population can first be isolated from a source such as fetal neural tissue or cells differentiated from pluripotent or neural stem cells using antibodies against cell surface markers, such as ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2. The cell population can then be further enriched using additional cell selection based on neural progenitor cell surface markers indicative of the ability of the cells to further differentiate into functional inhibitory interneurons.

[0061] Methods for isolating neural precursors from biological samples include, but are not limited to, cell fractionation by size and density; high-selectivity affinity-based techniques such as affinity chromatography, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic cell sorting; enhancer-reporter-based isolation; tagged ligand-based isolation; and isolation based on functional properties of neural precursor cells.See, for example, Dainiak MB et al., Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol.2007;106:1-18; Gross A. et al., Curr Opin Chem Eng.2013 Feb1;2(1):3-7; Swiers G et al., Nat Commun.2013;4:2924; Bonnet D et al., Bioconjug Chem.2006 Nov-Dec;17(6):1618-23 and WO2013155222A2. All of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0062] In other embodiments, the neural precursors of the present invention may be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells or neural stem cell populations. Various methods of neural differentiation that may be useful for specific pluripotent stem cells and differentiation are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20150004701, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140335059, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140308745, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20140113372, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20130004985, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20120328579, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20120322146, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011031883, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20110070205, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20110002897, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100291042, U.S. No. 20100287638, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090263361, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090220466, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20080254004, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070231302, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070020608, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060270034, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060211111, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060078545, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060008451, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050095702, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0063] In some embodiments, the neural progenitor cell population is produced by reprogramming cells, such as neural cells obtained from MGE, cortex, subcortex, other brain regions, or non-neuronal cells.Reprogramming methods that can be useful in the present invention are disclosed, for example, in US Patent Publication No. 20150087594, US Patent Publication No. 20150086649, US Patent Publication No. 20130109090, and US Patent Publication No. 20130109089; see also Takahashi, K. et al., Cell 131, 861-872 (2007) and US Patent Publication No. 20130022583.

[0064] In some embodiments, neural progenitor cell populations are generated by direct reprogramming of non-neuronal cells, such as, for example, pluripotent stem cells, fibroblasts, blood cells, or non-neuronal glial cells (Colasante G et al., Cell Stem Cell, 2015, 17, 719-34; Shi Z et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016, 291(26), 13560-70; Sun A et al., Cell Reports, 2016, 16, 1942-53).

[0065] Therapeutic Administration Methods of administering the neural progenitor cells of the present disclosure to animals, particularly humans, are described in detail herein and include injection or transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the present disclosure into a target site in a subject. The cells of the present disclosure can be inserted into a delivery device that aids in the introduction of the cells into an animal by injection or transplantation. Such a delivery device includes a tube, e.g., a catheter, for injecting the cells and fluid into the body of the recipient animal. In a preferred embodiment, the tube further includes a needle, e.g., a syringe, that can introduce the cells into the desired location of the animal. The neural progenitor cells of the present invention can be inserted into such a delivery device, e.g., a syringe, in various forms. For example, the cells can be suspended in a solution or embedded in a support matrix when included in such a delivery device. As used herein, the term "solution" includes a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in which the cells remain viable. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and / or dispersion media. The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art. The solution is preferably sterile and fluid to facilitate delivery. Preferably, the solution is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating effects of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi through the use of, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, etc. Solutions of the present disclosure can be prepared as described herein with a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and other ingredients as enumerated above, as appropriate, followed by sterilization by filtration.

[0066] In humans, injections are generally performed with a sterile 10 μl Hamilton syringe with a 23-27 gauge needle. The syringe loaded with cells is attached directly to the head of the stereotaxic frame. The injection needle is lowered through a small burr hole in the skull to the desired coordinates, and 40-50 μl of the suspension is inserted at a rate of approximately 1-2 μl / min, followed by a further 2-5 min of diffusion before slowly retracting the needle. Often, two or more separate insertions are made in the same puncture, 1-3 mm apart, allowing for easy insertion of up to five sites in the same maneuver, distributed over the target area. Injections can be performed by hand or with an infusion pump. After needle retraction, and upon completion of the procedure, the patient is removed from the stereotaxic frame and the wound is sutured. Prophylactic antibiotic or immunosuppressive therapy may be administered as necessary.

[0067] Treatable therapeutic indications In some embodiments, the present disclosure is useful in the treatment of degenerative diseases. Degenerative diseases are diseases in which the decline (e.g., function, structure, biochemistry) of certain cell types, e.g., neuronal cell types, leads to adverse clinical conditions. For example, Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, e.g., the basal ganglia, characterized by rhythmic muscle tremors, rigidity of movement, accelerated gait, stooped posture, and masked facial features. Degenerative diseases treatable with the substantially homogenous cell population of the present disclosure include, for example, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Huntington's disease, ataxia (dystonia musculmusculorum deformans) and choreoathetosis.

[0068] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is useful for treating conditions caused by acute injury. Acute injury conditions are conditions in which one or more events lead to adverse clinical conditions. The events that lead to acute injury conditions can be external events such as blunt force or compression (e.g., certain forms of traumatic brain injury) or internal physiological events such as sudden ischemia (e.g., stroke or heart attack). Acute injury conditions treatable with the cell population of the present invention include, but are not limited to, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, myocardial infarction and brain injury resulting from stroke.

[0069] In some embodiments, the administered cells comprise a substantially homogenous cell population that may be obtained from isolation from a primary source or induction of cells from a pluripotent or multipotent stem cell source. In some embodiments, the substantially homogenous population comprises at least 25% of the cells that are GABA-expressing cells. In some embodiments, the substantially homogenous population comprises at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the cells that are GABA-expressing inhibitory interneurons. In some embodiments, at least 25% of the cells that comprise the substantially homogenous cell population migrate at least 0.5 mm from the injection site. In some embodiments, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the cells that comprise the substantially homogenous cell population migrate at least 0.5 mm from the injection site. In some embodiments, the majority of cells comprising the substantially homogenous cell population migrate at least 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mm from the injection site. In some embodiments, at least 25% of the substantially homogenous cell population become functional GABAergic interneurons. In some embodiments, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the cells become functional GABAergic interneurons. In some embodiments, at least 25% of the substantially homogenous cell population become functional GABAergic interneurons that integrate with intrinsic neurons. In some embodiments, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the substantially homogenous cell population become functional GABAergic interneurons that integrate with intrinsic neurons.

[0070] The selected cells can be used directly from the culture or can be preserved for future use, for example by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen. Other cryopreservation methods are known in the art, for example, US Patent Publication No. 20080057040. When cryopreserved, the neural progenitor cells of the present invention must first be thawed before placing the neural progenitor cells of the present invention in transplantation medium. Methods for freezing and thawing cryopreserved materials are well known to those skilled in the art so that they are active after the thawing process.

[0071] In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a pharmaceutical composition of a substantially homogenous cell population of neural progenitor cells. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 3 or 10 5 In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , or 10 10 The cells that make up the pharmaceutical composition may also express at least one neurotransmitter, neurotrophic factor, inhibitory factor, or cytokine.

[0072] The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention can be, for example, transplanted or placed in the central nervous system, for example, the brain or spinal cord, or the peripheral nervous system. The placement site in the nervous system for the cells of the present disclosure is determined based on the specific neurological condition, for example, direct injection into the lesioned striatum, spinal cord parenchyma, or dorsal ganglion. For example, the cells of the present disclosure can be placed in or near the striatum of a patient with Parkinson's disease. Similarly, the cells of the present disclosure can be placed in or near the spinal cord (for example, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral) of a patient with spinal cord injury. Those skilled in the art can determine the most suitable mode of placement of cells (for example, needle injection or placement, more invasive surgery) depending on the location of the patient's neurological and medical condition.

[0073] The neural precursor cell population of the present invention can be administered alone or in admixture with conventional excipients suitable for enteral or parenteral application that do not adversely react with the cells of the present disclosure, such as pharma- ceutically or physiologically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances. Suitable pharma-ceutically acceptable carriers include water, salt solutions (e.g., Ringer's solution), alcohol, oils, gelatin and carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acid esters, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidine. Such preparations are sterilized and, if desired, can be mixed with auxiliary substances that do not adversely react with the cells of the present disclosure, such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for affecting osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring agents, and / or aromatic substances.

[0074] When parenteral application is required or desired, the mixture particularly suitable for the cells is an injectable sterile solution, preferably an oily or aqueous solution, as well as a suspension, emulsion, or implant.In particular, carriers for parenteral administration include aqueous dextrose, saline, pure water, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, peanut oil, sesame oil, and polyoxyethylene block polymers.The pharmaceutical mixture suitable for use in the present disclosure is well known to those skilled in the art and is described, for example, in Pharmaceutical Sciences (17th Edition, Mack Pub.Co., Easton, Pa.) and WO96 / 05309, the teachings of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0075] The neural progenitor cell population can be used alone or in combination with other therapies when administered to humans suffering from neurological conditions.For example, steroids or pharmaceutical synthetic drugs can be administered in combination with the cells of the present disclosure.Similarly, treatment of spinal cord injury can include administration / transplantation of the cells of the present disclosure in humans whose spinal cord has already been physically stabilized.

[0076] The dose and frequency of administration or transplantation of the cells into a human (single or multiple administrations), including the actual number of cells transplanted into the human, can vary depending on a variety of factors, including the particular condition being treated, e.g., a degenerative condition, acute injury, neurological condition; size; age; sex; health; weight; body mass index; diet; the nature and extent of the symptoms of the neurological condition being treated, e.g., early onset Parkinson's disease or advanced Parkinson's disease; spinal cord trauma or partial or complete transection of the spinal cord; type of concomitant treatment, e.g., steroids; complications from the neurological condition; tolerance to the treatment or other health-related issues. A human with a degenerative condition, acute injury, or neurological condition can be administered the cells of the present disclosure, e.g., about 10 6 The patient may be treated once with the cells or repeatedly at the same or different sites. Treatments may be monthly, every six months, yearly, twice yearly, every 5, 10, or 15 years, or any other appropriate time period as determined medically necessary.

[0077] The methods of the present disclosure can be used to treat neurological conditions in mammals other than humans, such as non-human mammals requiring veterinary treatment, such as companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs). EXAMPLES

[0078] The following examples are presented to provide those skilled in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention, nor are they intended to expressly or imply that the following experiments are all or the only ones performed. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations and / or modifications can be made to the invention shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

[0079] Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. Unless otherwise indicated, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

[0080] Example 1: Cellular enrichment of targeted neural precursors from the human cortex Mouse inhibitory interneuron precursor transplants have been shown to be efficacious in the brain and spinal cord in multiple preclinical models, including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropathic pain (US Patent Publication No. 20090311222; US Patent Publication No. 20130202568). To identify cells capable of migrating and differentiating into inhibitory interneurons in vivo, we used RNA sequencing to examine global gene expression profiles of the developing human fetal brain to identify novel transcripts expressed in human interneurons and in precursors of human interneurons. These markers examined included both intracellular and cell surface expressed markers.

[0081] In a specific example, three cell surface markers were used to enrich for neural precursors from fetal human tissue. Human fetal brain tissue was placed in cold HibE (Thermo Fisher, Carlsbad, CA) and dissected under a stereomicroscope using autoclaved surgical tools. Dissected tissue (1–2 cm) was cut into pieces. 2 ) was placed into a new plate containing cold HBSS (Thermo Fisher, Carlsbad, Calif.).

[0082] The dissected brain tissue was further dissociated by placing the brain tissue in cold HBSS buffer and cutting it into small pieces. The dissected tissue was washed twice with cold PBS and incubated with prewarmed (4ml) TrypLE (Thermo Fisher, Carlsbad, CA) for 10 minutes at 37°C. The reaction was quenched with a large volume (25-40ml) of 100μg / ml DNAse (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA) and 140μg / ml ovomucoid (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ) in HBSS. Cells were then mechanically dissociated from the digested tissue using a 10ml pipette and the mixture was filtered through a 40um cell strainer. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 300xg for 5 minutes and the resulting cell pellet was washed twice with cold HBSS. Cells were then resuspended in cold HBSS containing 1% BSA, 0.1% glucose (FACS buffer) and counted using trypan blue. Other forms of tissue dissociation, such as the use of dispase, accutase, papain or other enzymes and / or mechanical methods, are also possible.

[0083] Tissue debulking was achieved using other methods such as gradient centrifugation and / or magnetic bead-based separation. In this experiment, tissue debulking was performed using approximately 20 million dissociated human cortical cells in 4 ml cold FACS buffer, carefully layered onto 8 ml cold 10% Percoll (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and centrifuged at 500xg for 20 min. The pellet was then washed twice with 10 ml cold HBSS, and the cells were resuspended in cold FACS buffer.

[0084] Three neural cell surface markers expressed by MGE-derived cortical interneurons, CXCR4, CXCR7 and ERBB4, were used to enrich cell populations using antibody-based purification of cells from fetal brain, including the use of an APC-conjugated anti-CXCR4 antibody (Figures 1A and 1B) and an APC-conjugated anti-ErbB4 antibody (Figures 1C and 1D). Unstained cells and an isotype control antibody were used as gating controls.

[0085] Approximately 5 million dissociated human cortical cells were resuspended in 250 μl of FACS buffer and incubated with human BD Fc Block™ (BD Pharmigen, 1:50 dilution) for 10 min at 4°C. APC-conjugated primary antibodies were then added to the cells at a final dilution of 1:25 and incubated at 4°C for 30-40 min. After two washes with cold FACS buffer, cells were resuspended in 500 μl of FACS buffer containing 5 uM Sytox® Blue (Thermo Fisher, Carlsbad, CA), collected in a 5 ml polystyrene tube with a cell strainer cap (Falcon), and analyzed using a BD FACS-Aria cell sorter (Beckton Dickonson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Sytox® Blue was used to distinguish dead (Sytox® positive) from live (Sytox® negative) cells. APC positive and negative cell fractions were collected in 15 ml tubes (Corning, Corning NY) containing 5 ml of NS medium (Neurobasal A, B27 (with vitamin A), Pen / strept and glutamine). The cell fractions were then centrifuged at 500xg for 5 min, resuspended in 300 μl of RLT buffer (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) containing β-mercaptoethanol and stored at -80°C. Alternatively, 5000-10000 APC positive and negative cells were collected in 96-well plates coated with Matrigel (reduced growth factors) and cultured in 150 μl of NS medium at 37°C for 48 h.

[0086] In vitro assays such as RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry were used to confirm the identity of purified cells using the expression of markers specific for cells of the MGE lineage. RNA of sorted cells (collected in RLT buffer) was isolated using the RNEasy Micro Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and cDNA was synthesized using Superscript III reverse transcriptase (ThermoFisher, Carlsbad, CA). RT-PCR was performed using SYBR® Green. Primers against LHX6, DLX2 and SOX6 were used to detect MGE interneurons.

[0087] As shown in Figure 2, the FACS-purified cell population was enriched for MGE-specific markers LHX6, DLX2, and SOX6. Primers for OLIG2, SCGN, CSF1R, NEUROD2, AQ4, VAMP1, and FOXC1 were used to detect the contaminating populations of oligodendrocytes, CGE interneurons, microglia, excitatory cortical neurons, astroglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, FACS purification largely selected out the contaminating cell populations, as the isolated cells had low expression of markers for oligodendrocytes (OLIG2), CGE interneurons (SCGN), microglia (CSF1R), excitatory neurons (NEUROD2), astroglia (AQ2), and endothelial cells (FOXC1). The exceptions were cells expressing SCGN, AQ4, and FOXC1 that were purified using CXCR4 and cells expressing SCGN that were purified using ERBB4, the latter cells being excluded from further characterization.

[0088] The purified cortical interneuron population was then confirmed by immunohistochemistry. After 48 hours in culture, sorted cells in 96-well plates were fixed in 4% PFA (Affimetrix, Santa Clara, CA) for 7 minutes at room temperature and washed with PBS. The wells containing cells were then blocked for 1 hour with blocking solution (10% donkey serum (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 1% BSA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 0.1% Triton X100, 0.1% sodium azide and PBS). Fixed cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C and then with Alexa Fluor fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibodies (ThermoFisher, Carlsbad, CA) for 2 hours at room temperature. The antibodies used to identify interneurons were GABA (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), VGAT (Synaptic Systems, Gottingen, Germany), GAD65 / 67 (Millipore, Temecula, CA), and DLX2. To identify MGE-derived interneurons, antibodies against LHX6 (Santa Cruz, Dallas TX), MAFB (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and CMAF (Santa Cruz, Dallas TX) were used. Other antibodies corresponded to SP8, DCX, OLIG2 (Millipore, Temecula, CA), GFAP (Millipore, Temecula, CA), IBA1 and PU1 (Millipore, Temecula, CA), KI67, and cleaved caspase 3 (Millipore, Temecula, CA) for detecting MGE-derived interneurons, immature neurons, oligodendrocytes, radial glia / astrocytes, microglia, proliferating cells, and apoptotic cells, respectively. Stained cells were analyzed and images were obtained with a Leica Dmi8 microscope.

[0089] CXCR4+ cells expressed human nuclear antigen (HNA), the neuroblast marker DCX, and the MGE marker LHX6, and the majority expressed the MGE marker MAFB and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT). Cells isolated using ERBB4 and CXCR7 antibodies also mostly expressed VGAT. These results indicated that the FACS-purified cell population was minimally contaminated by proliferating cells and oligodendrocytes.

[0090] The purified cell population showed less debris and significantly fewer dead cells than the pre-sorted cell population. Cortical tissue from gestational week 18 (GW18) brains was dissociated. Dissociated cells were sorted with CXCR4 antibody, and sorted cells were transplanted into newborn (P0-P2) mouse pups. As shown in Figure 4, pre-sorted cells contained cell debris (P5) and a large population of dead (BV421-A+) cells (Figure 4A and 4B), whereas cells sorted using the CXCR4 marker contained only a small amount of cell debris (P5) and almost no dead (BV421-A+) cells (Figure 4C and 4D). The same was seen for cells sorted using the ERBB4 neural cell surface marker (Figure 5A and 5B).

[0091] To ensure that the enrichment method did not bias the cellular characteristics, cells were next isolated using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Ten million human dissociated cortical / MGE cells were resuspended in 500 μl of buffer and incubated with human BD Fc Block™ for 10 min at 4°C. Biotinylated primary antibodies were then added to the cells and incubated at 4°C for 30-40 min. After two washes with cold buffer, the cells were resuspended in FACS buffer containing anti-biotin microbeads and incubated at 4°C for 30 min. After two washes with buffer, the cells were resuspended in 500 μl of buffer and added to an LS column held on a magnet. The flow-through fraction was collected as the "negative sort" and the bound material was washed three times. The column was then removed from the magnet, 5 ml of FACS buffer was added, and the "positive fraction" was collected. The cell fraction was then analyzed by flow cytometry or immunostaining.

[0092] Figure 6 shows a graph depicting the efficiency of MACS sorting of human cortical interneurons using magnetic bead-conjugated anti-neural progenitor cell surface antibodies and magnetic column sorting to separate cell surface marker positive and negative populations, followed by post-sort flow cytometry analysis to determine the purity of the magnetic separation. ERBB4+ cells of human cortical samples ("pre-sort") were enriched in the positive magnetic column bound fraction ("post-sort positive") but depleted in the flow-through fraction ("post-sort negative"). Figure 7 shows a graph depicting an overview (n=7) of MACS separation efficiency of cell surface marker sorting of cells of human cortical samples.

[0093] MACS sorted populations from human cortical tissue were analyzed by immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis. After 48 hours in culture, sorted cells in 96-well plates were fixed in 4% PFA (Affimetrix, Santa Clara, CA) for 7 minutes at room temperature and washed with PBS. Wells containing cells were then blocked for 1 hour with blocking solution (10% donkey serum (Sigma), 1% BSA (Sigma), 0.1% Triton X100, 0.1% sodium azide and PBS). Fixed cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C and then with secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature. Antibodies used included LHX6 (Santa Cruz), SP8, DCX, OLIG2, GFAP, NEUROD2, SOX10 (Millipore) and ERBB4. Secondary antibodies included AlexaFluor-conjugated antibodies (ThermoFisher). Stained cells were analyzed and images were obtained with a Leica Dmi8 microscope. Total cell numbers were determined using DAPI staining.

[0094] FIG. 8 is a graph showing ICC analysis (n=4 independent experiments) of MACS-sorted ERBB4+ populations enriched for interneuron markers (LHX6, SP8, DCX, ERBB4) and depleted for markers of other cell lineages such as projection neurons (NEUROD2), oligodendrocytes (OLIG2, SOX10), and astrocytes / radial glia (GFAP).

[0095] Example 2: Increased expression of targeted neural precursor markers in human cortex-derived cells The expression of specific markers of neural progenitor cells of interest was examined in cells isolated from human cortex. Next, RNA sequence analysis was performed on the FACS-sorted population of human cortex-derived interneurons prepared according to Example 1. mRNA was isolated from each of the three purified cell populations (CXCR4 sorting, CXCR7 sorting and ERBB4 sorting) and cells from each unsorted sample using standard techniques, and mRNA was purified using RNeasy RNA purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and RNA sequencing was performed according to the method described in S.Wang et al., Plant Cell Rep. (2014) 33(10):1687-96. After adapter ligation and PCR amplification, the library was clustered and sequenced.

[0096] The mRNA from each group - FACS-sorted and non-sorted cell populations - was subjected to bulk cell RNA sequencing (Wang et al., supra) and expression analysis was performed to identify the transcripts with the most significant changes in expression in FACS-sorted cells compared to non-sorted cells from the corresponding samples. Briefly, samples were sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq® 2500, low-quality reads were trimmed, and the remaining high-quality reads were mapped against the following reference genome - HomoSapiens Hg19 GRCh37: http: / / hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu / downloads.html#human. RPKM values ​​were calculated for each gene and compared between groups.

[0097] Expression of exemplary cell surface markers is shown in Figure 9. The 30 most enriched transcripts, along with selected interneuron marker enriched transcripts, are shown in Figures 10-12 for each individual cell surface marker CXCR4 (Figure 10), CXCR7 (Figure 11) and ERBB4 (Figure 12). The most enriched surface marker transcripts in CXCR4-sorted, CXCR7-sorted and ERBB4-sorted cell populations are shown in Figures 13A, 13B and 13C, respectively.

[0098] To assess the cell type composition of the sorted populations, a panel of markers of various lineages is shown along with the fold change of transcripts in the NPCSM positive population compared to their respective negative populations. MGE- and CGE-type interneuron marker transcripts are enriched in the NPCSM+ population, whereas transcripts markers of non-interneuron cell lineages are significantly depleted (Figure 14).

[0099] Example 3: GABA Expression in Sorted Neural Progenitors Neural progenitor cells prepared from human cortical tissue expressing cell surface markers (e.g., CRCX4, CRCX7, or ERBB4) were shown to express and secrete GABA in vitro after enrichment and culture by either FACS or MACS sorting. Five days after sorting cells from human cortical tissue, neural progenitor marker-positive and neural progenitor marker-negative cell cultures were analyzed for GABA secretion by HPLC analysis. Figure 15 shows increased GABA secretion in neural progenitor marker-positive populations cultured with FACS (left panel) or MACS (right panel) from human cortical samples.

[0100] Example 4: Anterior-posterior migration and fate of cell surface marker-positive cells derived from human cortex transplanted into mouse brain To determine the ability of neural progenitor marker-positive cells enriched from human cortical tissue to migrate and differentiate into interneurons in vivo, neural progenitor marker-positive cells sorted by FACS or MACS were enriched and transplanted into neonatal mouse cortex. The enriched cell suspension was loaded into a beveled glass micropipette (Wiretrol 5 μl, Drummond Scientific Company) attached to a hydraulic injector. P0-P2 neonatal SCID mice were anesthetized by hypothermia and placed in a clay head mold on an injection platform. Using a stereotaxic apparatus, a predetermined number of cells per injection site were injected transcranially into the cerebral cortex of each mouse pup at a depth of 1.0 mm from the midline (sagittal sinus), 2.6 mm from lambda, and 0.3 mm from the skin surface. These cells were allowed to migrate and differentiate in vivo in the animals until immunohistochemical analysis.

[0101] Migration and differentiation of human neural progenitor cells in rodent brains were identified using staining with an antibody against the human-specific marker HNA and co-staining with antibodies against known markers of interneurons. Briefly, after the incubation period, mice were sacrificed and brain tissues were fixed with 4% PFA for 48 h at 4°C and washed with PBS. Tissue blocks were sectioned on a cryostat and stored at -80°C until use. Frozen sections were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C and then with secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. Antibodies against DCX and GABA were used to detect interneurons. Antibodies against LHX6, CMAF, and MAFB were used to detect MGE-type cortical interneurons, and antibodies against COUP-TFII and SP8 were used to detect LGE / CGE-type interneurons.

[0102] The migration of HNA+ / DCX+ cells from the injection site into the neonatal mouse cortex in an anterior-posterior direction, characteristic of migratory interneurons, is shown in Figure 16. 3Staining was performed post-injection to identify cell surface marker positive cells sorted from human cortex transplanted with 100% soluble IgG4 (HNA+) ...

[0103] Example 5: Transplantation of sorted human cortical cells into adult rat CNS To determine the ability of neural progenitor marker-positive cells enriched from human cortical tissue to migrate and differentiate into interneurons in the adult brain in vivo, neural progenitor marker-positive cells sorted by FACS or MACS were enriched and transplanted into the hippocampus of adult rats. Cell populations were first sorted by antibodies against either CXCR4 or ERBB4. The enriched cell suspension was loaded into a beveled glass micropipette (Wiretrol 5 μl, Drummond Scientific Company) attached to a hydraulic injector. Adult RNU rats were anesthetized by hypothermia and placed in a clay head mold on an injection platform. The injection site is shown diagrammatically in Figure 19.

[0104] A stereotaxic apparatus was used to inject a given number of cells per injection site into the adult naive rat hippocampus. Cells were allowed to migrate and differentiate in vivo in the rat until immunohistochemical analysis. Coronal sections were taken at 71 DPT and stained with antibodies against HNA and interneuron markers MAFB, LH6X, and GABA. HNA and interneuron marker-positive cells were found dispersed within the hippocampus, and these cells exhibited the morphology of migratory interneurons.

[0105] We next examined the ability of sorted neural progenitor cells from the human cortex to migrate and differentiate in the adult diseased mammalian CNS using both a rat model of kainic acid-induced epilepsy and rats with spinal cord contusion. We transplanted sorted enriched cells into the hippocampus or injured spinal cord of adult rats with kainic acid-induced epilepsy and allowed the cells to migrate in vivo as described above. After 71 days, CNS slices that received transplanted cells contained dispersed human HNA+DCX+ double positive cells within the hippocampus or spinal cord, both of which co-expressed the interneuron marker LHX6 and displayed a migratory phenotype.

[0106] Example 6: Enrichment of PLEXINA4 cells and increased expression of targeted neural precursor markers in cells from human basal ganglia eminence and human ESC-derived cultures Human ganglionic eminences (medial, caudal, and lateral) at 20 weeks gestation have been found to contain cell populations expressing both neural progenitor cell surface markers ("NPCSMs") (e.g., CRCX4, CRCX7, or ERBB4) and PLEXINA4 (Hoch RV et al., Cell Rep. 2015, July 21, 12:3 484-492). The medial GE shows proportionally more PLEXINA4 single positive cells and some NPCSM single positive cells. Similar expression patterns were detected when stained hESC-derived cultures were differentiated towards the MGE lineage.

[0107] As described herein for cells from human cortex, cells were isolated from human fetal MGE using NPCSMs (e.g., CRCX4, CRCX7 or ERBB4) to enrich cells for neural progenitor cells of interest, and expression analysis was performed on these enriched cells to identify transcripts with the most significant changes in expression in FACS-sorted cells compared to unsorted cells from the corresponding samples. Briefly, samples were sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq® 2500, low-quality reads were trimmed, and the remaining high-quality reads were mapped against the following reference genome - HomoSapiens Hg19 GRCh37: http: / / hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu / downloads.html#human. RPKM values ​​were calculated for each gene and compared between groups.

[0108] PLXNA4+NPCSM+ double positive, PLXNA4-NPCSM- double negative, PLXNA4+NPCSM-, and PLXNA4-NPCSM+ single positive populations were isolated using binders. Note that only NPCSM+ binders are required to isolate PLXNA4-NPCSM+ and PLXNA4+NPCSM+ populations. These populations were isolated from human inner GE by FACS sorting using antibodies against cell surface markers. The relative gene expression levels of these three cell populations were determined by qRT-PCR (performed as described herein). The NPSCM+ double positive population is enriched for interneuron marker transcripts (LHX6, ERBB4, MAFB, CMAF, GAD1, SOX6, DLX2) relative to total mRNA levels (Figures 20A and 20B) and depleted for other cell lineage markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT). The PLXNA4 single positive population was also enriched for interneuron marker transcripts, although at lower levels than the PLXNA4+NPSCM+ population, likely reflecting a more immature developmental stage (Figures 20A and 20B).

[0109] The composition of these three FACS-sorted cell populations from human MGE tissue was then further characterized by immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis. MGE progenitor markers NKX2.1 and OLIG2 were downregulated in NPCSM+ cells, and interneuron markers LHX6 and ERBB4 were upregulated in NPCSM+ cells, with expression measured as fold change relative to expression levels in undifferentiated hES cells. LHX6 was also upregulated in PLXNA4+NPSCM- cells, but was not detectably present in PLXNA4-NPSCM- cells.

[0110] Similarly, double negative, double positive, and NPCSM+ single positive populations were also isolated from human ESC-derived MGE pattern cultures by FACS sorting using an antibody against NPCSM. The relative gene expression levels in these three cell populations were determined by qRT-PCR as described herein. The NPSCM+ single positive population was enriched for interneuron marker transcripts (LHX6, ERBB4, MAFB, CMAF) relative to total mRNA levels (Figure 21A) and depleted for other cell lineage markers (OLIG2, ISL1, CHAT, LHX8, GBX1, and ZIC1). The PLXNA4+NPCSM+ double positive population was also enriched for the above interneuron marker transcripts, but at a lower level than the NPSCM+ single positive population, likely reflecting a more immature developmental stage (Figures 21A and 21B).

[0111] Global gene expression analysis comparing PLXNA4-NPCSM-, PLXNA4+NPCSM-, and PLXNA4+NPCSM+ FACS-purified populations from human MGE was examined by RNA sequencing (RNAseq). The top genes listed were either up- or down-regulated in single or double positive populations.

[0112] RNA-seq analysis identified highly enriched marker transcripts, which are compared by fold change in expression values ​​relative to other surface marker sorted cells for each group in Tables 1-3 and Figures 22-27. Table 1 shows all enriched differentially expressed transcripts by fold change in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- sorted population. Table 2 shows all enriched differentially expressed transcripts by fold change in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM- sorted population. Table 3 shows all enriched differentially expressed transcripts by fold change in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM- sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- sorted population. Figure 22 shows the top 30 neural progenitor markers enriched in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- sorted population, along with additional exemplary interneuron markers. Figure 23 shows the top 20 markers depleted in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM- sorted population, along with exemplary surface markers. Figure 24 shows the top 16 neural progenitor markers with increased expression in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM- sorted population. Figure 25 shows the top 23 markers with decreased expression in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM- sorted population. Figure 26 shows the top 20 neural progenitor markers with increased expression in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM-sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM-sorted population.Figure 27 shows the top 20 markers with decreased expression in the PLEXINA4+NPCSM-sorted population compared to the levels of these markers in the PLEXINA4-NPCSM-sorted population.

[0113] Table 1: Transcripts by fold change in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells relative to PLEXINA4-NPCSM- cells

[0114] [Table 1-1]

[0115] [Table 1-2]

[0116] [Table 1-3]

[0117] [Table 1-4]

[0118] [Table 1-5]

[0119] [Table 1-6]

[0120] [Table 1-7]

[0121] [Table 1-8]

[0122] [Table 1-9]

[0123] Table 2: Transcripts by fold change in PLEXINA4+NPCSM+ cells relative to PLEXINA4+NPCSM- cells

[0124] [Table 2-1]

[0125] [Table 2-2]

[0126] Table 3: Transcripts by fold change in PLEXINA4+NPCSM- cells relative to PLEXINA4-NPCSM- cells

[0127] [Table 3-1]

[0128] [Table 3-2]

[0129] [Table 3-3]

[0130] Example 8: Production of targeted neural precursors from hESC cultures Human embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines were cultured in TESR-E8 medium (Stem Cell Technologies) on vitronectin supports (ThermoFisher). Human ESCs were differentiated into MGE-type cultures with optimal morphogen cocktails added at specific time points to induce MGE-type interneurons (as described in detail in 14 / 763,397, Nicholas C et al., Cell Stem Cell. 2013,12(5):573-86). These cells can be further enriched for neural precursors of interest using cell sorting techniques used for both human cortical and human MGE cells, as described in detail in the examples above.

[0131] Magnetic sorting efficiently enriches for NPCSM positive cells (e.g., CRCX4+, CRCX7+ or ERBB4+) from four different human ESC lineages differentiating toward MGE-type interneuron lineages. Figure 28 shows an exemplary set of flow cytometry histogram plots showing the percentage of NPCSM positive cells (top) compared to the positively sorted fraction (middle) and the negatively sorted fraction (bottom) in unsorted hESC-derived cultures from four different ESC lineages.

[0132] ICC analysis of unsorted, NPCSM positive sorted and NPCSM negative sorted fractions isolated from hESC-derived cultures shows enrichment of interneuron markers including ERBB4, LHX6 and MAFB, and depletion of progenitor cell markers (OLIG2 and Ki67) and projection neuron marker (ISL1) in the NPCSM positive fraction (Figure 29). Increased or decreased expression of these markers in hESC-derived neural precursor populations can identify cell populations of interest for transplantation, as these markers are enriched for cells with the ability to migrate and differentiate into GABA-producing cells in vivo. Such cell populations can be enriched by differentiation, positive selection, or depletion of cells expressing cell markers that are not indicative of neural precursor cells.

[0133] The MGE-like cell population differentiated from hESCs was further characterized by FACS analysis using antibodies against other surface markers that were depleted in the NPCSM-positive population and enriched in the NPCSM-negative population. CD98-negative cells purified from NKX2.1:eGFP hESC-derived MGE-like cultures were enriched for DCX, a marker for postmitotic migratory neurons. In addition, the increased CD271 expression levels subsequently declined over time as the hESC cells differentiated into MGE-like cultures. Using FACS analysis, it was shown that CD271-negative cells purified from NKX2.1:eGFP hESC-derived MGE-like cultures were enriched for DCX, a marker for postmitotic migratory neurons.

[0134] Example 9: Targeted hESC-derived neural progenitor cells can engraft into the mouse brain The hESC-derived neural progenitor cells selected as above (PLEXINA4+ single positive, NPCSM+ single positive, or PLEXINA4+NPCSM+) were then tested for their ability to migrate and differentiate into GABA-producing cells in vivo. Sorted cells were transplanted into immunodeficient SCID neonatal mouse cortex as described above and allowed to migrate and differentiate in the mouse brain. One month after engraftment, human HNA+ cells showed expression of markers of MGE-type cortical interneurons, including DCX, MAFB, LHX6, and GABA. Little or no expression of SP8 was detected in the transplanted cells, indicating that these interneurons were not LGE- or CGE-type interneurons.

[0135] Quantification of human HNA+ cell marker expression by immunohistochemistry at 1 and 2 months after injection of sorted neural precursors from hESC-derived cultures into immunodeficient mouse cortex indicates cortical interneuron maturation by downregulation of NKX2.1 and upregulation of cMAF, maintenance of MAFB expression, and absence of proliferating cells (Ki67) (Figure 30). Sorted cells from two different hESC lines injected into mouse cortex resulted in robust human cell engraftment and migration in the cortex resembling migratory interneurons after transplantation of human fetal cortex-derived NPCSM+ cells as previously described (Figure 31). PLXNA4+NPCSM+ and NPCSM+ sorted hESC-derived MGE-like neural precursor cells were also shown to secrete higher levels of GABA when cultured for an additional 3-5 weeks after purification compared to the NPCSM-negative population (Figure 32).

[0136] Example 10: Targeted hESC-derived neural progenitor cells can engraft in the adult rat CNS MACS-purified NPCSM-positive cells from hESC-derived MGE-like cultures were shown to engraft in the adult hippocampus in an immunodeficient rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). At 3 weeks of engraftment, these human cells showed expression of markers of migratory interneurons (DCX and NKX2.1). Little to no SP8 or Ki67 expression markers of LGE- and CGE-derived interneurons and proliferation, respectively, was detected in the transplanted cells.

[0137] NPCSM+MACS- sorted neural progenitor cells derived from human ESCs were also transplanted into adult rat spinal cords after contusion injury. Mice were sacrificed one month after transplantation and their spinal cords were analyzed for human cell migration and differentiation. Human HNA+ cells in the spinal cord migrated and were positive for cortical interneuron markers, including MAFB and LHX6, demonstrating differentiation towards the interneuron lineage.

[0138] Example 11: Treatment of seizure disorders with neural progenitor cell populations of the present invention The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is examined for its ability to alleviate acute and chronic seizures. Restoration or enhancement of inhibitory interneuron function in vivo has been achieved by transplantation of MGE cells into the brain, and such cells have been shown to migrate in the host neocortex with a distribution between 0.75mm and 5mm from the injection site (see US20090311222, US9,220,729 and Alvarez-Dolado et al., J Neurosci. 2006 Jul 12;26(28):7380-9). The following experiment is performed to demonstrate that the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention has the same ability to migrate and alleviate acute seizure disorders in a mouse model of epilepsy.

[0139] Spontaneous tonic-clonic seizures have been reported in humans with dominant-negative missense mutations in KCNA1 or in mice with recessive knockouts of Kv1.1 / Kcna1 (Zuberi SM et al., Brain. 1999 May;122:817-25). To monitor spontaneous seizures in these mice, we perform long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG; see Methods for full description of electrographic phenotypes). EEGs of Kv1.1-1 mice showed severe generalized electrographic seizures lasting 10-340 seconds and occurring more than twice per hour, whereas age-matched wild-type siblings showed no electrographic seizures or high-voltage spikes. Video monitoring confirmed tonic-clonic S4 seizure behavior (e.g., tonic dorsiflexion, tail extension, followed by forelimb clonus, and then synchronous forelimb and hindlimb clonus) during the paroxysmal seizure episodes.

[0140] Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common seizure disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures that are debilitating to patients. Currently, many patients do not respond to antiepileptic drugs and have limited treatment options, such as highly invasive temporal lobe resections. In most cases, seizures eventually return, even after surgical resection of the epileptogenic focus. Defects in inhibitory GABAergic signaling are one of the known causes of TLE. Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons into the hippocampus is a promising therapeutic approach to treat TLE patients. Seizures generally involve overactivity or hyperexcitation of neural circuits, impairing brain function. The new interneurons shift the brain's excitation / inhibition balance toward the inhibitory side. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of NPCSM+ interneuron transplants, adult rat and mouse kainic acid models (Rattka et al., Epilepsy Research, 2013, 103, 135-52) and pilocarpine models (Borges K et al., Experimental Neurology, 2003, 21-34) of TLE are used.

[0141] To induce TLE-type seizures with repetitive low-dose kainic acid, animals are given hourly IP injections of 5-15 mg / kg kainic acid until they develop stage 5 seizures on the Racine scale. The animals are allowed to undergo 30-90 min of seizures before receiving 10 mg / kg diazepam (IP) to terminate the seizures. To induce status epilepticus with pilocarpine, animals are pretreated with scopolamine (1 mg / kg, 30 min) before being injected with 100-500 mg / kg pilocarpine IP. Scopolamine pretreatment blocks the peripheral effects of pilocarpine. Video and EEG recordings and behavioral tests are used to measure seizure frequency and duration for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy and safety of cell transplantation.

[0142] The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is concentrated to approximately 1,000 cells / nl. The concentrated cell suspension is loaded into a beveled glass micropipette (Wiretrol 5 μl, Drummond Scientific Company) and attached to a hydraulic injector. Epileptic animals are anesthetized by hypothermia and placed in a clay head mold on an injection platform. Using a stereotaxic apparatus, 25-50,000 cells per injection site are injected transcranially into each animal's brain (including but not limited to cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex) at a depth of 1.0 mm from the midline (sagittal sinus), 2.6 mm from lambda, and 0.3 mm from the skin surface.

[0143] As reported (Smart 1999; Wenzel 2007; Glasscock 2007), Kv1.1-1-mice exhibit frequent spontaneous seizures beginning between 2-3 weeks after birth, do not survive beyond 8 weeks after birth, and sudden death is likely due to cardiopulmonary failure associated with status epilepticus. In contrast, Kv1.1-1-mice transplanted with neural progenitor cells of the invention at P2 survive well past 10 weeks after birth and show reduced electrographic seizure activity. The frequency of seizure events is compared to non-transplanted mice. Kaplan-Meier survival plots show a clear and statistically significant shift to the right for Kv1.1 mutant mice successfully transplanted with neural progenitor cell populations of the invention. Similarly, TLE models show a latency period of several weeks following the condition, followed by a ramp-up period of seizure frequency, until animals develop spontaneous recurrent seizures greater than one per day. Adult animals injected with the neural progenitor cells of the present invention exhibit a significant reduction in spontaneous seizure activity (reduced seizure frequency, duration, and / or severity) as measured by electrographic EEG recordings and / or behavioral seizure analysis.

[0144] Example 12: Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Neural Precursors of the Invention Parkinson's disease (PD) affects approximately 150 out of every 100,000 people in the United States and Europe. PD is characterized by motor impairment as well as cognitive and autonomic dysfunction and mood disorders. Four cardinal features of PD can be classified under the acronym TRAP: Tremor at rest, Rigidity, Akinesia (or bradykinesia) and Postural instability. In addition, flexed posture and freezing reactions (motor blockade) are also among the classical features of parkinsonism that make PD the most common form. Existing treatments can attenuate the symptoms of PD, but there is no cure.

[0145] The motor symptoms of PD arise primarily from a loss of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), which extend axonal projections to the striatum and release dopamine (for review, see Litvan et al., 2007, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007 May;66(5):329-36). The SNc and striatum belong to the basal ganglia, a network of nuclei that integrate inhibitory and excitatory signals to control movement. Loss of SNc cells in PD reduces dopamine release to the striatum, creating a neurotransmitter imbalance that inhibits basal ganglia output and leads to signs of motor hypoactivity (for review, see DeLong and Wichmann, 2007, Arch Neurol. 2007 Jan;64(1):20-4).

[0146] Transplantation of MGE cells has previously been demonstrated to treat motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease caused by reduced dopaminergic input as a non-dopamine-based strategy to modify basal ganglia circuit activity (see US Patent Publication No. 20130202568). Briefly, MGE cells are transplanted into the striatum of rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a well-established PD model. The treatment relies on the ability of MGE cells to migrate, functionally integrate, and increase levels of inhibition in the host brain after transplantation. Transplanted MGE cells migrated from the injection site and dispersed into the host striatum. Most MGE transplanted cells acquired a mature neuronal phenotype and expressed neuronal and GABAergic markers. In addition, transplanted cells expressed various markers characteristic of striatal GABAergic interneurons, such as CB, CR, CB, and Som. Finally, MGE transplants matured physiologically, integrated into host circuits, and improved motor symptoms of PD in a rat 6-OHDA model. These results demonstrated that transplantation of GABAergic interneurons restores balance to neuronal circuits affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.

[0147] Similarly, the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is also useful for treating Parkinson's disease. The neural progenitor cells of the present invention are transplanted into the 6-OHDA model, which is a well-established animal model of Parkinson's disease. Unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal projection in rats with 6-OHDA leads to a loss of dopaminergic cells in the SNc due to retrograde transport, and a loss of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum due to axonal interruption (Berger et al., 1991, Trends Neurosci. 1991 Jan; 14(1): 21-7.). As a result, the distribution of D1 and D2 receptors is altered. Unilateral lesions can lead to bilateral changes in the SNc (Berger et al., supra). Lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway in rats are accompanied by a compensatory increase in the synthesis and release of dopamine from remaining dopaminergic terminals (Zigmond et al., 1984 Life Sci. 1984 Jul 2; 35(1): 5-18).

[0148] Adult female rats are anesthetized with ketamine (90 mg / Kg) and xylazine (7 mg / Kg) and, once insensitive to pain, are fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus in a flat skull position. A 2-centimeter midline sagittal skin incision is made in the scalp to expose the skull. The coordinates of the nigrostriatal bundle are determined based on a computerized adult rat brain atlas (Toga AW et al. 1982 Brain Res Bull. 1989 Feb;22(2):323-33). A hole is drilled in the skull at the appropriate coordinates, and a glass capillary micropipette is stereotaxically advanced so that the inner tip of the pipette is located within the nigrostriatal tract. The micropipette has a tip with a diameter of 50 μm and is filled with a solution of 12 gr of 6-OHDA in 3 μl of 0.1% ascorbic acid-saline. The 6-OHDA is injected into the right nigrostriatal tract at a rate of 1 μl / min. The micropipette is held in position for an additional 4 min and then slowly retracted. The skin incision is closed with stainless steel wound clips. 6-OHDA is injected into only the right side of each animal to produce unilateral parkinsonian rats.

[0149] 6-OHDA lesions were induced on the first day of the study, and behavioral tests were performed on the third and fifth weeks. In rats selected for transplantation, neural progenitor cells of the present invention were transplanted on the sixth week, and behavioral tests were repeated on the ninth, eleventh, fourteenth, and eighteenth weeks. To assess the success of the surgery, a set of animals (n=5) was perfused four weeks after the injury, and the SNc was stained for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, to label dopaminergic cells. In successful surgery, the area of ​​the SNc ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA injection does not show TH-IR, while the contralateral side contains many TH+ cells. To evaluate the 6-OHDA surgery in vivo, behavioral tests are performed as described below.

[0150] Three injections are made along the rostrocaudal axis of the striatum, with each injection site being injected into three delivery sites along the dorsal-ventral axis, starting with the most ventral first, then inserting cells as the injection pipette is retracted dorsally for the second and third injections. Approximately 400 nl of cell suspension is injected into each delivery site, for a total of 3.6 μl of total cell suspension injected into each striatum.

[0151] Behavioral tests are used to test the ability of neural progenitor cell transplantation to improve the behavioral symptoms of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Three types of behavioral tests are performed before and after neural progenitor cell transplantation: turning under apomorphine, change in stride length, and maximum path width. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats that receive neural progenitor cell transplantation show behavioral improvements, including improvement in apomorphine turning test, increase in stride length, and normalization of gait. These behavioral and motor changes indicate the overall improvement of motor symptoms of PD animals after transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention.

[0152] The first behavioral test is rotation under apomorphine. Apomorphine binds to dopamine receptors expressed by host striatal neurons and induces rotation in 6-OHDA rats (Ungerstedt and Arbuthnott, 1970, Brain Res. Dec 18;24(3):485-93). As previously shown, when apomorphine is administered, unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats rotate significantly more contralaterally (relative to the lesion site) than ipsilaterally, compared to control rats, which rotate approximately equally in both directions. Apomorphine directly stimulates dopaminergic receptors preferentially on the denervated side, resulting in contralateral rotation (Ungerstedt and Arbuthnott, 1970), due to the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors induced by denervation. There is a threshold of injury that must be achieved to produce maximal rotational behavior after apomorphine administration (Hudson et al., 1993). The abnormal behavior of unilateral parkinsonian rats is directly related to the amount of DA cell loss. When dopamine depletion in the striatum is less than 50%, there is no significant change in rotational behavior after apomorphine injection due to compensatory mechanisms in the striatum.

[0153] To produce contralateral rotation behavior in 6-OHDA-treated rats, each test rat is injected with the dopamine agonist apomorphine (0.05 mg / kg, IP). Drug-induced rotation is measured with an automated rotometer bowl (Columbus Instruments, Ohio, Brain Research, 1970, 24:485-493). After intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine, the animals are fitted with a jacket attached by a cable to a rotation sensor. The animals are placed in the test bowl, and the number and direction of rotations are recorded during a 40-minute test period. This test is performed on each rat to confirm and quantify the effectiveness of intracranial 6-OHDA injection. Only 6-OHDA rats that have made at least four more rotations contralateral to the side ipsilateral to the injection are selected for implantation testing.

[0154] After neural progenitor cell transplantation, grafted 6-OHDA-lesioned rats show a significant reduction in the number of contralateral turns compared to non-grafted 6-OHDA controls. This effect is seen at every testing time point, beginning at week 9 and continuing through at least week 18. The performance of sham-grafted 6-OHDA rats is indistinguishable from non-grafted 6-OHDA rats, indicating that neural progenitor cells, and not the transplantation procedure, are responsible for the motor improvement in MGE-grafted 6-OHDA rats.

[0155] The second behavioral effect of the grafted neural precursors of the present invention on 6-OHDA-lesioned rats is the change in stride length. Test animals are placed in a runway that is 1 m long, 33 cm wide, and has walls on both sides that are 50 cm high. The runway is open at the top and placed in a lighted room. A dark enclosure is placed at one end of the runway, and rats are free to enter the enclosure after crossing the runway. Rats are trained to run down the runway by placing them on the other side of the dark enclosure of the runway. Practice runs are repeated until each rat has run the distance of the runway as soon as it is placed on the runway. The floor of the runway is covered with paper. At the start of each test, the animal's hind paws are dipped in black ink and then placed at the start of the runway. This test is repeated for each rat, and the stride length of each test is measured to obtain the average stride length for each rat.

[0156] Mean stride length is compared between groups. 6-OHDA rats show impaired posture and contralateral limb movement. These rats compensate by supporting themselves primarily on the ipsilateral limb while using the contralateral limb and tail for balance and by disproportionately relying on the good limb for walking. The good limb is responsible for both postural correction and forward movement, and it is biased towards the front and one side of the body (Miklyaeva, 1995, Brain Res. 1995 May 29;681(1-2):23-40). The poor limb generates little forward movement, and as a result, 6-OHDA rats have shorter stride length than controls.

[0157] Lesioned rats exhibit a significantly shorter stride length than control rats. After neural progenitor cell transplantation, the stride length of 6-OHDA rats increases and reaches values ​​similar to those of control rats by 9 weeks. This increase in stride length is maintained after 11 and 14 weeks. The stride length of sham-transplanted 6-OHDA rats remains unchanged and is not significantly different from that of untreated 6-OHDA rats.

[0158] The third behavioral effect of the implanted neural precursors of the present invention on 6-OHDA-lesioned rats is the maximum path width that rats travel when running down the track. The path width of 6-OHDA animals is significantly wider than that of control rats. Normal control rats run straight down to the end enclosure. However, in 6-OHDA rats, the limb lesion creates a zigzag, winding path from side to side, and as a result, the path that 6-OHDA rats follow is wider than normal. The maximum path width of the control group and the test group are compared to determine the effect of neural precursor cell population on rats' ability to run down the track.

[0159] Pathway width in 6-OHDA rats receiving neural progenitor cell transplants decreased and became comparable to that of non-injured control animals by week 11. Pathways in sham-transplanted 6-OHDA rats were not significantly different from 6-OHDA rats, indicating that cell transplants were responsible for the substantial improvement in gait in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

[0160] Example 13: Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) with Neural Progenitors of the Invention MGE cells have previously been described to have the ability to ameliorate certain pathologies associated with spinal cord injury (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,220,729 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20130202568). To assess integration into local circuits and also into contused and transected spinal cords, neural progenitor cell populations are transplanted into the uninjured spinal cord of rodents. Contusions and transections are examined to assess mild (contusion) and moderate (transection) spasticity.

[0161] Genetically modified and wild-type mice are anesthetized with avertin supplemented with isoflurane or isoflurane alone. The skin on the mid-dorsal area is shaved. The shaved area is disinfected with clinidine. All surgical tools are soaked in clinidine overnight before use. Lubricating eye ointment is applied to both eyes. The animals are placed on a heating blanket to maintain a temperature of 37°C. A scalpel tooth is used to make an incision approximately 1 cm long along the mid-dorsal area. The spinous process and laminae of T9 are identified and removed. A circular area of ​​dura approximately 2.4 mm in diameter is exposed. At this point the animals are transferred to a spinal cord injury apparatus located approximately 1.5 meters (5 feet) from the surgical area. To stabilize the spine, small surgical forceps are placed on the spines rostral and caudal to the laminectomy site. A 2-3 g weight is then dropped 5.0 cm onto the exposed dura. This produces a moderate spinal cord injury. Immediately after injury, the animals are removed from the injury apparatus and returned to the surgical area. Place a small piece of sterile suture in the paraspinal musculature to mark the injury site. Then, close the skin with wound clips and allow the animal to recover from anesthesia. Complete all surgical procedures within 45-60 min.

[0162] Behavioral tests are used to determine the ability of neural progenitor cell transplantation to ameliorate physiological impairments associated with SCI, as well as behavioral symptoms in 6-OHDA-injured rats. Five types of behavioral tests are performed before and after neural progenitor cell transplantation: the open field test, grid walking test, foot position test, beam-balance test, and inclined plate test.

[0163] The first behavioral test is the open field test, which involves testing the animals on day 3 after injury and every week thereafter until euthanasia on day 42. The locomotor test consists of evaluating how the animals move in the open field test. The open field locomotor score, as described by Basso et al., evaluates the recovery of the animals' hindlimb movements during free open field locomotion. A score of 0 is given for the absence of spontaneous movements, while a score of 21 indicates normal locomotion. If the animal shows a score of 14, full weight-bearing plantar stepping and complete forelimb-hindlimb coordination are achieved. If the set of locomotor features that are recovered is not the same as those described in the original score, a modified BBB score is used to determine. If this is observed, the score for that single feature is added independently. For example, for mice that show incomplete toe clearance, enhanced paw rotation and already tail-up position, one additional point is added to the score for tail position.

[0164] Mice are tested preoperatively in an open field, which is an 80 x 130 cm clear Plexiglas box with 30 cm walls and a non-slip floor covered with cardboard. In the postoperative session, each animal is observed for 4 min by two individuals blinded to the treatment. Animals that demonstrate coordinated movements based on the open field test are subjected to further testing of motor function as follows:

[0165] The second behavioral test used to evaluate the effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation on rats with SCI is grid walking. Deficits in descending motor control are examined by assessing the animal's ability to traverse a 1 m long runway with irregularly allocated gaps (0.5-5 cm) between round metal bars. The distance of the bars is randomly varied for each testing session. Animals are tested over a 5 day period beginning 1-2 weeks before euthanasia.

[0166] To cross the track, the animal must place its paws accurately on these bars. During baseline training and post-operative testing, each animal crosses the grid at least three times. The number of steps (errors) during each pass is counted and the average error rate is calculated. If the animal is unable to move its hind paws, a maximum of 20 errors is given. The number of errors counted is also estimated with a non-parametric grid walking score, where 0-1 step error is considered as 3 points, 2-5 as 2 points, 6-9 as 1 point, and 10-20 as 0 points.

[0167] The third behavioral test used to evaluate the effect of neural precursor cell transplantation on rats with SCI is paw placement. Paw print analysis is a modified method from De Medinaceli et al. The hind paws of the animal are marked, for example with easily washable watercolor ink, and a print is made on a piece of paper covering a narrow track 1 m long and 7 cm wide as the animal traverses the track. This ensures that the direction of each step is standardized with a line. At least eight consecutive steps are used to determine the average values ​​for each measurement: paw rotation, stride length and base of support. Base of support is determined by measuring the distance from center to center of the central pad of both hind paws. Paw rotation is defined by the angle formed by the intersection of a line through the third digit print and the print representing the metatarsophalangeal joint with a line through the central pad parallel to the walking direction. Stride length is measured between the central pads of two consecutive paw prints on each side.

[0168] A four-point scoring system is also used to include animals with poor weight bearing in the initial post-operative testing session: a score of 0 is given for consistent dorsal walking or hindlimb dragging, i.e., no visible footprints; a score of 1 is given if the animal has visible toe prints of at least three toes out of at least three footprints; a score of 2 is given if the animal exhibits limb rotation or internal rotation to a value greater than twice its inherent baseline value; a score of 3 is recorded if the animal exhibits limb rotation without signs of toe dragging; and a score of 4 is estimated if the animal does not show signs of limb rotation or internal rotation (less than twice the angle of the baseline value). These animals are tested for 5 days beginning 1-2 weeks before euthanasia.

[0169] The fourth behavioral test used to evaluate the effect of neural precursor cell transplantation on rats with SCI is the beam balance. Animals are placed on a narrow beam and their ability to maintain balance and / or cross the beam is measured. The animals are tested for 5 days starting 1-2 weeks before euthanasia. The narrow beat test is performed as described by Hicks and D'Amato. Three types of beams are used as narrow corridors: a 2.3 cm wide square bean, a 1.2 cm wide square beam, and a 2.5 cm diameter round bean. All beams are 1 m long and elevated 30 cm above the ground. After training, normal rats are expected to be able to cross this horizontal beam in less than three steps. In case of slipping off the beam, the animals are retrieved and returned to the correct position.

[0170] A scoring system is used to assess the animal's ability to traverse the beam: a total inability to walk on the beam (animal falls off immediately) is given a 0, if the animal is able to traverse half the beam a score of 0.5 is scored, a full length traverse is given a score of 1, partial ability to step with the hind limbs is scored as 1.5, and normal weight bearing and correct limb position is recorded as 2. Scores for all three beams can be added together for a maximum of 6 points.

[0171] The final behavioral test used to evaluate the effect of neural precursor cell transplantation on rats with SCI is the inclined plate test. Animals are placed on a platform that can be raised to various angles. The ability to maintain a position at an angle is determined. The animals are tested over a 5-day period beginning 1-2 weeks before euthanasia. The animals are placed on an adjustable inclined plate constructed as described (Rivlin and Tator, 1977, J Neurosurg. 1977 Oct;47(4):577-81). The inclination is increased stepwise every 20 seconds, and the angle at which the mouse fails to maintain the position for 5 seconds is recorded. This test is repeated twice for each mouse, and the average angle is recorded. This inclined plate test evaluates recovery from motor deficits before injury and 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after injury. The maximum inclination of the inclined plate that the rat can maintain for 5 seconds without falling is recorded.

[0172] Each of these above tests takes less than 5 minutes to complete. The various tests are designed so that if an animal falls from the test apparatus, it lands on padded flooring that will not injure the animal or the fall distance is sufficiently limited (less than 15 centimeters (6 inches)).

[0173] Example 14: Treatment of spasticity with neural precursors of the invention Spasticity is a common disorder in patients with brain and spinal cord injuries. The prevalence is approximately 65-78% in patients with spinal cord injury (Maynard et al., 1990) and around 35% in stroke patients with persistent hemiparesis (Sommerfeld et al., 2004). Reflex hyperexcitability occurs in segments caudal to the lesion for several months after human spinal cord injury. Intractable spasticity is also a common source of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Symptoms include hypertonia, clonus, spasms and hyperreflexia. Bladder spasticity also commonly occurs in older adults, in pregnant or post-pregnancy women, and during menopause.

[0174] Although the exact mechanism responsible for the development of spasticity is not fully understood, transplantation of MGE cells into affected areas has been shown to improve spasticity in mouse models of spinal cord injury (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,220,729 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20130202568). Similarly, the neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is useful for treating spasticity. The neural progenitor cell population of the present invention is transplanted into an animal model of SCI. Mice receiving the neural progenitor cell population into the gray matter of the spinal cord show improved bladder function, reduced uninhibited bladder contractions, and reduced residual urine compared to control animals that received dead cell / vehicle injections or no injections.

[0175] Example 15: Treatment of neuropathic pain with neural precursors of the invention In addition to the above experiments, neural progenitor cell transplantation may also improve neuropathic pain. In particular, neural progenitor cells can be transplanted into animal model studies using injury-induced neuropathic pain using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model as previously described (Shields et al., 2003). This model is created by transection of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve on one side of the animal, resulting in long-term mechanical hypersensitivity (Shields et al., J Pain., 2003 Oct;4(8):465-70).

[0176] All transplants are performed in male mice (6-8 weeks old). ZW and ZWX mice have been described previously (Braz and Basbaum, 2009, Neuroscience. Nov 10; 163(4): 1220-32). To generate double transgenic ZWX-NPY mice, ZWX mice are crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase in NPY-expressing neurons (DeFalco et al., 2001, Science. Mar 30; 291(5513): 2608-13). To generate Per-ZW mice, ZW mice are crossed with peripherin-Cre mice (Zhou et al., 2002, FEBS Lett., Jul 17; 523(1-3): 68-72).

[0177] For transplantation, 6-8 week old mice (naïve or 1 week after SNI) are anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (60 mg / kg) / xylazine (8 mg / kg). A dorsal hemilaminectomy is performed at the level of the lumbar enlargement, exposing two segments of the lumbar spinal cord (approximately 1.5-2 mm), after which the dura is incised and flexed. 5 × 10 4 A cell suspension containing neural progenitor cells is loaded into a glass micropipette (pre-filled with mineral oil). This micropipette is connected to a macroinjector attached to a stereotaxic apparatus. The cell suspension injection is directed into the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the nerve injury. The control group is injected with an equal volume of DMEM medium. The wound is closed and the animals are allowed to recover before being returned to their home cage. The animals are killed at various time points (1-5 weeks) after implantation.

[0178] Mechanical sensitivity is assessed by placing the animals on an elevated wire mesh grid and stimulating the hind paws with von Frey hairs. The up-down paradigm (Chaplan et al., 1994 J Neurosci Methods. Jul;53(1):55-63) is used to define thresholds. Animals are tested three times, once every other day preoperatively to determine baseline thresholds and once every 2 days postoperatively to assess the magnitude of mechanical allodynia. Only animals that show at least a 50% reduction in mechanical withdrawal threshold are included in the transplanted or medium-injected groups (control groups). Behavioral testing is performed 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after transplantation or medium injection. For behavioral testing, the investigator is blinded to the treatment (cell medium or cell population transplantation). Thermal hyperalgesia assays (hot / cold plate method, Hargreaves method, and tail flick method) are also used to measure pain sensitivity.

[0179] Animals were also subjected to the rotorod test and the hind paw injury assay, which is an established assay for detecting neuropathic pain in mice. For the accelerating rotarod test, rats were initially trained to stay on the rotarod shaft for three sessions with three trials per session, and one trial was allowed after the rat was able to stay on the shaft for more than 60 seconds. The acceleration of the rotarod was set to automatically increase from 4 to 40 rpm within 5 minutes, and the trial was automatically terminated when the animal fell off the shaft. For the tail flick assay, 10 μl of 1% formalin solution (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was injected into the hind paw ipsilateral to the transplanted side of cultured or neural precursor cell transplanted mice. Mice were scored for the total time spent withdrawing or licking the injected hind paw (5-minute bins). These behavioral scores were given by an examiner blinded to the treatment group.

[0180] The transplantation results in a dramatic reduction in mechanical thresholds (von Frey) ipsilateral to the injured side. Significant differences between control and neural progenitor cell population transplanted groups are first detected 2 weeks after transplantation (day 23 after SNI), which is equivalent to the predicted time required for transplanted cells to differentiate into neurons and integrate into the host circuitry. The degree of recovery continues to improve, with pain thresholds returning to pre-injury baseline levels 4 weeks after transplantation of the neural progenitor cells of the invention.

[0181] Importantly, none of the transplanted animals exhibit motor impairment. Furthermore, mice from both groups are found to walk on a rotating rod during the observation period. In a hind paw injury assay, transplantation of neural progenitor cells into the gray matter of the spinal cord results in reduced pain compared to mice receiving medium injections. Five mice are evaluated for each test group, and mice receiving neural progenitor cell injections show a statistically significant reduction in neuropathic pain compared to the medium alone group.

[0182] Similar results were obtained when the neural progenitor cells of the present invention were injected into the spinal cord of SCI animal models. SCI induces chronic pain, both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Neural progenitor cells injected into the spinal cord at the acute, subacute, and / or chronic stages after injury ameliorate chronic neuropathic pain.

[0183] Example 16: Treatment of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease with neural precursors of the invention The method of the present invention can also be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to improve the learning and memory impairment of these patients.Neuroprogenitor cells can be transplanted into the gate of apoE4-KI mice or into a model of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) to demonstrate the rescue of apoE4-induced cognitive deficits and seizures, as previously described (Tong LM et al., J.Neuroscience 34(29):9506-9515).Transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention leads to the functional maturation and integration of transplant-derived GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus, and rescue of apoE4-induced cognitive impairment in adult mice.

[0184] Female, 14-month-old apoE4-KI and apoE3-KI mice and 10-month-old apoE4-KI / hAPP FADMice are anesthetized with 80 μl of ketamine (10 mg / ml) and xylazine (5 mg / ml) in saline and maintained with 0.8–1.0% isoflurane. Neural progenitor cell suspension (600 cells / nl) is loaded into a 30° beveled glass micropipette needle with a 60 μm tip diameter (Nanoject, Drummond Scientific Company). Stereotaxic sites on both the rostral and caudal sides are drilled with a 0.5 mm microburr (Foredom, Fine Science Tools) and hilar transplants are performed at four sites. At each transplant site, an estimated 20,000 neural progenitor cells are introduced. Control transplanted mice receive an equal volume of heat-shock-killed neural progenitor cells, which are generated by four alternating cycles of 3 min at 55°C and 3 min in dry ice, followed by collection by centrifugation (Alvarez-Dolado et al., 2006, J Neurosci. 2006 Jul 12;26(28):7380-9.; Baraban et al., 2009, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Sep 8;106(36):15472-7.; Southwell et al., 2010, Science. Feb 26;327(5969):1145-8).

[0185] To evaluate the ability of the transplanted neural progenitor cell population to improve cognition in the Alzheimer's model, behavioral tests were performed on cell-transplanted and control-transplanted mice at 70-80 DPT. The Morris water maze (MWM) test consisted of a blind trial in which the mouse was placed in a 10 cm 2The training is carried out in a tank (122 cm diameter) containing room temperature water (22–23 °C) with the platform submerged 1.5 cm below the surface of the opaque water (Andrews-Zwilling et al., 2010, J Neurosci., Oct 13;30(41):13707-17.; Leung et al., 2012, PLoS One.7(12):e53569). Mice are trained to locate the invisible platform on days 1–5 (HD1–5) with 4 trials per day, where HD0 is the first trial on the first day, with a maximum of 60 s per trial. Each memory trial is performed for 60 s in the absence of the platform at 24, 72, and 120 h after the last learning session. Memory is assessed as the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant where the platform was located during the learning trials compared to the average percentage of time spent in the non-target quadrant.

[0186] In visible trials, the location of the platform is marked by a black and white striped mast (15 cm high). The platform placement and room layout remain constant throughout the assay, except for moving the platform during visible trials. Speed ​​is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the trial duration. Performance is monitored objectively using EthoVision® video tracking software (Noldus Information Technology).

[0187] In the open field test, habituation and general activity are assessed by allowing mice to explore a novel and empty environment (Andrews-Zwilling et al., 2012, PLoS One. 7(7):e40555.). After at least 2 hours of room acclimation, mice are placed in odor-standardized chambers cleaned with 30% EtOH for 15 min. Activity is monitored and analyzed by software from San Diego Instruments. In the elevated plus maze, anxiety and exploratory behavior are assessed by allowing mice to explore an open lighted area (open arms) or hide in a dark closed space (closed arms; Bien-Ly et al., 2011, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Mar 8;108(10):4236-41). Here, mice are placed in an odor-standardized maze cleaned with 30% EtOH for 10 min after at least 2 hours of room acclimation. Activity is analyzed by infrared photocells interfaced with Motor Monitor software (Kinder Scientific).

[0188] Transplantation of neural progenitor cells into the hilus of apoE4-KI mice not only shows the ability to ameliorate the cognitive deficits seen in these mice, but also the ability to generate interneurons that are functionally integrated in the presence of apoE4 and Aβ accumulation.

[0189] Example 17: Transplantation of neural progenitor cell populations of the present invention for the treatment of stroke-induced disorders The ability of the neural progenitor cells of the present invention to improve locomotion and coordination in subjects with traumatic brain injury, such as stroke, is tested using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke. Briefly, Sprague-Dawley (SD) adult rats (275-310 g, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) are subjected to 1.5 hours of transient MCAO via endovascular suturing as previously described (Daadi, M. et al., PLoS ONE 3(2):e1644;200). After MCAO, trunk asymmetry is assessed using the elevated body swing test (EBST) as previously described (Borlongan, CV et al., J. Neurosci., 15(7) Pt. 2:5372-5378;1995). The animals are hung by the tail and the frequency of first head swings opposite the ischemic side is counted over 20 trials and expressed as a percentage of the total. Ischemic rats with a deflection swing of more than 75% are used for testing. Two weeks after ischemic injury, 2 μl of neural progenitor cell suspension is stereotaxically implanted at 4 sites within the injured striatum and cortex at a concentration of 50,000 cells / μl. Rats subjected to ischemia and implanted with vehicle are used as controls.

[0190] To investigate the ability of neural precursor transplants to affect rewiring on the stroke-injured side in the MCAO stroke model, axons originating from the intact hemisphere can be labeled by injecting BDA into the right sensorimotor cortex 3 weeks after neural precursor cell transplantation. Three weeks after cell transplantation, three randomly selected animals from each of the transplanted and vehicle-treated groups are anesthetized and mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus. After craniotomy, 0.5 μl of biotinylated dextran amine [BDA: biotinylated dextran amine, 10,000 molecules (MW), Molecular Probes, Eugene OR; 10% w / v solution in sterile PBS] is stereotaxically injected into the sensorimotor cortex on the side opposite the stroke injury. The scalp is then closed and the animal is returned to its cage. The animal is sacrificed 1 week after BDA injection. Quantitative analysis of BDA-labeled terminals normalized to the total number of labeled neuronal cell bodies at the injection site (see Materials and Methods for details) reveals an increase at the transplant site.

[0191] To determine whether neural precursor transplantation has an effect on motor function after stroke, the test animals are subjected to two types of motor behavior tests: the rotarod test and the EBST. Baseline motor behavior assessments of all animals are performed before and 2 weeks after ischemic injury, and 4 weeks after transplantation. For the acceleration of the rotarod test, rats are initially trained to stay on the rotarod axis for three sessions with three trials per session, and one trial is allowed after the rat can stay on the axis for more than 60 seconds. The acceleration of the rotarod is set to automatically increase from 4 rpm to 40 rpm within 5 minutes, and the trial is automatically terminated when the animal falls off the axis. For the EBST, as above, the animals are hung by their tails and the frequency of head shaking opposite to the ischemic side is counted over 20 trials and expressed as a percentage of the total. The neural precursor transplanted rats have improved locomotion and motor coordination, with significant improvements in both tests.

[0192] To determine whether neural progenitor cell transplantation has an effect on stroke- or traumatic brain injury-induced seizures, we perform video / EEG monitoring of seizure frequency, severity, and duration. As shown above, neural progenitor-transplanted animals had significantly reduced seizure activity.

[0193] Example 18: Transplantation of neural progenitor cell populations into autism models The methods of the invention can also be used in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders to improve behaviors such as social and learning disabilities in these patients. + Itpr3 tf The BTBR mouse is a well-studied model of idiopathic autism (Defensor, EB, Pearson et al., (2011). Behav. Brain Res., 217, 302-308; McFarlane, HG et al., (2008). Genes Brain Behav., 7, 152-163; Yang, M. et al., (2012). Physiol. Behav., 107, 649-662). BTBR mice have a higher GABA receptor agonist (GABA receptor agonist) in the hippocampus than the control strain C57BL / 6J. A The level of receptor-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission is low, which may contribute to autistic-like behavior. Han et al., Neuron 2014;81:1282-1289. Transplantation of neural progenitor cells of the present invention and the resulting functional maturation and integration of transplant-derived GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus can rescue autistic-like behavior in BTBR mice that have received neural progenitor cell transplants.

[0194] Fourteen-month-old female BTBR mice are anesthetized with 80 μl of ketamine (10 mg / ml) and xylazine (5 mg / ml) in saline and maintained with 0.8–1.0% isoflurane. Neural progenitor cell suspension (600 cells / nl) is loaded into a 30° beveled glass micropipette needle with a 60 μm tip diameter (Nanoject, Drummond Scientific Company). Stereotaxic sites on both the rostral and caudal sides are drilled with a 0.5 mm microburr (Foredom, Fine Science Tools) to allow for striatal transplantation in four sites. An estimated 20,000 neural progenitor cells are introduced at each transplantation site. Control transplanted mice receive an equal volume of heat-shock-killed neural progenitor cells, which are generated by four alternating cycles of 3 min at 55°C and 3 min in dry ice, followed by collection by centrifugation (Alvarez-Dolado et al., 2006; Baraban et al., 2009; Southwell et al., 2010).

[0195] Behavioral tests performed to measure the effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation on autistic-like behavior in BTBR mice include a three-chamber social interaction test, which measures the interaction time of test mice with a strange mouse compared to a novel object, and an open field test, which measures anxiety-related behavior. BTBR mice receiving neural progenitor cell transplantation have higher interaction rates, more alternating interactions, and more nose-to-nose sniffing time than control mice in the three-chamber social interaction test and / or the open field alternating social interaction test. BTBR mice receiving neural progenitor cell transplantation also show reduced hyperactivity in the open field test, measured as the total distance traveled toward the center of the open field, and reduced stereotypic circling behavior. These results indicate that increased inhibitory interneuron activity can alleviate behavioral deficits in BTBR mice.

[0196] Transplantation of neural progenitor cells can also improve the cognitive deficits exhibited by BTBR mice. BTBR mice are known to have impaired fear memory (MacPherson, P et al. (2008). Brain Res., 1210, 179-188), and context-dependent fear conditioning can be used to measure cognitive impairments associated with autism. Both short-term (30 min) and long-term (24 h) memory performance in spatial context fear conditioning is improved in BTBR mice 9 weeks after receiving neural progenitor cell transplantation.

[0197] To test spatial learning and memory in the absence of fear, the Barnes circular maze test is performed in which mice rapidly escape from a brightly lit field by learning the location of a hole with a dark hiding place around it. 9 weeks after implantation, BTBR mice show a significant reduction in running time after repeated training sessions compared to their BTBR control counterparts.

[0198] Example 19: Transplantation of neural progenitor cell populations into psychiatric models The method of the present invention can also be used to treat psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, improving the behavior associated with neurodysregulation in these patients.Cyclin D2 knockout (Ccnd2- / -) mouse models show a reduction in cortical PV+ interneurons associated with adult neurobehavioral phenotypes related to psychosis, including increased hippocampal basal metabolic activity, increased midbrain DA neuron activity, enhanced response to AMPH, and disruption of hippocampal-recruiting and hippocampal-dependent cognitive processes.Ccnd2- / - mice have several neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes expected to be produced by hippocampal disinhibition, including increased ventral tegmental dopamine neuron population activity, behavioral hypersensitivity to amphetamine, and impaired hippocampal-dependent cognition.See, for example, Gilani et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.2014 May 20;111(20):7450-5.

[0199] Ccnd2 knockout mice are maintained on a C57BL / 6J background. Neural progenitor cell populations are generated as described herein, and appropriate excipients are added to aid in transplantation. For control transplants, neural progenitor cells are killed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Live cell or control (dead cell) suspensions at an average density of 30,000 live cells / microliter are injected bilaterally into the caudal ventral hippocampal CA1 of 6- to 8-week-old mice by using a glass pipette (tip outer diameter 50 µm) connected to a nanoinjector.

[0200] Spontaneous and amphetamine-induced locomotor activity is measured in a 43 x 43 centimeter (17 x 17 inch) open-field box under standard lighting conditions. Mice are placed in the open field for 30 min, after which they are injected with amphetamine (2 mg / kg dissolved in 0.2 mg / mL isotonic saline) or saline by intraperitoneal injection. Distance traveled is measured for an additional 60 min. A mixed ANOVA design with genotype and drug as factors and time (pre- or post-injection) as the repeated measure is used as described (ibid). This analysis is followed by planned Student's t-test comparisons of genotype within drug conditions, separately for baseline and post-injection locomotor activity. Contextual fear conditioning procedures are adapted from previous studies (e.g., Saxe MD et al. (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(46):17501-17506; Quinn JJ et al. (2008) Hippocampus 18(7):640-654).

[0201] Briefly, mice are acclimated to the testing room 1 hour prior to training. The training / testing apparatus is a chamber with a shock grid floor placed inside a sound-attenuating chamber. The inner chamber features a differential combination of spatial-visual, tactile, and odor cues that together define the context. On the training day, mice are placed in a context ("training context") and a CS+ consisting of a tone (85 dB, 20 s duration, 4.5 kHz) is presented at 300, 470, 580, 670, and 840 s. During the final seconds of each tone, a scrambled current of 0.7 mA is delivered through the floor grid (US+). Mice are removed from the training context 140 s after the last CS-US presentation. 24 h later, mice are placed in a novel context and presented with the tone CS+ without shock at 300, 410, 580, 670, and 830 s. Six hours after tone CS+ retrieval testing, mice are placed in the training context for 600 s. Conditioned freezing, defined as the absence of any movement other than breathing, is quantified during: (i) the first presentation of tone-CS+, (ii) 40–100 s after the offset of CS+ presentations 2–5 (post-tone freezing; average of all 5 tones), and (iii) during the training context. Data are analyzed with mixed ANOVAs with retrieval phase as a repeated measure and genotype as a between-subjects factor.

[0202] Neural precursor transplanted cells improved their locomotion and motor coordination, with significant improvements in both tests. Although the present invention may be satisfied in many different forms, as described in detail with respect to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the present disclosure should be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the present invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated and described herein. Many variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is determined by the appended claims and their equivalents. The abstract and title of the invention should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but rather their purpose is to enable appropriate authorities as well as the general public to quickly assess the general nature of the invention. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. In the following claims, unless the term "means" is used, no feature or element recited in the claims should be construed as a means-plus-function limitation under the sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. 112.

[0203] The technical ideas that can be understood from the above-described embodiment will be described below as supplementary notes. [Appendix 1] Isolating cells from mammalian brain tissue that have enhanced expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in neural progenitor cells; and enriching for cells expressing a neuronal cell surface marker to produce a cell surface marker enriched cell population; The enriched cell population comprises neural progenitor cells capable of forming GABA-producing neurons. Methods for generating neural progenitor cell populations.

[0204] [Appendix 2] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA in vitro.

[0205] [Appendix 3] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

[0206] [Appendix 4] The method of claim 1, wherein the cell surface marker is ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

[0207] [Appendix 5] The enriched cells may be AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1 2. The method of claim 1, further enriched in expression of one or more of: NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1.

[0208] [Appendix 6] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are enriched using an agent that binds to a cell surface marker. [Appendix 7] The method of claim 6, wherein the cell surface marker-expressing cells are enriched using an agent that selectively binds to the cell surface marker of claim 4.

[0209] [Appendix 8] The method of claim 6, wherein the cell population is enriched using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).

[0210] [Appendix 9] The method of claim 6, wherein the cell population is enriched using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).

[0211] [Appendix 10] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the brain tissue is human fetal brain tissue. [Appendix 11] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the brain tissue comprises cells from human cortex.

[0212] [Appendix 12] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the brain tissue comprises cells from the human basal ganglia eminence. [Appendix 13] 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising differentiating the enriched cell population into inhibitory interneuron progenitor cells capable of producing GABA.

[0213] [Appendix 14] Providing a pluripotent mammalian stem cell population; and Differentiating said stem cells under conditions that enhance expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in targeted neural progenitor cells; and Enriching said cell population for cells expressing one or more of said cell surface markers. Includes; A method for producing a neural progenitor cell population, wherein the enriched cell population comprises neural progenitor cells capable of forming GABA-producing neurons.

[0214] [Appendix 15] 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA in vitro.

[0215] [Appendix 16] 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

[0216] [Appendix 17] The method of claim 14, wherein the enriched cell surface marker is ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

[0217] [Appendix 18] The enriched cells are AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2- 15. The method of claim 14, further enriched in expression of one or more of: 1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, WI2-1896O14.1.

[0218] [Appendix 19] The method of claim 14, wherein the cells are enriched using a binding agent to a cell surface marker that is upregulated in the target neural progenitor cells.

[0219] [Appendix 20] 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cells are enriched using an agent that selectively binds to a cell surface marker described in claim 17.

[0220] [Appendix 21] 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cells are enriched by reducing the number of cells that have low expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in the target neural progenitor cells.

[0221] [Appendix 22] 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cells are enriched by depletion of cells expressing cell surface markers from the group of ATP1A2, BCAN, CD271, CD98, CNTFR, FGFR3, GJA1, MLC1, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, PDPN, PTPRZ1, SLC1A5, TMEM158, or TTYH1.

[0222] [Appendix 23] 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cells are enriched using an agent that selectively binds to a cell surface marker described in claim 22.

[0223] [Appendix 24] 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cell population is enriched using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

[0224] [Appendix 25] 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cell population is enriched using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).

[0225] [Appendix 26] 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the stem cells are human pluripotent stem cells. [Appendix 27] 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising differentiating the enriched cell population into inhibitory interneuron progenitor cells capable of producing GABA.

[0226] [Appendix 28] A population of neural progenitor cells, AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD 2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2- enhanced expression of one or more of the following: 1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1; and An enriched neural progenitor cell population containing cells with enhanced expression of PLEXINA4.

[0227] [Appendix 29] 29. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 28, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells that express GABA.

[0228] [Appendix 30] 30. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 29, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

[0229] [Appendix 31] 30. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 29, comprising neural progenitor cells capable of differentiating into cells that express GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

[0230] [Appendix 32] 29. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 28, wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. [Appendix 33] 33. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 32, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

[0231] [Appendix 34] A population of neural progenitor cells, Enhanced expression of one or more of the following cell surface markers: ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2; and enhanced expression of PLEXINA4. A cell-enriched neural progenitor cell population comprising:

[0232] [Appendix 35] 35. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

[0233] [Appendix 36] 35. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells that express GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

[0234] [Appendix 37] 35. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. [Appendix 38] 38. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 37, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

[0235] [Appendix 39] A population of neural progenitor cells, AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD 2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNA A neural progenitor cell population enriched for cells comprising enhanced expression of one or more of T2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1.

[0236] [Appendix 40] 40. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 39, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

[0237] [Appendix 41] 40. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 39, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells that express GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

[0238] [Appendix 42] 40. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 39, wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells. [Appendix 43] 43. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 42, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

Claims

1. Isolating cells from mammalian brain tissue that have enhanced expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in neural progenitor cells; and enriching for cells expressing a neuronal cell surface marker to produce a cell surface marker enriched cell population; The enriched cell population comprises neural progenitor cells capable of forming GABA-producing neurons. Methods for generating neural progenitor cell populations.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA in vitro.

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA after transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell surface marker is ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

5. The enriched cells may be AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT , MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-7 91M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O 14.

1. The method of claim 1, further enriched in expression of one or more of the following:

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cells are enriched using a binder with a cell surface marker.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cell surface marker-expressing cells are enriched using an agent that selectively binds to the cell surface marker of claim 4.

8. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cell population is enriched using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

9. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cell population is enriched using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the brain tissue is human fetal brain tissue.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the brain tissue comprises cells from the human cortex.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the brain tissue comprises cells from the human basal ganglia eminence.

13. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising differentiating the enriched cell population into inhibitory interneuron progenitor cells capable of producing GABA.

14. Providing a pluripotent mammalian stem cell population; and Differentiating said stem cells under conditions that enhance expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in targeted neural progenitor cells; and Enriching said cell population for cells expressing one or more of said cell surface markers. Including; A method of producing a neural progenitor cell population, wherein the enriched cell population comprises neural progenitor cells capable of forming GABA-producing neurons.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA in vitro.

16. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the neurons formed from the neural progenitor cells are capable of producing GABA after transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the enriched cell surface markers are ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2.

18. The enriched cells are AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1 , NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, WI2-1896O14.

1.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the cells are enriched using a binder to a cell surface marker that is upregulated in the neural progenitor cells of interest.

20. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cells are enriched with an agent that selectively binds to the cell surface marker of claim 17.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the cells are enriched by reducing the number of cells that have low expression of one or more cell surface markers that are upregulated in the neural progenitor cells of interest.

22. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cells are enriched by depletion of cells expressing cell surface markers from the group of ATP1A2, BCAN, CD271, CD98, CNTFR, FGFR3, GJA1, MLC1, NOTCH1, NOTCH3, PDPN, PTPRZ1, SLC1A5, TMEM158, or TTYH1.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the cells are enriched using an agent that selectively binds to the cell surface marker of claim 22.

24. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cell population is enriched using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).

25. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cell population is enriched using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).

26. The method of claim 14, wherein the stem cells are human pluripotent stem cells.

27. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising differentiating the enriched cell population into inhibitory interneuron progenitor cells capable of producing GABA.

28. A population of neural progenitor cells, AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, ELAVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD 2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, LHX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2- enhanced expression of one or more of: 1, NMNAT2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.1; and Enhancement of expression of PLEXINA4, A cell-enriched neural progenitor cell population comprising:

29. 29. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 28, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells that express GABA.

30. 30. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 29, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

31. 30. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 29, comprising neural progenitor cells capable of differentiating into cells expressing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

32. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 28 , wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.

33. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 32, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

34. A population of neural progenitor cells, Enhanced expression of one or more cell surface markers: ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GRIA1, GRIA4, L1CAM, NCAM1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PLXNA4, ROBO1, ROBO2, or TMEM2; and Enhancement of PLEXINA4 expression A cell-enriched neural progenitor cell population comprising:

35. 35. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

36. 35. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells expressing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

37. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 34, wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.

38. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 37, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

39. A population of neural progenitor cells, AS1, ATRNL1, CD200, CELSR3, CHRM4, CNTNAP4, CXCR4, CXCR7, DSCAML1, EL AVL2, ENSG00000260391, EPHA5, ERBB4, FAM5B, FAM65B, FNDC5, GAD1, GAD 2, GNG2, GPD1, GRIA1, GRIA4, HMP19, INA, KALRN, KDM6B, KIF21B, L1CAM, L HX6, LINC00340, LINC00599, MAF, MAFB, MAPT, MIAT, NCAM1, NKX2-1, NMNA A neural progenitor cell population enriched for cells comprising enhanced expression of one or more of: T2, NPAS1, NRCAM, NRXN3, NXPH1, PDZRN4, PIP5K1B, PLS3, PLXNA4, RAI2, ROBO1, ROBO2, RP11-384F7.2, RP4-791M13.3, RUNX1T1, SCG3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SIAH3, SLC32A1, SOX6, SRRM4, SST, ST8SIA5, STMN2, TAGLN3, TIAM1, TMEM2, TTC9B, or WI2-1896O14.

1.

40. 40. The neural precursor cell population of claim 39, comprising cells capable of differentiating in vitro into cells that express GABA.

41. 40. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 39, comprising cells capable of differentiating into cells expressing GABA following transplantation into a mammalian nervous system.

42. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 39, wherein the cells are differentiated from pluripotent stem cells.

43. The neural progenitor cell population of claim 42, wherein the cells are differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells.

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