Atrioventricular valve replacement

Abstract

To provide an apparatus and a method including a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve.SOLUTION: A valve frame (20) includes an atrial part and a cylindrical part (22), to which prosthetic valve leaflets are coupled. A plurality of chord-recruiting arms (24) extend at least radially from a ventricular end of the cylindrical part (22). The chord-recruiting arms (24) are coupled to the ventricular end of the cylindrical part via stitches, and the stitches are configured to act as hinges, such that upon being released from a radially-constrained configuration, while the cylindrical part (22) is held in an at least partially radially-constrained configuration, the chord-recruiting arms (24) are configured to extend radially outwardly by pivoting about the stitches with respect to the cylindrical part (22). Other applications are also described.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1C

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority from Agian's U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 886,366, entitled "Atrioventricular valve replacement," filed Aug. 14, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to medical devices and methods, and in particular to devices and methods for implanting prosthetic valves in atrioventricular valves. [Background technology]

[0003] The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs, oxygenates the blood, and pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through contraction of its four chambers.

[0004] After circulating through the body, deoxygenated blood from the body passes through the vena cava into the right atrium. In a healthy individual, the right atrium contracts and pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery, which splits into two branches, one for each lung. The blood picks up oxygen while passing through the lungs and re-enters the heart via the left atrium. The left atrium contracts and pumps oxygenated blood into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle contracts and pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for distribution to the rest of the body. The tricuspid valve closes during contraction of the right ventricle, thus preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrium. Similarly, the mitral valve closes during contraction of the left ventricle, thus preventing blood from flowing back into the left atrium. The mitral and tricuspid valves are known as atrioventricular valves, and each of these valves controls the flow of blood between the atria and the ventricles.

[0005] In the mitral valve, the mitral annulus defines the mitral orifice. The anterior and posterior leaflets extend from the mitral annulus. The leaflets are connected by cords to papillary muscles in the left ventricle.

[0006] During ventricular diastole, in a healthy individual, the left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral orifice into the left ventricle. Blood flows through the orifice and, with little resistance, pushes the leaflets apart and into the left ventricle. In a healthy individual, the leaflets of the aortic valve are held closed by blood pressure in the aorta.

[0007] During ventricular systole, the left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, and the aortic valve leaflets are pushed open by the blood flow. In healthy individuals, the mitral valve annulus contracts, forcing the leaflets inward, reducing the area of ​​the mitral orifice by approximately 20%-30%. The leaflets coapt to accommodate the extra leaflet surface area, creating a coaptation surface that constitutes a seal. Blood pressure in the left ventricle pushes against the ventricular surfaces of the leaflets, forcing them together at their coaptation surfaces to form a tight, leak-tight seal.

[0008] Effective sealing of the mitral valve during ventricular systole depends on adequate coaptation. Inadequate coaptation can be caused by a number of physical abnormalities that allow the leaflets to prolapse (e.g., elongated or ruptured cords, or weak papillary muscles) or that prevent coaptation (e.g., short cords, or small leaflets). There are also pathologies that lead to mitral valve insufficiency, including collagen vascular disease, ischemic mitral regurgitation (e.g., due to myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, or failed / unsuccessful surgical or catheter revascularization), myxomatous degeneration of the leaflets, and rheumatic heart disease. Mitral regurgitation leads to a number of complications, including arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, palpitations, chest pain, congestive heart failure, syncope, fatigue, low cardiac output, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath, and sudden death.

[0009] The tricuspid valve includes three leaflets: the septal leaflet, the anterior leaflet, and the posterior leaflet. Each leaflet is attached to a tricuspid annulus that defines the tricuspid orifice. The leaflets are connected by cord-like tissue to the papillary muscles in the right ventricle. In healthy individuals, the tricuspid valve controls the direction of blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle in a manner similar to the control of the mitral valve in the direction of blood flow in the left side of the heart. During ventricular diastole, the tricuspid valve opens, e.g., to allow blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and during ventricular systole, the leaflets of the tricuspid valve coapt to prevent backflow of blood, e.g., from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

[0010] Tricuspid regurgitation occurs when the tricuspid valve does not close properly, which can allow blood to flow backward into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. Tricuspid regurgitation is most commonly caused by dilation of the right ventricle, which leads to dilation of the tricuspid annulus, preventing the leaflets from coapting properly. Summary of the Invention

[0011] In some applications of the invention, a valve frame is provided for use with a prosthetic valve configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve (e.g., mitral or tricuspid valve). The valve frame typically includes a valve frame body including a cylindrical portion, as well as an atrial portion. Typically, the cylindrical portion is configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve. For example, the leaflets of the prosthetic valve may be sutured and / or otherwise coupled to the cylindrical portion. Typically, the atrial portion is configured to be at least partially deployed within an atrium of a subject. Further typically, the cylindrical portion is configured to be at least partially deployed within a ventricle of a subject.

[0012] In some applications, the atrial portion includes a discoid portion (also referred to herein as a flange) and a frusto-conical portion. Typically, the discoid portion of the atrial portion is configured to seal the valve frame against tissue on the atrial side of the native atrioventricular valve annulus and further configured to prevent migration of the valve frame into the ventricle. The frusto-conical portion typically extends from the discoid portion of the atrial portion to an outer surface of the cylindrical portion. In some applications, including the frusto-conical portion between the discoid portion and the cylindrical portion (as opposed to directly bonding the discoid portion to the cylindrical portion) reduces the possibility of reflux around the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion.

[0013] In some applications, multiple funicular tissue mobilization arms (e.g., more than two and / or less than twelve arms) extend from a portion of a valve frame body configured to be placed in a ventricle of a subject. For example, four funicular tissue mobilization arms or six funicular tissue mobilization arms may extend from a valve frame body. In some applications, a single funicular tissue mobilization arm extends from a portion of a valve frame body configured to be placed in a ventricle of a subject. Typically, the funicular tissue mobilization arm extends from a cylindrical portion of the valve frame body. More typically, the funicular tissue mobilization arm extends from a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in a ventricle). Typically, the arm extends radially from the valve frame body in addition to extending axially from the ventricular end of the valve frame body toward the atrial end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the atrium). More typically, the arm curves around the outer periphery of the valve frame body for a given circumferential direction of curvature.

[0014] It should be noted that a description herein of an arm extending in a given direction from a valve frame body should not be construed as excluding additional directions in which the arm may be oriented. Rather, an arm described (or claimed) as extending radially from a valve frame body should be construed to mean that the orientation of the arm relative to the valve frame body includes a radial component. Typically, in addition to extending radially from the valve frame body, the arms are curved in a circumferential direction, and in some cases, the orientation of the arms includes an axial component. In some applications, along at least a portion of the arms, and in at least certain configurations of the arms, the arms are oriented tangentially relative to the valve frame body.

[0015] Typically, the valve frame with the prosthetic valve leaflets disposed therein is delivered to the native atrioventricular valve via a delivery device (e.g., a delivery catheter) configured to maintain the valve frame and prosthetic valve in a radially constrained configuration (i.e., a "crimped" configuration) during delivery. Depending on the application, the valve frame is delivered transapically (i.e., through the apex of the left ventricle), transseptally (i.e., through the vena cava, right atrium, and atrial septum), and / or via a different delivery route. In some applications, when the distal end of the delivery device is positioned within the subject's ventricle, the chordae mobilizing arms are deployed between the chordae of the native atrioventricular valve.

[0016] Typically, the cord mobilization arms are deployed between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve by releasing the cord mobilization arms from the delivery device, which are configured to extend from the valve frame body when released from the delivery device. In some applications, additional techniques are used to cause the cord mobilization arms to be deployed between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve by releasing the cord mobilization arms from the delivery device. For example, the valve frame may include a lever element configured to cause the cord mobilization arms to extend radially. Alternatively or additionally, the arms are coupled to the barrel of the valve frame via stitches that act as hinges, so that the arms pivot about the stitches relative to the barrel, as described below. Typically, the cord mobilization arms are released from the delivery device while the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device. More typically, in this configuration of the valve frame body (i.e., a configuration in which the cord tissue mobilization arms are released from the delivery device, but the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device), the cord tissue mobilization arms will assume a configuration described herein as the "rotated configuration" of the cord tissue mobilization arms.

[0017] After the chord recruitment arms are deployed between the chords of the native atrioventricular valve (and typically while the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device), at least a portion of the chords are recruited and flexed to cause the chord recruitment arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0018] Typically, the cord recruitment arms are configured to curve in a given circumferential direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame both when the arms are deployed between the cords (i.e., when the arms are disposed in their rotated configuration) and when the valve frame body is allowed to radially expand (i.e., when the valve frame assumes its non-radially constrained configuration), as described in more detail below. For example, the arms may curve in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame. Typically, after the cord recruitment arms are deployed between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve (and typically while the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partially radially constrained configuration by the delivery device), the valve frame is rotated in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, before rotating the valve frame in this direction, the valve frame is rotated in the opposite circumferential direction. For example, if the arms are curved in a clockwise circumferential direction, after the arms are deployed between the cords, the valve frame may first be rotated in a counterclockwise direction and then in a clockwise direction. In some applications, rotating the valve frame in this manner may facilitate mobilization of a greater proportion of the cord-like tissue than simply rotating the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms.

[0019] As described in the paragraph above, in some applications, the valve frame is rotated in the opposite circumferential direction before rotating the valve frame in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, the delivery device is configured to perform an initial rotation of the valve frame in the opposite circumferential direction to a given angle, for example, and then rotate the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms to a predetermined angle. In some applications, in the rotating configuration of the cord-mobilizing arms, the outer surface of each arm has a smooth, convex curvature that extends substantially along the entire length of the arm, so that during the initial rotation (relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords slide over the outer surface of the arms without being recruited or captured by the arms and without being damaged in any way by the arms. In some applications, such a shape of the arms positions a relatively large number of cords by the initial rotation of the valve frame, for example, to be recruited by each arm in a subsequent rotation step. During subsequent rotation of the valve frame (in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords are recruited and deflected (e.g., deflected inwardly) by the arms. Typically, in the rotational configuration of the cord recruitment arms, the inner surface of the arms has a concave curvature, and the cords are recruited within the space defined by the concave curvature during subsequent rotation by the valve frame.

[0020] In some applications, a number of struts protrude from the outside of the cylindrical portion of the valve frame. Typically, the atrial portion is connected to the cylindrical portion by the atrial portion, which is connected to the protruding struts, for example, via sewing or welding. It should be noted that typically, during crimping of the valve frame, a lot of strain is placed on the joints where the protruding struts protrude from the cylindrical portion, as the struts pivot about these joints. If the atrial portion were directly connected to the cylindrical portion at these joints, this would mean that these ends of the valve frame that are subject to relatively high strain are also the ends where the two parts are connected to each other, and the frame would be prone to fatigue at these ends. In contrast, with the cylindrical portion including the protruding struts and the atrial portion being connected to the cylindrical portion via the struts, there is a gap between the high strained ends and the ends where the atrial portion is connected to the cylindrical portion.

[0021] It should be further noted that typically the protruding struts protrude from an axial location along the cylinder that is at the bottom 90 percent (e.g., the bottom 70 percent, or the bottom 50 percent) of the height of the cylinder. Typically the cylinder has a height of at least 15 mm to accommodate the coupling of the valve leaflets to the cylinder. If the protruding struts were to protrude from the top of the cylinder (or if the atrial portion were directly coupled to the cylinder at the top of the cylinder), this would result in the entire height of the cylinder being located below the atrial portion. In contrast, since the protruding struts protrude from the bottom 90 percent (e.g., the bottom 70 percent, or the bottom 50 percent) of the height of the cylinder, there is typically an axial overlap between the atrial portion of the valve frame and the cylinder along the height of the cylinder. Typically, if there was no axial overlap between the atrial portion of the valve frame and the cylinder, a smaller portion of the height of the cylinder would protrude into the subject's ventricle. Similarly, (when the valve frame is configured to be placed within the left ventricle of a subject) there is typically less obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract compared to allowing a greater portion of the height of the barrel to protrude into the subject's ventricle. In this regard, it should be noted that, as described above, the chordal tissue mobilization arms are typically configured to mobilize and deflect at least a portion of the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve, thereby (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twisting the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame. Such mobilization and deflection of the chordal tissue typically helps to prevent obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by a portion of the native mitral valve apparatus.

[0022] Thus, in accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject's heart, the apparatus comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms coupled to the ventricular end of the barrel via stitches and configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel; The present invention provides an apparatus including: a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve, wherein the stitches are configured to act as hinges such that upon release from a radially constrained configuration, the cord mobilization arms are configured to extend radially outward by pivoting about the stitches relative to the barrel while the barrel is held in an at least partial radially constrained configuration.

[0023] For some applications, the atrial portion further includes a frusto-conical portion, and the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion.

[0024] For some applications, the atrial portion further includes a frusto-conical portion, and the valve frame further includes a plurality of protruding struts configured to protrude from an exterior of the cylindrical portion, and the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via the protruding struts.

[0025] For some applications, the device delivers a valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilizing arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; The delivery device is further configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0026] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to deploy a plurality of chord mobilization arms among the chords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in the at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the chord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the chord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; The delivery device is configured to rotate at least a portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in a rotated configuration.

[0027] In some applications, after rotating at least a portion of the valve frame, By allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame, The delivery device is configured to release the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) is twisted around the valve frame.

[0028] For some applications, when the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

[0029] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms; The delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord-like tissue mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0030] For some applications, in a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arms: the outer surface of each cord mobilization arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cord slides over the outer surface of the cord mobilization arm without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arm; The inner surface of each cord mobilization arm has a concave curvature so that, while rotating at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

[0031] In some applications, the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts that define cells, and at least some of the struts have an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of the tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

[0032] In some applications, the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction, so that the outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

[0033] For some applications, the funicular tissue mobilizing arms are configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel with a direction of circumferential curvature opposite a given circumferential direction.

[0034] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion and a truncated cone-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of protruding struts configured to protrude from an exterior of the cylindrical portion to which the conical portion of the atrial section is connected via the protruding struts; The device further includes a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve.

[0035] For some applications, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion.

[0036] For some applications, the plurality of protruding struts protrude from the exterior of the barrel from an axial location along the barrel that is within the bottom 70 percent of the height of the barrel.

[0037] For some applications, the frustum shaped portion of the atrial portion is sewn to the protruding struts. For some applications, the frustum shaped portion of the atrial portion is welded to the protruding struts. For some applications, the frustum shaped portion of the atrial portion is glued to the protruding struts.

[0038] In some applications, the atrial frustum portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via protruding struts, thereby reducing strain in the area of ​​the valve frame where the atrial frustum portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion compared to if the atrial frustum portion was directly coupled to the cylindrical portion.

[0039] For some applications, the valve frame further includes a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel.

[0040] For some applications, the device delivers a valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilizing arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; The delivery device is further configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0041] For some applications, the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilizing arms can be rounded, for example, to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilizing arm without damaging the tissue.

[0042] For some applications, the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms can be cushioned, for example, to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

[0043] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to deploy a plurality of chord mobilization arms among the chords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in the at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the chord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the chord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; The delivery device is configured to rotate at least a portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in a rotated configuration.

[0044] In some applications, after rotating at least a portion of the valve frame, By allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame, The delivery device is configured to release the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) is twisted around the valve frame.

[0045] For some applications, when the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

[0046] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms; The delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord-like tissue mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0047] For some applications, in a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arms: the outer surface of each cord mobilization arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cord slides over the outer surface of the cord mobilization arm without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arm; The inner surface of each cord mobilization arm has a concave curvature, so that while rotating at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

[0048] In some applications, the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts that define cells, and at least some of the struts have an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of the tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

[0049] In some applications, the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction, so that the outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

[0050] For some applications, the valve frame further includes chordal tissue mobilizing arms configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite the given circumferential direction.

[0051] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion and a truncated cone-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is positioned within the ventricle; The device further includes a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion.

[0052] For some applications, the valve frame further includes a plurality of protruding struts configured to protrude from an exterior of the cylindrical portion, and the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via the protruding struts.

[0053] In some applications, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is directly coupled to the cylindrical portion. In some applications, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via sutures. In some applications, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via welding. In some applications, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via adhesive.

[0054] For some applications, the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion extends from an axial location along the cylindrical portion that is 90 percent from the bottom of the height of the cylindrical portion. For some applications, the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion extends from an axial location along the cylindrical portion that is 70 percent from the bottom of the height of the cylindrical portion. For some applications, the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that the frustum-shaped portion of the atrial portion extends from an axial location along the cylindrical portion that is 50 percent from the bottom of the height of the cylindrical portion.

[0055] For some applications, the valve frame further includes a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel.

[0056] For some applications, the device delivers a valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilizing arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; The delivery device is further configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0057] For some applications, the tip of each of the cord mobilization arms is rounded, e.g., to guide the cord around the tip of the cord mobilization arm without damaging tissue. For some applications, the tip of each of the cord mobilization arms is cushioned, e.g., to guide the cord around the tip of the cord mobilization arm without damaging tissue.

[0058] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to deploy a plurality of chord mobilization arms among the chords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in the at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the chord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the chord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; The delivery device is configured to rotate at least a portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in a rotated configuration.

[0059] In some applications, after rotating at least a portion of the valve frame, By allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame, The delivery device is configured to release the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) is twisted around the valve frame.

[0060] For some applications, when the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

[0061] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms; The delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord-like tissue mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0062] For some applications, in a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arms: the outer surface of each cord mobilization arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cord slides over the outer surface of the cord mobilization arm without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arm; The inner surface of each cord mobilization arm has a concave curvature so that, while rotating at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arm, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

[0063] In some applications, the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts that define cells, and at least some of the struts have an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of the tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

[0064] In some applications, the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction, so that the outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

[0065] For some applications, the valve frame further includes chordal tissue mobilizing arms configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite the given circumferential direction.

[0066] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a flange configured to be deployed on an atrial side of the valve annulus and a frusto-conical portion; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is positioned within the ventricle; Further provided is an apparatus including a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve, wherein the flange includes struts that define cells, at least some of the struts having an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the flange can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of the tissue on the atrial side of the valve annulus.

[0067] In some applications, the cells of the flange are curved in a circumferential direction, so that the outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

[0068] For some applications, the valve frame further includes a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms configured to extend radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite the given circumferential direction.

[0069] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel; the plurality of chord mobilization arms are configured to be deployed among the chordae of the native atrioventricular valve while the barrel is maintained in the at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the chord mobilization arms assume a rotated configuration in which the chord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; wherein in the rotating configuration of the cord mobilization arms, the outer surface of each cord mobilization arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the cord mobilization arm, such that during rotation of at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords slide over the outer surface of the cord mobilization arms without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arms; The device further includes a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve, wherein an inner surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a concave curvature such that, while rotating at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

[0070] For some applications, the outer surface of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is covered with a low friction fabric, e.g., to allow movement of the outer surface relative to the funicular tissue without damaging the tissue. For some applications, the inner surface of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is covered with a low friction fabric, e.g., to allow movement of the inner surface relative to the funicular tissue without damaging the tissue. For some applications, the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is rounded, e.g., to lead the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue. For some applications, the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is cushioned, e.g., to lead the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

[0071] For some applications, the device delivers a valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying the plurality of chord mobilization arms among the chords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in the at least partial radially constrained configuration, the chord mobilization arms assuming a rotational configuration; While the funicular tissue mobilizing arms are positioned in a rotating configuration, First, rotating at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite to the direction of circumferential curvature of the cord recruitment arms; The delivery device is further configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord-like tissue mobilization arms to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0072] In some applications, the delivery device is configured to release the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame after rotating at least a portion of the valve frame such that at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve is trapped within the valve frame, such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) is twisted around the valve frame.

[0073] For some applications, when the atrial and cylindrical portions of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

[0074] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: deploying an atrial portion of the valve frame at least partially within the atrium of the subject, the atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on an atrial side of the valve annulus and a frusto-conical portion; and unfolding the cylindrical portion of the valve frame so that the ventricular end of the cylindrical portion to which the prosthetic valve leaflets are attached is positioned within the subject's ventricle. deploying a valve frame within the native atrioventricular valve; The method further provides that a plurality of protruding struts protrude from an exterior of the barrel portion, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section being coupled to the barrel portion via the protruding struts.

[0075] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: deploying an atrial portion of the valve frame at least partially within the atrium of the subject, the atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be positioned on an atrial side of the valve annulus and a frusto-conical portion; and unfolding the cylindrical portion of the valve frame so that the ventricular end of the cylindrical portion to which the prosthetic valve leaflets are attached is positioned within the subject's ventricle. deploying a valve frame within the native atrioventricular valve; The method further provides that the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion.

[0076] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, the prosthetic valve leaflet including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of chordal tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and configured to deploy among the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve and mobilize and flex at least a portion of the chordal tissue in response to the valve frame rotating in a given direction, thereby (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twisting the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame; a plurality of anti-recoil elements extending from a disc-shaped portion of the atrial portion of the valve frame configured to prevent rotation of the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction in which the valve frame was rotated; The device further includes a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve.

[0077] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: an atrial portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is positioned within the ventricle; and placing a valve frame within the native atrioventricular valve, the valve frame including a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from a ventricular end of a barrel; deploying the chordae recruitment arms between the chordae of the native atrioventricular valve; Rotating the valve frame in a given direction such that at least a portion of the cord-like tissue is recruited and flexed to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twist the native atrioventricular valve about the valve frame; For example, a method is further provided that includes deploying an anti-recoil element in tissue of the subject's atrium to prevent rotation of the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction in which the valve frame was rotated.

[0078] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, an apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between the atrium and ventricle of a mammalian subject, and a delivery device, comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel; a lever element extending from the chord mobilization arm configured to cause the chord mobilization arm to pivot radially outward when the chord mobilization arm is deployed between the chords of the native atrioventricular valve and the lever element is retained within the delivery device; There is further provided an apparatus including a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve.

[0079] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: an atrial portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the cylindrical portion being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel; and delivering a valve frame including a lever element extending from a chordal tissue mobilization arm to a native atrioventricular valve using a delivery device; deploying the cord mobilization arms between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve, e.g., by holding a lever element at least in part within the delivery device such that the cord mobilization arms pivot radially outward; The method further includes recruiting and deflecting at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, for example, (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotating the valve frame in a given direction to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0080] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: an atrial portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is positioned within the ventricle; and delivering a valve frame, the valve frame including a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms coupled to the ventricular end of the barrel via stitches and configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel, to the native atrioventricular valve using a delivery device; releasing the cord mobilization arms from the delivery device, thereby extending the cord mobilization arms radially outward by pivoting about the stitches relative to the barrel to deploy the cord mobilization arms among the cords of the native atrioventricular valve; The method further includes recruiting and deflecting at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, for example, (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotating the valve frame in a given direction to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0081] In accordance with some applications of the present invention, a method is provided for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet, including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject, the method comprising: an atrial portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is positioned within the ventricle; and delivering a valve frame, the valve frame including a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from a ventricular end of a cylindrical portion and configured to bend in a given direction of circumferential curvature relative to a longitudinal axis of the valve frame, to the native atrioventricular valve using a delivery device; releasing the cord mobilization arms from the delivery device to allow the cord mobilization arms to deploy between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve; then circumferentially rotating the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction of circumferential curvature of the cord recruitment arms; The method further includes then recruiting and deflecting at least a portion of the chordal tissue, e.g., (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) circumferentially rotating the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the chordal tissue recruitment arms to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

[0082] The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of its applications, taken together with the drawings in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0083] [Figure 1A-1C] FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are schematic diagrams of respective views of a valve frame configured to support a prosthetic valve within a subject's native atrioventricular valve, showing a valve frame arranged in a non-radially constrained configuration, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. [Figure 1D] FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram of the valve frame of FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C in a non-radially constrained configuration, showing the leaflets and coating material attached to the valve frame, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. [Diagram 2] 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams of the valve frame of FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C fully positioned within a delivery device (FIG. 2A) and with the cord-like tissue mobilization arms of the valve frame in a "rotated configuration" (FIG. 2B), in accordance with some applications of the present invention. [Diagram 3] 3A and 3B are schematic diagrams of respective views of the atrial portion of a valve frame, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 4] 4A and 4B are schematic diagrams of top views of the atrial and cylindrical portions of a valve frame, according to respective applications of the present invention. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a side view of a cylindrical portion of a valve frame, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of an atrial portion of a valve frame coupled to a cylindrical portion of a valve frame, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 6A]FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of the chordae mobilization arms of the valve frame, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of the chordal tissue mobilization arms of FIG. 6A coupled to a cylindrical portion of a valve frame, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 7] 7A and 7B are schematic illustrations of the chordal tissue mobilization arms of a valve frame positioned in a non-radially constrained configuration (FIG. 7A) and when the lower ends of the arms are held within a delivery device while the upper ends of the arms are released from the delivery device (FIG. 7B), in accordance with some applications of the present invention. [Figure 8] 8A, 8B, and 8C are schematic illustrations of respective views of a valve frame in a non-radially constrained configuration, according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 9] 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams of respective views of a valve frame body of a valve frame according to some applications of the present invention. [Figure 10] 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams of the atrial portion of a valve frame in which the struts in the atrial portion have an undulating pattern, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. [Figure 11] 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E, and 11F are schematic illustrations of respective steps in the deployment of a prosthetic mitral valve via a transseptal approach according to some applications of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0084] Reference is now made to Figures 1A, 1B, and 1C, which are schematic illustrations of respective views of a valve frame 20, illustrating the valve frame in its non-radially constrained configuration, according to some applications of the present invention. Figure 1A illustrates a side view of the valve frame, Figure 1B illustrates a bottom view (i.e., a view from the ventricular end of the valve frame), and Figure 1C illustrates a top view (i.e., a view from the atrial end of the valve frame). Reference is also made to Figure 1D, which is a schematic illustration of a valve frame 20 having leaflets 23 coupled thereto, according to some applications of the present invention.

[0085] Typically, the valve frame includes a valve frame body 21. In some applications, the valve frame body 21 includes a cylindrical portion 22, as well as an atrial portion 26. Typically, the cylindrical portion is configured to support a prosthetic valve within a native atrioventricular valve. For example, the leaflets 23 of the prosthetic valve may be sutured and / or otherwise coupled to the cylindrical portion, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1D. Typically, the atrial portion 26 is configured to be at least partially deployed within the atrium of a subject. In some applications, the atrial portion 26 includes a discoid portion 28 (also referred to herein as a flange) and a frustoconical portion 30.

[0086] Typically, the discoid portion of the atrial portion is configured to seal the valve frame against tissue on the atrial side of the mitral annulus and further configured to prevent migration of the valve frame into the left ventricle. The frustoconical portion typically extends from the discoid portion of the atrial portion to an outer surface of the cylindrical portion. In some applications, including the frustoconical portion between the discoid portion and the cylindrical portion (as opposed to directly bonding the discoid portion to the cylindrical portion) reduces the likelihood of regurgitation around the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion.

[0087] In some applications, the cylindrical portion and the atrial portion are formed as separate pieces and attached to one another, for example, via sewing, gluing, welding, and / or other methods, or the cylindrical portion and the atrial portion are part of a single, integrally formed piece, for example, as described below with reference to Figures 8A-8C.

[0088] Typically, the valve frame 20 is made of a shape memory material (e.g., Nitinol and / or a shape memory alloy such as copper-aluminum-nickel) that is covered on one or both sides with a covering material 32, e.g., fabric and / or polymer (e.g., expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), or woven, knitted, meshed, and / or braided polyester, etc.) (as shown in FIG. 1D). Typically, the shape memory material in the cylindrical section 22 and the atrial section 26 is formed into a stent-like structure that includes struts and / or cells of shape memory material. The covering material is typically connected to the shape memory material via stitches 34 (as shown in FIG. 1D). It should be noted that, for purposes of illustration, FIGS. 1A-1C (as well as FIGS. 3A-10B) show the valve frame 20 without the leaflets 23 and covering material 32. However, the leaflets 23 and covering material 32 may be observed in FIG. 1D.

[0089] In some applications, multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms 24 (e.g., more than two and / or less than twelve arms) extend from a portion of the valve frame body 21 configured to be placed in the ventricle of a subject. For example, four cord-like tissue mobilization arms or six cord-like tissue mobilization arms may extend from the valve frame body. In some applications, a single cord-like tissue mobilization arm 24 extends from a portion of the valve frame body 21 configured to be placed in the ventricle of a subject. Typically, the cord-like tissue mobilization arm extends from the cylindrical portion 22 of the valve frame body 21. More typically, the cord-like tissue mobilization arm extends from the ventricular end of the cylindrical portion (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the ventricle). Typically, in the unconstrained configuration of the valve frame (which the valve frame typically assumes when neither the valve frame body nor the funicular movement arms are constrained by a delivery device), the arms extend radially from the valve frame body in addition to extending axially from the ventricular end of the valve frame body toward the atrial end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the atrium). Moreover, typically, the arms curve around the outer periphery of the valve frame body for a given circumferential direction of curvature.

[0090] As noted in the Summary of the Invention, a description herein of an arm extending in a given direction from a valve frame body should not be construed as excluding additional directions in which the arm may be oriented. Rather, an arm described (or claimed) as extending radially from a valve frame body should be construed to mean that the orientation of the arm relative to the valve frame body includes a radial component. Typically, in addition to extending radially from the valve frame body, the arms are curved in a circumferential direction, and in some cases, the orientation of the arms includes an axial component. In some applications, along at least a portion of the arms, and in at least certain configurations of the arms, the arms are oriented tangentially relative to the valve frame body.

[0091] Typically, the valve frame 20 with the prosthetic valve leaflets 23 disposed therein is delivered to the native atrioventricular valve via a delivery device 40 (e.g., a delivery catheter shown in FIG. 2 ), which is configured to maintain the valve frame and prosthetic valve in a radially constrained configuration (i.e., a “crimped” configuration) during delivery. In each application, the valve frame is delivered transapically (i.e., through the apex of the left ventricle), transseptally (i.e., through the vena cava, right atrium, and atrial septum, as described in detail with reference to FIGS. 11A-11F ), and / or via a different delivery route. In some applications, when the distal end of the delivery device is positioned within the subject's ventricle, the chord mobilizing arms 24 are deployed between the chords of the native atrioventricular valve. Typically, the chord mobilizing arms are deployed between the chords of the native atrioventricular valve by releasing the chord mobilizing arms from the delivery device, which are configured to extend from the valve frame body when released from the delivery device. In some applications, additional techniques are used to release the cord mobilization arms from the delivery device, thereby allowing the cord mobilization arms to be deployed among the cords of the native atrioventricular valve. For example, the valve frame may include a lever element configured to radially extend the cord mobilization arms (e.g., as described below with reference to Figures 7A-7B). Alternatively or additionally, the arms are coupled to the barrel of the valve frame via stitches that act as hinges, so that the arms pivot about the stitches relative to the barrel, as described below. Typically, the cord mobilization arms are released from the delivery device while the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device. Typically, the valve frame is rotated while the cord mobilization arms and the valve frame body are configured in the aforementioned configuration. Thus, in this application, the configuration of the cord tissue mobilization arms when they have been released from the delivery device, but the valve frame body is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, is referred to as the "rotated configuration" of the cord tissue mobilization arms.

[0092] Reference is now made to Figures 2A and 2B. Figure 2A is a schematic illustration of a valve frame 20 generally fully disposed within a delivery device 40 including a proximal overtube 41 and a nosecone 43, according to some applications of the present invention. Figure 2B is a schematic illustration of a valve frame 20 when the cord mobilization arms are disposed in their rotated configuration (i.e., when the cord mobilization arms 24 of the valve frame are released from the delivery device 40, while the valve frame body 21 of the valve frame is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device), according to some applications of the present invention. It should be noted that Figure 2B shows the delivery device and arms configured for insertion from below the mitral valve (e.g., via transapical insertion). As shown, in some such applications, in their rotated configuration, the arms extend axially distally from a distal end of the delivery device (i.e., the end of the delivery device that is further into the subject's body from the insertion point of the delivery device). In some applications where the delivery device is inserted above the mitral valve (e.g., via transseptal insertion, as described in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 11A-11F), in their rotated configurations the arms extend axially from the distal end of the delivery device in a proximal direction (i.e., back toward the proximal end of the delivery device). In some applications, in their rotated configurations the cord mobilization arms are configured to extend radially from the valve frame and curve circumferentially around the valve frame, but not axially in either the proximal or distal directions. Rather, for such applications, in their rotated configurations the arms are arranged in a single plane along the axial direction and extend radially from the valve frame.

[0093] After the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are deployed among the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve (and typically while the valve frame body 21 is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, as shown in FIG. 2 ), the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 mobilize and flex at least a portion of the chordal tissue, causing the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 to rotate at least a portion of the valve frame 20, for example, to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twist the native atrioventricular valve about the valve frame. In some applications, the rotation occurs when the chordal tissue is closest to the valve frame to rotate the valve frame during ventricular contraction when the native atrioventricular valve is closed. Alternatively, the valve frame is rotated without regard to the phase of the subject's cardiac cycle (i.e., without attempting to synchronize the rotation with a particular phase of the subject's cardiac cycle).

[0094] After rotation of the valve frame, the cylindrical portion 22 and the atrial portion 26 are typically allowed to radially expand, e.g., by releasing the cylindrical portion and the atrial portion from the delivery device, so that the valve frame assumes its non-radially constrained configuration. Typically, the valve frame is configured to thereby trap the native leaflets in a partially closed, twisted configuration, thereby at least partially sealing the space between the native atrioventricular valve and the prosthetic valve. For example, the cylindrical portion may be configured to radially expand to trap the native leaflets between the cylindrical portion and the chordal tissue movement arms, and / or the atrial portion may be configured to radially expand to trap the native leaflets between the atrial portion and the chordal tissue recruitment arms.

[0095] Typically, the cord recruitment arms 24 are configured to curve in a given circumferential direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame both when the arms are deployed between the cords (i.e., when the arms are disposed in their rotated configuration), as described in more detail below, and when the cylindrical portion 22 and the atrial portion 26 are allowed to radially expand (i.e., when the valve frame assumes its non-radially constrained configuration). For example, the arms may curve in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame. Typically, after the cord recruitment arms 24 are deployed between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve (and typically while the valve frame body 21 is still maintained in at least a partially radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, as shown in FIG. 2 (i.e., when the arms are disposed in their rotated configuration), the valve frame is rotated in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, the valve frame is rotated in the opposite circumferential direction before rotating in this direction. For example, if the arms are curved in a clockwise circumferential direction, after the arms are deployed among the cords, the valve frame may be rotated first in a counterclockwise direction and then in a clockwise direction, which in some applications may facilitate mobilization of a larger proportion of the cords than simply rotating the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms.

[0096] As described in the paragraph above, in some applications, the valve frame is rotated in the opposite circumferential direction before rotating the valve frame in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, the delivery device is configured to perform an initial rotation of the valve frame to a given angle relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms, for example, and then rotate the valve frame to the predetermined angle in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, in the rotational configuration of the cord-mobilizing arms, the outer surface of each arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the arm, so that during the initial rotation (relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords slide over the outer surface of the arms without being recruited or captured by the arms. In some applications, such a shape of the arms allows the initial rotation of the valve frame to position a relatively large number of cords to be recruited by each arm in a subsequent rotation step, for example. During subsequent rotation of the valve frame (in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords are recruited and deflected by the arms. Typically, in the rotational configuration of the cord recruitment arms, the inner surface of each arm has a concave curvature, and the cords are recruited within the space defined by the concave curvature during subsequent rotation by the valve frame.

[0097] Referring again to FIG. 1D , in some applications, the covering material 32 defines slits 42. Typically, when the valve frame 20 is arranged in its radially constrained configuration within the delivery device, the cells of the valve frame are axially elongated. In some applications, the slits 42 are configured to allow the cells of the valve frame to elongate axially without tearing the covering material, e.g., with the axially elongated cells extending through the slits. Typically, when the valve frame is released from the delivery device and assumes its non-radially constrained configuration, the cells become reinserted into the slits, e.g., covered by the covering material. For purposes of illustration, it should be noted that in FIG. 1D , the tips of the cells are shown protruding from the slits even in the valve frame in its non-radially constrained configuration.

[0098] Reference is now made to Figures 3A and 3B, which are schematic illustrations of respective views of the atrial section 26, according to some applications of the present invention. Figure 3A shows a three-dimensional side view, and Figure 3B shows a top view. As described above, the atrial section 26 is typically configured to be deployed at least partially within the atrium of a subject. In some applications, the atrial section 26 includes a disk-shaped portion 28 (also referred to herein as a flange) and a frustoconical portion 30. The disk-shaped portion is typically configured to be placed on the native mitral valve annulus, and the frustoconical portion extends from the disk-shaped portion of the atrial section to the cylindrical portion 22. Typically, the disk-shaped portion of the atrial section is configured to seal the valve frame against tissue on the atrial side of the mitral valve annulus, and further configured to prevent the valve frame from moving into the left ventricle. In some applications, the cells of the flange include spring portions 44. The spring portions are configured to provide flexibility to the cells, so that the flange can adapt its shape to match changes in the shape of the atrial tissue that it contacts during heart movement. Alternatively or additionally, the cells of the flange are provided with flexibility by having struts of the cells themselves have an undulating pattern, as described in more detail below with reference to Figures 10A-10B. In some applications, including a frustoconical portion between the discoid portion and the cylindrical portion (as opposed to directly bonding the discoid portion to the cylindrical portion) reduces the possibility of reflux around the outer periphery of the cylindrical portion. Depending on the application, the flange is disposed in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis defined by the cylindrical portion, or at an angle relative to such a plane. For example, the flange may define an upward or downward angle relative to the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis defined by the cylindrical portion to best conform to the various anatomical structures surrounding the native atrioventricular valves in either the atrium or ventricle.

[0099] In some applications, the frustoconical portion defines holes 50 at the bottom of at least some of the cells of the frustoconical portion. Typically, the holes are configured to facilitate suturing of the atrial portion to the cylindrical portion of the valve frame. In some applications, a pair 52 of struts 54 extends from each cell of the discoid portion 28 of the atrial portion. The pair of struts converge to a point 56. In some applications, the pair of struts is configured to pierce the subject's cardiac tissue (e.g., tissue of the valve annulus) at the point 56. As described above, typically, the valve frame is rotated to recruit the chordae of the native valve, and then the valve frame body is allowed to radially expand. In some cases, the valve frame experiences recoil and tends to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction in which it was rotated. Typically, by penetrating (and becoming embedded within) the subject's cardiac tissue with points 56, the pair of struts are configured to act as anti-reaction elements by preventing rotation of the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction in which the valve frame was rotated.

[0100] Reference is now made to Figures 4A and 4B, which are schematic illustrations of top views of the atrial section 26 and cylindrical section 22, according to respective applications of the present invention. As described with reference to Figures 3A and 3B, in some applications, pairs 52 of struts 54 extend from each cell of the discoid portion 28 of the atrial section. Typically, the strut pairs are configured to act as anti-recoil elements by preventing rotation of the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction in which the valve frame was rotated. In some applications, the strut pairs further facilitate fixation of the atrial section to the native tissue.

[0101] As shown in FIG. 4A, in some applications, the strut pairs are curved circumferentially relative to the axis of the valve frame. Typically, the curvature of the strut pairs is configured to facilitate an anti-recoil function, with the struts curved to face the direction in which the valve frame will tend to rotate. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 4A, the valve frame is configured to be initially rotated in a clockwise direction (when viewed from above as shown in FIG. 4A). Thus, in some cases, the valve frame will tend to recoil and rotate in a counterclockwise direction. The curvature of the strut pairs prevents further rotation of the valve frame as the valve frame begins to rotate in a counterclockwise direction, with the tips 56 of the pairs 52 of struts 54 penetrating (and becoming at least partially embedded in) the subject's heart tissue.

[0102] Typically, each strut 54 of a given pair 52 is configured to extend from a strut on a respective side (i.e., left or right) of a cell of the atrial discoid portion 28. As shown in Figure 4A, in some applications, each strut 54 of a given pair 52 is configured to extend from a strut on a respective side of an outer half of a cell of the atrial discoid portion 28. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 4B, each strut 54 of a given pair 52 is configured to extend from a strut on a respective side (i.e., left or right) of an inner half of a cell of the atrial discoid portion 28.

[0103] In some applications, in addition to being curved (as described with reference to FIG. 4A ), the pair 52 of struts 54 are twisted relative to the cells through which they extend. For example, as shown in FIG. 4B , strut 58 is connected to strut 60 on the inside left side of the cell of the atrial discoid portion 28. Strut 62 is connected to strut 64 on the inside right side of the cell of the atrial discoid portion 28. Struts 60 and 64 form a junction 66 with one another. Strut 58 is connected to strut 60 at a location closer to junction 66 than the location of the connection between strut 62 and strut 64. This results in the pair 52 of struts 58 and 62 being twisted relative to the atrial discoid portion 28. In some applications, the twist of the strut pair 52 is configured to facilitate an anti-recoil function of the strut pair by allowing the struts to become more embedded within the tissue of the subject's heart (in response to the valve frame beginning to experience recoil) than if the struts did not have a twisted configuration. In some applications, the valve frame 20 does not include an anti-recoil element as described with reference to Figures 4A-4B.

[0104] Reference is now made to FIG. 5A, which is a schematic illustration of a side view of the cylindrical portion 22, according to some applications of the present invention. Reference is also made to FIG. 5B, which is a schematic illustration of the atrial portion 26 coupled to the cylindrical portion 22, according to some applications of the present invention. In some applications, a plurality of struts 61 protrude from the outside of the cylindrical portion 22. In some applications, the protrusion of the struts from the outside of the cylindrical portion 22 is such that the orientation of the struts relative to the cylindrical portion has radial and axial components. In some applications, along at least a portion of the struts, the struts are disposed tangentially to the cylindrical portion. Typically, the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion by the atrial portion being coupled to the protruding struts 61. For example, as described above, the frustoconical portion 30 of the atrial portion 26 may define holes 50 at the bases of at least some of the cells of the frustoconical portion. In some applications, the protruding struts 61 also define holes 65, and the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion by sewn sutures through holes 50 defined by the atrial portion and corresponding holes 65 defined by the protruding struts 61 in the cylindrical portion 22. Alternatively or additionally, the atrial portion is coupled to the protruding struts via other means, for example, by welding (such as laser welding), adhesively, and / or via a different method.

[0105] It should be noted that normally, during crimping of the valve frame, the struts pivot about the joints where the protruding struts 61 protrude from the barrel section, so that these joints are subject to a lot of strain. If the atrial section were directly connected to the barrel section at these joints, this would mean that these ends of the valve frame that are subject to relatively high strain are also the ends where the two parts are connected to each other, and the frame would be prone to fatigue at these ends. In contrast, with the barrel section including the protruding struts 61, and the atrial section being connected to the barrel section via struts, there is a gap between the high strain end and the end where the atrial section is connected to the barrel section.

[0106] It should be further noted that typically the protruding struts protrude from an axial location along the cylinder that is in the bottom 90 percent (e.g., the bottom 70 percent, or the bottom 50 percent) of the height of the cylinder. Typically the cylinder has a height of at least 15 mm to accommodate the coupling of the valve leaflets to the cylinder. If the protruding struts were to protrude from the top of the cylinder (or if the atrial portion were directly coupled to the cylinder at the top of the cylinder), the entire height of the cylinder would be located below the atrial portion. In contrast, since the protruding struts protrude from the bottom 90 percent (e.g., the bottom 70 percent, or the bottom 50 percent) of the height of the cylinder, there is typically an axial overlap between the atrial portion of the valve frame and the cylinder along the height of the cylinder. Typically, no axial overlap between the atrial portion of the valve frame and the cylinder would result in a smaller portion of the cylinder's height protruding into the subject's ventricle (reducing the cylinder's presence in the ventricle, thereby making it less restrictive). Similarly, when the valve frame 20 is configured to be placed within the left ventricle of a subject, there is typically less obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract compared to allowing a greater portion of the cylindrical height to protrude into the subject's ventricle. In this regard, it should be noted that, as discussed above, the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are typically configured to mobilize and deflect at least a portion of the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve, thereby (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twisting the native atrioventricular valve about the valve frame. Such mobilization and deflection of the chordal tissue typically helps to prevent obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by portions of the native mitral valve apparatus.

[0107] In some applications (not shown), the atrial portion is directly coupled to the cylindrical portion (i.e., not via a protruding strut). For example, the atrial portion may be directly coupled to the cells and / or cell junctions of the cylindrical portion. In some applications, the atrial portion is directly coupled to the cylindrical portion using sutures. In some such applications, the sutures act as hinges so that the atrial portion is able to move relative to the cylindrical portion. Alternatively, the atrial portion is directly coupled to the cylindrical portion using other methods, such as welding, gluing, or another method. Typically in such cases, as described above, the coupling is such that there is an axial overlap between the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame along the height of the cylindrical portion. This typically means that the frustoconical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that the frustoconical portion of the atrial portion extends from an axial location along the cylindrical portion that is in the bottom 90 percent (e.g., the bottom 70 percent, or the bottom 50 percent) of the height of the cylindrical portion.

[0108] Reference is now made to FIG. 6A, which is a schematic illustration of a cord-like tissue mobilization arm 24 of a valve frame 20, according to some applications of the present invention. Reference is also made to FIG. 6B, which is a schematic illustration of a cord-like tissue mobilization arm coupled to a cylindrical portion 22 of the valve frame. As noted above, in some applications, multiple cord-like tissue mobilization arms 24 (e.g., more than two and / or less than twelve arms) extend from a portion of the valve frame body 21 configured to be placed in the ventricle of a subject. For example, four cord-like tissue mobilization arms or six cord-like tissue mobilization arms may extend from the valve frame body. In some applications, a single cord-like tissue mobilization arm 24 extends from a portion of the valve frame body 21 configured to be placed in the ventricle of a subject. Typically, the cord-like tissue mobilization arm extends from the cylindrical portion 22 of the valve frame body 21, as shown in FIG. 6B.

[0109] In some applications, each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms 24 is defined by a pair 70 of struts 72 extending from respective junctions at the ventricular end of the barrel 22. Typically, the struts are curved, e.g., to contact one another and form a junction at the arm's tip 74. In some applications, all of the funicular tissue mobilization arms are cut from a single piece 76 of shape memory material (e.g., Nitinol and / or a shape memory alloy such as copper-aluminum-nickel). The piece of shape memory material defining the arms is typically bonded to the barrel of the valve frame, as described in more detail below. Typically, the arms are covered with a covering material 32 (shown in FIG. 2), e.g., a fabric and / or a polymer (e.g., expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and / or polyester).

[0110] Typically, the cord mobilization arms 24 of the valve frame are configured to be released from the delivery device 40 while the valve frame body 21 of the valve frame is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, as described above with reference to FIG. 2. In this first configuration of the cord mobilization arms (referred to herein as the rotated configuration of the cord mobilization arms), the arms are configured to be deployed among the cords of the native atrioventricular valve, and to mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cords, thereby (a) pulling the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twisting the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame. The valve frame body can then assume its non-radially constrained configuration by releasing the valve frame body from the delivery device. Typically, the assumption of a non-radially constrained configuration by the valve frame body changes the configuration of the cord mobilization arms from the first configuration (i.e., their rotated configuration) to a second configuration different from the first configuration. In this second configuration, the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are configured to trap the chordal tissue and / or native leaflets between the arms and a portion of the valve frame body. Typically, the second configuration of the arms ensures a firm fixation between the trapped chordal tissue and / or native leaflets relative to the valve frame body and the prosthetic valve leaflets.

[0111] Typically, the first strut 72 of a strut pair 70 that includes a chord recruitment arm is longer than the second strut of the pair. The pair of struts is configured such that when the bases of the struts are held together (the arms are in their rotated configuration), the arms are relatively long and thin so that they spread among and then recruit and flex a relatively large number of chords. In some applications, in this configuration, the length of each of the arms is greater than 10 mm (e.g., greater than 20 mm, or greater than 25 mm) measured along the axis of the arm. Typically, the arms are configured such that when the arms are in the rotated configuration, (a) the arms extend radially from the valve frame body, (b) the arms extend axially from the ventricular end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the ventricle) toward the atrial end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the atrium), and (c) the arms are curved around the outside of the cylinder in a given direction of circumferential curvature. As noted above, in some applications, in their rotated configurations, the chordal tissue mobilization arms are configured to extend radially from the valve frame and curve circumferentially around the valve frame, but not extend axially in either the proximal or distal directions. Rather, for such applications, in their rotated configurations, the arms are arranged in a single plane along the axial direction and extend radially from the valve frame.

[0112] As further described above, in some applications, in the rotating configuration of the cord recruitment arms, the outer surface of each arm has a smooth, convex curvature that extends substantially along the entire length of the arm, so that during initial rotation of the valve frame (relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cord slides over the outer surface of the arm without being recruited or captured by the arm and without being damaged by the arm. In some applications, such a shape of the arms positions a relatively large number of cords by the initial rotation of the valve frame, for example, to be recruited by each arm in a subsequent rotation step. During subsequent rotation of the valve frame (in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords are recruited and deflected by the arms. Typically, in the rotating configuration of the cord recruitment arms, the inner surface of the arms has a concave curvature, and the cords are recruited within the space defined by the concave curvature during subsequent rotation by the valve frame.

[0113] Typically, the arms are configured such that in the second configuration (i.e., the non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame) the arms are shorter and the bases of the struts are farther apart so that the arms are wider (at least at the bases of the arms). Typically, the arms define the three curvatures described above in the second configuration, i.e., when the arms assume the second configuration, (a) the arms extend radially from the valve frame body, (b) the arms extend axially from the ventricular end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the ventricle) towards the atrial end of the valve frame body (i.e., the end of the valve frame body configured to be placed in the atrium), and (c) the arms are curved around the outside of the cylinder in a given direction of circumferential curvature.

[0114] Typically, the pieces 76 of shape memory material that define the funicular tissue mobilization arms 24 are coupled to the cylindrical portion of the valve frame via sutures. In some applications, one of the struts of each arm contacts one of the struts of the adjacent arm at a junction 78. In some applications, the shape memory material defines holes 79 at the junctions through which sutures are inserted and used to create stitches 82 that sew the shape memory material to the cylindrical portion of the valve frame body.

[0115] As explained above with reference to FIG. 2, typically the cord mobilization arms 24 of the valve frame are configured to be released from the delivery device 40 while the valve frame body 21 of the valve frame is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device. In some applications, even at this stage, the arms are sewn to the barrel at an axial location where they are released from the delivery device. In some such applications, the arms pivot about the stitches relative to the barrel, as the stitches act as a hinge. In some applications, this allows the arms to extend radially a greater distance than if the stitches did not provide the aforementioned hinge function. Alternatively or additionally, the valve frame includes lever elements configured to radially extend the cord mobilization arms, as described below with reference to FIGS. 7A-7B.

[0116] As shown in Figures 6A and 6B, typically the tip 74 of the cord mobilization arm 24 is rounded. Alternatively or additionally, a thickened layer of covering material 32 (not shown in Figures 6A-6B) is placed over the tip 74 of the cord mobilization arm so that the tip of the arm is cushioned. For example, cushioning 75 is shown at the tip 74 of the cord mobilization arm in Figure 2B. Typically the rounding and / or cushioning of the tip is such that the tip of the arm is atraumatic. More typically, this facilitates movement and rotation of the arm among the subject's cords, allowing the arm to mobilize and flex the cords without damaging the cords or other surrounding tissue. In some applications, the rounding and / or cushioning of the tip allows the cords to be guided around the tip during rotation of the valve frame (e.g., bidirectional rotation of the valve frame as described above). In some applications, the use of a thicker layer of covering material 32 at the distal ends of the arms (i.e., providing a cushion 75) facilitates fixation of the trapped chordae and native leaflets after release of the valve frame body from the delivery device.

[0117] In some applications, the covering material 32 (shown in FIG. 1D ) is configured to provide different functions, for example, for different regions of the valve frame. For example, the regions of the valve frame that typically contact the funicular tissue (such as the funicular tissue mobilization arms and the ventricular edges of the cylindrical portion) are typically covered with a low-friction fabric (such as PTFE) to provide low friction against the funicular tissue and allow movement of these portions relative to the funicular tissue without damaging the tissue. Typically, one or both of the inner and outer surfaces of the funicular tissue mobilization arms are covered with a low-friction fabric (such as PTFE) to provide low friction against the funicular tissue and allow movement of these portions relative to the funicular tissue without damaging the tissue. Other regions of the valve frame may be covered with a fabric (e.g., a porous fabric) that induces tissue ingrowth to anchor these regions to the subject's tissue. Such regions typically include the atrial portion 26 and / or a portion of the cylindrical portion 22 that contact the native atrioventricular valve leaflets.

[0118] In general, the cord-like tissue mobilizing arms typically define (a) a radially constrained configuration when the arms are maintained in a crimped configuration within the delivery device, (b) a rotated configuration when the arms are released from the delivery device but the barrel is maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, and (c) a fully deployed configuration when the entire valve frame body, including the barrel and atrial portions, is released from the delivery device. In the rotated configuration, the arms are configured to recruit and deflect cord-like tissue. In some applications, in the rotated configuration, the arms are configured to pivot outwardly relative to the barrel (e.g., by stitches 82, lever elements 80), so that the arms encompass a relatively large span, thereby recruiting a large number of cord-like tissues during rotation of the valve frame. Typically, there is a relatively large gap between the tip of the arms and the valve frame body in this configuration, because the arms pivot outwardly relative to the barrel. Furthermore, typically, in the fully deployed configuration (when the entire valve frame body, including the barrel and atrial portions, is released from the delivery device), the chordal tissue mobilization arms are configured to be positioned to define a relatively small gap G (defined below with reference to FIG. 8C ), for example, between the tips of the arms and an outer surface of the valve frame body (e.g., the outer surface of the barrel), such that the native atrioventricular valve leaflets and / or chordal tissue are trapped between the arms and the valve frame body (e.g., the outer surface of the barrel). In some applications, in the fully deployed configuration, the chordal tissue mobilization arms are configured to define pockets of space P (shown in FIG. 8B ) between themselves and the valve frame body (e.g., the outer surface of the barrel) by the inner surface of the arms having a concave curvature. Typically, the chordal tissue mobilized by the arms and / or tissue of the native leaflets is retained within these pockets of space.

[0119] Reference is now made to FIGS. 7A-7B, which are schematic illustrations of the funicular tissue mobilization arms 24 disposed in a non-radially constrained configuration (FIG. 7A) and when the lower ends of the arms are held within the delivery device 40 while the upper ends of the arms are released from the delivery device (FIG. 7B), in accordance with some applications of the present invention. As in many other figures, FIGS. 7A-7B show the funicular tissue mobilization arms 24 without the covering material 32 for illustrative purposes. In some applications, the shape memory alloy pieces 76 defining the funicular tissue mobilization arms 24 define lever elements 80. The lever elements are configured to be held within the delivery device 40 when the arms are disposed in their rotated configuration (where the arms are configured to deploy among the funicular tissue and then mobilize and deflect the funicular tissue). As shown in FIG. 7A, typically the lever elements are configured to extend from the base of the arms 24 at an angle when the valve frame is disposed in its non-radially constrained configuration. By being held within the delivery device, the lever elements are configured to pivot the arms radially outward, as shown in Figure 7B. This is illustrated by arrows 86 and 88 in Figure 7A. As shown, by moving (or holding) the lever elements in the direction of arrow 86, the tips 74 of the arms are configured to pivot radially outward in the direction of arrow 88.

[0120] Reference is now made to Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C, which are schematic illustrations of respective views of the valve frame 20, showing the valve frame in its non-radially constrained configuration, according to some applications of the present invention. Certain features of the valve frame 20 as shown in Figures 8A to 8C (and also as shown in Figures 9A to 9B) differ from the valve frame 20 as described with reference to Figures 1A to 7B, and such features are described below. In all other aspects, the valve frame 20 as shown in Figures 8A to 8C (and also as shown in Figures 9A to B) is generally similar to the valve frame 20 as described with reference to Figures 1A to 7B. Certain dimensions of the valve frame 20 are described with respect to the valve frame 20 as shown in Figures 8A to 8C and 9A to 9B. Generally, generally similar dimensions are applicable to the valve frame 20 as shown in Figures 1A to 7B, mutatis mutandis.

[0121] For some applications, the cylindrical portion 22 and the atrial portion 26 of the valve frame 20 are made from a single, integrally formed piece of shape memory material, as shown in Figures 8A-8C.

[0122] 8A-8C, in some applications, the valve frame 20 is configured such that, in the absence of forces acting on the valve frame (e.g., in a non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame), the height H1 of each funicular tissue mobilization arm 24 is greater than 5 mm (e.g., greater than 7 mm) and / or less than 20 mm (e.g., less than 15 mm), e.g., between 5 and 20 mm, or between 7 and 15 mm. In some applications, in this configuration of the valve frame, the total height H2 of the valve frame is greater than 10 mm (e.g., greater than 15 mm) and / or less than 30 mm (e.g., less than 25 mm), e.g., between 10 and 30 mm, or between 15 and 25 mm.

[0123] 8A and 8B, in some applications, the valve frame 20 is configured such that, in the absence of forces acting on the valve frame (e.g., in a non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame), the diameter D1 of the cylindrical portion 22 of the valve frame body 21 is greater than 20 mm (e.g., greater than 25 mm) and / or less than 40 mm (e.g., less than 35 mm), e.g., between 20 and 40 mm, or between 25 and 35 mm. In some applications, in this configuration of the valve frame, the span S1 defined by the cord recruitment arms is greater than 22 mm (e.g., greater than 26 mm) and / or less than 45 mm (e.g., less than 40 mm), e.g., between 22 and 45 mm, or between 26 and 40 mm. In some applications, in this configuration of the valve frame, the gap G between the tip 74 of each of the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 and the outer surface of the valve frame body is greater than 0.1 mm (e.g., greater than 0.5 mm) and / or less than 6 mm (e.g., less than 5 mm), e.g., 0.1-6 mm, or 0.5-5 mm. In some applications, the gap G is between the tip of the chordal tissue mobilization arm and the cylindrical portion. Alternatively or additionally, the gap G is between the tip of the chordal tissue mobilization arm and the atrial portion 26 (e.g., the frustoconical portion 30 of the atrial portion 26). Referring to FIG. 8B, typically in a non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame, the chordal tissue mobilization arms are configured to define pockets of space P between themselves and the valve frame body (e.g., the outer surface of the cylindrical portion) by the inner surface of the arms having a concave curvature. Typically, the chordal tissue mobilized by the arms and / or tissue of the native leaflets is retained within these pockets of space. In some applications, the valve frame is shape set such that in the non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame, there is no gap between the tip 74 of each funicular movement arm 24 and the outer surface of the valve frame body. In some applications, the arms are preloaded, for example, via the shape setting of the arms, such that the arms exert a force on the outer surface of the valve frame body (in such applications, the gap G, at the tips of the arms, would be less than zero if there was no frame blocking).

[0124] Referring again to FIG. 2, in some applications, when the cord mobilization arms 24 of the valve frame are released from the delivery device 40 (i.e., when the cord mobilization arms are positioned in their rotated configuration) while the valve frame body 21 of the valve frame is still maintained in at least a partial radially constrained configuration by the delivery device, the cord mobilization arms 24 are configured to define a span S2 that is greater than 20 mm (e.g., greater than 25 mm) and / or less than 40 mm (e.g., less than 35 mm), e.g., between 20 and 40 mm, or between 25 and 35 mm.

[0125] Reference is now made to Figures 9A and 9B, which are schematic illustrations of respective views of a valve frame body 21 of a valve frame 20, in accordance with some applications of the present invention. For purposes of illustration, Figures 9A-9B show the valve frame body without the chordae mobilization arms 24 of the valve frame.

[0126] As described above, the valve frame body 21 is typically a stent-like structure including struts of shape memory material and shaped to define a generally cylindrical shape. In some applications, a plurality of extensions 90 extend radially from a portion of the valve frame body configured to extend into the atrium. Typically, the extensions are configured to prevent the prosthetic valve and / or valve frame from migrating into the subject's ventricle. Alternatively or additionally, the extensions are configured such that the native leaflets are trapped between the extensions and the chordae recruitment arms as the valve frame body extends radially. In some applications, the extensions are flexible (e.g., the extensions may be spring-like shaped as shown) and are configured to conform to the shape of the tissue of the mitral annulus on the atrial side of the mitral valve.

[0127] In some applications, the valve frame 20 is configured such that, in the absence of forces acting on the valve frame (e.g., in a non-radially constrained configuration of the valve frame), the atrial portion 26 encompasses a radial distance D2 from the outer surface of the cylindrical portion 22 that is greater than 5 mm (e.g., greater than 10 mm) and / or less than 25 mm (e.g., less than 20 mm), e.g., between 5 and 25 mm, or between 10 and 20 mm. Referring again to FIGURE 8B, in some applications, in this configuration of the valve frame, the atrial portion 26 is configured to define a span S3 that is greater than 30 mm (e.g., greater than 35 mm) and / or less than 80 mm (e.g., less than 70 mm), e.g., between 30 and 80 mm, or between 35 and 70 mm.

[0128] Reference is now made to Figures 10A and 10B, which are schematic illustrations of the atrial section 26 of the valve frame 20, in which the struts 92 have an undulating pattern, according to some applications of the present invention. Figure 10A shows only the atrial section of the valve frame, while Figure 10B shows a top view of the atrial section coupled to the cylindrical section 22 and the chordal tissue movement arms 24. In some applications, the struts of the discoid portion (i.e., flange) 28 of the atrial section have an undulating pattern as shown. Typically, undulating struts are configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange so that the flange can adapt its shape to match changes in the shape of the tissue of the mitral annulus on the atrial side of the mitral valve that the flange contacts. In some applications, the undulating struts are configured to provide the cells with a better distribution of stress and strain during bending compared to straight struts. In some applications, the cells of the flange have a circumferential curvature so that the outer tips 94 of the cells point in a given circumferential direction. Typically, the circumferential curvature of the cells is in a direction opposite to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, and in some applications, by defining this circumferential curvature, the cells of the flange are configured to act as an anti-recoil element and prevent rotation of the valve frame in a direction opposite to the direction in which the valve frame was rotated.

[0129] Reference is now made to Figures 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E, and 11F, which are schematic illustrations of the respective steps of delivery and deployment of a mitral valve prosthesis via a transseptal approach according to some applications of the present invention. Typically, a mitral valve prosthesis includes a valve frame body as described above, with prosthetic valve leaflets 23 sutured to a cylindrical portion and / or otherwise coupled to a cylindrical portion 22 of the valve frame, as shown, for example, in Figure 1D. As described above, depending on the respective application, the mitral valve prosthesis is delivered transseptally (i.e., via the vena cava, right atrium, and atrial septum), transapically (i.e., via the apex of the left ventricle), and / or via different delivery routes. Figures 11A to 11F show the steps of delivery and deployment of a mitral valve prosthesis via a transseptal approach by way of illustration and not limitation.

[0130] Typically, a delivery device 40 (e.g., a delivery catheter) is navigated over a guidewire 102 toward the subject's native mitral valve 100. Typically, the distal end of the delivery device 40 is advanced through the atrial septum 106 and into the subject's left atrium 104, as shown in FIG. 11A. As shown in FIG. 11B, the distal end of the delivery device is advanced toward the native mitral valve and through the leaflets 108 of the native mitral valve and into the left ventricle 110. When the distal end of the delivery device is positioned within the left ventricle, the chordae mobilization arms 24 can at least partially radially expand and assume their rotated configuration, as shown in FIG. 11C. In some applications, the arms can assume the unconstrained radial configuration by releasing the arms from radial constraint by the delivery device, for example, by partially retracting the proximal overtube 41 and / or by partially advancing the distal nosecone 43. Typically, the chord mobilization arms are shape set to extend radially from the valve frame body 21 and curve circumferentially (e.g., clockwise as shown) around the valve frame body when they assume the rotated configuration. In some applications, the chord mobilization arms are further configured to extend axially toward the atrium of the subject. Typically, the chord mobilization arms are configured to be deployed between the chordae 112 of the native mitral valve upon release from the delivery device.

[0131] As shown in FIG. 11D, after the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are deployed among the chordal tissue of the native mitral valve, at least a portion of the valve frame 20 is rotated in the direction of arrow 114 to mobilize and flex at least a portion of the chordal tissue, causing the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 to, for example, (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame. Typically, the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are configured to curve in a given circumferential direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame. For example, the arms may curve in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction relative to the longitudinal axis of the valve frame. Typically, after the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are deployed among the chordal tissue of the native mitral valve, the valve frame is rotated in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In the example shown in FIG. 11D, the arms curve in a clockwise circumferential direction (as viewed from the left atrium 104), causing the valve frame to rotate in this direction.

[0132] As described above, in some applications, the valve frame is rotated in the opposite circumferential direction before rotating the valve frame in the same circumferential direction as the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, the delivery device 40 is configured to automatically perform an initial rotation of the valve frame, for example, to a given angle relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms, and then rotate the valve frame to the predetermined angle in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms. In some applications, in the rotated configuration of the arms (shown in Figs. 11C-11D), the outer surface of each arm has a smooth, convex curvature extending substantially along the entire length of the arm, so that during the initial rotation (relative to the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms), the cords slide across the outer surface of the arms without being recruited or captured by the arms. In some applications, such a shape of the arms positions a relatively large number of cords by the initial rotation of the valve frame, for example, to be recruited by each arm in a subsequent rotation step. During subsequent rotation of the valve frame (in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the arms, e.g., in the direction of arrow 114 as shown in FIG. 11D), the cord-like tissue is recruited and deflected by the arms. Typically, in the rotated configuration of the arms (shown in FIGS. 11C-11D), the inner surface of the arms has a concave curvature, and the cord-like tissue is recruited into the space defined by the concave curvature during subsequent rotation by the valve frame.

[0133] After the chordal tissue mobilization arms 24 are released and the valve frame 20 is rotated, the valve frame body 21 (i.e., the cylindrical portion 22 and the atrial portion 26 of the valve frame) can assume its non-radially constrained configuration. In some applications, the atrial portion can assume its non-radially constrained configuration by releasing the atrial portion from the delivery device, e.g., by retracting the proximal overtube 41. In some applications, the cylindrical portion can assume its non-radially constrained configuration by releasing the cylindrical portion from the delivery device, e.g., by advancing the distal nosecone 43. FIG. 11E illustrates both the cylindrical portion 22 and the atrial portion 26 in a non-radially constrained (i.e., radially expanded) configuration. Typically, with the valve frame body in its non-radially constrained configuration, the valve frame body is configured to at least partially seal the space between the native mitral valve and the prosthetic valve by trapping the native leaflets 108 in a partially closed and twisted configuration. For example, the barrel portion may be configured to radially expand to trap the native leaflets, e.g., between the barrel portion and the chordal tissue movement arms, and / or the atrial portion may be configured to radially expand to trap the native leaflets, e.g., between the atrial portion and the chordal tissue recruitment arms. In some applications, trapping the native leaflets 108 in a partially closed, twisted configuration is achieved by trapping the chordal tissue (attached to the leaflets) in a twisted configuration. After the above steps are performed, the delivery device 40 is typically fully retracted from the subject's left atrium, as indicated by arrow 120 in FIG. 11F.

[0134] The devices and methods described herein are typically performed on a subject's mitral valve and / or on a subject's tricuspid valve, and although some embodiments of the devices and methods have been described primarily in relation to the mitral valve, the scope of the invention includes application of any of the above devices and methods to the tricuspid valve, mutatis mutandis.

[0135] For some applications, the devices and methods described herein are implemented in conjunction with the devices and methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015 / 0173897 to Raanani, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0136] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein, but rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described herein, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art and that would occur to one skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.

Claims

1. 1. An apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve, comprising: the atrioventricular valve being disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a heart of a mammalian subject and including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles; The apparatus includes a valve frame configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve; The valve frame comprises: an atrial section including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from a ventricular end of the barrel; the plurality of funicular tissue mobilization arms are coupled to the ventricular end of the barrel via stitches, the stitches configured to act as hinges such that when the funicular tissue mobilization arms are released from a radially constrained configuration, the barrel is held in an at least partially radially constrained configuration and the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to extend radially outward by pivoting about the stitches relative to the barrel.

2. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the atrial portion further comprises a frusto-conical portion, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion being coupled to the cylindrical portion such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion.

3. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the atrial portion further comprises a frusto-conical portion, and the valve frame further comprises a plurality of protruding struts configured to protrude from an exterior of the cylindrical portion, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion being coupled to the cylindrical portion via the protruding struts.

4. delivering the valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a delivery device configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the plurality of cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

5. wherein the delivery device is configured to deploy the plurality of cord mobilization arms between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in an at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the cord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the cord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the delivery device is configured to rotate at least the portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in the rotated configuration.

6. After rotating at least the portion of the valve frame, by allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame; 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the delivery device is configured to release the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twists around the valve frame.

7. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket when the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

8. the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms; 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least the portion of the cords, causing the multiple cord mobilization arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

9. In a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arm, an outer surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a smooth, convex curvature extending along substantially the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, cords slide across the outer surface of the cord mobilization arms without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arms; 10. The device of claim 8, wherein an inner surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a concave curvature such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

10. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts defining cells, at least some of the struts having an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

11. The device of claim 10 , wherein the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction such that outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

12. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the cord mobilization arms are configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite the given circumferential direction.

13. 1. An apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject's heart, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising an annulus, leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles, the prosthetic valve leaflet being configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject's heart, the prosthetic valve leaflet comprising: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion and a truncated cone-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of protruding struts configured such that the frustoconical portion of the atrial section protrudes from an exterior of the cylindrical portion connected via the protruding struts; a valve frame configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve.

14. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical section such that there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section and the cylindrical section.

15. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the plurality of protruding struts protrude from the exterior of the barrel from an axial location along the barrel that is from a bottom 70 percent of the height of the barrel.

16. The device of claim 13 , wherein the frustoconical portion of the atrial section is sewn to the protruding struts.

17. The device of claim 13 , wherein the frustoconical portion of the atrial section is welded to a protruding strut.

18. The device of claim 13 , wherein the frustoconical portion of the atrial section is attached to a protruding strut.

19. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion via the protruding struts, thereby reducing strain in the area of ​​the valve frame where the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion compared to if the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion was directly coupled to the cylindrical portion.

20. 20. The device of any one of claims 13-19, wherein the valve frame further comprises a plurality of funicular tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel.

21. delivering the valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; 21. The apparatus of claim 20, further comprising a delivery device configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the plurality of cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame to twist the native atrioventricular valve about the valve frame.

22. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein a tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is rounded to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

23. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is cushioned to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

24. wherein the delivery device is configured to deploy the plurality of cord mobilization arms between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in an at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the cord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the cord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the delivery device is configured to rotate at least the portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in the rotated configuration.

25. After rotating at least the portion of the valve frame, by allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame; 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the delivery device is configured to release the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twists around the valve frame.

26. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the cord mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket when the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, and the pocket defined by the cord mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

27. the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord tissue mobilization arms; 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least the portion of the cords, causing the multiple cord mobilization arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

28. In a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arm, an outer surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a smooth, convex curvature extending along substantially the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, cords slide across the outer surface of the cord mobilization arms without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arms; 28. The device of claim 27, wherein an inner surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a concave curvature such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

29. 20. The device of any one of claims 13 to 19, wherein the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts defining cells, at least some of the struts having an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in shape of tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

30. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction such that outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

31. 31. The device of claim 30, wherein the valve frame further comprises a cord mobilization arm configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite a given circumferential direction.

32. 1. An apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve, comprising: the atrioventricular valve being disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a heart of a mammalian subject and including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles; The apparatus includes a valve frame configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve; The valve frame comprises: an atrial portion including a disc-shaped portion and a truncated cone-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical section, and there is at least an axial overlap between the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section and the cylindrical section.

33. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the valve frame further comprises a plurality of protruding struts configured to protrude from an exterior of the cylindrical portion, the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section being coupled to the cylindrical portion via the protruding struts.

34. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is directly connected to the cylindrical section.

35. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the frustoconical portion of the atrial section is attached to the cylindrical portion via sutures.

36. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical section via a weld.

37. 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical portion via an adhesive.

38. 38. The device of any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion is coupled to the cylindrical portion such that the frusto-conical portion of the atrial portion extends from an axial position along the cylindrical portion that is at the bottom 90 percent of the height of the cylindrical portion.

39. 39. The device of claim 38, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical section such that the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section extends from an axial position along the cylindrical section that is below 70 percent of the height of the cylindrical section.

40. 40. The device of claim 39, wherein the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section is coupled to the cylindrical section such that the frusto-conical portion of the atrial section extends from an axial position along the cylindrical section that is below 50 percent of the height of the cylindrical section.

41. 38. The device of any one of claims 32-37, wherein the valve frame further comprises a plurality of funicular tissue mobilization arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel.

42. delivering the valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then deploying a plurality of chordal tissue mobilization arms between the chordal tissue of the native atrioventricular valve; 42. The apparatus of claim 41, further comprising a delivery device configured to then mobilize and flex at least a portion of the cord-like tissue, causing the plurality of cord-like tissue mobilizing arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) rotate at least a portion of the valve frame to twist the native atrioventricular valve about the valve frame.

43. 43. The device of claim 42, wherein a tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is rounded to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

44. 43. The device of claim 42, wherein the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is cushioned to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

45. wherein the delivery device is configured to deploy the plurality of cord mobilization arms between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve while maintaining the barrel in an at least partial radially constrained configuration, such that the cord mobilization arms assume a rotational configuration in which the cord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; 43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the delivery device is configured to rotate at least the portion of the valve frame while the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in the rotated configuration.

46. After rotating at least the portion of the valve frame, by allowing at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve to be trapped within the valve frame; 46. ​​The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the delivery device is configured to release the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twists around the valve frame.

47. 47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket when the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

48. the delivery device is configured to initially rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite a direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord tissue mobilization arms; 46. ​​The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the delivery device is then configured to mobilize and flex at least the portion of the cords, causing the multiple cord mobilization arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

49. In a rotational configuration of the funicular tissue mobilization arm, an outer surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a smooth, convex curvature extending along substantially the entire length of the cord mobilization arm such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, cords slide across the outer surface of the cord mobilization arms without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arms; 49. The device of claim 48, wherein an inner surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a concave curvature such that, during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

50. 38. The device of any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein the discoid portion of the atrial section includes struts defining cells, at least some of the struts having an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange such that the discoid portion can adapt its shape to conform to changes in shape of tissue on the atrial side of the annulus.

51. 51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein the cells of the disc-shaped portion are curved in a circumferential direction such that outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

52. 52. The device of claim 51, wherein the valve frame further comprises a cord mobilization arm configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite a given circumferential direction.

53. 1. An apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve, comprising: the valve chamber being disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a mammalian subject's heart, the valve chamber including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles; The apparatus includes a valve frame configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve; The valve frame comprises: an atrial portion including a flange configured to be deployed on an atrial side of the valve annulus and a frusto-conical portion; a cylindrical portion having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the prosthetic valve leaflets being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the cylindrical portion is disposed within the ventricle; The flange includes struts defining cells, at least some of the struts having an undulating pattern configured to provide flexibility to the cells of the flange, and the flange can adapt its shape to conform to changes in the shape of tissue on the atrial side of the valve annulus.

54. 54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein the cells of the flange are curved in a circumferential direction such that outer tips of the cells point in a given circumferential direction.

55. 55. The device of claim 54, wherein the valve frame further comprises a plurality of funicular tissue mobilization arms configured to extend radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and configured to curve circumferentially around the barrel in a direction of circumferential curvature opposite the given circumferential direction.

56. 1. An apparatus for use with a prosthetic valve leaflet configured to be deployed within a native atrioventricular valve, comprising: the atrioventricular valve being disposed between an atrium and a ventricle of a heart of a mammalian subject and including a valve annulus, valve leaflets, chordae, and papillary muscles; The apparatus includes a valve frame configured to support the prosthetic valve within the native atrioventricular valve; The valve frame comprises: an atrial section including a disc-shaped portion configured to be deployed on the atrial side of the valve annulus; a barrel having prosthetic valve leaflets coupled thereto, the barrel being configured to be deployed such that a ventricular end of the barrel is disposed within the ventricle; a plurality of funicular tissue mobilizing arms configured to extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel; the plurality of cord mobilization arms are configured to be deployed among the cords of the native atrioventricular valve while the barrel is maintained in an at least partial radially constrained configuration, the cord mobilization arms assume a rotated configuration, the cord mobilization arms extend at least radially from the ventricular end of the barrel and curve circumferentially around the barrel in a given circumferential direction; wherein in a rotational configuration of the cord mobilization arms, an outer surface of each of the cord mobilization arms has a smooth, convex curvature extending along substantially the entire length of the cord mobilization arm, and wherein during rotation of at least the portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, cords slide across the outer surface of the cord mobilization arms without being mobilized or captured by the cord mobilization arms; an inner surface of each of the cord mobilization arms having a concave curvature such that, while rotating at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord mobilization arms, the cords are mobilized within a space defined by the concave curvature.

57. 57. The device of claim 56, wherein the outer surface of each of the funicular tissue mobilizing arms is covered with a low friction fabric to allow movement of the outer surface relative to the funicular tissue without damaging tissue.

58. 57. The device of claim 56, wherein the inner surface of each of the funicular tissue mobilizing arms is covered with a low friction fabric to allow movement of the inner surface relative to the funicular tissue without damaging tissue.

59. 57. The device of claim 56, wherein a tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is rounded to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

60. 57. The device of claim 56, wherein the tip of each of the funicular tissue mobilization arms is cushioned to guide the funicular tissue around the tip of the funicular tissue mobilization arm without damaging the tissue.

61. delivering the valve frame to the native atrioventricular valve; then, while maintaining the barrel in an at least partial radially constrained configuration, the plurality of cord mobilization arms are deployed between the cords of the native atrioventricular valve in a rotated configuration; While the funicular tissue mobilization arms are disposed in the rotated configuration, 61. The apparatus of any one of claims 56-60, further comprising a delivery device configured to first rotate at least a portion of the valve frame in a circumferential direction opposite to a direction of circumferential curvature of the cord tissue mobilization arms, and then mobilize and flex at least the portion of the cords, thereby causing the multiple cord tissue mobilization arms to (a) pull the native atrioventricular valve radially inward toward the valve frame, and (b) rotate at least the portion of the valve frame in the direction of the circumferential curvature of the cord tissue mobilization arms so as to twist the native atrioventricular valve around the valve frame.

62. 62. The apparatus of claim 61, wherein the delivery device is configured to release the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame after rotating at least the portion of the valve frame such that at least a portion of the native atrioventricular valve is trapped within the valve frame, such that the native atrioventricular valve (a) is held radially inward toward the valve frame and (b) twists around the valve frame.

63. 63. The apparatus of claim 62, wherein the funicular tissue mobilization arms are configured to define a pocket when the atrial portion and the cylindrical portion of the valve frame are released by the delivery device, and the pocket defined by the funicular tissue mobilization arms is configured to accommodate the trapped portion of the native atrioventricular valve.

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