Improved vaccines and methods for using the same

Abstract

To provide improved vaccines and methods for using the same.SOLUTION: Improved anti-HIV immunogens and nucleic acid molecules that encode them are disclosed. The immunogens disclosed include those having consensus sequences for HIV Subtype A Envelope protein, those having consensus sequences for HIV Subtype B Envelope protein, those having consensus sequences for HIV Subtype C Envelope protein, those having consensus sequences for HIV Subtype D Envelope protein, those having consensus sequences for HIV Subtype B consensus Nef-Rev protein, and those having consensus sequences derived from HIV Gag protein subtypes A, B, C and D.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to improved HIV, HPV, HCV, influenza, and cancer vaccines, improved methods for inducing immune responses against HIV, HPV, HCV, influenza, and cancer, and methods for prophylactically and / or therapeutically immunizing individuals against the same. [Background technology]

[0002] The HIV genome is highly flexible due to its high mutation rate and high functional compensation. This high mutation rate is driven by at least two mechanisms: the low fidelity of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT), which results in at least one mutation per replication cycle, and the dual effect of the antiretroviral cellular factor APOBEC3G gene and the viral infectivity factor Vif accessory gene. Genomes carrying each possible mutation, and many double mutations, are created during each replication cycle, resulting in a tremendous amount of antigenic diversity. It has therefore been argued that candidate vaccines derived from individual isolates may not be able to induce sufficient cross-reactivity to protect against the diverse HIV viruses in circulation. Recent experiments have suggested that consensus immunogens (Non-Patent Document 1; Non-Patent Document 2) or ancestral immunogens (Non-Patent Document 3; Non-Patent Document 4; Non-Patent Document 5; Non-Patent Document 6) may be useful in this regard. However, initial experiments with these approaches have shown that the promotion of cellular immunity induced by these immunogens is relatively modest.

[0003] Recently, Derdeyn et al. analyzed HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoprotein sequences in eight African heterosexual transmission pairs and found that shorter Vl, V2, and V4 lengths and fewer glycans were common features shared by sequences obtained from early transmitters (Derdeyn, CA et al. 2004. Envelope-constrained neutralization-sensitive HIV-1 after heterosexual transmission. Science 303:2019-2022.). This data suggests that such virus-mimicking antigens may be relevant for early-transmitted viruses. However, such a fast-transmitting structure has not been observed for all subtypes (Chohan, B. et al., 2005. Selection for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 envelope glycosylation variants with shorter V1-V2 loop sequences occurs during transmission of certain genetic subtypes and may impact viral RNA levels. J. Virol. 79:6528-6531). However, incorporating shorter V-loops into the envelope immunogens has other advantages, such as enhanced sensitivity to soluble CD4 (Pickora, C. et al., 2005. Identification of two N-linked glycosylation sites within the core of the Simian Immunodificiency virus glycoprotein whose removal enhances sensitivity). to soluble CD4. J. Virol. 79:12575-12583) may be present and should be considered.

[0004] Although multiple experiments have demonstrated the importance of HIV-1-specific CTL responses in controlling viral load during acute and subclinical infections and in the pathogenesis of AIDS, it is unclear whether current envelope-based DNA vaccines are as effective as needed. To increase the expression level of HIV-1 immunogens, for example, codon optimization (Andre, S. et al., 1998, Increased immune response elicited by DNA vaccination with a synthetic gpl20 sequence with optimized codon usage. J. Virol. 72:1497-503; Deml, L. et al., A. 2001. Multiple effects of codon usage optimization on expression and immunogenicity of DNA candidate vaccines encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag protein. J. Virol. 75:10991-11001), RNA optimization (Muthumani, K. et al., 2003. Novel engineered HIV-1 East African Clade-A gp160 plasmid construct induces strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. Virology 314:134-46; Schneider, R., M. et al., 1997. Inactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitory elements allow Rev-independent expression of Gag and Gag / protease and particle formation. J. Virol 71:4892-4903), and the addition of an immunoglobulin leader sequence with weak RNA secondary structure (Yang, JS et al., 2001. Induction of potent Th1-Type immune responses from a Several methods are being used, such as a novel DNA vaccine for West Nile Virus New York Isolate (WNV-NY1999). J. Infect Diseases 184:809-816).

[0005] Human papillomaviruses (HPV) have a circular dsDNA genome (7,000-8,000 base pairs). Up to 200 different genotypes exist. Phylogenetically, HPVs are highly conserved. Mucosal HPVs are classified as "High Risk" or "Low Risk". The low-risk group includes types 6, 11, 42, etc. Associated diseases include genital warts; low-grade cervical, anal, vulvar, and vaginal dysplasia; and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. The high-risk group includes types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, etc. Associated diseases include cervical cancer, the essential cause of precancerous dysplasia, the primary cause of anal, vulvar, vaginal, and tonsil cancer; and a cofactor for other aerodigestive and respiratory cancers. Every day, 800 women die from cervical cancer.

[0006] HPV E6 and E7 proteins are tumor-specific antigens that are required for tumor formation and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Patients with cervical cancer lack E7-specific immune responses. Both E6 and E7 proteins specifically interact with the products of cellular human tumor suppressor genes, E6 with p53 and E7 with Rb (the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene). E6 and E7 are ideal targets for immunotherapy.

[0007] hTERT is human telomerase reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes TTAGGG tags onto the ends of telomerase to prevent cell death caused by chromosome shortening. Germ cells and some germline cells normally express hTERT to regulate cell population homeostasis. However, cancer cells exploit this regulatory mechanism to disrupt cell population homeostasis. For example, overexpression of hTERT occurs in more than 85% of human cancer cells. Therefore, hTERT is an ideal immunotherapy target.

[0008] hTERT may also facilitate immunotherapy against hyperproliferating cells expressing hTERT due to HCV or HPV infection. The E6 oncoprotein from high-risk HPV types activates the transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in human keratinocytes. Dysplastic and early neoplastic lesions in the liver also express hTERT at abnormally high levels. Thus, immunotherapy against HPV and HCV may be enhanced by targeting cells expressing hTERT at abnormal levels. Combination immunotherapy using both hTERT and HPV or HCV proteins or nucleic acids encoding such proteins is an attractive immunotherapy.

[0009] Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is expressed on the surface of influenza virus particles and is responsible for the first contact between the virus and the host cell. HA is a well-known immunogen. Influenza A strain H1N5, an avian influenza strain (particularly one that threatens the human population due to its HA protein), once slightly genetically mixed by natural mutations, has a significantly higher infectivity for human cells compared to other virus strains. Infection of infants and the elderly, or immune-compromised adults, with the human virus H1N5 strain is often associated with disappointing clinical outcomes. Therefore, HA and other influenza molecules of the H1N5 strain of influenza are ideal immunotherapy targets. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0010] [Non-Patent Document 1] Gao.F. et al. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein.J.Virol.(2005)79:1154-63 [Non-Patent Document 2] Scriba, TJ et al., Functionally-inactive and immunogenic Tat,Rev and Nef DNA vaccines derived from sub-Saharan subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 consensus sequences.Vaccine(2005)23:1158-69 [Non-Patent Document 3] Doria-Rose, NA et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 subtype B Ancestral Envelope Protein Is Functional and Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies in Rabbits Similar to Those Elicited by a Circulating Subtype B Envelope. J. Virol. (2005) 79:11214-11224 [Non-Patent Document 4] Gao, F. et al., Centralized immunogens as a vaccine strategy to overcome HIV-1 diversity.Expert Rev.Vaccines(2004)3:S161-S168 [Non-Patent Document 5] Mullins, JI et al., Immunogen sequence:the fourth tier of AIDS vaccine design.Expert Rev.Vaccines(2004)3:S151-S159 [Non-Patent Document 6] Nickle, DC et al. Consensus and ancestral state HIV vaccines.Science(2003)299:1515-1517 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] Abstract The present invention relates to nucleic acid constructs, and proteins encoded thereby, that provide improved immunogenic targets against which an anti-HIV immune response can be generated.

[0012] The invention provides a consensus sequence for HIV subtype A envelope protein, a consensus sequence for HIV subtype B envelope protein, a consensus sequence for HIV subtype C envelope protein, a consensus sequence for HIV subtype D envelope protein, a consensus sequence for the HIV subtype B consensus Nef-Rev protein, and consensus sequences from HIV Gag protein subtypes A, B, C, and D.

[0013] The present invention provides constructs encoding such protein sequences, vaccines comprising such proteins and / or nucleic acid molecules encoding such proteins, and methods of inducing an anti-HIV immune response.

[0014] The present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:7; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:7; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:9; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:9; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:9; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:11; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11.

[0015] The present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules that encode a protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:17; SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:21.

[0016] The present invention relates to a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8 the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:12; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding ... an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12.

[0017] The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, comprising administering to the individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0018] The invention further provides recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, the method comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to the individual.

[0019] The invention further provides attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, the method comprising administering such an attenuated pathogen, a live attenuated pathogen, to an individual.

[0020] The present invention further provides SEQ ID NO:2; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:4; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:6; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; A protein is provided that comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 8; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 8; SEQ ID NO: 10; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 10; SEQ ID NO: 12; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 12; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 12; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 12.

[0021] The present invention further provides a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:17; SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:21.

[0022] The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such proteins and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition containing such proteins.

[0023] The invention further provides recombinant vaccines comprising such proteins and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, the method comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to the individual.

[0024] The invention further provides live, attenuated pathogens comprising such proteins and their use in methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, the method comprising administering such a live, attenuated pathogen to an individual.

[0025] Proteins comprising the consensus HPV genotype 16 E6-E7 amino acid sequence, and nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding such proteins, are provided.

[0026] The present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:22; a fragment thereof: a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22; and a fragment thereof.

[0027] The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:23; a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:24; a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:25; a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:26; and a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:27.

[0028] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0029] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0030] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering to said individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0031] The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23; and a fragment thereof.

[0032] The present invention also relates to a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23; SEQ ID NO:24; SEQ ID NO:25; SEQ ID NO:26; and SEQ ID NO:27.

[0033] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such proteins.

[0034] The present invention also relates to recombinant vaccines containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0035] The invention also relates to live, attenuated pathogens containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering to said individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0036] Proteins comprising the consensus HCV genotype 1a and 1b El-E2 amino acid sequences, as well as nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding such proteins, are provided.

[0037] The present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:30; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:30; and a fragment thereof.

[0038] The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of the nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31.

[0039] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0040] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0041] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV, comprising administering to said individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0042] The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:31; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31; and a fragment thereof.

[0043] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such proteins.

[0044] The invention also relates to recombinant vaccines containing such proteins and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0045] The invention also relates to live, attenuated pathogens containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV, comprising administering to the individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0046] Proteins that include the consensus hTERT amino acid sequence, and nucleic acid molecules that include nucleotide sequences that encode such proteins, are provided.

[0047] The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:34; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:34; and a fragment thereof.

[0048] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0049] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0050] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering such a live, attenuated pathogen to said individual.

[0051] The present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:35; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35; and a fragment thereof.

[0052] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such proteins and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such proteins.

[0053] The invention also relates to recombinant vaccines containing such proteins and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0054] The invention also relates to live, attenuated pathogens containing such proteins, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against hyperproliferative cells expressing hTERT, comprising administering to the individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0055] Proteins comprising the influenza H5N1 consensus HA amino acid sequence, the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 consensus NA amino acid sequence, the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 consensus M1 amino acid sequence, and the influenza H5N1 consensus M2E-NP amino acid sequence, and nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences encoding such proteins are provided.

[0056] The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:36; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:36; and a fragment thereof.

[0057] The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:38; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:38; and a fragment thereof.

[0058] The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 40; and a fragment thereof.

[0059] The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:42; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:42; and a fragment thereof.

[0060] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0061] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0062] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering to said individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0063] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering to said individual a composition containing such a nucleic acid molecule.

[0064] The present invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0065] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such nucleic acid molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, HCV, and influenza viruses, comprising administering to the individual such a live, attenuated pathogen.

[0066] The present invention further relates to a protein molecule comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 37; and a fragment thereof.

[0067] The present invention further relates to a protein molecule comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; and a fragment thereof.

[0068] The present invention further relates to a protein molecule comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 41; and a fragment thereof.

[0069] The present invention further relates to a protein molecule comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 43; a fragment thereof; a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 43; and a fragment thereof.

[0070] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such protein molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza viruses, comprising administering to said individual a composition comprising such protein molecules.

[0071] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such protein molecules and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza viruses, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0072] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such protein molecules and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza virus, comprising administering such a live, attenuated pathogen to said individual.

[0073] The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such protein molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza viruses, comprising administering to said individual a composition comprising such protein molecules.

[0074] The invention further relates to recombinant vaccines comprising such protein molecules and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza virus, comprising administering such a recombinant vaccine to said individual.

[0075] The invention further relates to live, attenuated pathogens comprising such protein molecules, and to methods of inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza virus, comprising administering to said individual such a live, attenuated pathogen. For example, the present invention provides the following: (Item 1) A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:5; SEQ ID NO:7; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:7; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:9; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:9; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:9; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:11; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11 a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22; SEQ ID NO:30; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:30; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:30; SEQ ID NO:34; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:34; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:34 a fragment of;SEQ ID NO:36;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:36;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:36;SEQ ID NO:38;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:38;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:38;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:38;SEQ ID NO:40;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:40;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:40;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:40;SEQ ID NO:42; fragments of SEQ ID NO:42; sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:42; and fragments of sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 2) The nucleic acid molecule of item 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 3) 2. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a sequence having at least 95% homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 4) 2. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a sequence having at least 98% homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 5) 2. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a sequence having at least 99% homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 6) 2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 7) A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8 a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having 90% homology;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8;a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10;a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10;a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:12;a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:12;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12;a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:23;a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23;a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:23;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23;A nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31;A nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31;A nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:35;A nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:35;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35;A nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:37;A nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37;A fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding ... Fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences; nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:39; nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:39; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:39; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:41; nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:41; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:41; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding amino acid sequences having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41; fragments of nucleotide sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:43 ... (Item 8) 8. The nucleic acid molecule according to item 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, and SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 9) The nucleic acid molecule according to item 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:5; % homology to SEQ ID NO:7; fragments of SEQ ID NO:7; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:9; fragments of SEQ ID NO:9; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:9; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:9; SEQ ID NO:11; fragments of SEQ ID NO:11; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11; and fragments of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:11. (Item 10) Item 7, the nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6. a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:10; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:12; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:12; and a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12. (Item 11) The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:22; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:22. (Item 12) The nucleic acid molecule according to item 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:23; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23; and a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:23; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23. (Item 13) The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 30; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 30; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 30; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 30. (Item 14) The nucleic acid molecule according to item 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31; and a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31. (Item 15) The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 34; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 34; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 34; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 34. (Item 16) 8. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 7, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:35; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35; and a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:35; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35. (Item 17) The nucleic acid molecule according to item 1, comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:36; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:36; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:36; SEQ ID NO:38; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:38; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:38; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:38; SEQ ID NO:40; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:40; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:40; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:40; SEQ ID NO:42; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:42; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:42; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:42. (Item 18) Item 7, the nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:37; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:37; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:39; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:41; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:41; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:41; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to ...3; a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:43; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:43; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:43; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:43; a fragment of a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:43; a (Item 19) 19. The nucleic acid molecule according to any of items 1 to 18, wherein the molecule is a plasmid. (Item 20) 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of items 1 to 19. (Item 21) An injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of items 1 to 19. (Item 22) 19. A recombinant vaccine comprising the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of items 1 to 18. (Item 23) 23. The recombinant vaccine of item 22, wherein the recombinant vaccine is a recombinant vaccinia vaccine. (Item 24) 19. A live attenuated pathogen comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to any one of items 1 to 18. (Item 25) A protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:4; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:6; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; SEQ ID NO:8; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:10; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:12; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:12; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23; SEQ ID NO:31; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:31; SEQ ID NO:35; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:35; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 a fragment of;SEQ ID NO:37;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37;SEQ ID NO:39;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:39;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39;SEQ ID NO:41;a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41;a fragment of SEQ ID NO:41;a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41;SEQ ID NO: 43; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 43; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 43; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 43. (Item 26) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 27) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising a sequence having at least 95% homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 28) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising a sequence having at least 98% homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 29) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising a sequence having at least 99% homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:41, and SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 30) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:4; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:4; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:6; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:6; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6; Fragments of sequences having homology; SEQ ID NO:8; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:8; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:10; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:10; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:12; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:12; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:12. (Item 31) 31. The protein according to item 30, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:16; SEQ ID NO:17; SEQ ID NO:18; SEQ ID NO:19; SEQ ID NO:20; and SEQ ID NO:21. (Item 32) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:23, a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:23. (Item 33) 33. The protein according to item 32, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:23; SEQ ID NO:24; SEQ ID NO:25; SEQ ID NO:26; and SEQ ID NO:27. (Item 34) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 31, a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 31; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 31; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 31. (Item 35) 35. The protein according to item 34, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:31; SEQ ID NO:32; and SEQ ID NO:33. (Item 36) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 35, a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 35; a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 35; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO: 35. (Item 37) 35. The protein according to item 34, comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:35. (Item 38) 26. The protein according to item 25, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:37; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:37; SEQ ID NO:39; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:39; a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:39; SEQ ID NO:41; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:41; a fragment of ...3; a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:43; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:43; and a fragment of a sequence having at least 90% homology to SEQ ID NO:43. (Item 39) 39. The protein according to item 38, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 37; SEQ ID NO: 39; SEQ ID NO: 41; and SEQ ID NO: 43. (Item 40) A pharmaceutical composition comprising a protein according to any one of items 25 to 39. (Item 41) 40. An injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising a protein according to any one of items 25 to 39. (Item 42) A recombinant vaccine comprising the protein according to any one of items 25 to 39. (Item 43) 43. The recombinant vaccine of item 42, wherein the recombinant vaccine is a recombinant vaccinia vaccine. (Item 44) 40. A live attenuated pathogen comprising a protein according to any one of items 25 to 39. (Item 45) A method for inducing an immune response in an individual against HIV, comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of item 9 or 10, or the protein of item 30 or 31. (Item 46) A method for inducing an immune response in an individual against HPV, comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of item 11 or 12, or the protein of item 32 or 33. (Item 47) A method for inducing an immune response in an individual against HCV, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule described in item 13 or 14, or the protein described in item 34 or 35. (Item 48) A method for inducing an immune response in an individual against hTERT, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of item 15 or 16, or the protein of item 36 or 37. (Item 49) 40. A method for inducing an immune response in an individual against influenza, comprising administering to the individual a composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of item 17 or 18, or the protein of item 38 or 39. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0076] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows a comparison of the amino acid sequences of EY2E1-B and EK2P-B. The IgE leader sequence is underlined. Boxed regions indicate variable regions. * indicates six critical residues involved in CCR5 utilization. The cleavage site is indicated by an arrow. The transmembrane domain is indicated by a dotted line. [Diagram 2] Figure 2 shows the phylogenetic relationships of the two HIV-1 subtype B envelope sequences. Forty-two HIV-1 subtype B envelope sequences, EY2E1-B, EK2P-B, two subtype D, and two subtype C sequences (outgroup) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. Subtype B envelope sequences showing a wide range of sample diversity were from 11 countries: Argentina (1); Australia (6); China (1); France (4); Germany (1); United Kingdom (2); Italy (1); Japan (1); Netherlands (4); Spain (1); United States (20). EY2E1-B and EK2P-B sequences are shown in black boxes. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 shows the expression of envelope immunogens. Panel A shows the results of Western blot analysis of EY2E1-B and EK2P-B genes. RD cells were transfected with various plasmids. After 48 hours, cell lysates were harvested. Samples were analyzed by Western blot and probed with HIV-1 gpl20 monoclonal (2G12). For loading controls, blots were stripped and reprobed with monoclonal anti-actin antibody. Panel B shows the results of immunofluorescence assay of EY2E1-B and EK2P-B genes. Transfected RD cells expressing envelope proteins showed the signature red fluorescence. HIV-1 envelope-specific monoclonal antibody F105 was the source of primary antibody. [Figure 4-1]FIG. 4 shows total IgG antibody titers in the sera of immunized mice. Panel A shows the measurement of subtype B envelope-specific antibody responses. Panel B shows the measurement of subtype A / E envelope-specific antibody responses. Panel C shows the measurement of subtype C envelope-specific antibody responses. Humoral immune responses after immunization with DNA constructs pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each mouse was immunized intramucosally three times, with 100 μg of DNA each, at twice weekly intervals. Mice (n=3) from each group were bled one week after the third immunization, and equal amounts of pooled serum were diluted in blocking buffer and analyzed as described in Materials and Methods. Pooled serum collected from mice immunized with pVAX was used as a control. Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm. Each data point represents the average of three OD values ​​from sera of three mice per group, and values ​​represent the average of ELISAs obtained in three separate assays. [Figure 4-2] FIG. 4 shows total IgG antibody titers in the sera of immunized mice. Panel A shows the measurement of subtype B envelope-specific antibody responses. Panel B shows the measurement of subtype A / E envelope-specific antibody responses. Panel C shows the measurement of subtype C envelope-specific antibody responses. Humoral immune responses after immunization with DNA constructs pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each mouse was immunized intramucosally three times, with 100 μg of DNA each, at twice weekly intervals. Mice (n=3) from each group were bled one week after the third immunization, and equal amounts of pooled serum were diluted in blocking buffer and analyzed as described in Materials and Methods. Pooled serum collected from mice immunized with pVAX was used as a control. Optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm. Each data point represents the average of three OD values ​​from sera of three mice per group, and values ​​represent the average of ELISAs obtained in three separate assays. [Figure 5-1]Figure 5 shows the induction of cell-mediated immune responses by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice. The frequency of subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFCs) per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was determined by ELISpot assay in both BalB / C mice (panel A) and transgenic mice (panel C). The frequency of depleted CD8, subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was also determined in both BalB / C mice (panel B) and transgenic mice (panel D). Spleens were isolated from individual immunized mice (3 per group) and stimulated in vitro with a pool of overlapping consensus subtype B envelope peptides. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. Values ​​are the mean of IFN-γ SFC + standard deviation of the mean. (Panel E) Characterization of subtype B consensus envelope-specific dominant epitopes. Splenocytes harvested from BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, respectively, were cultured with a pool of 29 HIV-1 subtype B consensus envelope peptides for 24 h. IFN-γ-secreting cells were determined by ELISpot assay as described above. [Figure 5-2]Figure 5 shows the induction of cell-mediated immune responses by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice. The frequency of subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFCs) per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was determined by ELISpot assay in both BalB / C mice (panel A) and transgenic mice (panel C). The frequency of depleted CD8, subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was also determined in both BalB / C mice (panel B) and transgenic mice (panel D). Spleens were isolated from individual immunized mice (3 per group) and stimulated in vitro with a pool of overlapping consensus subtype B envelope peptides. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. Values ​​are the mean of IFN-γ SFC + standard deviation of the mean. (Panel E) Characterization of subtype B consensus envelope-specific dominant epitopes. Splenocytes harvested from BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, respectively, were cultured with a pool of 29 HIV-1 subtype B consensus envelope peptides for 24 h. IFN-γ-secreting cells were determined by ELISpot assay as described above. [Figure 5-3]Figure 5 shows the induction of cell-mediated immune responses by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice. The frequency of subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFCs) per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was determined by ELISpot assay in both BalB / C mice (panel A) and transgenic mice (panel C). The frequency of depleted CD8, subtype B consensus envelope-specific IFN-γ spot-forming cells per million splenocytes after DNA vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B was also determined in both BalB / C mice (panel B) and transgenic mice (panel D). Spleens were isolated from individual immunized mice (3 per group) and stimulated in vitro with a pool of overlapping consensus subtype B envelope peptides. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. Values ​​are the mean of IFN-γ SFC + standard deviation of the mean. (Panel E) Characterization of subtype B consensus envelope-specific dominant epitopes. Splenocytes harvested from BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, respectively, were cultured with a pool of 29 HIV-1 subtype B consensus envelope peptides for 24 h. IFN-γ-secreting cells were determined by ELISpot assay as described above. [Figure 6-1]Figure 6 shows the cross-reactivity induced by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice.Additive T cell immune responses in BalB / C mice induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel A), HIV-1 group M (panel B), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel C), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels D and E) were measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay. Additional T cell immune responses induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B in HLA-A2 transgenic mice against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel F), HIV-1 group M (panel G), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel H), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels I and J) were also measured. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. [Figure 6-2]Figure 6 shows the cross-reactivity induced by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice.Additive T cell immune responses in BalB / C mice induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel A), HIV-1 group M (panel B), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel C), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels D and E) were measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay. Additional T cell immune responses induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B in HLA-A2 transgenic mice against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel F), HIV-1 group M (panel G), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel H), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels I and J) were also measured. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. [Figure 6-3]Figure 6 shows the cross-reactivity induced by pEY2E1-B in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice.Additive T cell immune responses in BalB / C mice induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel A), HIV-1 group M (panel B), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel C), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels D and E) were measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assay. Additional T cell immune responses induced by vaccination with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B in HLA-A2 transgenic mice against a pool of four individual peptides: HIV-1 MN envelope peptide (panel F), HIV-1 group M (panel G), subtype C consensus envelope peptide (panel H), and two subtype C isolate envelope peptides (panels I and J) were also measured. Mice immunized with backbone pVAX were included as negative controls. [Figure 7-1] Figure 7 shows the characteristics of subtype B MN envelope-specific dominant epitopes in both BalB / C mice (panel A) and HLA-A2 transgenic mice (panel B) immunized with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B. Splenocytes harvested from BalB / C and transgenic mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, respectively, were cultured with a pool of 29 HIV-1 subtype B MN envelope peptides for 24 hours. IFN-γ-secreting cells were determined by ELISpot assay as described above. [Figure 7-2]Figure 7 shows the characteristics of subtype B MN envelope-specific dominant epitopes in both BalB / C mice (panel A) and HLA-A2 transgenic mice (panel B) immunized with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B. Splenocytes harvested from BalB / C and transgenic mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, respectively, were cultured with a pool of 29 HIV-1 subtype B MN envelope peptides for 24 hours. IFN-γ-secreting cells were determined by ELISpot assay as described above. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the functional domains of E72E1-B (approximately 700+ amino acids). [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows a map of the E72E1-B construct. [Figure 10] FIG. 10, panels A and B, show that a strong cellular immune response was induced by E72E1-B. [Figure 11] FIG. 11, panels A and B, show that a strong and broadly cross-reactive cellular immune response was induced by E72E1-B. [Figure 12-1] FIG. 12, panels AD, show that strong cross-clade cellular immune responses were induced by E72E1-B. [Figure 12-2] FIG. 12, panels AD, show that strong cross-clade cellular immune responses were induced by E72E1-B. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 shows the immunogens designed for the experiments in Example 2. [Figure 14] Figure 14 shows the phylogenetic relationships: 36 HIV-1 subtype C envelope sequences, EY3E1-C, EK3P-C, two subtype B, one subtype A, and one subtype (outgroup of sequences in D) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. Subtype C envelope sequences showing wide sample diversity originated from 12 countries. [Figure 15]Panels A and B of FIG. 15 show experimental data of cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 shows experimental data of cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C. [Figure 17-1] Panels AD of FIG. 17 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C within the same clade. [Figure 17-2] Panels AD of FIG. 17 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C within the same clade. [Figure 18] Panels A and B of Figure 18 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C. Panel A shows data from subtype C (Uruguay) env-specific IFN-γ ELISpot. Panel B shows data from subtype C (South Africa) env-specific IFN-γ ELISpot. [Figure 19-1] Panels A-F of FIG. 19 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses elicited by pEY3E1-C across clades. [Figure 19-2] Panels A-F of FIG. 19 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses elicited by pEY3E1-C across clades. [Figure 19-3] Panels A-F of FIG. 19 show experimental data of cross-reactive cellular responses elicited by pEY3E1-C across clades. [Figure 20-1] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-2] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-3] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-4]FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-5] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-6] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-7] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 20-8] FIG. 20, panels A-X, show data from experiments of immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag consensus constructs. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 shows the HPV life cycle in reproductive epithelial tissues. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 shows a map of the structure of the HPV-16 genome. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 shows the immunogen design: * denotes a deletion or mutation important for p53 binding and degradation; Δ denotes a mutation within the Rb binding site. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 includes a representation of the genetic construct p1667, which contains the coding sequences for the HPV E6 and E7 proteins and pVAX, as well as the backbone plasmid that does not contain the HPV insert and was used as a negative control. [Figure 25-1] Panels AD of FIG. 25 show the cellular immune response induced by the DNA immunogen p1667. [Figure 25-2] Panels AD of FIG. 25 show the cellular immune response induced by the DNA immunogen p1667. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 shows the results of immunodominant epitope mapping. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 shows the results from a prophylactic experiment using the E6 / E7 DNA vaccine to study protection in C57 / BL6 mice. [Figure 28]FIG. 28 shows the results from a tumor regression experiment using the E6 / E7 DNA vaccine to study protection in C57 / BL6 mice. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 shows data from an experiment detecting E7 tetramer positive lymphocytes in the spleen. [Diagram 30] FIG. 30 shows data from experiments detecting E7 tetramer-positive lymphocytes in tumors. [Diagram 31] FIG. 31 shows data from a DNA vaccine protection experiment in transgenic mice. [Diagram 32] Figure 32 shows the enhancement of cellular immune responses to HIV-1 consensus immunogens using IM co-injection of plasmid-encoded IL-12 followed by electroporation (EP). IFNγ ELISpots were performed 2 weeks after (a) the first immunization, (b) the second immunization, and (c) the third immunization (relative to the other three). Responses to env are shown as black bars, gag as white bars, and data are presented as stacked group mean responses ± SEM. [Diagram 33] Figure 33 shows the enhancement of cross-reactive cellular immune responses using intramuscular electroporation. After three immunizations, total T cell immune responses to four peptide pools of HIV-1 group M peptides in pEY2E1-B immunized rhesus macaques were determined by IFNγ ELISpot. Data are shown as stacked group means ± SEM. [Diagram 34] Figure 34 shows the enhancement of memory responses to HIV-1 immunogens using IM electroporation and plasmid IL-12. Five months after the last immunization, ELISpot assays were performed to determine antigen-specific memory responses to gag and env in IM and EP immunized groups with and without co-immunization with IL-12 plasmid. Data are shown as group mean responses ± SEM. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS definition As used herein, the phrase "stringent hybridization conditions" or "stringent conditions" refers to conditions under which a nucleic acid molecule will hybridize to another nucleic acid molecule but will not hybridize to other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in various circumstances. Longer sequences will hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. In general, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5°C lower than the melting point (Tm) for a specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Target sequences are generally present in excess, so that at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions are pH 7.0 to 8.3, with a salt concentration of less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, usually about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion (or other salt), and a temperature of at least about 30° C. for short probes, primers, or oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for longer probes, primers, or oligonucleotides. Stringent conditions may also be achieved by the addition of destabilizing agents (e.g., formamide).

[0078] Sequence homology for nucleotides and amino acids can be determined using FASTA, BLAST, and Gapped BLAST (Altschul et al., Nuc. Acids Res., 1997, 25, 3389, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), as well as the PAUP * The "Percentage of Similarity" can be determined using PAUP 4.0b10 software (DL Swofford, Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts). *Calculations are performed using 4.0b10 software (DL Swofford, Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts). The average similarity for the consensus sequence is calculated relative to all sequences in the phylogenetic tree (see Figures 2 and 14).

[0079] Briefly, the BLAST algorithm (which stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is suitable for determining sequence similarity (Altschul et al., J. MoI. Biol., 1990, 215, 403-410, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Software for performing BLAST analysis is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / ). This algorithm involves first identifying high-scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in a query sequence that match or meet some positive value score threshold T when aligned with words of the same length in a database sequence. T is the neighborhood word score threshold. These initial neighborhood word hits are used as seeds for initiating searches to find HSP containing ones. The word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative algorithm score can be increased. Extension of the word hits in each direction is stopped when: 1) the cumulative algorithm score falls by an amount X below its maximum achieved value; 2) the accumulation of one or more negatively scoring residue alignments causes the cumulative score to become zero or less; or 3) either end of the sequence is reached. The Blast algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The Blast program uses as default a word length (W) of 11, a BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992, 89, 10915-10919, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) of 50, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands. The BLAST algorithm (Karlin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90, 5873-5787, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and Gapped BLAST perform a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences. One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides a measure of the probability that a match between two nucleotide sequences will occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered to be similar to another if the smallest sum probability in a test comparison to the other nucleic acid is less than about 1, preferably less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

[0080] As used herein, the term "genetic construct" refers to a DNA or RNA molecule that contains a nucleotide sequence that codes for a protein. The coding sequence includes initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements, including a promoter and polyadenylation signal, capable of directing expression in the cells of an individual to whom the nucleic acid molecule is administered.

[0081] As used herein, "capable of being expressed from" refers to a genetic construct that contains the necessary regulatory elements operably linked to a coding sequence that encodes a protein, such that the coding sequence is expressed when present in a cell of an individual.

[0082] overview The present invention provides improved vaccines by utilizing a multi-phase strategy to enhance the cellular immune response induced by the immunogen. Modified consensus sequences for the immunogens have been created. Genetic modifications are also disclosed, including codon optimization, RNA optimization, and the addition of highly efficient immunoglobulin leader sequences to enhance the immunogenicity of the construct. The novel immunogens are designed to elicit stronger and broader cellular immune responses than the corresponding codon-optimized immunogens.

[0083] The present invention provides improved HIV, HPV, HCV, influenza, and cancer vaccines by providing proteins that contain epitopes that make them particularly effective as immunogens against which anti-HIV, anti-HPV, anti-HCV, anti-influenza, and anti-hTert immune responses can be induced, respectively, as well as genetic constructs encoding such proteins. Thus, vaccines for inducing therapeutic or prophylactic immune responses can be provided. In some embodiments, the means for delivering the immunogen is a DNA vaccine, a recombinant vaccine, a protein subunit vaccine, a composition comprising an immunogen, an attenuated vaccine, or a killed vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine includes a combination selected from the group consisting of one or more DNA vaccines, one or more recombinant vaccines, one or more protein subunit vaccines, one or more compositions comprising an immunogen, one or more attenuated vaccines, and one or more killed vaccines.

[0084] According to some embodiments of the present invention, the vaccine of the present invention is delivered to an individual to modulate the activity of the individual's immune system, thereby enhancing the immune response to HIV, HPV, HCV, influenza, or hTERT. When the nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is taken up by the cells of the individual, the nucleotide sequence is expressed in the cells, thereby delivering the protein to the individual. Aspects of the present invention provide a method of delivering the coding sequence of the protein on a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a plasmid) as part of a recombinant vaccine, as part of an attenuated vaccine, as an isolated protein, or as a protein part of a vector.

[0085] According to some embodiments of the present invention, compositions and methods are provided for prophylactically and / or therapeutically immunizing individuals against HIV, HPV, HCV, influenza, and cancer.

[0086] The present invention relates to compositions for delivering nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the present invention operably linked to a regulatory element. Aspects of the present invention relate to compositions comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the present invention, recombinant vaccines; live attenuated pathogens encoding and / or comprising a protein of the present invention; killed pathogens comprising a protein of the present invention; or compositions such as liposomes or subunit vaccines comprising a protein of the present invention. The present invention further relates to injectable pharmaceutical compositions comprising a plurality of compositions.

[0087] HIV The present invention provides an improved anti-HIV vaccine by utilizing a multi-step strategy to enhance the cellular immune response induced by HIV immunogens. Modified consensus sequences for the immunogens have been created. Genetic modifications are also disclosed, including codon optimization, RNA optimization, and the addition of highly efficient immunoglobulin leader sequences to enhance the immunogenicity of the constructs. The novel immunogens are designed to induce stronger and broader cellular immune responses than the corresponding codon-optimized immunogens.

[0088] SEQ ID NO:1 is a subtype A consensus envelope DNA sequence construct. SEQ ID NO:1 includes the coding sequence of an HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype A envelope protein. SEQ ID NO:2 includes the amino acid sequence of an HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype A envelope protein. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:16 is a subtype A consensus envelope protein sequence.

[0089] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 16, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 16, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 2, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 1. Vaccines of the invention preferably include the IgE leader sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0090] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 may include 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1080 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1200 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1300 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1400 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1500 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1600 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1700 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2000 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2200 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2300 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2400 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2500 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2600 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2700 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3000 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3200 or In some embodiments, the fragment may contain 1170 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1260 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1350 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1440 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1530 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1620 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1710 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1890 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments, 1980 or more nucleotides, and in some embodiments, 2070 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 may contain a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 does not contain a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments include those having fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 990 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1170 nucleotides, In some embodiments, fewer than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1350 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1530 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1710 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1890 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1980 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1020 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 2070 nucleotides.

[0091] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 360 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 370 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 380 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 400 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 410 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 430 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 440 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 460 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 470 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 490 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 500 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 520 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 530 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 550 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 560 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 580 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 590 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 610 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 620 or more amino acids; in some In some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 630 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 660 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 690 or more amino acids.Fragments may include fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 330 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 390 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 450 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 600 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 660 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 690 amino acids.

[0092] SEQ ID NO:3 is a subtype B consensus envelope DNA sequence construct. SEQ ID NO:3 includes the coding sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype B envelope protein. SEQ ID NO:4 includes the amino acid sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype B envelope protein. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:17 is a subtype B consensus envelope protein sequence.

[0093] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 17, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 17, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 4, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 3. Vaccines of the invention preferably include the IgE leader sequence SEQ ID NO: 15, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0094] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:3 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3 includes 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1080 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1170 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1260 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1350 or more nucleotides. in some embodiments, 1440 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1530 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1620 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1710 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1890 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1980 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2070 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2160 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2250 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2340 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2430 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2520 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments,and in some embodiments may include 2620 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments 2700 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:3 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:3 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. The fragment may include less than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 990 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1170 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1350 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1400 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1500 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1600 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1700 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1900 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2000 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2100 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2200 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2300 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2400 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2500 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2600 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2700 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2800 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2900 nucleotides, in In some embodiments, the length of the sequence is less than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1530 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1710 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1890 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1980 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1020 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2070 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2160 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2250 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2340 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2430 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 2520 nucleotides,In some embodiments, it may contain fewer than 2610 nucleotides, and in some embodiments, fewer than 2700 nucleotides.

[0095] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:4 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:4 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids, in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 360 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 370 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 380 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 400 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 410 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 430 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 440 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 460 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 470 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 490 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 500 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 520 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 530 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 550 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 560 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 580 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 590 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 610 or more amino acids; in some In some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 630 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 660 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 690 or more amino acids.Fragments may include fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 330 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 390 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 450 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 600 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 660 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 690 amino acids.

[0096] SEQ ID NO:5 is a subtype C consensus envelope DNA sequence construct. SEQ ID NO:5 includes the coding sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype C envelope protein. SEQ ID NO:6 includes the amino acid sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype C envelope protein. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:18 is a subtype C consensus envelope protein sequence.

[0097] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 18, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 18, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 6, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 5. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 15, an IgE leader sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0098] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:5 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5 may include 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1080 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1200 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1300 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1400 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1500 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1600 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1700 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2000 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2200 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2300 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2400 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2500 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2600 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2700 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 2900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3000 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3100 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 3200 or In some embodiments, the fragment may contain 1170 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1260 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1350 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1440 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1530 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1620 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1710 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1890 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1980 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments, 2070 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:5 may contain a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO:5 does not contain a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments include those having fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 990 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1170 nucleotides, In some embodiments, fewer than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1350 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1530 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1710 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1890 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1980 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1020 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 2070 nucleotides.

[0099] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:6 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 360 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 370 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 380 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 400 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 410 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 430 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 440 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 460 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 470 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 490 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 500 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 520 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 530 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 550 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 560 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 580 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 590 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 610 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 620 or more amino acids; in some In some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 630 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 660 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 690 or more amino acids.Fragments may include fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 330 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 390 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 450 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 600 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 660 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 690 amino acids.

[0100] SEQ ID NO:7 is a consensus envelope DNA sequence construct for subtype D. SEQ ID NO:7 includes the coding sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype D envelope protein. SEQ ID NO:8 includes the amino acid sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype D envelope protein. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:19 is a consensus envelope protein sequence for subtype D.

[0101] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 19, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 19, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 8, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 7. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 15, an IgE leader sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0102] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:7 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:7 includes 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1080 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1170 or more nucleotides. nucleotides above; in some embodiments 1260 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1350 or more nucleotides, in some embodiments 1440 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1530 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1620 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1710 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1800 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1890 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments 1980 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments 2070 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments 2140 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 7 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, the fragment of SEQ ID NO: 7 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments include fragments having fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 990 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1170 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 12 It may include fewer than 60 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1350 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1530 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1710 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1890 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1980 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1020 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2070 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 2140 nucleotides.

[0103] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:8 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:8 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 360 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 370 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 380 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 400 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 410 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 430 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 440 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 460 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 470 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 490 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 500 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 520 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 530 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 550 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 560 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 580 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 590 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 610 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 620 or more amino acids; in some In some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 540 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 570 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 600 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 630 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 660 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 690 or more amino acids.Fragments may include fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 330 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 390 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 450 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 600 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 660 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 690 amino acids.

[0104] SEQ ID NO:9 is a consensus envelope DNA sequence construct for subtype B Nef-Rev. SEQ ID NO:9 includes the coding sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a subtype B Nef-Rev protein. SEQ ID NO:10 includes the amino acid sequence for an HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to a consensus sequence for a protein of subtype B Nef-Rev. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:20 is a consensus protein sequence for subtype B Nef-Rev.

[0105] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 20, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO: 20, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 10, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 9. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO: 15, an IgE leader sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0106] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:9 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:9 may include 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:9 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:9 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. Fragments may include fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 990 nucleotides.

[0107] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids.

[0108] SEQ ID NO:11 is the Gag consensus DNA sequence for the subtype A, B, C, and D DNA sequence construct. SEQ ID NO:11 includes the coding sequence for the HIV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to the consensus sequence for the Gag consensus subtype A, B, C, and D proteins. SEQ ID NO:12 includes the amino acid sequence for the HIV vaccine sequence construct. It includes an IgE leader sequence linked to the consensus sequence for the Gag subtype A, B, C, and D proteins. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:21 is the consensus Gag subtype A, B, C, and D protein sequence.

[0109] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:21, a fragment thereof, a nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO:21, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:12, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding same. In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:11. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:15, an IgE leader sequence, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same.

[0110] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:11 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:11 includes 180 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 270 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 360 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 450 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 540 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 630 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 720 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 810 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 900 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 990 or more nucleotides. or more nucleotides: in some embodiments, 1080 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1170 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1260 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1350 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1440 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1530 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1620 or more nucleotides; in some embodiments, 1710 or more nucleotides; and in some embodiments, 1800 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 11 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 11 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments may include fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 450 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 630 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 810 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 990 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1170 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1350 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1530 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1710 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides.

[0111] A fragment of SEQ ID NO: 12 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 12 may include 60 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 90 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 120 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 150 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 180 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 210 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 240 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 270 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 300 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 330 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 360 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 390 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 420 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 450 or more amino acids; in some embodiments, 480 or more amino acids; and in some embodiments, 510 or more amino acids. Fragments may include fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 330 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 390 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 450 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 510 amino acids.

[0112] HPV SEQ ID NO:22 contains the coding sequence for the HPV vaccine sequence. It contains an IgE leader sequence, a consensus sequence for HPV E6 linked to a consensus sequence for HPV E7 by a proteolytically cleavable sequence. The consensus sequence for HPV E6 contains an immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO:24. The consensus sequence for HPV E7 contains an immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO:25. The consensus sequence for HPV E6 is SEQ ID NO:26. The consensus sequence for HPV E6 is SEQ ID NO:27. The IgE leader sequence is SEQ ID NO:28. A proteolytically cleavable sequence useful for linking the two consensus sequences is SEQ ID NO:29.

[0113] In some embodiments, the vaccine of the invention preferably comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:24 and / or SEQ ID NO:25, or one of both. The vaccine of the invention preferably comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:27 and / or SEQ ID NO:28, or one of both. The vaccine of the invention preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:27 linked to SEQ ID NO:28 by a proteolytically cleavable sequence such as SEQ ID NO:29, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein. The vaccine of the invention preferably comprises the IgE leader sequence SEQ ID NO:28, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same. The vaccine of the invention preferably comprises SEQ ID NO:23, or a nucleic acid sequence in SEQ ID NO:22.

[0114] In some embodiments, the protein comprises a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the protein consists of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid consists of a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 22.

[0115] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 30 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 45 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 60 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 75 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 90 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 120 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 150 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 180 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 210 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 240 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 270 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 300 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 360 ​​or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 420 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 480 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 540 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 600 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 300 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 660 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 720 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include 780 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:22 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 22 does not include the coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. A fragment may include fewer than 60 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 75 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 90 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 120 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 150 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 210 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 240 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 300 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 420 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 480 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 600 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 660 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 780 nucleotides.

[0116] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 15 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 18 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 21 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 24 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 30 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 36 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 42 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 48 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 54 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 60 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 18 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 72 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 90 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 120 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 150 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 180 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 210 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 240 or more amino acids, preferably including sequences encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include 260 or more amino acids, preferably including sequences encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 may include coding sequences for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23 does not include coding sequences for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments may include fewer than 24 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 30 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 36 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 42 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 48 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 54 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 60 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 72 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 260 amino acids.

[0117] HCV SEQ ID NO:30 contains the coding sequence for the HCV vaccine sequence. It includes an IgE leader sequence, a consensus sequence for HCV E1 linked to a consensus sequence for HCV E2 by a proteolytic cleavage sequence. The consensus sequence for HCV El is SEQ ID NO:32. The consensus sequence for HCV E2 is SEQ ID NO:33.

[0118] In some embodiments, vaccines of the invention preferably include a nucleic acid sequence encoding one of SEQ ID NO:32 and / or SEQ ID NO:33, or both. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:32 linked to SEQ ID NO:33 by a proteolytically cleavable sequence such as SEQ ID NO:29, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein. Vaccines of the invention preferably include the IgE leader sequence SEQ ID NO:28, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding same. Vaccines of the invention preferably include SEQ ID NO:31, or a nucleic acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:30.

[0119] In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccine of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO:30, and a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, and any combination thereof, or an amino acid sequence encoded by those nucleic acid sequences.

[0120] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 30 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 45 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 60 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 75 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 120 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 150 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 180 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 210 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 240 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 270 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 300 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 360 ​​or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 420 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 480 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 540 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 600 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 660 or more nucleotides.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 720 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 780 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 840 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 900 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 960 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1020 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1080 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1140 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1260 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1320 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1380 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1440 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1500 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1560 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1620 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:30 may include 1680 or more nucleotides.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 30 may include 1740 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 30 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 30 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence.Fragments include those having fewer than 60 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 75 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 90 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 120 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 150 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 210 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 240 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 300 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 420 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 480 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 600 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 660 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 780 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the sequence may include less than 1000 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 840 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 960 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1020 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1140 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1200 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1320 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1380 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1500 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1560 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 1680 nucleotides, and in some embodiments less than 1740 nucleotides.

[0121] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 15 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 45 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 60 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 75 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 90 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 105 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 120 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 150 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 180 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 210 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 240 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 270 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 300 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 360 ​​or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 420 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 480 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:31 may include 540 or more amino acids.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 31 may include 575 or more amino acids. A fragment may include fewer than 30 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 45 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 60 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 75 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 575 amino acids.

[0122] hTERT hTERT is human telomerase reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes TTAGGG tags onto the ends of telomerase to prevent cell death caused by chromosome shortening. Hyperproliferative cells with abnormally high expression of hTERT may be targeted by immunotherapy. Recent experiments also support abnormal hTERT expression in hyperproliferative cells infected with HCV or HPV. Thus, immunotherapy against both HPV and HCV may be enhanced by targeting cells expressing hTERT at abnormal levels.

[0123] Recent experiments have clearly demonstrated that expression of hTERT in dendritic cells transfected with the hTERT gene can induce CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and induce CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner. Therefore, the use of hTERT expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to delay senescence and maintain their ability to present selected antigens is attractive in the development of new immunotherapy methods.

[0124] According to some embodiments of the present invention, methods of inducing an immune response in an individual to an immunogen include administering to the individual an hTEER protein and functional fragments thereof or an expressible coding sequence thereof in combination with an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein of the invention and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding a protein of the invention and / or a subunit vaccine of a protein of the invention and / or a live attenuated vaccine and / or a killed vaccine.

[0125] In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccines of the invention include SEQ ID NO:30 and a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of, or an amino acid sequence encoded by, the nucleic acid sequence: SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccines of the invention include SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:35. SEQ ID NO:34 includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding hTERT. SEQ ID NO:35 includes an amino acid sequence of hTERT.

[0126] In some embodiments of the invention, a vaccine of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 34 or SEQ ID NO: 35. The nucleic acid sequence encoding hTERT and / or the hTERT protein is used in combination with an HPV immunogen to enhance the cell-mediated immune response against HPV-infected cells.

[0127] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 30 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 45 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 60 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1 may include 75 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 90 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 120 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 150 or more nucleotides, preferably including a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 180 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 210 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 240 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 270 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 300 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 360 ​​or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 420 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 480 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 540 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 600 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 300 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 660 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 720 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 780 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 840 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 900 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 960 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1020 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1080 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1140 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1200 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1260 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1320 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1380 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1440 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1500 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1560 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1620 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1680 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1740 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1800 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1860 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1920 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 1980 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2040 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2100 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2160 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2220 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2280 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2340 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2400 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2460 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2520 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2580 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2640 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2700 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2760 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2820 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2880 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 2940 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3000 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3060 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3120 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3180 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3240 or more nucleotides, which preferably include a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3300 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3360 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3420 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include 3480 or more nucleotides, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:34 may includeThe coding sequence for the IgE leader sequence is not included. Fragments include those having fewer than 60 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 75 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 90 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 120 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 150 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 210 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 240 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 300 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 420 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 480 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 600 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 660 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1000 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1100 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1200 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1300 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1400 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1500 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2100 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2400 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2700 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 3000 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 3600 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 4200 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 4800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 5400 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 6000 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 6600 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 7200 nucleotide In embodiments, fewer than 780 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 840 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 960 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1020 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1140 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1200 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1320 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1380 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1500 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1560 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments, fewer than 1680 nucleotides, in some embodiments,Fewer than 1740 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1800 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1860 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1920 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1980 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2040 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2100 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2160 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2220 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2280 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2340 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2400 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2460 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2520 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2580 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 2640 nucleotides. nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2700 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2760 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2820 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2860 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 2940 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3000 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3060 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3120 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3180 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3240 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3300 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3360 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3420 nucleotides, in some embodiments less than 3480 nucleotides, and in some embodiments less than 3510 nucleotides.

[0128] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 15 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 18 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 21 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 24 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 30 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 36 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 42 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 48 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 54 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 60 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 66 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 72 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 90 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 120 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 150 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 180 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 210 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 240 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 270 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 300 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 330 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 360 ​​or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 390 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 420 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 450 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 480 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 510 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 540 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 570 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 600 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 630 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 660 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 690 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 720 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 750 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 780 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 810 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 840 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 870 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 900 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 930 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 960 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 990 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1020 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1050 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1080 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1110 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1140 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1170 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1200 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1230 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1260 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1290 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1320 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1350 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 35 may include 1380 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 35 may include 1410 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1440 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1470 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include 1500 or more amino acids, which preferably includes a sequence encoding an immunodominant epitope. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:35 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. Fragments include those having fewer than 24 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 30 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 36 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 42 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 48 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 54 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 60 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 72 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 160 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 18 ... In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 260 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 290 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 320 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 350 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 380 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 410 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 440 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 470 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 500 amino acids, in some embodiments less than 530 amino acids,In some embodiments, fewer than 560 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 590 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 620 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 650 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 680 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 710 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 740 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 770 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 800 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 830 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 860 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 890 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 920 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 950 amino acids, in some embodiments, fewer than 980 amino acids, In some embodiments, fewer than 1010 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1040 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1070 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1200 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1230 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1260 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1290 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1320 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1350 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1380 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1410 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 1470 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 1500 amino acids.

[0129] influenza According to some embodiments of the invention, a method of inducing an immune response in an individual against an immunogen includes administering to the individual an influenza strain H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein and functional fragments or expressible coding sequences thereof in combination with an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein of the invention and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding a protein of the invention and / or a subunit vaccine of a protein of the invention and / or a live attenuated and / or killed vaccine. In some embodiments, the influenza vaccine composition and method includes the use of nucleic acid sequences encoding HA proteins from multiple influenza virus species. In some embodiments, the influenza vaccine composition and method includes the use of a nucleic acid sequence encoding HA from influenza virus strain H1N5 and a nucleic acid sequence encoding an influenza protein selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, and SEQ ID NO:42. In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccine of the invention includes SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:37. SEQ ID NO:36 includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding influenza virus H1N5 HA. SEQ ID NO:37 includes an amino acid sequence of influenza virus H1N5 HA. In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccine of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 38 or SEQ ID NO: 39. SEQ ID NO: 38 comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 NA consensus sequence. SEQ ID NO: 39 comprises an amino acid sequence of the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 NA consensus sequence. In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccine of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 40 or SEQ ID NO: 41. SEQ ID NO: 40 comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 M1 consensus sequence. SEQ ID NO: 41 comprises an amino acid sequence of the influenza H1N1 and H5N1 M1 consensus sequence. In some embodiments of the invention, the vaccine of the invention comprises SEQ ID NO: 42 or SEQ ID NO: 43.SEQ ID NO:42 includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding the influenza H5N1 M2E-NP consensus sequence. SEQ ID NO:43 includes an amino acid sequence of the influenza H5N1 M2E-NP consensus sequence. In some embodiments of the present invention, the vaccine of the present invention includes SEQ ID NO:36 and a sequence selected from the following group: SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, and any combination thereof. The consensus sequence for influenza virus strain H5N1 HA includes the immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO:36. The amino acid sequence of influenza virus H5N1 HA encoded by SEQ ID NO:36 is SEQ ID NO:37. The consensus sequence for influenza virus H1N1 / H5N1 NA includes the immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO:38. The amino acid sequence of influenza virus strain H1N1 / H5N1 NA encoded by SEQ ID NO:38 is SEQ ID NO:39. The consensus sequence for influenza virus strain H1N1 / H5N1 M1 comprises the immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO: 40. The influenza virus H1N1 / H5N1 M1 amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 40 is SEQ ID NO: 41. The consensus sequence for influenza virus H5N1 M2E-NP comprises the immunodominant epitope shown in SEQ ID NO: 42. The influenza virus H5N1 M2E-NP amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 42 is SEQ ID NO: 43. The vaccine of the present invention may comprise a protein product encoded by a nucleic acid molecule as defined above, or any protein fragment.

[0130] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 30 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 45 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 60 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 75 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 90 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 120 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 150 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 180 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 210 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 240 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 270 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 300 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 360 ​​or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 420 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 480 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 540 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 600 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may includeIn some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 660 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 720 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 780 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 840 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 900 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 960 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1020 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1080 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1140 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1200 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1260 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1320 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1380 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1440 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1500 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1560 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may include 1620 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:36 may includeIn some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 36 may include 1680 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 36 may include 1740 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 36 may include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 36 does not include a coding sequence for an IgE leader sequence. A fragment of SEQ ID NO: 36 may include fewer than 60 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 75 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 90 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 120 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 150 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 180 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 210 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 240 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 270 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 300 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 360 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 420 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 480 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 540 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the sequence is less than 600 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 660 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 720 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 780 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 840 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 900 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 960 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1020 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1080 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1140 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1200 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1260 nucleotides, in some embodiments, less than 1320 nucleotides, in some embodiments,It may contain fewer than 1380 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1440 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1500 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1560 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1620 nucleotides, in some embodiments fewer than 1680 nucleotides, and in some embodiments fewer than 1740 nucleotides.

[0131] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 15 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 30 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 45 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 60 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 75 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 90 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 105 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 120 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 150 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 180 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 210 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 240 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 270 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 300 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 360 ​​or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 420 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 480 or more amino acids. In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:37 may include 540 or more amino acids.In some embodiments, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 37 may include 565 or more amino acids. A fragment of SEQ ID NO: 37 may include fewer than 30 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 45 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 60 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 75 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 90 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 120 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 150 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 180 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 210 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 240 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 270 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 300 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 360 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 420 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 480 amino acids, in some embodiments fewer than 540 amino acids, and in some embodiments fewer than 565 amino acids.

[0132] According to some embodiments of the invention, a method of inducing an immune response in an individual against an immunogen comprises administering to the individual HA proteins of influenza strains H1N1 and H5N1, as well as functional fragments or expressible coding sequences thereof, in combination with isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding proteins of the invention and / or recombinant vaccines encoding proteins of the invention and / or subunit vaccines of proteins of the invention and / or live attenuated and / or killed vaccines.

[0133] According to some embodiments of the invention, a method of inducing an immune response in an individual against an immunogen includes administering to the individual M1 protein of influenza strains H1N1 and H5N1, as well as functional fragments or expressible coding sequences thereof, in combination with an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein of the invention and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding a protein of the invention and / or a subunit vaccine of a protein of the invention and / or a live attenuated vaccine and / or a killed vaccine.

[0134] According to some embodiments of the invention, a method of inducing an immune response in an individual against an immunogen comprises administering to the individual M2E-NP protein of influenza strain H5N1, and functional fragments or expressible coding sequences thereof, in combination with an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein of the invention and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding a protein of the invention and / or a subunit vaccine of a protein of the invention and / or a live attenuated vaccine and / or a killed vaccine.

[0135] vaccine The present invention provides improved vaccines by providing proteins that contain epitopes that make them particularly effective as immunogens that can induce an immune response against them, as well as genetic constructs that code for such proteins. Thus, vaccines can be provided for inducing therapeutic or prophylactic immune responses. In some embodiments, the means for delivering the immunogen is a DNA vaccine, a recombinant vaccine, a protein subunit vaccine, a composition comprising an immunogen, an attenuated vaccine, or a killed vaccine. In some embodiments, the vaccine includes a combination selected from the group consisting of one or more DNA vaccines, one or more recombinant vaccines, one or more protein subunit vaccines, one or more compositions comprising an immunogen, one or more attenuated vaccines, and one or more killed vaccines.

[0136] According to some embodiments of the invention, the vaccines of the invention are delivered to an individual to modulate the activity of the individual's immune system, thereby enhancing the immune response. When the nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein is taken up by the cells of the individual, the nucleotide sequence is expressed in the cells, thereby delivering the protein to the individual. Aspects of the invention provide methods for delivering the coding sequence of the protein on a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a plasmid) as part of a recombinant vaccine, as part of an attenuated vaccine, as an isolated protein, or as a protein portion of a vector.

[0137] According to some aspects of the present invention, compositions and methods are provided for prophylactically and / or therapeutically immunizing an individual.

[0138] DNA vaccines are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,593,972, 5,739,118, 5,817,637, 5,830,876, 5,962,428, 5,981,505, 5,580,859, 5,703,055, 5,676,594, and the prior applications cited therein. Each of these is incorporated herein by reference. In addition to the delivery protocols described in these applications, other methods of DNA delivery are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,036,006. Both of these are incorporated herein by reference.

[0139] The present invention relates to improved live attenuated vaccines, improved killed vaccines, and improved vaccines that use recombinant vectors to deliver foreign genes encoding antigens, as well as subunit and glycoprotein vaccines. Examples of live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, and glycoprotein vaccines that use recombinant vectors to deliver foreign antigens are described in the following U.S. patents:

[0140] [ka] each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0141] Once taken up by the cell, the genetic construct(s) may remain in the cell as a functional extrachromosomal molecule and / or may be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the cell. DNA may be introduced into the cell if it remains as separate genetic material in the form of a plasmid(s). Alternatively, linear DNA that can be integrated into the chromosome may be introduced into the cell. When DNA is introduced into the cell, reagents may be added that promote integration of the DNA into the chromosome. DNA sequences useful for promoting integration may also be included in the DNA molecule. Alternatively, RNA may be administered to the cell. It is also contemplated to provide the genetic construct as a linear mini-chromosome that includes a centromere, telomere, and origin of replication. The genetic construct may remain as part of the genetic material in a live attenuated microorganism or as a recombinant microbial vector living in the cell. The genetic construct may be part of the genome of a recombinant viral vaccine. In this case, the genetic material is either integrated into the chromosome of the cell or remains extrachromosomal. Genetic constructs contain the regulatory elements essential for gene expression of nucleic acid molecules. These elements include promoters, initiation codons, termination codons, and polyadenylation signals. In addition, enhancers are often required for gene expression of sequences that code target proteins or immunomodulatory proteins. It is essential that these elements are operably linked to the sequences that code desired proteins, and that the regulatory elements are operably linked by the individual to whom they are administered.

[0142] The initiation and termination codons are generally considered to be part of the nucleotide sequence encoding the desired protein. However, it is essential that these elements are functional in the individual to whom the genetic construct is administered. The initiation and termination codons must be in frame within the coding sequence.

[0143] The promoter and polyadenylation signal used must be functional in the cells of the individual.

[0144] Examples of promoters useful for practicing the present invention (particularly in the production of genetic vaccines for humans) include, but are not limited to, promoters from Simian Virus 40 (SV40), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, human immunodeficiency virus (MV) (e.g., the BIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter), Moloney virus, ALV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), e.g., the CMV immediate early promoter, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and promoters from human genes (e.g., human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, and human metallothionein).

[0145] Examples of polyadenylation signals useful for carrying out the present invention (particularly in the production of genetic vaccines for humans) include, but are not limited to, the SV40 polyadenylation signal and the LTR polyadenylation signal. In particular, the SV40 polyadenylation signal present in the pCEP4 plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego CA) (also referred to as the SV40 polyadenylation signal) is used.

[0146] In addition to the regulatory elements required for DNA expression, other elements may also be included in DNA molecule.Such additional elements include enhancer.Enhancer can be selected from the group including but not limited to human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, and viral enhancer (for example, enhancer from CMV, RSV and EBV).

[0147] The genetic construct may be provided with a mammalian origin of replication to maintain the construct extrachromosomally and generate multiple copies of the construct within the cell. Plasmids pVAX1, pCEP4, and pREP4 from Invitrogen (San Diego, Calif.) contain the Epstein-Barr virus origin of replication and the coding region for the nuclear antigen EBNA-1, which does not integrate and results in high copy number episomal replication.

[0148] In some preferred embodiments for immunization applications, a nucleic acid molecule or molecules are delivered that contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of the invention, as well as genes for proteins that further enhance the immune response to such target proteins. Examples of such genes are genes encoding other cytokines and lymphokines (e.g., α-interferon, γ-interferon, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ, GM-CSF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, MHC, CD80, CD86, and IL-15 (including IL-15 lacking the signal sequence and, optionally, IL-15 containing a signal peptide derived from IgE). Other genes that may be useful include those encoding MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1p, IL-8, IL-16, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-35, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL-39, IL-40, IL-41, IL-42, IL-43, IL-44, IL-45, IL-46, IL-47, IL-48, IL-4 ...9, IL-49, IL-4 , RANTES, L-selectin, P-selectin, E-selectin, CD34, GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1, LFA-1, VLA-1, Mac-1, p150.95, PECAM, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, CD2, LFA-3, M-CSF, G-CSF, IL-4, mutant forms of IL-18, CD 40, CD40L, vascular growth factor, IL-7, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, Fas, TNF receptor, Flt, Apo-1, p55, WSL-1, DR3, TRAMP, Apo-3, AIR, LARD, NGRF, DR4, DR5, KILLER, TRAIL-R2, TRICK2, DR6, caspase ICE (Caspase ICE), Fos, c-jun, Sp-1, Ap-1, Ap-2, p38, p65Rel, MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6, IkB, inactive NIK, SAPK, SAP-1, JNK, interferon response genes, NFkB, Bax, TRAIL, TRAILrec, TRAILrecDRC5, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4, RANK, RANK LIGAND, Ox40, Ox40 LIGAND, NKG2D, MICA, MICB, NKG2A, NKG2B, NKG2C, NKG2E, NKG2F, TAP1, TAP2, and their functional fragments.

[0149] If for some reason it is desirable to eliminate cells that have received the genetic construct, additional elements may be added that target cells for destruction. An expressible form of the herpes thymidine kinase (tk) gene can be included in the genetic construct. The drug gangcyclovir can be administered to the individual, which will cause the selective death of any cells that produce tk, thereby providing a means for the selective destruction of cells that carry the genetic construct.

[0150] To maximize protein production, regulatory sequences can be selected that are well suited for gene expression in the cells to which the construct is administered. Additionally, codons that are most efficiently transcribed in the cells can be selected. One skilled in the art can produce DNA constructs that are functional in cells.

[0151] In some embodiments, genetic constructs may be provided in which the coding sequences for the proteins described herein are linked to an IgE signal peptide. In some embodiments, the proteins described herein are linked to an IgE signal peptide.

[0152] In some embodiments where a protein is used, for example, one of skill in the art can use well-known techniques to produce and isolate the protein of the invention. In some embodiments where a protein is used, for example, one of skill in the art can use well-known techniques to insert a DNA molecule encoding the protein of the invention into a commercially available expression vector to use a well-known expression system. For example, the commercially available plasmid pSE420 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) can be used for production in E. coli. For example, the commercially available plasmid pYES2 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) can be used for production in S. cerevisiae strains of yeast. For example, the commercially available MAXBAC® complete baculovirus expression system (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) can be used for production in insect cells. For example, the commercially available plasmids pcDNA I or pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) can be used for production in mammalian cells (e.g., Chinese hamster ovary cells). Those skilled in the art can use these commercially available expression vectors and systems, and the like, to produce proteins using routine techniques and readily available starting materials (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning a Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference). Thus, the desired protein can be prepared in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, which result in various processed forms of the protein.

[0153] Those skilled in the art may use other commercially available expression vectors and systems or may produce vectors using well-known methods and readily available starting materials. Expression systems containing the necessary control sequences (e.g., promoters and polyadenylation signals, and preferably enhancers) are readily available and known in the art for a variety of hosts. See, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning a Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989). The genetic construct includes a protein coding sequence operably linked to a promoter that is functional in the cell line in which the construct is to be transfected. Examples of constitutive promoters include promoters from cytomegalovirus or SV40. Examples of inducible promoters include promoters from mouse mammary leukemia virus or metallothionein. Those skilled in the art can readily produce genetic constructs useful for transfecting cells with DNA encoding the proteins of the invention from readily available starting materials. An expression vector containing DNA encoding the protein is used to transform a compatible host, which is then cultured and maintained under conditions in which expression of the foreign DNA occurs.

[0154] The produced protein is recovered from the culture, if appropriate, either by lysing the cells or from the culture medium, as known to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art can use well-known techniques to isolate proteins produced using such expression systems. The methods of purifying proteins from natural sources using antibodies that specifically bind to the above-mentioned specific proteins can be applied to purifying proteins produced by recombinant DNA methods as well.

[0155] In addition to producing proteins by recombinant techniques, automated peptide synthesis may also be used to produce isolated, essentially pure proteins. Such techniques are well known to those of skill in the art and are useful insofar as derivatives having substitutions are not provided for in the production of DNA-encoded proteins.

[0156] Nucleic acid molecules may be delivered using any of several well-known techniques, including injection of DNA (also called DNA vaccination), recombinant vectors (e.g., recombinant adenoviruses, recombinant adeno-associated viruses, and recombinant vaccinia).

[0157] Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, intramuscular, intranasal, intraperitoneal, intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intraocular, and oral, as well as topical, transdermal, by inhalation, or to mucosal tissues, such as by suppository or lavage to vaginal, rectal, urethral, ​​oral, and sublingual tissues. Preferred routes of administration include intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal, and subcutaneous injection. Gene constructs can be administered by means including, but not limited to, conventional syringes, needleless injection devices, or "microprojectile bombardment gone gunes."

[0158] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is delivered to the cell in combination with administration of an enhancer of polynucleotide function or a genetic vaccine facilitator agent. Enhancers of polynucleotide function are described in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 5,593,972, 5,962,428, and International Patent Application No. PCT / US94 / 00899, filed January 26, 1994, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Genetic vaccine facilitator agents are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 021,579, filed April 1, 1994, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Co-agents administered in combination with the nucleic acid molecule may be administered in a mixture with the nucleic acid molecule or may be administered separately, simultaneously with, before, or after administration of the nucleic acid molecule. In addition, other factors that can function as transfecting and / or replicating and / or inflammatory factors and can be administered simultaneously with the GVF include growth factors, cytokines, and lymphokines (e.g., α-interferon, γ-interferon, GM-CSF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TNF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-15), as well as fibroblast growth factors, surface activating factors such as immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freud's incomplete adjuvant, LPS analogs (including monophosphoryl lipid A (WL), muramyl peptides, quinone analogs), and vesicles (e.g., squalene and squalene), and hyaluronic acid may also be used and administered in combination with the genetic construct. In some embodiments, immunomodulatory proteins may be used as GVFs. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is provided in combination with PLG to facilitate delivery / uptake.

[0159] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention contain about 1 nanogram to about 2000 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention contain about 5 nanograms to about 1000 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 10 nanograms to about 800 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1 to about 500 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1 to about 350 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 25 to about 250 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 100 to about 200 micrograms of DNA.

[0160] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are formulated according to the mode of administration to be used. When the pharmaceutical compositions are injectable pharmaceutical compositions, they are sterile, pyrogen-free, and particulate-free. It is preferable to use an isotonic formulation. Commonly, additives for isotonicity include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose. In some cases, an isotonic solution (e.g., phosphate buffered saline) is preferred. Stabilizers include gelatin and albumin. In some embodiments, a vasoconstrictor is added to the formulation.

[0161] According to some embodiments of the present invention, a method of inducing an immune response is provided. The vaccine can be a protein-based, live attenuated vaccine, a cell vaccine, a recombinant vaccine, or a nucleic acid or DNA vaccine. In some embodiments, a method of inducing an immune response in an individual against an immunogen (including a method of inducing a mucosal immune response) includes administering to the individual one or more of CTACK protein, TECK protein, MEC protein, and their functional fragments, or their expressible coding sequences, in combination with an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein of the present invention and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding the protein of the present invention and / or a subunit vaccine of the protein of the present invention and / or a live attenuated vaccine and / or a killed vaccine. One or more of CTACK protein, TECK protein, MEC protein, and their functional fragments may be administered before, simultaneously with, or after administration of an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the immunogen; and / or a recombinant vaccine encoding the immunogen, and / or a subunit vaccine comprising the immunogen, and / or a live attenuated vaccine, and / or a killed vaccine. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of CTACK, TECK, MEC, and functional fragments thereof is administered to the individual. EXAMPLES

[0162] Example 1 material and method HIV-1 subtype B envelope sequences. To generate the HIV-1 subtype B consensus envelope sequence, sequences of 42 subtype B envelope genes recovered from 11 countries were selected from GenBank to avoid sampling bias. Each sequence represents a different patient. All sequences used are non-recombinant.

[0163] Multiple alignment. The alignment procedure applied in the phylogenetic experiments included Clustal X (version 1.81) (Thompson, JD et al., 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, 144:131–132). The alignment included the application of a ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 25:4876-4882. Pairwise alignment parameters were set to dynamic "slow-accurate" programming using a gap opening penalty of 10 and an extension penalty of 0.1. Multiple alignment parameters included a gap extension penalty equal to 0.2.

[0164] Construction of the HIV-1 subtype B envelope consensus sequence. The HIV-1 subtype B envelope consensus nucleotide sequence was obtained after multiple alignment and final minor manual adjustments. The deduced amino acid sequence was used to guide the introduction of alignment gaps that were inserted between codons. The consensus amino acid sequence was obtained by translating the consensus nucleotide sequence.

[0165] Phylogenetic tree. Program PAUP * 4.0b10 (Swofford, DL1999, PAUP * 4.0:phylogenetic analysis using parsimony( *The neighbor-joining (NJ) method using the Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich) ...

[0166] Modifications of the HIV-1 subtype B envelope consensus sequence. Several modifications were made after obtaining the HIV-1 subtype B consensus envelope sequence: the highly variable V1 and V2 regions were shortened, the V3 loop was designed for CCR5 utilization, the cytoplasmic tail region was removed from the C-terminus, a leader sequence and an upstream Kozak sequence were added to the N-terminus, and codon optimization and RNA optimization were performed by using GeneOptimizer® (GENEART, Germany).

[0167] Envelope immunogen. A gene encoding a modified HIV-1 subtype B early transmitter consensus envelope glycoprotein (EY2E1-B) was synthesized and the sequence was verified by GENEART. The synthesized EY2E1-B was digested with BamHI and NotI and cloned into the expression vector pVAX (Invitrogen) under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, and the construct was designated pEY2E1-B.

[0168] The primary subtype B immunogen (EK2P-B) was generated from the human codon-biased primary subtype B isolate 6101 gpl40 envelope gene, a gift from M. Sidhm (Wyeth). Essentially, the optimized 6101 envelope gene was mutated by removing the native leader sequence and cytoplasmic tail. The IgE-leader sequence and Kozak sequence were then introduced by designing the following forward and reverse specific primers:

[0169] [ka] The purified PCR product was cloned into the pVAX plasmid vector, which was also linearized with EcoRI and XbaI. This construct was designated pEK2P-B.

[0170] In vivo expression of EY2E1-B and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells (2x106) were transfected in 60 mm dishes with 3 g of pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B plasmids, respectively, using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche, Germany). 48 h after transfection, cells were washed three times with 1x PBS and lysed in 150 μl of lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology). Total protein lysates (50 μg) were fractionated on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (Amersham). Immunoblot analysis was performed using the envelope-specific monoclonal antibody 2G12 (NlH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Rockville, MD, USA) and a monoclonal anti-actin antibody (Sigma-Aldrich), and visualized with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Sigma-Aldrich) using the ECL™ Western blot analysis system (Amersham). Actin was used as a loading control for Western blots.

[0171] To detect the reactivity of EY2E1-B with monoclonal antibodies, total protein lysates (100 μg) from transfections were incubated with 5 μg of envelope-specific monoclonal antibodies (2G12, 4G10, and ID6 (NIH AIDS Research Immunoprecipitated with 100% ribosomal protein (containing pVAX and Reference Reagent Program, Rockville, MD, USA). The same amount of total protein lysate from cells transfected with empty pVAX vector was used as a negative control. Immunoprecipitated proteins were fractionated on SDS-PAGE gels and detected by Western blotting as described above.

[0172] Indirect immunofluorescence assay. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was performed to confirm the expression of EY2E1-B and EK2P-B genes. Human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells were plated on tissue culture chamber slides (BD Biosciences) at a density that would result in 60–70% cell confluency the next day in complete DMEM medium containing 10% FBS (GIBCO) and allowed to attach overnight. The next day, cells were transfected with pEY2E1-B, pEK2P-B, and the control plasmid pVAX (1 μg / well) using FuGENE6 transfection reagent (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 48 h after transfection, cells were washed twice with chilled 1× PBS and fixed on slides using methanol for 15 min. Residual solvent was removed from the slides, and cells were incubated with anti-mouse HIV-1 env monoclonal F105 (NlH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Rockville, MD, USA) for 90 min. Slides were then incubated with TRITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Sigma-Aldrich) for 45 min. 4',6-Diamido-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the secondary antibody solution to counterstain the nuclei to show the total number of nuclei available in any given area. Slides were mounted with mounting medium containing anti-fading agent (Molecular Probes). Images were analyzed using the Phase 3 Pro program for fluorescence microscopy (Media Cybernetics).

[0173] Determination of envelope-specific antibodies. Measurement of envelope-specific IgG antibodies was performed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in both immunized and control mice. Nunc-Immuno™ Plates (Nalge Nunc International, Rochester, NY) were coated with 1 μg / ml of clade B recombinant HIV-1 IIIB glycoprotein soluble gp160 (Immuno Diagnostics, MA), clade A / E primary envelope protein HIV-1 93TH975 gp120, and clade C primary envelope protein HIV-1 96ZM651 gp120 (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program, Rockville, MD, USA), respectively, and incubated overnight at room temperature. After washing, the plates were blocked with 3% BSA in PBST (1× PBS + 0.05% Tween-20) for 1 h at 37°C. Plates were then washed again and incubated with specific mouse serum, diluted in 3% BSA in PBST overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with 1 / 10,000 dilution of HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA) for 1 h at 37°C. The reaction was performed with the substrate TMB (3,3□,5,5□-tetramethylbenzidine) (Sigma-Aldrich). The reaction was stopped with 100 μl of 2.5 M sulfuric acid per well, and plates were read at OD of 450 nm on an EL808 plate reader (Biotech Instrument Inc.).

[0174] Immunization of mice. Female 4-6 week old BALB / c mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME. Male and female pairs of transgenic B6.Cg-Tg(HLA-A / Η2-D)2Enge / J mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory and bred in our laboratory by Dr. Michelle Kutzler. These transgenic mice express the interspecies hybrid class I MHC gene AAD. AAD contains the α-1 and α-2 domains of the human HLA-A2.1 gene and the α-3 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the mouse H-2Dd gene under the direction of the human HLA-A2.1 promoter. Expression of the mouse α-3 domain enhances the immune response of this system. Compared to unmodified HLA-A2.1, the chimeric HLA-A2.1 / H2-Dd MHC class I molecule mediates efficient positive selection of mouse T cells to provide a more complete T cell repertoire capable of recognizing peptides presented by HLA-A2.1 class I molecules. The peptide epitopes presented and recognized by mouse T cells in the context of HLA-A2.1 class I molecules are the same as those presented in HLA-A2.1+ humans. Female 4- to 6-week-old transgenic mice were used for further experiments described below. Their care was provided by the National Institutes of Health and the University of Pennsylvania. Institutional Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines were followed. Individual mice were immunized intramuscularly three times, twice weekly, with 100 μg of DNA each. Each group contained three mice, and a control group was vaccinated with pVAX DNA. Mice were sacrificed one week after the third immunization, and spleens were aseptically removed. Spleen cells were harvested and resuspended in RBC lysis buffer to remove red blood cells. After lysis, splenocytes from the same group were pooled and resuspended in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS. Cells were counted and prepared for analysis.

[0175] IFN-γ ELISpot assay. High-Protein Binding IP 96-well Multiscreen® plates (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) were used. Plates were coated overnight at 4°C with mAb against mouse IFN-γ (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) diluted in 1× PBS. Plates were washed three times with PBS and blocked for 2 h at room temperature with 1× PBS containing 1% BSA and 5% sucrose. Mouse splenocytes were resuspended in complete culture medium (RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics) at 2×10 cells per well. 5 Six sets of peptides, each containing 15 amino acid residues overlapping by 11 amino acids, representing the entire protein consensus sequences of HIV-1 subtype B, subtype C, and group M, and the entire protein sequences of HIV-1 MN (a subtype B isolate), HIV-1 C.UY.01.TRA3011, and C.ZA.01.J54Ma (two subtype C isolates) envelopes, were added in triplicate at the input cell number of cells. The peptides were obtained from the Reagent Program. Each set of env peptides was pooled into four pools at a concentration of 2 μg / ml / peptide as antigens for specific stimulation of IFN-γ release. 5 μg / ml concanavalin A (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and complete culture medium were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Plates were washed four times after 24 h of incubation in an incubator at 37° C. with 5% CO2 atmosphere. Biotinylated anti-mouse IFN-γ detection antibody was then added and plates were incubated overnight at 4° C. Plates were washed and color development was tracked according to the manufacturer's instructions (ELISPOT Blue Color Module, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Plates were air-dried and spots were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader system (CTL Analyzers, Cleveland, OH) with ImmnunoSpot® software. The average number of spot forming cells (SFC) was calculated as 1 × 10 for data presentation. 6 The ELISpot assay was repeated three times in three separate experiments.

[0176] CD8+ T-cell depletion experiments. CD8 lymphocytes were depleted from splenocytes using immune-magnetic beads coated with antibodies against CD8 (Dynal Biotech Inc., Lake Success, NY) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After depletion of CD8+ T-cells, IFN-γ ELISpot assays were performed as described above.

[0177] Epitope mapping experiments. To map reactive epitopes, two sets of peptides containing 15 amino acid residues overlapping by 11 amino acids representing the complete envelope proteins of HIV-1 consensus subtype B and HIV-1 MN, respectively, were pooled into 29 pools of 14–15 peptides / pool, and IFN-γ ELISpot assays were performed as described above. These various sets of 29 pooled stimulators were used in a matrix assay to facilitate epitope mapping.

[0178] Statistical analysis. Paired Student's t-test was used to compare the cellular immune responses between mice immunized with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B. In this experiment, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

[0179] result Construction and design of a novel subtype B early transmitter consensus-based envelope gene. A consensus sequence for HIV-1 subtype B was generated from 42 subtype B sequences taken from GenBank. Several modifications were made after the generation of the consensus sequence, as summarized in Figure 1. Briefly, to produce a CCR5-tropic version of the HIV-1 envelope mimicking a mucosally transmitted virus, six critical amino acids in the V3 loop were designed according to the sequence of the early transmitter isolate. In addition, ten amino acids in the V1 loop and one amino acid in the V2 loop were also deleted from the consensus sequence. A highly efficient leader sequence was fused in frame upstream of the start codon to enhance expression. The transmembrane domain was kept intact to enhance surface expression, and the cleavage site was kept intact to allow proper folding and host proteinase cleavage of the envelope protein. The cytoplasmic tail was removed to prevent envelope recycling and promote more stable and high surface expression (Berlioz-Torrent, C, et al., 1999. Interactions of the cytoplasmic domains of human and simian retroviral transmembrane proteins with components of the clathrin adaptor complexes modulate intracellular and cell surface expression of envelope glycoproteins.J.Virol.73:1350-1359;Bultmann, A. et al., 2001.Identification of two sequences in the cytoplamic tail of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein that inhibit cell surface expression. J. Virol. 75:5263-5276). Furthermore, the codon usage of this gene was adapted to the codon bias of the Homo Sapiens gene so as to have a higher level of expression (Andre, S. et al., B. 1998. Increased immune response elicited by DNA vaccination with a synthetic gp120 sequence with optimized codon usage. J Virol 72:1497-503; Demi, L. et al., 2001. Multiple effects of codon usage optimization on expression and immunogenicity of DNA candidate vaccines encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag protein. J. Virol. 75:10991-11001). In addition, RNA optimization (Schneider, R. et al., 1997. Inactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitory elements allows Rev-independent expression of Gag and Gag / protease and particle formation. J. Virol. 71:4892-4903) was also performed: regions with very high (>80%) or very low (<30%) GC content and cis-acting sequence motifs (e.g., internal TATA boxes, chi-sites, and ribosome entry sites) were avoided. A synthetically engineered EY2E1-B gene was constructed, which was 2734 bp in length. The EY2E1-B gene was subcloned into the BarnHI and NotI sites in pVAX for further experiments.

[0180] Phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess the distribution of distances from randomly sampled envelope subtype B sequences to EY2E1-B sequences. As shown in Figure 2, the relative closeness of EY2E1-B sequences to all sequences sampled was observed. EY2E1-B sequences had a comparable distribution of similarity scores when compared to the primary isolate EK2P-B sequence (Table 1). The average percentage similarity score for EY2E1-B was 85.7%, while for EK2P-B it was 79.4%.

[0181] [Table 1] Table 1. Mean and range of percentage similarity scores between potential envelope vaccine candidates and subtype B envelope sequence alignments.

[0182] Determination of in vivo expression and antigenicity of EY2E1-B. To test the in vivo expression of pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B, RD cells were transfected with these plasmids as described in the Materials and Methods section. After transfection, total proteins were extracted from cell lysates and immunoblotted with envelope-specific monoclonal antibody 2G12, as described in the Materials and Methods section, to detect the expression of pEY2E1-B. The Western blot results showed that these two constructs expressed envelope protein (Figure 3A). The detected envelope protein was approximately 120 KD. Table 2 shows the comparison of pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B.

[0183] [Table 2] To determine the antigenic epitopes, expressed envelope proteins from RD cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with three gp120-specific antibodies, 2G12, 4G10, and ID6. After immunoprecipitation, Western blotting was performed to detect the immunoprecipitated proteins. Our results showed that the synthetic immunogen was able to bind to antibodies 2G12 and ID6, but not 4G10. Since antibody 2G12 neutralized a wide variety of primary isolates and reacted with conformational and carbohydrate-dependent gp120 epitopes, and antibody ID6 bound to gp120 and gp160 and was directed against the first 204 amino acids of gp120, our results suggested that the synthetically engineered immunogen, EY2E1-B, was able to fold into a relatively native conformation and preserved some native antigenic epitopes. Furthermore, since antibody 4G10 is an HIV-1 LAI / BRU V3 monoclonal antibody (a T cell lineage-adapted line that recognizes LAI gp160), our data also suggested that this synthetic envelope does not utilize the receptor CXCR4.

[0184] Furthermore, to confirm expression and determine antigenic epitopes, indirect immunofluorescence assays were performed using transfected RD cells. High specific expression was observed under a fluorescent microscope in pEY2E1-B-transfected cells and pEK2P-B-transfected cells. HIV-1 env monoclonal F105, which reacts with discontinuous or conformational gp120 epitopes, was used in this assay. As shown in Figure 3B, transfected cells expressing Env protein showed typical rhodamine fluorescence, again suggesting that a synthetic protein was expressed and had a relatively native conformation. No expression was detected in RD cells transfected with pVAX as a control.

[0185] Induction of humoral responses. To determine whether the synthetic immunogens could induce higher titer envelope-specific antibody responses, sera were collected from BalB / C mice immunized with pVAX, pEY2E1-B, and pEK2P-B, and ELISA was performed. As shown in FIG. 4A, we observed relatively higher levels of clade B envelope-specific antibody responses when using sera collected from mice immunized with pEY2E1-B compared to those from mice immunized with pEK2P-B. In contrast, vector-only mice did not develop specific antibody responses. However, there were no detectable responses against clade A / E and clade C proteins in either pEY2E1-B or pEK2P-B-injected mice (FIGS. 4B and 4C). This indicates that synthetic consensus-based immunogens have a relatively intact conformation and preserve natural antigenic epitopes, but may not be able to induce broad cross-clade antibody immune responses.

[0186] Strong and broad cellular immune responses measured by ELISpot. BalB / C mice were immunized with pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B and ELISpot analysis was performed to determine the number of antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells that responded to four pools of peptides derived from the HIV-1 consensus subtype B protein (Figure 5A). The magnitude of the response, as measured by the number of spot-forming units (SFU) per million cells, ranged from 27.5 to 520 in mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B. In comparison, splenocytes from mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B showed a slight range of spots, from 2 to 237.5 (p<0.05). The additive frequency of SFU per million splenocytes for all four pools in mice immunized with pEY2E1-B was 1976.25+260, whereas the number of SFU per million cells in mice immunized with pEK2P-B was 519+45. Cells from mice immunized with pVAX vector were used as negative controls, showing only 60+5 SFU per million splenocytes for the consensus envelope B peptide pool (p<0.05). We observed similar results in three separate experiments. Thus, the pEY2E1-B construct is capable of driving cell-mediated immune responses up to four times more. We also determined whether CD8+ lymphocytes responded to the secretion of IFN-γ detected in BalB / C mice immunized with pEY2E1-B. As shown in Figure 5B, the number of SFU per million cells was reduced to 127.5 + 11 after CD8+ depletion, indicating that there was an approximately 90% reduction in the frequency of IFN-γ producing cells observed by CD8+ T cell depletion ELISpot. IFN-γ production induced by pEY2E1-B is primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells.

[0187] In addition, to model human T cell immune responses against antigens presented by HLA-A2 and to identify those antigens, we performed the same ELISpot assay described above using transgenic HLA-A2.1 / H2-Dd mice. As shown in Figure 5C, the loading frequency of SFU per million splenocytes for all four pools in transgenic mice immunized with pEY2E1-B was 2362+257, while the number of SFU per million cells in transgenic mice immunized with pEK2P-B was only 493+57. These results indicated that the pEY2E1-B construct was capable of driving cell-mediated immune responses in transgenic mice up to four times more. The ELISpot data after CD8 depletion suggested that the production of IFN-γ induced by pEY2E1-B was mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells (Figure 5D).

[0188] Furthermore, we were interested in further dissecting the cellular immune responses observed in the ELISpot assay. Therefore, another set of ELISpot assays was performed on a library of peptides spanning the consensus subtype B envelope protein. The complete set of 15-mer peptides overlapping 11 amino acids with the subtype B consensus envelope protein was used to perform this mapping experiment. This experiment showed that there was no clear dominant epitope induced by the synthetic envelope. However, IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of splenocytes from BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2El-B- revealed that 18 of 29 pools showed more than 50 spots, whereas only 6 pools in BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B showed such spots (Figure 5E). These results indicated a significant increase in the breadth and magnitude of the cellular immune response induced by the EY2E1-B immunogen.

[0189] Strongly cross-reactive cellular immune responses induced by pEY2E1-B. To determine whether the EY2E1-B immunogen could induce broadly cross-reactive cellular immune responses, IFN-γ ELISpot was performed using HIV-1 MN group M, consensus subtype C, HIV-1 MN (a subtype B isolate), and HIV-1 C.UY.01.TRA3011 and C.ZA.01.J54Ma (two subtype C isolates) envelope peptides in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice. These assays will further determine whether the results observed in Figure 5A, C, and E are related to the peptide target alone, or whether an increase in immune breadth is indeed responsible. As shown in Fig. 6A, the number of SFUs added per million splenocytes to the pool of four HIV-1 MN envelope peptides in BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B was 1855 + 215.8, which was about twice that in BalB / C mice immunized with pEK2P-B (SFUs per million splenocytes was 700 + 168.2), indicating that pEY2El-B has stronger cross-reactivity than pEK2P-B within subtype B. The number of IFN-γ spots in BalB / C mice immunized with pEY2E1-B in response to stimulation with the pool of four HIV group M (Fig. 6B) and subtype C (Fig. 6C) consensus envelope peptides was 1150 + 191.3 and 715 + 116.1, respectively. Compared with the number of spots for group M and subtype C peptides, which were 635 + 152.3 and 345 + 82.3 in BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B, these data indicate that the cross-clade immune response elicited by pEY2El-B was approximately 45% stronger than that induced by pEK2P-B in BalB / C mice.

[0190] Importantly, we observed a much stronger cross-reactive cellular immune response induced by pEY2E1-B in transgenic mice (Fig. 6F-J). The loading of SFU per million splenocytes against four pools of HIV-1 MN envelope peptides in transgenic mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B was 1087+153, which was about three times higher than that in HLA-A2 mice immunized with pEK2P-B (SFU per million splenocytes was 316+63) (Fig. 6F), indicating that pEY2E1-B was also able to induce stronger cross-reactivity than pEK2P-B among subtype B in transgenic mice. In transgenic mice immunized with pEY2E1-B, the number of IFN-γ spots in response to stimulation with a pool of four HIV group M (Figure 6G) and subtype C (Figure 6H) consensus envelope peptides was 2116 + 216 and 893 + 154, respectively. Compared with the number of spots to group M and subtype C peptides, which was 473 + 50 and 266 + 55 in transgenic mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B, these data indicated that the cross-clade immune response elicited by pEY2E1-B was approximately 3- to 4-fold stronger in transgenic mice than that induced by pEK2P-B. In addition, a set of peptides from two subtype C isolates was used to further determine the cross-clade C immune response, which should serve as a stringent control for assessing the breadth and cross-reactivity obtained with other peptide sets. In BalB / C mice, there was not much difference in the cross-reactivity induced by pEY2E1-B and pEK2P-B against these two sets of subtype C isolates (Fig. 6D and E), but the cross-clade reactivity induced by pEY2E1-B against these two sets of subtype C isolates was approximately threefold stronger than that induced by pEK2P-B (Fig. 6I and J).The number of spots for the C.ZA.01.J54Ma and C.UY.01.TRA3011 peptides was 1080+206 and 890+150 in transgenics vaccinated with pEY2E1-B, whereas in transgenic mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B the numbers were only 305+38 and 310+62.

[0191] Finally, we examined in detail the cellular immune responses to HIV-1 MN observed above in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice to determine whether there was also an increased breadth of cross-reactive cellular immune responses to subtype-specific targets induced by the EY2E1-B immunogen. Epitope mapping assays were performed on a library of peptides spanning the subtype B MN envelope protein. Results suggested that there was no clear dominant epitope induced by the synthetic envelope in either mouse strain. However, IFN-γ ELISpot analysis of splenocytes from BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEY2E1-B revealed that 14 of 29 pools showed more than 50 spots, whereas only 9 pools in BalB / C mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B showed more than 50 spots (Figure 7A). Similarly, in transgenic mice immunized with pEY2E1-B, 18 of 29 pools showed more than 50 spots, whereas in transgenic mice vaccinated with pEK2P-B, only 6 pools showed more than 50 spots (Fig. 7B). These data demonstrated a significant increase in the breadth and magnitude of the cross-reactive cellular immune responses induced by the EY2E1-B immunogen in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice.

[0192] Consideration Global HIV-1 DNA vaccine efforts are guided by the principle that HIV-specific T cell responses may provide some protection from infection or some contribution to the control of replication after infection. Although DNA vaccines can affect viral replication, generally these are not as potent as the induction of immunity with live attenuated viral vectors (Almond, N. et al., 1995. Protection by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus in macaques against challenge with virus-infected cells. Lancet 345:1342-1344; Berman, PW et al., 1996, Protection of MN-rgp120-immunized chimpanzees from heterologous infection with a primary isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 173:52-9; Boyer, J. et al., 1997. Protection of chimpanzees from high-dose heterologous HIV-1 challenge by DNA vaccination. Nat Med 3:526-532; Daniel, MC et al., 1992. Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene. Science 258:1938-1941). Strategies that help improve the breadth and magnitude of the cellular immune response are therefore important. The present invention provides a novel antigen using several features of multiple immunogens that have been reported in the literature as separate approaches but not previously brought together in one vaccine format. As a proof of concept, a synthetically engineered consensus-based envelope immunogen was developed and compared to a primary sequence immunogen optimized for induction of a cell-mediated immune response. Expression data showed that this new engineered envelope gene could be efficiently expressed in mammalian cell lines, with the expression levels of these two immunogens being quite similar (Figure 3A). In immunogenicity experiments, we observed that the cellular immune responses induced by this functional immunogen showed greater diversity and magnitude compared to the primary envelope vaccine. Epitope mapping data obtained in both BalB / C and HLA-A2 transgenic mice clearly demonstrated that this improved diversity and magnitude was maintained across these haplotypes. To further confirm this finding, we also developed a consensus-based subtype C envelope immunogen and compared it to the primary subtype C immunogen. Again, this synthetic consensus-based subtype C envelope immunogen showed increased diversity and magnitude of the cellular immune response compared to the primary C immunogen (unpublished data).

[0193] From the perspective of vaccine design strategies, sequence homology between vaccine candidates and infectious or challenge viruses can be an important consideration. An effective approach to minimize the degree of sequence divergence between vaccine strains and currently circulating viruses is to create artificial sequences that are "centric" to these viruses. One strategy to design such sequences is to use consensus sequences derived from the most common amino acids at each position in the alignment. In this experiment, we developed a consensus-based subtype B envelope vaccine and considered that this synthetic immunogen would have high cross-reactivity. Our results showed that there was a variety of cellular immune responses induced by the pEY2E1-B vaccine. The peptide mapping results in both Balb / c and transgenic mice also further showed that the EY2E1-B immunogen broadened the range of immune responses. Furthermore, the results of the cross-reactive cellular immune response experiment showed that pEY2E1-B was able to induce significantly stronger and broader cross-reactive cellular immune responses. Thus, the artificial consensus envelope immunogens contain epitopes that are more conserved than those found in any individual naturally occurring isolate, and they induce broader cross-clade CTL responses.

[0194] Theoretically, consensus sequences have advantages and disadvantages. Since consensus sequences are created based on currently circulating isolates, they may be genetically closer to currently circulating virus strains than any given naturally occurring virus isolate. However, since global sequencing is typically performed with viruses sampled during chronic infections instead of those sampled during acute infections, the possibility arises that consensus vaccine responses to epitopes that are largely avoided may be disadvantageous. To minimize this disadvantage, one useful strategy for vaccine design may take into account the initial transmitter sequence. Envelope proteins are the most difficult HIV proteins to artificially construct because the hypervariable regions in the HIV-1 envelope gene mutate by rapid insertions and deletions and not by point mutations. The difference in the length of the hypervariable regions makes it difficult to create consensus sequences for these regions. Recently, Gao et al. (Gao, F., E. et al., 2005. Antigenicity and imniunogenicity of a synthetic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 79:1 154-63) created group M consensus envelope sequences, but non-consensus sequences derived from the corresponding regions of the CRF08 BC recombinant strain were used in these variable regions. Experiments have shown that subtype C viruses encoding envelope glycoproteins with shorter V1, V2, and V4 regions infect recipients at frequencies significantly greater than those expected by chance.Subtype A envelope sequences derived from early infection also had significantly shorter V1 and V2 loop sequences and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (Chohan, B., D. et al., 2005. Selection for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 envelope glycosylation variants with shorter V1-V2 loop sequences occurs during transmission of certain genetic subtypes and may impact viral RNA levels. J. Virol. 79:6528-6531). In contrast, recently circulating subtype B variants did not have shorter V1 and V2 loops. However, it may be important to note that cases of subtype B infection were primarily the result of homosexual transmission or injection use. Furthermore, experiments have suggested that a possible functional consensus having compact V1, V2 regions may increase the exposure of the CD4 binding domain and therefore the sensitivity to neutralization (Edwards, T. G. et al., 2001. Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 envelope protein. J. Virol. 75:5230-5239; Kolchinsky, P. et al., 2001. Increased neutralization sensitivity of CD4-independent Human Immnuodeficiency Virus variants. J. Virol. 75:2041-2050; Pickora, C. et al., 2005. Identification of two N-linked Glycosylation sites within the core of the Simian Immunodificiency virus glycoprotein whose removal enhances sensitivity to soluble CD4. J. Virol. 79:12575-12583; Puffer, BA et al., 2002. CD4 independent of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envs is associated with macrophage tropism, neutralization sensitivity, and attenuated pathogenicity. J. Virol. 76:2595-2605). When we created the subtype B consensus sequence, we shortened the V1 and V2 regions.

[0195] Early in HIV-1 infection, non-syncytium-inducing (NS1) viruses predominate, which replicate slowly and use CCR5 as their primary receptor. Syncytium-inducing (SI) viruses, which appear in about 50% of infected individuals and are preceded by an accelerated loss of CD4 cells and a progressive clinical course of infection, use CXCR4 as their primary receptor. Different coreceptor usage of HIV variants has been demonstrated for all subtypes. Subtype C viruses appear to differ from most other subtypes due to the frequently reported under-presentation of CXCR4 with subtype C HIV variants. Therefore, CCR5 usage should be a crucial consideration for vaccine design. Previous reports have shown that the V3 region of gp120 plays a key role in receptor usage. Six residues in the V3 loop have been identified as important for CCR5 interaction: arginine 307, lysine 314, isoleucine 316, arginine 322, phenylalanine 324, and alanine 337. However, based on the sequence of the subtype C early transmitter, the residue at position 322 should be glutamine, not arginine. Taken together, based on previous experiments showing residues important for CCR5 utilization and the sequence of the early transmitter, we have designed a subtype B consensus envelope immunogen that, in theory, can drive an immune response that can target CCR5 coreceptor utilization.

[0196] To maximize the possibility of cross-reactivity, the HIV-1 group M consensus envelope sequence was created. However, it is possible that a subtype-specific envelope consensus vaccine may represent a compromise in terms of overall sequence similarity of the vaccine antigen compared to the circulating virus, at least at the level of the cellular immune response. Experiments have shown that a high degree of selectivity was identified in various regions of the envelope protein of subtypes B and C. This may be caused by different immune pressures on various regions of the envelope protein in subtypes B and C. Thus, there is an advantage in using a subtype-specific envelope vaccine as a vaccine and immune response against the circulating virus, which share antigenic domains. Further experiments comparing group M and subtype-specific envelope vaccines are necessary to further clarify this issue.

[0197] Another important concern with using consensus sequences is that they combine polymorphisms in combinations not found in any naturally occurring virus, and thus may result in improper protein folding. Previous experiments have shown that the group M consensus immunogen can fold into a naturally occurring conformation, preserves the antigenic epitopes of the envelope, and elicits a weak neutralizing antibody response. Based on the fact that the synthetic protein can bind to antibodies 2G12, ID6, and F105, we suspect that pEY2El-B may have some naturally occurring conformation. Importantly, our data also showed that the EY2E1-B immunogen can induce high titers of subtype B envelope-specific antibodies, further indicating that this synthetic immunogen may better preserve class II epitopes. Further experiments in this area will be important.

[0198] In the case of creating new HIV-1 vaccine strategies, there is also a growing need to use preclinical models to predict the efficacy of these vaccines in humans. In our experiments, HLA-A2 transgenic mice were used to study the cellular immune response induced by synthetic immunogens. The experiments showed that this transgenic strain is an important preclinical model for designing and testing vaccines for infectious diseases, including optimal stimulation of human CD8+ cytolytic T cells. In this model, the results show that EY2E1-B was able to induce a much broader and stronger cellular immune response compared to EK2P-B, suggesting that this new vaccine may have a stronger ability to induce HLA-A2-restricted cellular response. Further experiments of this immunogen in non-human primates are planned.

[0199] Taken together, our results suggest that EY2E1-B, as a DNA vaccine cassette, can be an immunogen to increase both the magnitude and breadth of CTL responses. In a more general sense, this construct may be useful in other platforms for the induction of stronger and broader cellular immune responses against HIV strains in approaches other than DNA vectors.

[0200] Example 2 Development of a novel engineered HIV-1 clade C envelope DNA vaccine that increases the diversity and breadth of induced cellular immune responses Strong HIV-1 specific CTL responses have a critical role in managing viral load during acute and asymptomatic infection. However, recent experiments with consensus immunogens have failed to appreciably reveal improved cellular immune responses. Here, we test a novel engineered clade C consensus-based envelope immunogen for improved cellular immune responses. A novel vaccine (pEY3El-C) was generated from the HIV-1 clade C consensus envelope sequence. Several modifications were made, including shortening the highly variable V1 and V2 regions based on the initial transmitter sequence, retaining the V3 loop for CCR5 utilization, removing the cytoplasmic terminal region from the C-terminus to prevent envelope recycling, and retaining the cleavage site and TMD for proper folding. An IgE leader sequence was also added to the N-terminus. This consensus DNA vaccine was also RNA optimized and codon optimized. The cellular immune response was examined in BalB / C mice by ELISpot and epitope mapping assays. Compared to pEK3P-C (derived from a primary isolate of clade C env), our construct (pEY3E1-C) was more effective in driving cellular immune responses when examined as a DNA vaccine. The cellular immune response elicited by pEY3E1-C was greater in magnitude than pEK3P-C when stimulated with consensus clade C peptides. In addition, the consensus immunogen elicited an increase in the magnitude of the cellular immune response when stimulated with two other sets of primary isolate peptides, also derived from clade C. In addition to the increased magnitude, the increased breadth of the CTL response was supported by the ability of pEY3E1-C to induce at least 15 of 29 pools of strongly reactive peptides (having more than 50 spots per million splenocytes), whereas pEK3P-C induced only 3 of 29 pools and only 9 of 29 pools with strong reactivity in response to a set of two primary isolate peptides.These were selected for their uniqueness and ability to serve as stringent controls for assessing breadth. Furthermore, pEY3E1-C elicited strong cross-clade cellular immune responses when stimulated with clade B peptides. As a DNA vaccine cassette, the consensus immunogen pEY3E1-C increased both the magnitude and breadth of CTL responses, suggesting that the ability of the consensus immunogen to serve as a component antigen in an HIV vaccine mixture merits further experimentation.

[0201] The wide genetic diversity, rapid mutations, and recombination of existing strains pose enormous challenges to generating an effective vaccine: candidate DNA vaccines derived from individual isolates may not elicit the cross-reactivity essential for protection against the diverse circulating HIV-1 strains.

[0202] In addition, DNA vaccines expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins have been reported to have extremely poor immunogenicity.

[0203] The present inventors have used a multi-step strategy to increase the potency of the CTL response elicited by a DNA vaccine and were able to provide protection against circulating viral strains.

[0204] Recent experiments indicate that consensus immunogens may be able to overcome the diversity obstacles created by the rapidly evolving HIV-1 virus.

[0205] Derdeyn et al. have shown that a shorter V1-V4 region is characteristic of early infectious subtype C viruses, and our constructs are designed to possess this feature, which may be useful in generating an immune response generated by the early infecting virus.

[0206] Furthermore, the expression levels of our DNA vaccines have been increased by codon optimization, RNA optimization, and the addition of immunoglobulin leader sequences.

[0207] HIV-1-specific CTL responses have been shown to be important in controlling viral load during acute and asymptomatic infection, as well as the development of AIDS, and therefore the following data will focus on the CTL responses elicited by our novel immunogens.

[0208] FIG. 13 shows immunogen design for the development of a novel engineered HIV-1 clade C envelope DNA vaccine that increases the diversity and breadth of the induced cellular immune response.

[0209] Figure 14 shows the phylogenetic relationships; 36 HIV-1 subtype C envelope sequences, EY3E1-C, EK3P-C, two subtype B, one subtype A, and one subtype D sequence (outgroup) were included in the phylogenetic analysis. Subtype C envelope sequences that showed a wide range of sample diversity originated from 12 countries.

[0210] Table 3 shows the mean and range of percent similarity scores between potential envelope vaccine candidates and the alignment of subtype C envelope sequences.

[0211] [Table 3] Three groups of three BalB / C mice were immunized three times with 100 μg of DNA, with a 2-week interval between immunizations. At week 7, spleens were harvested for cell experiments.

[0212] As shown in Figure 15, panels A and B, a strong cellular response was elicited by pEY3E1-C.

[0213] Figure 16 shows the strong and broad cellular response induced by pEY3E1-C. When stimulated with 29 pools of consensus C env peptides, mice vaccinated with pEY3E1-C induced over 50 spots per million splenocytes from 23 pools; mice vaccinated with pEK3P-C induced over 50 spots per million splenocytes from 2 pools.

[0214] Panels AD of FIG. 17 show strong cross-reactive cellular responses elicited by pEY3E1-C in the same clade.

[0215] Panels A and B of Figure 18 show the robust and broadly cross-reactive cellular responses induced by pEY3E1-C. Panel A shows data from subtype C (Uruguay) env-specific IFN-γ ELISpot. When stimulated with 29 pools of clade C (Uruguay) env peptides: mice vaccinated with pEY3E1-C induced over 50 spots per million splenocytes from 12 pools; mice vaccinated with pEK3P-C induced over 50 spots per million splenocytes from 3 pools. Panel B shows data from subtype C (South Africa) env-specific IFN-γ ELISpot. When stimulated with 29 pools of clade C (South African) env peptides: mice vaccinated with pEY3El-C induced >50 spots per million splenocytes from 13 pools; mice vaccinated with pEK3P-C induced >50 spots per million splenocytes from 5 pools.

[0216] FIG. 19, panels A-f, show strong cross-reactive cellular responses elicited by pEY3E1-C across clades.

[0217] The breadth and magnitude of the cellular immune responses induced by the EOC immunogen was significantly increased, with broader cross-clade reactivity appearing as an added advantage of this immunogen.

[0218] Example 3 Efficacy of a novel engineered HPV-16 DNA vaccine encoding the E6 / E7 fusion protein The immunogens were designed to be expressed as polyproteins such that the E6 and E7 sequences were separated by proteolytic cleavage. The polyproteins were also expressed with an IgE leader sequence. The polyprotein design included deletions or mutations in the E6 sequences important for p53 binding and degradation, and mutations in the Rb binding site on the E7 protein. Figure 23 provides an illustration of the immunogen design.

[0219] The coding sequence encoding the polyprotein was inserted into the vector pVAX to yield plasmid p1667. Figure 24 shows the maps of pVax and p1667.

[0220] TC1 tumor cells were immortalized with HPV-16 E7 and transformed with the c-Ha-ras oncogene. These cells express low levels of E7 and are highly tumorigenic.

[0221] In immunogenicity studies in mice, 3 mice / group of C57BL6 mice were administered 100 μg of DNA / mouse. Groups included: 1) control administered pVAX-control vector, and 2) experimental administered p1667. Mice were vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28. Mice were sacrificed on day 35 and ELISPOT was performed (Focus on CMI).

[0222] Data for the cellular immune response induced by DNA immunogen p1667 is shown in Figure 25. HPV16 consensus E6 and E7 peptides (37, 15-mers overlapping by 9 amino acids) were used in two pools - Pool 1: 18 peptides; Pool 2: 19 peptides. Panels A and C show data from whole splenocytes. Panels B and D show data from CD8-depleted samples.

[0223] Figure 26 shows the results of immunodominant epitope mapping. Two sequences are listed.

[0224] In preventative experiments in mice, 5 mice / group of C57BL6 mice were administered 100 μg of DNA / mouse. Groups included: 1) untreated (PBS injected), 2) control administered pVAX-control vector, and 3) experimental administered p1667. Mice were vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28. On day 35, mice were challenged with TC-1 cells, followed by tumor size measurements. Results are shown in FIG. 27. Data from the group co-administered with IL-15 constructs are also shown.

[0225] In the tumor regression experiment in mice, 5 mice / group of C57BL6 mice were administered 100 μg of DNA / mouse. Groups included: 1) untreated (injected with PBS), 2) control administered with pVAX-control vector, and 3) experimental administered with p1667. Mice were challenged with 5×104 TC-1 cells on day 0. Mice were administered the DNA vaccine on days 3, 10, and 17. Tumors were measured starting on day 8. Results are shown in FIG. 28. Data from the group co-administered with IL-15 constructs are also shown.

[0226] The level of E7 tetramer positive lymphocytes in the spleen was determined. Figure 29 shows the data as the percentage of E7 tetramer positive lymphocytes. DNA vaccine p1667 inhibited the upregulation of CD62L in the spleen. lo It induces activation of E7-specific CD8+ T cells.

[0227] The levels of E7 tetramer positive lymphocytes in the tumors were determined. Figure 30 shows the data as the percentage of E7 tetramer positive lymphocytes. DNA vaccine p1667 inhibited the CD62L lo It induces activation of E7-specific CD8+ T cells.

[0228] An E6 / E7 DNA vaccine protection experiment was performed in transgenic mice. Comparisons were made between naive, pVAX, p1667, p1667+IL-15, and E7 / HisB. Data are shown in Figure 31. p1667 and p1667+IL-15 were fully protective.

[0229] The data presented herein support the following conclusions: p1667 construct induces a strong cellular immune response capable of inducing E7-specific CD8+ lymphocytes that mediate an increased IFN-γ response. We have identified both dominant and novel subdominant HPV-16 epitopes against which antigen-specific CTLs are generated following administration of the DNA construct. p1667 construct can prevent tumor growth and induce tumor regression in both C57 / BL6 and transgenic mice. DNA vaccine p1667 represents a promising new therapeutic strategy for targeting HPV-associated microscopic cancers.

[0230] Example 4 Nucleic acid sequences encoding HIV Env consensus sequences can be administered as DNA vaccines in combination with nucleic acid sequences encoding various other HIV proteins (e.g., Gag, Pol, Gag / Pol, Nef, Vif, and Vpr), for example, using electroporation techniques for intramuscular or intradermal delivery. Multivalent / polyvalent HIV vaccine constructs can provide enhanced immune responses and may be particularly useful. In some embodiments, IL-12 coding sequences are further provided. US Patent Application Publication No. 20070106062, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses an HIV Vif DNA vaccine. US Patent Application Publication No. 20040106100, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses an HIV vaccine that includes HIV accessory proteins as well as sequences of such proteins that can be used to prepare further vaccine constructs. U.S. Patent Nos. 6,468,982, 5,817,637, and 5,593,972, which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose DNA vaccines that include HIV gag, HIV pol, and HIV gag / pol constructs. Electroporation is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,245,963, which is incorporated herein by reference. PCT Application No. PCT / US97 / 19502, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses IL-12 constructs. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20070041941, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses constructs that encode IL-15.

[0231] Example 5 Two groups of rhesus macaques were immunized IM three times with the optimized plasmid gag and env constructs, with or without plasmid IL-12. The same immunization strategy was used for two additional groups, but the plasmids were delivered with or without in vivo electroporation.

[0232] Cellular responses were assessed by IFNγ after each immunization and 5 months for memory responses. The humoral responses were determined by ELISpot. Throughout the experiment, humoral responses were evaluated by recombinant p24 and gp160 ELISA. The proliferation capacity of antigen-specific T cells was determined by CFSE staining. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed to further characterize the functional characteristics of the induced T cell responses.

[0233] Plasmid IL-12 increased the cellular response to our optimized construct. However, the use of electroporation to enhance plasmid delivery could improve both cellular and humoral responses compared to IM immunization with plasmid IL-12. The combination of plasmid IL-12 and electroporation produced the best immune response, both primary and memory, as measured by various parameters.

[0234] Optimized DNA constructs encoding HIV gag and env were compared in rhesus macaques in the presence and absence of plasmid IL-12 as a DNA adjuvant. IL-12 could substantially increase T cell responses by 5-fold in a quantitative ELISpot format, which resulted in substantially better memory T cell responses. However, DNA derived from EP was more effective in generating T cell and memory responses. This was 2-fold greater compared to IL-12 IM-adjuvanted DNA vaccine. The best response was observed in the EP+IL-12 adjuvant combination group. The memory response in this combination was 10-fold greater than IM DNA alone and nearly 2-fold greater than EP alone. We also observed 4-fold better immune expansion by CFSE in the EP+IL-12 combination compared to EP alone. The presence of polyfunctional T cells also suggested that the DNA+cytokine+EP combination was the most effective.

[0235] material and method animal: Rhesus monkeys (Macaco mulatto) were housed at BIOQUAL, Inc. (Rockville, MD) in accordance with the standards of the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. Animals were acclimated in isolation for at least 30 days prior to any experiment.

[0236] Immunization: Five rhesus macaques were immunized with 1.0 mg of pGag4Y and pEY2E1-B at weeks 0, 4, and 11. At each immunization time point, DNA was delivered to two injection sites, one in each quadriceps. Three of the macaques were electroporated after IM injection. Another group of five rhesus macaques were immunized with 1.0 mg of pGag4Y, pEY2E1-B, and WLV104 at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Of the five animals, two animals were immunized by IM injection and three animals were electroporated after IM injection. All electroporation procedures were performed using a constant current Celletra® device (VGX Immune Electroporation was performed using a VGX Therapeutics Division of VGX Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX. Electroporation conditions were 0.5 Amps, 3 pulses, 52 msec pulse length with 1 sec pulse interval. The device, controlled by this software, was designed to measure tissue resistance immediately before plasmid delivery and creation of a constant current square wave pulse, thereby eliminating the risk of delivery outside the muscle tissue and possible loss of plasmid.

[0237] Blood Collection: Animals were bled every 2 weeks for the duration of the experiment. 10 mL of blood was collected into EDTA tubes. PBMCs were isolated by standard Ficoll-hypaque centrifugation and then resuspended in complete culture medium (RPMI1640 with 2 mM / L L-glutamine supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 100 IU / mL penicillin, 100 μg / mL streptomycin, and 55 μM / L β-mercaptoethanol). RBCs were lysed with ACK lysis buffer (Cambrex Bio Science, East Rutherford, NJ).

[0238] Plasmids and plasmid products: Gag4Y contains an expression cassette encoding the consensus sequence of HIV clade A, B, C, and D gag proteins with several modifications including: addition of a Kozak sequence, a substituted IgE leader sequence, codon optimization and RNA optimization for expression in mammalian cells (SEQ ID NO:11 discloses the HIV Gag consensus sequence). For further experiments, the Gag4Y gene was subcloned into the expression vector pVax. pEY-2E1-B contains an expression cassette encoding the HIV clade B envelope consensus sequence (SEQ ID NO:3 discloses the HIV Env consensus sequence). WLV104M is a plasmid encoding the rhesus IL-12 gene. Plasmids were produced at Aldevron (Fargo, ND) and reformulated in sterile water for injection with 0.1% low molecular weight poly-L-glutamic acid sodium salt at VGX Immune Therapeutics (The Woodlands, TX).

[0239] CFSE in cryopreserved PBMCs Cryopreserved PBMCs were quickly thawed in a 37°C water bath and washed with complete medium. Cells were incubated overnight in a 37°C incubator and cell counts were obtained the following day. Cells were pelleted and resuspended in 1 ml of CFDA SE (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) in PBS (1:2000 dilution). Cells were incubated at 37°C for 10 min. Cells were washed with complete medium and diluted to 1 × 10 6Cells were resuspended to a concentration of cells / 100 μl and plated in 96-well round-bottom plates containing 100 μl of 2 μg / ml recombinant HIV-1 p24 or gp120 (ImmunoDiagnostics, Woburn, MA) + peptide pool. 5 μg / ml concanavalin A (positive) and complete medium (negative) were used as controls. Cultures were incubated for 5 days. Cells were first stained with Vivid dye violet (live / dead cell marker) for 15 min on ice. Cells were washed once with PBS. Cells were then stained with anti-human CD3-PE (clone SP34-2) (BD Pharmingen) and anti-human CD4-PerCP (clone L200), anti-human CD8-APC (SK1) for 1 h at 4°C. Cells were then washed twice with PBS and fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde. Data were collected using an LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Flow cytometry data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR) to analyze CD3 + Lymphocytes were gated. 30,000 to 50,000 CD3 per sample. + Lymphocytes were harvested.

[0240] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): 96-well plates were coated overnight with 100 ng / well recombinant HIV-1 IIIB p24 or gp120 (ImmunoDiagnostics) to determine HIV gag and env responses, respectively. Plates coated with 100 ng / well bovine serum albumin served as negative controls. Plates were blocked with 3% BSA-PBST for 1 hour at 37°C. Plates were then incubated with serial dilutions of 4-fold serum for 1 hour at 37°C. Goat anti-monkey IgG horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody was then added to the plates at a 1:10,000 dilution (MP Biomedicals, Aurora, OH) and incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Plates were developed using tetramethylbenzidine (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN) and the reaction was stopped with 2N H2SO4. Optical density (OD) was then measured.

[0241] The IgG end-point titer was defined as the reciprocal of the serum dilution that produced an OD value greater than twice the mean OD value of the BSA wells.

[0242] Enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) Antigen-specific responses were determined by subtracting the number of spots in negative control wells from those containing peptide, and results are shown as the average value obtained for triplicate wells (number of spots / million splenocytes).

[0243] 1. Staining of Intracellular Cytokines Antibody Reagents Directly conjugated antibodies were obtained from: BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA): IL-2 (PE), CD3 (Pacific Blue), IFN-γ (PE-Cy7), and TNF-α (Alexa Fluor 700), CD8 (APC), and CD4 (PerCP).

[0244] Cell stimulation and staining PBMCs were cultured at 1 × 10 in complete RPMI.6 Cells were resuspended / 100 μl and plated into a 96-well plate containing 100 μl of a 1:200 dilution of stimulatory peptide. An unstimulated control and a positive control (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, 1 μg / mL; Sigma-Aldrich) were included in each assay. Cells were incubated for 5 h at 37°C. After incubation, cells were washed (PBS) and stained with surface antibodies. Cells were washed and stained with Cytofix / Cytoperm kit (BD Cells were fixed using a PBS (PharMingen, San Diego, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After fixation, cells were washed twice with perm buffer and stained with antibodies against cellular markers. After staining, cells were washed, fixed (PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde) and stored at 4°C until analysis.

[0245] Flow cytometry Cells were analyzed on a modified LSR II flow cytometer (BD Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA). Fifty thousand CD3+ events were collected per sample. Data analysis was performed using FlowJo version 8.4.1 (TreeStar, San Carlos, CA). Initial gating was performed using a plot of forward scatter area (FSC-A) versus height (FSC-H) to remove doublets. Events were gated for lymphocytes by a plot of FSC-A versus SSC. Events were then serially analyzed for the CD3+ response to IFN-γ, which is responsible for downregulation. + , CD8 + , and CD4 - Gated on events. CD8 +After identification of T cells, gates were created for each individual function using the combination that provided optimal separation. After creating gates for each function, we used a Boolean gating platform to create a full array of possible combinations, equivalent to eight response patterns when testing three functions. Data are reported after background correction. The threshold for a positive response was 10 events or 0.05%.

[0246] statistical analysis Data were analyzed using Prism Graphpad software and expressed as mean±SEM.

[0247] result ELISpot analysis The induction of cellular immune responses was evaluated after each immunization by IFNγ ELISpot. After one immunization (Figure 1), only the group that received plasmid DNA by IM injection showed a weak cellular response (74±29 SFU / 10 6 Co-immunization of rhesus macaques with IL-12 plasmid resulted in a higher response (136±51.4 SFU / 10 6 PBMC. The electroporated (EP) group had a 6-fold higher mean response than the IM group (482 ± 181 SFU / 10 6 The combination of EP and IL-12 co-immunization further doubled the number of IFN-γ producing cells (1030 ± 494 SFU / 10 6 PBMCs).

[0248] After two immunizations (Figure 1), the IM and IM +IL-12 groups had a moderate increase in ELISpot counts (104±67.9 SFU / 10, respectively). 6 PBMC and 223±76.6 SFU / 10 6 PBMC). The EP group had a nearly 4-fold increase in immunization success (1924±417 SFU / 10 6PBMC), and the EP+IL-12 group again had twice the number of IFNγ-producing cells (2819 ± 872 SFU / 10 compared with EP therapy alone. 6 PBMC).

[0249] After the third immunization (Fig. 1 ), the number of antigen-specific cells in the EP group was one log higher than that in the IM group (53000 ± 3781 and 370 ± 110 SFU / 10 , respectively). 6 The IM+IL-12 group also had a dramatic increase in cellular responses using ELISpot counts, which were nearly 1 log greater than the previous immunization (2042±311 SFU / 10 6 With the other two immunizations, the EP+IL-12 group was the most potent of all vaccinated groups (7228±2227 SFU / 10 6 PBMCs).

[0250] Induction of a cross-reactive envelope response A good HIV vaccine will require the induction of cross-reactive immune responses. In this regard, it was of interest to observe whether EP+IL-12 could improve the magnitude of cross-reactivity against a mismatched peptide library. We compared the cross-reactive CTL responses induced by env antigens using a peptide library derived from consensus group M. Cross-reactivity was observed in all groups. However, the results showed the same magnitude of differences as observed in the subtype B ELISpot analysis (Figure 2). After three immunizations, the IM group had the lowest response against group M envelope peptides (222±SEM SFU / 10 6 PBMC). Addition of IL-12 doubled the response (540±SEM SFU / 10 6 A higher group M envelope response was induced with EP (830±SEM SFU / 10 6PBMC), which was further enhanced with co-injection of IL-12 (1238±SEM SFU / 10 6 PBMCs).

[0251] 1. Memory T cell response Importantly, the generation of memory responses can be improved using the DNA platform. We performed ELIspot analysis 5 months after the last DNA vaccination (Figure 3). In the IM group, the addition of plasmid IL-12 led to an almost 10-fold increase in memory cells (751±11.1 and 78.6±16.9 SFU / 10 6 PBMCs). It is clear that IL-12 can have a positive effect on this important T cell phenotype. Furthermore, although the number of antigen-specific IFNγ-producing cells was substantial in the EP group, IL-12 adjuvant + EP produced the most vigorous memory response (1231 ± 523.5 and 3795 ± 1336 SFU / 10, respectively). 6 PBMC), responses indicate that the combined technology drove extremely strong T cell memory responses.

[0252] Humoral immune responses to DNA vaccines The weakness of the IM DNA vaccine technology lies in its inability to induce a clear antibody response in non-human primates and in human clinical trials. The inventors evaluated the ability of each group to induce both HIV-1 gag and env-specific antibody titers against recombinant p24 and gp160 antigens in an ELISA format. For both antigens, the IM and IM+IL-12 groups showed no significant antibody titers (<1:50 endpoint titer). The electroporated group showed dramatically higher gag antibody titers that were able to bind to recombinant p24. Both the EP and EP+IL-12 groups had similar endpoint titers at week 12 (22,400 and 12,800, respectively), but the EP+IL-12 group produced a more efficient antibody response. That response appeared faster than the immunization schedule and rose to its maximum level most rapidly. The env antibody response also reflected the inventors' observation that it acts at a lower endpoint titer when using the gag antigen.

[0253] CD4 + and CD8 + Proliferation of T cells Since a significant number of ELISpot responses were observed, the inventors next tested additional parameters of cellular immunity. The inventors tested the ability of gag-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to proliferate in vitro after peptide stimulation during various immunotherapies. Cryopreserved samples collected two weeks after the last immunization were stimulated and analyzed by CFSE assay. The average CD4 + response increased similarly to that observed in the ELISpot assay. In comparison, the induction of CD8 proliferation was much greater in magnitude. The inventors observed that IL-12 increased the proliferation of CD8 + T cells compared to using IM alone, and that EP was substantially higher. The EP+IL-12 group had CD8 +The highest percentage of CD8 T cells was observed in the EP+IL-12 treatment (2.51±SEM % and 4.88±SEM %, respectively). A clear band of CD8 T cell proliferation was observed in the EP+IL-12 treatment, clearly indicating the strong proliferative capacity of this combined immune response.

[0254] Multifunctional CD8 + T cell response Although we clearly observed the induction of strong IFNγ effector responses after co-immunization with EP and IL-12, we did not find any significant difference in the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ cells in different regimens. + We wished to further characterize the function of the T cell response. Samples taken 3 months after the last immunization were stimulated with gag peptide and stained for the production of intracellular cytokines IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2. Of all groups, only one animal in the IM+IL-12 group and one animal in the EP-only group had a detectable IFNγ response. However, two of three animals in the EP plus IL-12 immunized group had CD8 T cells producing gag-specific IFNγ. + The IM+IL-12 responders had a small percentage of polyfunctional cells that stained for all three cytokines, and even had a population that had lost its ability to produce IL-2. The EP responders had a slightly more highly polyfunctional response consisting of four distinct populations. The most dramatic response was seen in the second EP+IL-12 animal. The CD8 + Just over 2% of the T cells were able to produce all three cytokines, and 2% were able to produce both IFNγ and TNFα. Clearly, the numbers of animals in each group were small, and further primate experiments are needed to confirm these results. However, taken together, the trends observed seem clear and encouraging.

[0255] Consideration IL-12 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant improves ELISpot responses by several fold over plasmid alone. In addition, proliferation was clearly enhanced. The EP group showed a higher mean response than either the IM-only group or the IM+IL-12 group, which showed combined ELISpot responses, which were three times higher than the IM+IL-12 group. The best ELISpot response was observed in the EP+IL-12 group, which was nearly four times higher than the IM+IL-12 group and nearly 19 times higher than the IM alone group.

[0256] The magnitude of antigen-specific responses after each immunization was determined by IFNγ ELISpot. Not only did all animals in the EP and EP+IL-12 groups have detectable responses after one immunization, but they had higher averages after three immunizations than those seen in the IM group. After two immunizations, the IFNγ responses in the EP and EP+IL-12 groups were comparable to those reported in experiments using viral vectors. Substantial memory responses were observed in both the IM+IL-12 and EP groups 5 months after the last immunization.

[0257] IM immunization with or without IL-12 did not result in significant amounts of antibodies. Electroporation could enhance humoral immune responses, as previously reported. All animals in the electroporated group seroconverted. The EP and EP+IL-12 groups had similar end-point titers after three immunizations, but the kinetics of antibody induction was slightly faster in the EP+IL-12 group.

[0258] The proliferation capacity of CD8 T cells was found to be enhanced with EP and plasmid IL-12. This data supports the memory expansion observed in the ELISpot assay, where the emergence of antigen-specific T cells is likely a result of the enhanced proliferation capacity of EP+IL-12 therapy.

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Claims

[Claim 1] A composition or method as described in the specification.

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