Adeno-associated virus virions with variant capsid and methods of use thereof

Abstract

To provide methods for delivering a gene product to a retinal cell in an individual, and methods of treating ocular disease.SOLUTION: The present invention relates to a variant AAV capsid protein which comprises an amino acid insertion of a particular sequence in the capsid protein GH loop or IV loop relate to a corresponding parental AAV capsid protein, and confers the increased infectivity of a retinal cell compared to the infectivity of the retinal cell by an AAV virion comprising the corresponding parental AAV capsid protein.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 8

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] cross reference This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 478,355, filed April 22, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Statement on Federally Sponsored Research This invention was made with government support under Grant Nos. EY016994-02 and EY1018241 awarded by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health. The United States Government has certain rights in this invention. [Background technology]

[0003] Photoreceptors are the first neurons in the retina to receive and process visual information, converting visible electromagnetic radiation into a hyperpolarizing response via phototransduction. The overwhelming majority of inherited retinal diseases lead to the loss of these cells, either directly, e.g., in dominant mutations affecting rhodopsin protein folding, or indirectly, e.g., in recessive mutations affecting the retinal recycling pathway in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

[0004] AAV belongs to the Parvoviridae family and Dependovirus genus, whose members require coinfection with a helper virus such as adenovirus to facilitate replication, whereas AAV establishes latent infection in the absence of a helper. Virions consist of a 25 nm icosahedral capsid that encompasses a 4.9 kb single-stranded DNA genome with two open reading frames, rep and cap. The nonstructural rep gene encodes four regulatory proteins essential for viral replication, while cap encodes three structural proteins (VP1-3) that assemble into a 60-mer capsid shell. This viral capsid mediates the ability of AAV vectors to overcome many of the biological barriers to viral transduction, including cell surface receptor binding, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and intranuclear unpackaging. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005 / 0053922 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009 / 0202490 [Non-patent literature]

[0006] [Non-Patent Document 1] Allocca et al.(2007)J.Virol.81:11372 [Non-Patent Document 2] Boucas et al.(2009)J.Gene Med.11:1103 Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present disclosure provides an adeno-associated virus (AAV) virion having a modified capsid protein, which exhibits higher infectivity of retinal cells compared to wild-type AAV when administered via intravitreal injection. The present disclosure further provides a method for delivering a gene product to an individual's retinal cells and a method for treating an ocular disease. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] A representative 3D model of AAV2 containing a random heptamer after amino acid 587 is provided. [Diagram 2] Showing greater levels of intravitreal transduction with the AAV2 7M8 mutant (right) compared to AAV2 (left). [Diagram 3] Representative fluorescent images of retinal frozen slices are provided showing green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression caused by 7M8 carrying the GFP gene under the control of the ubiquitous CAG promoter (left) or the photoreceptor-specific Rho promoter (right). [Figure 4] GFP+ photoreceptor cells per million retinal cells counted by flow cytometry after transduction with 7M8 or 7M8 carrying the four tyrosine mutation (7m8.4YF) are shown. [Diagram 5] 1 provides the amino acid sequence of AAV2 VP1 (SEQ ID NO:1). [Figure 6] The amino acid sequences corresponding to amino acids 570 to 610 of AAV2 (Figure 5) of the AAV capsid protein VP1 of various AAV serotypes are provided. [Figure 7] 1 shows structural improvement in the retina of Rslh − / − mice after gene transfer. [Figure 8] 1 shows functional rescue of electroretinogram A and B waves following RS1 gene delivery. [Figure 9] 1 shows sustained improvement in retinal thickness measured at 10 months after treatment with 7m8-rho-RS1. [Figure 10] The amino acid sequence of retinoschisin is provided. [Figure 11]The amino acid sequence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is provided. [Figure 12] The amino acid sequence of RPE65 is provided. [Figure 13A] The nucleotide sequence of the 7m8-rho-RS1 construct is provided. [Figure 13B] Continued from Figure 13A. [Figure 13C] Continued from Figure 13A. [Figure 14] The amino acid sequence of peripherin-2 is provided. [Figure 15] The amino acid sequence of peripherin is provided. [Figure 16] 1 provides the amino acid sequence of retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator interacting protein-1. [Figure 17A] 1 provides an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the AAV capsid protein loop IV (GH loop) region, with the insertion site indicated in bold and underlined. [Figure 17B] Continued from Figure 17A. [Figure 17C] Continued from Figure 17A. [Figure 18A] 1 provides an alignment of the amino acid sequences of the AAV capsid protein GH loop region with heterologous peptides inserted therein. [Figure 18B] Continued from Figure 18A. [Figure 18C] Continued from Figure 18A. [Figure 19] 1 provides fluorescent fundus images showing GFP expression in the central retina of a primate 9 weeks after administration of 7m8, which carries GFP under the control of the connexin 36 promoter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0009] definition The term "retinal cells," as used herein, may refer to any of the cell types that comprise the retina, such as retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptor cells, including rods and cones, Muller glial cells, and the retinal pigment epithelium.

[0010] "AAV" is an abbreviation for adeno-associated virus, and may be used to refer to the virus itself or its derivatives. The term encompasses all subtypes, and both naturally occurring and recombinant forms, unless otherwise required. The abbreviation "rAAV" refers to recombinant adeno-associated virus, also referred to as recombinant AAV vector (or "rAAV vector"). The term "AAV" includes AAV type 1 (AAV-1), AAV type 2 (AAV-2), AAV type 3 (AAV-3), AAV type 4 (AAV-4), AAV type 5 (AAV-5), AAV type 6 (AAV-6), AAV type 7 (AAV-7), AAV type 8 (AAV-8), avian AAV, bovine AAV, canine AAV, equine AAV, primate AAV, non-primate AAV, and ovine AAV. "Primate AAV" refers to AAV that infects primates, "non-primate AAV" refers to AAV that infects non-primate mammals, "bovine AAV" refers to AAV that infects bovine mammals, and so forth.

[0011] The genome sequences of various serotypes of AAV, as well as the sequences of natural terminal repeats (TR), Rep protein, and capsid subunits, are known in the art.Such sequences can be found in the literature or in public databases such as GenBank.See, for example, GenBank Accession Nos. NC_002077 (AAV-1), AF063497 (AAV-1), NC_001401 (AAV-2), AF043303 (AAV-2), NC_001729 (AAV-3), NC_001829 (AAV-4), U89790 (AAV-4), NC_006152 (AAV-5), AF513851 (AAV-7), AF513852 (AAV-8), and NC_006261 (AAV-8), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for teaching AAV nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. For example, Srivistava et al. (1983) J. Virology45:555, Chiorini et al. (1998) J. Virology71:6823, Chiorini et al. (1999) J. Virology73:1309, Bantel-Schaal et al. (1999) J. Virology73:939, Xiao et al. al. (1999) J. Virology 73:3994, Muramatsu et al. (1996) Virology 221: 208, Shade et al., (1986) J. Virol. 58: 921, Gao et al. (2002) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11854, Morris et al. See also, al. (2004) Virology 33:375-383, International Patent Publication Nos. WO 00 / 28061, WO 99 / 61601, WO 98 / 11244, and U.S. Patent No. 6,156,303.

[0012] As used herein, "rAAV vector" refers to an AAV vector that contains a polynucleotide sequence that is not derived from AAV (i.e., a polynucleotide sequence that is heterologous to AAV), typically a sequence of interest for genetic transformation of a cell.Generally, the heterologous polynucleotide is flanked by at least one, and generally two, AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs).The term rAAV vector encompasses both rAAV vector particles and rAAV vector plasmids.rAAV vectors can be either single-stranded (ssAAV) or self-complementary (scAAV).

[0013] "AAV virus" or "AAV virus particle" or "rAAV vector particle" refers to a virus particle consisting of at least one AAV capsid protein (typically all of the capsid proteins of wild-type AAV) and the encapsidated polynucleotide rAAV vector. When the particle contains a heterologous polynucleotide (i.e., a polynucleotide other than the wild-type AAV genome, such as a transgene delivered to a mammalian cell), it is typically referred to as "rAAV vector particle" or simply "rAAV vector". Thus, the production of rAAV particles necessarily includes the production of rAAV vectors, e.g., such vectors are contained within rAAV particles.

[0014] "Packaging" refers to a series of intracellular events that result in assembly and encapsidation of the AAV particle.

[0015] AAV "rep" and "cap" genes refer to polynucleotide sequences that encode the replication and encapsidation proteins of adeno-associated virus. AAV rep and cap are referred to herein as AAV "packaging genes."

[0016] AAV "helper virus" refers to a virus that allows AAV (e.g., wild-type AAV) to replicate and be packaged by mammalian cells. A variety of such AAV helper viruses are known in the art, including adenoviruses, herpes viruses, and poxviruses such as vaccinia. Adenoviruses encompass several different subgroups, with adenovirus type 5 of subgroup C being the most commonly used. Numerous adenoviruses from human, non-human mammalian, and avian origin are known and available from depositories such as ATCC. Viruses of the herpes family include, for example, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV), which are also available from depositories such as ATCC.

[0017] "Helper virus function(s)" refers to the function(s) encoded in the helper virus genome that allows AAV replication and packaging (along with other requirements for replication and packaging as described herein). The "helper virus functions" described herein can be provided in several ways, including by providing a helper virus or, for example, by providing a polynucleotide sequence encoding the required function(s) to a producer cell in trans. For example, a plasmid or other expression vector containing a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more adenovirus proteins is transfected into a producer cell along with a rAAV vector.

[0018] An "infectious" virus or virus particle is one that contains a competently assembled viral capsid and can deliver polynucleotide components to cells to which the virus species is tropic. This term does not necessarily imply any replication ability of the virus. Assays for counting infectious virus particles are described elsewhere in this disclosure and in the art. Viral infectivity can be expressed as the ratio of infectious virus particles to total virus particles. Methods for determining the ratio of infectious virus particles to total virus particles are known in the art. See, for example, Grainger et al. (2005) Mol. Ther. 11:S337 (describing TCID50 infectious titer assay) and Zolotukhin et al. (1999) Gene Ther. 6:973. See also Examples.

[0019] A "replication-competent" virus (e.g., replication-competent AAV) refers to a phenotypically wild-type virus that is infectious and also capable of replicating in an infected cell (i.e., in the presence of a helper virus or helper virus functions). In the case of AAV, replication competence generally requires the presence of functional AAV packaging genes. Generally, the rAAV vectors described herein are replication-incompetent in mammalian cells (particularly human cells) due to the deletion of one or more AAV packaging genes. Typically, such rAAV vectors are deleted of any AAV packaging gene sequences to minimize the possibility that replication-competent AAV is generated by recombination between the AAV packaging genes and the incoming rAAV vector. In many embodiments, the rAAV vector preparations described herein contain little, if any, replication-competent AAV (rcAAV, also referred to as RCA) (e.g., 10 2 Approximately 1 rcAAV per rAAV particle, less than 10 4 Approximately 1 rcAAV per rAAV particle, less than 10 8 Approximately 1 rcAAV per rAAV particle, less than 10 12less than about 1 rcAAV per rAAV particle, or no rcAAV).

[0020] The term "polynucleotide" refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, including deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides or their analogs. Polynucleotides may have modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs, and may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. As used herein, the term polynucleotide refers interchangeably to double-stranded and single-stranded molecules. Unless otherwise specified or required, any embodiment of the invention described herein that is a polynucleotide encompasses both the double-stranded form and each of the two complementary single-stranded forms that are known to or expected to constitute that double-stranded form.

[0021] Nucleic acid hybridization reaction can be carried out under different "stringency" conditions.Conditions that increase the stringency of hybridization reaction are well known and published in the art.See, for example, Sambrook et al.Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989, which is incorporated herein by reference.See, for example, page 7.52 of Sambrook et al. Examples of relevant conditions include (in order of increasing stringency) incubation temperatures of 25°C, 37°C, 50°C, 68°C; buffer concentrations of 10x SSC, 6x SSC, 1x SSC, 0.1x SSC (1x SSC is 0.15M NaCl and 15mM citrate buffer) and their equivalents using other buffer systems; formamide concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%; incubation times of 5 minutes to 24 hours; one, two, or more washing steps, with wash incubation times of 1, 2, 15 minutes; washing solutions of 6x SSC, 1x SSC, 0.1x SSC, or deionized water. An example of a stringent hybridization condition is hybridization at 50°C or higher and 0.1x SSC (15mM sodium chloride / 1.5mM sodium citrate). Another example of stringent hybridization conditions is incubation overnight at 42°C in a solution of 50% formamide, 1x SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 µg / ml denatured and sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters with 0.1x SSC at approximately 65°C.As another example, stringent hybridization conditions include prehybridization for 8 hours to overnight at 65° C. in a solution containing 6x single strength citric acid (SSC) (1x SSC is 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodium citrate; pH 7.0), 5x Denhardt's solution, 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate, and 100 μg / mL herring sperm DNA; hybridization for 18-20 hours at 65° C. in a solution containing 6x SSC, 1x Denhardt's solution, 100 μg / mL yeast tRNA, and 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate; and a filter wash for 1 hour at 65° C. in a solution containing 0.2x SSC and 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate).

[0022] Stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization conditions that are at least as stringent as the exemplary conditions set forth above. Other stringent hybridization conditions are known in the art and can also be used to distinguish the nucleic acids of this particular embodiment of the invention.

[0023] "T m " is the temperature in degrees Celsius at which 50% of a polynucleotide duplex, made up of complementary strands hydrogen-bonded in an antiparallel orientation by Watson-Crick base pairing, will separate into single strands under the conditions of this experiment. m can be predicted according to standard formulas such as:

[0024] (Number 1) T m =81.5+16.6log[X + ]+0.41(%G / C)-0.61(%F)-600 / L

[0025] In the formula, [X + ] is the cation concentration in mol / L (usually sodium ion, Na + ), (%G / C) is the number of G and C residues as a percentage of the total residues in the duplex, (%F) is the percentage of formamide in the solution (weight / volume), and L is the number of nucleotides in each strand of the duplex.

[0026] A polynucleotide or polypeptide has a certain percentage of "sequence identity" to another polynucleotide or polypeptide, meaning that when aligned, the percentage of bases or amino acids are the same when comparing the two sequences. Sequence similarity can be determined in several different ways. To determine sequence similarity, sequences can be aligned using methods and computer programs including BLAST available on the World Wide Web at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / BLAST / . Another alignment algorithm is FASTA, available from the Genetics Computing Group (GCG) package (Madison, Wisconsin, USA), a wholly owned subsidiary of Oxford Molecular Group, Inc. Other techniques for alignment are described in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 266: Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis (1996), ed. Doolittle, Academic Press, Inc. (a division of Harcourt Brace & Co.), San Diego, California, USA. Of particular interest are alignment programs that allow gaps between sequences. Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments. See Meth. Mol. Biol. 70:173-187 (1997). Also, the GAP program using the Needleman-Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. See J. Mol. Biol. 48:443-453 (1970).

[0027] Of interest is the BestFit program, which uses the Smith-Waterman local homology algorithm (Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489 (1981)) to determine sequence identity. The gap creation penalty generally ranges from 1 to 5, usually from 2 to 4, and in many embodiments is 3. The gap extension penalty generally ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20, and often is 0.10. This program has default parameters determined by the sequences entered for comparison. Preferably, sequence identity is determined using the default parameters determined by the program. This program is also available from the Genetics Computing Group (GCG) package (Madison, Wisconsin, USA).

[0028] Another program of interest is the FastDB algorithm, which is described in Current Methods in Sequence Comparison and Analysis, Macromolecule Sequencing and Synthesis, Selected Methods and Applications, pp. 127-149, 1988, Alan R. Liss, Inc. Percent sequence identity is calculated by FastDB based on the following parameters: Mismatch penalty: 1.00; Gap penalty: 1.00; Gap size penalty: 0.33, Mating penalty: 30.0.

[0029] A "gene" refers to a polynucleotide containing at least one open reading frame that is capable of encoding a particular protein after being transcribed and translated.

[0030] A "gene product" is a molecule resulting from the expression of a particular gene. Gene products include, for example, polypeptides, aptamers, interfering RNA, mRNA, etc.

[0031] "Small interfering" or "short interfering RNA" or siRNA is an RNA duplex of nucleotides that targets a gene of interest ("target gene"). "RNA duplex" refers to the structure formed by complementary pairing between two regions of an RNA molecule. An siRNA "targets" a gene in that the nucleotide sequence of the duplex portion of the siRNA is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the targeted gene. In some embodiments, the duplex of the siRNA is less than 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the duplex can be 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the length of the duplex is 19-25 nucleotides in length. The RNA duplex portion of the siRNA can be part of a hairpin structure. In addition to the duplex portion, the hairpin structure can contain a loop portion located between the two sequences that form the duplex. The length of the loop can vary. In some embodiments, the loop is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 nucleotides long. The hairpin structure can also contain a 3' or 5' overhang portion. In some embodiments, the overhang is a 3' or 5' overhang and is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 nucleotides long.

[0032] "Short hairpin RNAs" or shRNAs are polynucleotide constructs that can be engineered to express interfering RNA, such as siRNAs.

[0033] "Recombinant" as applied to a polynucleotide means that the polynucleotide is the product of various combinations of cloning, restriction, or ligation steps, and other procedures that result in a construct that differs from polynucleotides found in nature. A recombinant virus is a viral particle that contains a recombinant polynucleotide. These terms include, respectively, replicating an original polynucleotide construct and the progeny of an original viral construct.

[0034] A "control element" or "control sequence" is a nucleotide sequence involved in molecular interactions that contribute to the functional regulation of a polynucleotide, including the replication, duplication, transcription, splicing, translation, or degradation of the polynucleotide. This regulation can affect the frequency, rate, or specificity of the process, and can be stimulatory or inhibitory in nature. Control elements known in the art are, for example, transcriptional control sequences such as promoters and enhancers. A promoter is a DNA region that can bind RNA polymerase under certain conditions and initiate transcription of a coding region that is usually located downstream (in the 3' direction) from the promoter.

[0035] "Operably linked" or "operably linked" refers to the juxtaposition of genetic elements, where these elements are in a relationship that allows them to function in an expected manner. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a coding region if the promoter helps to initiate transcription of the coding sequence. There can be intervening residues between the promoter and the coding region so long as this functional relationship is maintained.

[0036] An "expression vector" is a vector that contains a region that codes for a polypeptide of interest and is used to effect expression of the protein in a target cell of interest. The expression vector also contains a control element that is operatively linked to the coding region to promote expression of the protein in the target. The combination of the control element and the gene or genes to which they are operatively linked for expression is sometimes referred to as an "expression cassette", many of which are known and available in the art or can be readily constructed from components available in the art.

[0037] "Heterologous" means that it is derived from a different genotype from the rest of the entity to which it is compared.For example, a polynucleotide introduced into a plasmid or vector derived from a different species by genetic engineering techniques is a heterologous polynucleotide.A promoter that is removed from its native coding sequence and operatively linked to a coding sequence that is not naturally linked is a heterologous promoter.Thus, for example, a rAAV that comprises a heterologous nucleic acid that encodes a heterologous gene product is a rAAV that comprises a nucleic acid that is not normally included in naturally occurring wild-type AAV, and the encoded heterologous gene product is a gene product that is not normally encoded by naturally occurring wild-type AAV.

[0038] "Genetic modification" and "genetic modification" (as well as grammatical variations thereof) are used interchangeably herein to refer to a process in which a genetic element (e.g., a polynucleotide) is introduced into a cell by other than mitosis or meiosis. The element may be heterologous to the cell, or may be a further copy or improved version of an element already present in the cell. Genetic modification may be achieved by transfecting the cell with a recombinant plasmid or other polynucleotide via any process known in the art, such as, for example, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, or contact with a polynucleotide-liposome complex. Genetic modification may also be achieved by transduction or infection with, for example, a DNA or RNA virus or viral vector. Generally, the genetic element is introduced into a chromosome or minichromosome in the cell, but any modification that changes the phenotype and / or genotype of the cell and its progeny is encompassed by the term.

[0039] A cell is said to be "stably" altered, transduced, genetically modified, or transformed with a genetic sequence if that genetic sequence is capable of performing its function during extended culture of the cell in vitro. Generally, such cells are "genetically" altered (genetically modified) in that a genetic modification is introduced that is heritable by the progeny of the altered cell.

[0040] "Polypeptide", "peptide" and "protein" are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length. The terms also encompass modified (e.g., disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, phosphorylation, or conjugation with a labeling moiety) amino acid polymers. Polypeptides such as antiangiogenic polypeptides, neuroprotective polypeptides, etc., when discussed in the context of delivering gene products to mammalian subjects and compositions thereof, refer to the respective intact polypeptides or any fragments or engineered derivatives thereof that retain the desired biochemical function of the intact protein. Similarly, references to nucleic acids encoding antiangiogenic polypeptides, nucleic acids encoding neuroprotective polypeptides, and other such nucleic acids used to deliver gene products to mammalian subjects (which may be referred to as "transgenes" delivered to recipient cells) include polynucleotides encoding intact polypeptides or any fragments or engineered derivatives that retain the desired biochemical function.

[0041] An "isolated" plasmid, nucleic acid, vector, virus, virion, host cell, or other substance refers to a preparation of the substance that lacks at least some of the other components that may be present in the location where the substance or a similar substance naturally occurs or is initially prepared. Thus, for example, an isolated substance may be prepared using a purification technique to enrich it from a source mixture. The enrichment may be measured in absolute terms, such as weight per volume of solution, or may be measured relative to a second, potentially interfering substance present in the source mixture. Increasing enrichment of the embodiments of the present disclosure is progressively more isolated. In some embodiments, an isolated plasmid, nucleic acid, vector, virus, host cell, or other substance is purified, e.g., about 80% to about 90% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, at least about 98% pure, or at least about 99% or more pure.

[0042] As used herein, the terms "treatment", "treating" and the like refer to obtaining a desired pharmacological and / or physiological effect. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or its symptoms, and / or may be therapeutic in terms of partially or completely curing a disease and / or side effects caused by the disease. As used herein, "treatment" encompasses any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, including (a) preventing the onset of the disease in a subject who may be susceptible to or at risk for the disease, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it, (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., preventing its development, and (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease.

[0043] The terms "individual," "host," "subject," and "patient" are used interchangeably herein and refer to mammals, including, but not limited to, humans and non-human primates, including monkeys and humans, mammalian sports animals (e.g., horses), mammalian farm animals (e.g., sheep, goats, etc.), mammalian pets (e.g., dogs, cats, etc.), and rodents (e.g., mice, rats, etc.).

[0044] Before the present invention is further described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0045] When a range of values ​​is provided, it is understood that each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of that range (to one-tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise), as well as any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded value in the stated range. When a stated range includes one or both of its upper and lower limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included upper and lower limits are also encompassed within the invention.

[0046] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs.Although any method and material similar or equivalent to the method and material described herein can be used in the practice or testing of this invention, preferred method and material will now be described.All publications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the method and / or material for which they are cited.

[0047] It should be noted that the singular forms "a," "an," and "the," as used herein and in the appended claims, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "recombinant AAV virions" includes a plurality of such virions, a reference to "photoreceptor cells" includes a reference to one or more photoreceptor cells and their equivalents known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any element. Thus, this statement is intended to serve as a prelude for the use of exclusive terminology such as "solely," "only," and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or for the use of a "negative" limitation.

[0048] It is understood that certain features of the invention that are described for clarity in the context of separate embodiments can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention that are described for brevity in the context of a single embodiment can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. All combinations of the embodiments related to the invention are specifically embraced by the invention and are disclosed herein as if each and every combination were individually and expressly disclosed. In addition, all subcombinations of the various embodiments and elements thereof are specifically embraced by the invention and are disclosed herein as if each and every such subcombination were individually and expressly disclosed herein.

[0049] The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed.

[0050] Detailed Description The present disclosure provides an adeno-associated virus (AAV) virion having a modified capsid protein, which exhibits higher infectivity of retinal cells compared to wild-type AAV when administered via intravitreal injection. The present disclosure further provides a method for delivering a gene product to an individual's retinal cells, and a method for treating an ocular disease.

[0051] The retinal cells can be photoreceptors (eg, rods, cones), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), Muller cells (Muller glial cells), bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

[0052] Mutant AA capsid polypeptide The present disclosure provides mutant AAV capsid proteins, which contain an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids at an insertion site in the capsid protein GH loop or loop IV relative to a corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, and which, when present in an AAV virion, confers increased infectivity of retinal cells compared to the infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. In some cases, the retinal cells are photoreceptor cells (e.g., rods, cones). In other cases, the retinal cells are RGCs. In other cases, the retinal cells are RPE cells. In other cases, the retinal cells are Müller cells. Other retinal cells include amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells. The "insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids" is also referred to herein as a "peptide insertion" (e.g., a heterologous peptide insertion). "Corresponding parent AAV capsid protein" refers to an AAV capsid protein of the same AAV serotype without the peptide insertion.

[0053] The insertion site is in the GH loop or loop IV of the AAV capsid protein, for example, in the solvent-accessible portion of the GH loop or loop IV of the AAV capsid protein. For the GH loop / loop IV of the AAV capsid, see, for example, van Vliet et al. (2006) Mol. Ther. 14:809, Padron et al. (2005) J. Virol. 79:5047, and Shen et al. (2007) Mol. Ther. 15:1955. For example, the insertion site can be within amino acids 411-650 of the AAV capsid protein, as shown in Figures 17A and 17B. For example, the insertion site can be within amino acids 570-611 of AAV2, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV1, within amino acids 560-601 of AAV5, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV6, within amino acids 572-613 of AAV7, within amino acids 573-614 of AAV8, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV9, or within amino acids 573-614 of AAV10, as shown in FIG.

[0054] In some cases, about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids are inserted into an insertion site in the GH loop or loop IV of the capsid protein relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 587 and 588 of AAV2, or at a corresponding position in the capsid subunit of another AAV serotype. Note that the insertion site 587 / 588 is based on the AAV2 capsid protein. About 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids can be inserted into a corresponding site in an AAV serotype other than AAV2 (e.g., AAV8, AAV9, etc.). One skilled in the art will understand where the insertion site "corresponding to amino acids 587-588 of AAV2" is in the capsid protein of any given AAV serotype based on a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the capsid proteins of various AAV serotypes. Sequences corresponding to amino acids 570-611 of capsid protein VP1 of AAV2 of various AAV serotypes (see FIG. 5) are shown in FIG. 6. See, e.g., GenBank Accession No. NP_049542 for AAV1, GenBank Accession No. AAD13756 for AAV5, GenBank Accession No. AAB95459 for AAV6, GenBank Accession No. YP_077178 for AAV7, GenBank Accession No. YP_077180 for AAV8, GenBank Accession No. AAS99264 for AAV9, and GenBank Accession No. AAT46337 for AAV10.

[0055] In some embodiments, the insertion site is a single insertion site between two adjacent amino acids located between amino acids 570-614 of VP1 of any AAV serotype, for example, the insertion site is between two adjacent amino acids located at amino acids 570-610, amino acids 580-600, amino acids 570-575, amino acids 575-580, amino acids 580-585, amino acids 585-590, amino acids 590-600, or amino acids 600-614 of VP1 of any AAV serotype or variant. For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 580 and 581, between amino acids 581 and 582, between amino acids 583 and 584, between amino acids 584 and 585, between amino acids 585 and 586, between amino acids 586 and 587, between amino acids 587 and 588, between amino acids 588 and 589, or between amino acids 589 and 590. The insertion site can be between amino acids 575 and 576, between amino acids 576 and 577, between amino acids 577 and 578, between amino acids 578 and 579, or between amino acids 579 and 580. The insertion site can be between amino acids 590 and 591, between amino acids 591 and 592, between amino acids 592 and 593, between amino acids 593 and 594, between amino acids 594 and 595, between amino acids 595 and 596, between amino acids 596 and 597, between amino acids 597 and 598, between amino acids 598 and 599, or between amino acids 599 and 600.

[0056] For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 587 and 588 of AAV2, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV1, between amino acids 575 and 576 of AAV5, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV6, between amino acids 589 and 590 of AAV7, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV8, between amino acids 588 and 589 of AAV9, or between amino acids 588 and 589 of AAV10.

[0057] As another example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 450 and 460 of the AAV capsid protein, as shown in Figure 17 A. For example, the insertion site can be at (e.g., immediately N-terminal) amino acid 453 of AAV2, amino acid 454 of AAV1, amino acid 454 of AAV6, amino acid 456 of AAV7, amino acid 456 of AAV8, amino acid 454 of AAV9, or amino acid 456 of AAV10, as shown in Figure 17A.

[0058] In some embodiments, a subject capsid protein comprises a GH loop comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in Figures 18A-C.

[0059] Insertion Peptide As described above, a peptide of about 5 to about 11 amino acids in length is inserted into the GH loop of the AAV capsid. The inserted peptide is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acids in length.

[0060] The inserted peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence of any one of the formulas set forth below.

[0061] For example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula I: Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4 During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu, Asn, and Lys; X2 is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, and Asp; X3 is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, and Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gln, and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Arg, Asn, and Thr; X7, if present, is selected from Pro and Asn.

[0062] As another example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide of 5-11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula IIa:

[0063] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0064] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1 to X4 are each any amino acid; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0065] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5-11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula IIb:

[0066] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0067] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu and Asn; X2, if present, is selected from Gly and Glu; X3 is selected from Glu and Thr; X4 is selected from Thr and Ile; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0068] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula III:

[0069] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0070] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is Lys; X2 is selected from Ala and Asp; X3 is selected from Gly and Pro; X4 is selected from Gln and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Asn and Thr; X7, if present, is Asn.

[0071] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula IV:

[0072] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0073] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Leu, Asn, Arg, Ala, Ser, and Lys; X2 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, Val, Thr, and Asp; X3 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, Asp, or Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gly, Lys, Asp, and Gln; X5 is a polar amino acid, an alcohol (an amino acid having a free hydroxyl group), or a hydrophobic amino acid, or is selected from Thr, Ser, Val, and Ala; X6 is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Arg, Val, Lys, Pro, Thr, and Asn; X7, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Pro, Gly, Phe, Asn, and Arg.

[0074] As non-limiting examples, the insertion peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO: 13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO: 14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO: 15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO: 16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO: 57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO: 58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO: 59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO: 60).

[0075] In some cases, the insertion peptide has one to four spacer amino acids (Y1-Y4) at the amino and / or carboxyl terminus of any one of LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO:13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO:14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO:15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO:16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60). Suitable spacer amino acids include, but are not limited to, leucine, alanine, glycine, and serine.

[0076] For example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: LALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 45), LANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 46), LAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 47), LAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 48), LAKDTDTTRA (SEQ ID NO: 61), LARAGGSVGA (SEQ ID NO: 62), LAAVDTTKFA (SEQ ID NO: 63), and LASTGKVPNA (SEQ ID NO: 64). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: AALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 49), AANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 50), AAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 51), and AAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 52). As yet another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: GLGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 53), GNETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 54), GKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 55), and GKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 56). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide comprises one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by AA and on the N-terminus by A, or one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by G and on the N-terminus by A.

[0077] In some embodiments, a subject mutant AAV capsid does not contain any other amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions other than the insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. In other embodiments, a subject mutant AAV capsid, in addition to the insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, contains 1 to about 25 amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions compared to the parent AAV capsid protein. For example, in some embodiments, a subject mutant AAV capsid, in addition to the insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, contains 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, or about 20 to about 25 amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions compared to the parent AAV capsid protein.

[0078] In some embodiments, a subject mutant capsid polypeptide does not contain one, two, three, or four of the following amino acid substitutions: Y273F, Y444F, Y500F, and Y730F.

[0079] In some embodiments, a subject mutant capsid polypeptide comprises, in addition to the inserted peptide described above, one, two, three, or four of the following amino acid substitutions: Y273F, Y444F, Y500F, and Y730F.

[0080] In some embodiments, the mutant AAV capsid polypeptide is a chimeric capsid, e.g., the capsid includes a portion of an AAV capsid of a first AAV serotype and a portion of an AAV capsid of a second serotype, and includes an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein.

[0081] In some embodiments, a subject mutant capsid protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence provided in FIG. 5, and an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein.

[0082] In some embodiments, the subject mutant capsid proteins are isolated, e.g., purified. In some cases, the subject mutant capsid proteins are included in an AAV vector, which are also provided. As described in detail below, the subject mutant capsid proteins are included in recombinant AAV virions.

[0083] Recombinant AAV virions The present disclosure provides a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion, comprising: a) a mutant AAV capsid protein, the mutant AAV capsid protein comprising an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids at an insertion site in the capsid protein GH loop or loop IV relative to a corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, the mutant capsid protein conferring increased infectivity of retinal cells compared to the infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein; and b) a heterologous nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene product. In some cases, the retinal cells are photoreceptor cells (e.g., rods and / or cones). In other cases, the retinal cells are RGC cells. In other cases, the retinal cells are RPE cells. In other cases, the retinal cells are Müller cells. In other cases, the retinal cells may include amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and horizontal cells. An "insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids" is also referred to herein as a "peptide insertion" (e.g., a heterologous peptide insertion). A "corresponding parent AAV capsid protein" refers to an AAV capsid protein of the same AAV serotype without the peptide insertion.

[0084] The insertion site is in the GH loop or loop IV of the AAV capsid protein, e.g., in a mediator-accessible portion of the GH loop or loop IV of the AAV capsid protein. For the GH loop, see, e.g., van Vliet et al. (2006) Mol. Ther. 14:809, Padron et al. (2005) J. Virol. 79:5047, and Shen et al. (2007) Mol. Ther. 15:1955. For example, the insertion site is within amino acids 570-611 of AAV2, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV1, within amino acids 560-601 of AAV5, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV6, within amino acids 572-613 of AAV7, within amino acids 573-614 of AAV8, within amino acids 571-612 of AAV9, or within amino acids 573-614 of AAV10.

[0085] About 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids are inserted into an insertion site in the GH loop or loop IV of the capsid protein relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 587 and 588 of AAV2, or at a corresponding position in the capsid subunit of another AAV serotype. Note that the insertion site 587 / 588 is based on the AAV2 capsid protein. About 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids can be inserted into a corresponding site in an AAV serotype other than AAV2 (e.g., AAV8, AAV9, etc.). A person skilled in the art will understand where the insertion site "corresponding to amino acids 587-588 of AAV2" is located in the capsid protein of any given AAV serotype based on a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the capsid proteins of various AAV serotypes. The sequences corresponding to amino acids 570 to 611 of the capsid protein VP1 of AAV2 of various AAV serotypes (see FIG. 5) are shown in FIG.

[0086] In some embodiments, the insertion site is a single insertion site between two adjacent amino acids located between amino acids 570-614 of VP1 of any AAV serotype, for example, the insertion site is between two adjacent amino acids located at amino acids 570-614, amino acids 580-600, amino acids 570-575, amino acids 575-580, amino acids 580-585, amino acids 585-590, amino acids 590-600, or amino acids 600-610 of VP1 of any AAV serotype or variant. For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 580 and 581, between amino acids 581 and 582, between amino acids 583 and 584, between amino acids 584 and 585, between amino acids 585 and 586, between amino acids 586 and 587, between amino acids 587 and 588, between amino acids 588 and 589, or between amino acids 589 and 590. The insertion site can be between amino acids 575 and 576, between amino acids 576 and 577, between amino acids 577 and 578, between amino acids 578 and 579, or between amino acids 579 and 580. The insertion site can be between amino acids 590 and 591, between amino acids 591 and 592, between amino acids 592 and 593, between amino acids 593 and 594, between amino acids 594 and 595, between amino acids 595 and 596, between amino acids 596 and 597, between amino acids 597 and 598, between amino acids 598 and 599, or between amino acids 599 and 600.

[0087] For example, the insertion site can be between amino acids 587 and 588 of AAV2, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV1, between amino acids 575 and 576 of AAV5, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV6, between amino acids 589 and 590 of AAV7, between amino acids 590 and 591 of AAV8, between amino acids 588 and 589 of AAV9, or between amino acids 589 and 590 of AAV10.

[0088] Insertion Peptide As discussed above, a subject rAAV virion comprises a peptide about 5 to about 11 amino acids long that is inserted into the GH loop of the AAV capsid. The inserted peptide is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acids long.

[0089] The inserted peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence of any one of the formulas described below.

[0090] For example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula I:

[0091] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0092] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu, Asn, and Lys; X2 is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, and Asp; X3 is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, and Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gln, and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Arg, Asn, and Thr; X7, if present, is selected from Pro and Asn.

[0093] As another example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula IIa:

[0094] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0095] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1 to X4 are each any amino acid; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0096] As another example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula IIb:

[0097] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0098] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu and Asn; X2, if present, is selected from Gly and Glu; X3 is selected from Glu and Thr; X4 is selected from Thr and Ile; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0099] As another example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula III:

[0100] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0101] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is Lys; X2 is selected from Ala and Asp; X3, if present, is selected from Gly and Pro; X4 is selected from Gln and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Asn and Thr; X7, if present, is Asn.

[0102] As another example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide between 5 and 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula IV:

[0103] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0104] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Leu, Asn, Arg, Ala, Ser, and Lys; X2 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, Val, Thr, and Asp; X3 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, Asp, or Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gly, Lys, Asp, and Gln; X5 is a polar amino acid, an alcohol (an amino acid having a free hydroxyl group), or a hydrophobic amino acid, or is selected from Thr, Ser, Val, and Ala; X6 is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Arg, Val, Lys, Pro, Thr, and Asn; X7, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Pro, Gly, Phe, Asn, and Arg.

[0105] As non-limiting examples, the insertion peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO: 13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO: 14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO: 15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO: 16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO: 57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO: 58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO: 59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO: 60).

[0106] In some cases, the insertion peptide has one to four spacer amino acids (Y1-Y4) at the amino and / or carboxyl terminus of any one of LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO:13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO:14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO:15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO:16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60). Suitable spacer amino acids include, but are not limited to, leucine, alanine, glycine, and serine.

[0107] For example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: LALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 45), LANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 46), LAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 47), LAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 48), LAKDTDTTRA (SEQ ID NO: 61), LARAGGSVGA (SEQ ID NO: 62), LAAVDTTKFA (SEQ ID NO: 63), and LASTGKVPNA (SEQ ID NO: 64). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: AALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 49), AANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 50), AAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 51), and AAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 52). As yet another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: GLGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 53), GNETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 54), GKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 55), and GKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 56). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide comprises one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by AA and on the N-terminus by A, or one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by G and on the N-terminus by A.

[0108] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion capsid does not contain any other amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions other than the insertion of about 7 amino acids to about 10 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. In other embodiments, a subject rAAV virion capsid, in addition to the insertion of about 7 amino acids to about 10 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, contains 1 to about 25 amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions compared to the parent AAV capsid protein. For example, in some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion capsid, in addition to the insertion of about 7 amino acids to about 10 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, contains 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 20, or about 20 to about 25 amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions compared to the parent AAV capsid protein.

[0109] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion capsid does not contain one, two, three, or four of the following amino acid substitutions: Y273F, Y444F, Y500F, and Y730F.

[0110] In some embodiments, a subject mutant capsid polypeptide comprises, in addition to the inserted peptide described above, one, two, three, or four of the following amino acid substitutions: Y273F, Y444F, Y500F, and Y730F.

[0111] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion capsid is a chimeric capsid, e.g., the capsid comprises a portion of an AAV capsid of a first AAV serotype and a portion of an AAV capsid of a second serotype, and comprises an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein.

[0112] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence provided in FIG. 5, and a capsid protein comprising an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the GH loop or loop IV relative to the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein.

[0113] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion comprises a capsid protein that includes a GH loop that comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in Figures 18A-C.

[0114] The subject rAAV virions exhibit at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold increased infectivity of retinal cells compared to the infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parental AAV capsid proteins.

[0115] In certain cases, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold increased infectivity of retinal cells when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0116] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of photoreceptor (rod or cone) cells of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, as compared to the infectivity of photoreceptor cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0117] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of photoreceptor (rod or cone) cells when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of photoreceptor cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold.

[0118] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or more increase in infectivity of RGCs when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of RGCs by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parental AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0119] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or more increase in infectivity of RGCs when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of RGCs by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parental AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0120] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of RPE cells of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, compared to the infectivity of RPE cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0121] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or greater increase in infectivity of RPE cells when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of RPE cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0122] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of Muller cells of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, compared to the infectivity of Muller cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0123] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of Muller cells when administered via intravitreal injection of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of Muller cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0124] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of bipolar cells of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, compared to the infectivity of bipolar cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0125] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of bipolar cells when administered via intravitreal injection of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of bipolar cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0126] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of amacrine cells of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, compared to the infectivity of amacrine cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0127] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or greater increase in infectivity of amacrine cells when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of amacrine cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0128] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or greater increase in infectivity of horizontal cells compared to the infectivity of horizontal cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0129] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or greater increase in infectivity of horizontal cells when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the infectivity of horizontal cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parental AAV capsid proteins when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0130] In some cases, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increased ability to cross the inner limiting membrane (ILM) of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, as compared to the ability of an AAV virion containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein to cross the ILM.

[0131] In certain cases, the subject rAAV virions exhibit at least a 10-fold, at least a 15-fold, at least a 20-fold, at least a 25-fold, at least a 50-fold, or greater increase in ability to cross the inner limiting membrane (ILM) when administered via intravitreal injection compared to the ability of an AAV virion containing the corresponding parental AAV capsid protein to cross the ILM when administered via intravitreal injection.

[0132] A subject rAAV virion can cross the ILM and also traverse cell layers including Muller cells, amacrine cells, etc. to reach photoreceptor cells and / or RPE cells. For example, a subject rAAV virion, when administered via intravitreal injection, can cross the ILM and also traverse cell layers including Muller cells, amacrine cells, etc. to reach photoreceptor cells and / or RPE cells.

[0133] In some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion selectively infects retinal cells, e.g., a subject rAAV virion infects retinal cells with 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, or more than 50-fold specificity over non-retinal cells, e.g., cells outside the eye. For example, in some embodiments, a subject rAAV virion selectively infects retinal cells, e.g., a subject rAAV virion infects photoreceptor cells with 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, or more than 50-fold specificity over non-retinal cells, e.g., cells outside the eye.

[0134] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions selectively infect photoreceptor cells, e.g., the subject rAAV virions infect photoreceptor cells with 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, or more than 50-fold specificity over non-photoreceptor cells present in the eye, e.g., retinal ganglion cells, Muller cells, etc.

[0135] In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virions exhibit an increase in infectivity of photoreceptor cells when administered via intravitreal injection of at least 10-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, or more than 50-fold, when administered via intravitreal injection, compared to the infectivity of photoreceptor cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid proteins.

[0136] Gene product The subject rAAV virion comprises a heterologous nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product is an interfering RNA. In some embodiments, the gene product is an aptamer. In some embodiments, the gene product is a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the gene product is a site-specific nuclease that results in site-specific knockdown of gene function.

[0137] Interfering RNA When gene product is interference RNA (RNAi), suitable RNAi is RNAi that reduces the level of apoptotic or angiogenic factors in cells.For example, RNAi can be shRNA or siRNA that reduces the level of gene product that induces or promotes apoptosis in cells.Genes whose gene products induce or promote apoptosis are referred to herein as "pro-apoptotic genes", and the products (mRNA, protein) of these genes are referred to as "pro-apoptotic gene products".Pro-apoptotic gene products include, for example, Bax, Bid, Bak, and Bad gene products.See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 7,846,730.

[0138] Interfering RNA can also be directed against angiogenesis products such as VEGF (e.g., Cand5, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011 / 0143400, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008 / 0188437, and Reich et al. (2003) Mol. Vis. 9:210), VEGFRl (e.g., Sirna-027, see, e.g., Kaiser et al. (2010) Am. J. Ophthalmol. 150:33, and Shen et al. (2006) Gene Ther. 13:225), or VEGFR2 (Kou et al. (2005) Biochem. 44:15064). See also U.S. Patent Nos. 6,649,596, 6,399,586, 5,661,135, 5,639,872, and 5,639,736, as well as U.S. Patent Nos. 7,947,659 and 7,919,473.

[0139] Aptamers When the gene product is an aptamer, exemplary aptamers of interest include aptamers for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).See, for example, Ng et al. (2006) Nat.Rev.Drug Discovery 5:123, and Lee et al. (2005) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 102:18902.For example, a VEGF aptamer can include the nucleotide sequence 5'-cgcaaucagugaaugcuuauacauccg-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17).PDGF-specific aptamers, such as E10030, are also suitable for use, see, for example, Ni and Hui (2009) Ophthalmologica 223:401, and Akiyama et al. (2006) J.Cell Physiol. 207:407).

[0140] Polypeptides When the gene product is a polypeptide, the polypeptide is generally one that enhances the function of retinal cells, such as rod or cone photoreceptor cells, retinal ganglion cells, Muller cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exemplary polypeptides include neuroprotective polypeptides (e.g., GDNF, CNTF, NT4, NGF, and NTN), anti-angiogenic polypeptides (e.g., soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, VEGF-binding antibodies, VEGF-binding antibody fragments (e.g., single-chain anti-VEGF antibodies), endostatin, tumstatin, angiostatin, soluble Flt polypeptides (Lai et al. (2005) Mol. Ther. 12:659), Fc fusion proteins comprising soluble Flt polypeptides (see, e.g., Pechan et al. (2009) Gene Ther. 16:10), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), soluble Tie-2 receptor, etc.), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), light-responsive opsins such as rhodopsin, anti-apoptotic polypeptides (e.g., Bcl-2, Bcl-Xl), etc. Suitable polypeptides include, but are not limited to, glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), fibroblast growth factor 2, neurturin (NTN), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-4 (NT4), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 200 amino acids to 247 amino acids of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 11 (SEQ ID NO:11)), epidermal growth factor, rhodopsin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and sonic hedgehog.

[0141] Suitable light-responsive opsins include, for example, light-responsive opsins described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007 / 0261127 (e.g., ChR2, Chop2), U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001 / 0086421, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010 / 0015095, and Diester et al. (2011) Nat. Neurosci. 14:387.

[0142] Suitable polypeptides also include retinoschisin (e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 200 to 224 amino acids of the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 10 (SEQ ID NO:10).Suitable polypeptides include, for example, retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RGPR) interacting protein-1 (see, e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. Q96KN7, Q9EPQ2, and Q9GLM3) (e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 1150 amino acids to about 1200 amino acids, or about 1200 amino acids to 1286 amino acids of the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 16 (SEQ ID NO:21); peripherin-2 (Prph2) (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No. NP_000313) (e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 300 amino acids to 346 amino acids of the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 14 (SEQ ID NO:19); and Travis et al. (1991) Genomics 10:733); peripherin (e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 400 to about 470 amino acids of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 15 (SEQ ID NO:20); retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein (RPE65) (e.g., a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to a stretch of about 200 to 247 amino acids of the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 12 (SEQ ID NO:12) (see, e.g., GenBank AAC39660, and Morimura et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3088), and the like.

[0143] Suitable polypeptides also include CHM (congenital choroideremia (Rab escort protein 1)), a polypeptide that, when defective or absent, causes congenital choroideremia (see, e.g., Donnelly et al. (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1017, and van Bokhoven et al. (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1041), and Crumb homolog 1 (CRB1), a polypeptide that, when defective or absent, causes Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa (see, e.g., den Hollander et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 23:217, and GenBank Accession No. CAM23328).

[0144] Suitable polypeptides also include polypeptides that, when defective or absent, result in color vision deficiencies, such as cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel subunit alpha (CNGA3) (see, e.g., GenBank Accession No. NP_001289, and Booij et al. (2011) Ophthalmology 118:160-167), cone photoreceptor gated cation channel beta subunit (CNGB3) (see, e.g., Kohl et al. (2005) Eur J Hum Genet. 13(3):302), guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins), alpha transduction activity polypeptide 2 (GNAT2) (ACHM4), and ACHM5, as well as polypeptides that, when defective or absent, result in various forms of color vision deficiencies (e.g., L-opsin, M-opsin, and S-opsin). See Mancuso et al. (2009) Nature 461(7265):784-787.

[0145] Site-specific endonucleases In some cases, the gene product of interest is a site-specific endonuclease that results in site-specific knockdown of gene function, for example, when the endonuclease knocks out an allele associated with a retinal disease.For example, when a dominant allele encodes a defective copy of a gene that is a retinal structural protein and / or provides normal retinal function (if wild type), the site-specific endonuclease can target the defective allele and knock out the defective allele.

[0146] In addition to knocking out the defective allele, a site-specific nuclease can also be used to stimulate homologous recombination with a donor DNA that encodes a functional copy of the protein encoded by the defective allele. Thus, for example, the subject rAAV virion can be used to deliver a site-specific endonuclease that knocks out the defective allele, and also deliver a functional copy of the defective allele, resulting in the repair of the defective allele, thereby resulting in the production of a functional retinal protein (e.g., functional retinoschisin, functional RPE65, functional peripherin, etc.). See, for example, Li et al. (2011) Nature 475:217. In some embodiments, the subject rAAV virion comprises a heterologous nucleotide sequence that encodes a site-specific endonuclease and a heterologous nucleotide sequence that encodes a functional copy of the defective allele, and the functional copy encodes a functional retinal protein. Functional retinal proteins include, for example, retinoschisin, RPE65, regulator of retinitis pigmentosa GTPase (RGPR)-interacting protein-1, peripherin, peripherin-2, and the like.

[0147] Suitable site-specific endonucleases for use include, for example, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), which are not naturally occurring and are modified to target specific genes. Such site-specific endonucleases can be engineered to cleave specific positions in the genome, and then non-homologous end joining can repair the break while inserting or deleting some nucleotides. Such site-specific endonucleases (also called "INDELs") then expel the protein from the framework, effectively knocking out the gene. See, for example, US Patent Publication No. 2011 / 0301073.

[0148] Regulatory Sequences In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the gene product of interest is operably linked to a constitutive promoter. In other embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the gene product of interest is operably linked to an inducible promoter. In some cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the gene product of interest is operably linked to a tissue-specific or cell type-specific regulator. For example, in some cases, the nucleotide sequence encoding the gene product of interest is operably linked to a photoreceptor-specific regulator (e.g., a photoreceptor-specific promoter), e.g., a regulator that results in selective expression of the operably linked gene in photoreceptor cells. Suitable photoreceptor-specific regulators include, for example, the rhodopsin promoter, the rhodopsin kinase promoter (Young et al. (2003) Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44:4076), the beta phosphodiesterase gene promoter (Nicoud et al. (2007) J. Gene Med. 9:1015), the retinitis pigmentosa gene promoter (Nicoud et al. (2007) supra), the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) gene enhancer (Nicoud et al. (2007) supra), the IRBP gene promoter (Yokoyama et al. (1992) Exp Eye Res. 55:225).

[0149] Pharmaceutical Compositions The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a) the subject rAAV virions described above, and b) a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient, or buffer. In some embodiments, the pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient, or buffer is suitable for use in humans.

[0150] Such excipients, carriers, diluents, and buffers include any pharmaceutical agent that can be administered without undue toxicity. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, liquids such as water, saline, glycerol, and ethanol. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be included therein, for example, mineral salts such as hydrochloride, hydrochloride, phosphate, sulfate, and organic salts such as acetate, propionate, malonate, benzoate, and the like. In addition, auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like may be present in such vehicles. A wide variety of pharma-ceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art and need not be described in detail here. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are described in various publications, e.g., A. Gennaro (2000) “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,” 20th edition, Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (1999) H. C. Ansel et al., eds., 7 th ed., Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2000) AH Kibbe et al., eds., 3rd ed. Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc.

[0151] Methods for delivering gene products to retinal cells and therapeutic methods - Patents.com The present disclosure provides a method for delivering a gene product to a retinal cell of an individual, comprising administering to the individual the subject rAAV virion. The gene product can be a polypeptide or an interfering RNA (e.g., shRNA, siRNA, etc.), an aptamer, or a site-specific endonuclease, as described above. The gene product can be delivered to a retinal cell to provide treatment for retinal disease. The retinal cell can be a photoreceptor, a retinal ganglion cell, a Muller cell, a bipolar cell, an amacrine cell, a horizontal cell, or a retinal pigment epithelial cell. In some cases, the retinal cell is a photoreceptor cell, such as a rod or a cone cell.

[0152] The present disclosure provides a method for treating a retinal disease, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of the subject rAAV virion described above.The subject rAAV virion can be administered via intraocular injection, by intravitreal injection, or by any other convenient mode or route of administration.Other convenient modes or routes of administration include, for example, intravenous, intranasal, etc.

[0153] The term "therapeutically effective amount" falls within a relatively broad range that can be determined through experimentation and / or clinical trials. For example, in the case of in vivo injection, i.e., direct injection into the eye, a therapeutically effective dose is about 10 6 ~about 10 15 For example, approximately 10 rAAV virions 8 ~10 12 For in vitro transduction, the effective amount of rAAV virions to be delivered to cells is approximately 10 8 ~about 10 13 Other effective dosages can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine testing to establish dose-response curves.

[0154] In some embodiments, two or more administrations (e.g., two, three, four or more administrations) can be used to achieve desired levels of gene expression over various intervals, such as, for example, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, etc.

[0155] Ocular diseases that can be treated using the subject methods include acute macular neuroretinopathy; Behcet's disease; choroidal neovascularization; diabetic uveitis; histoplasmosis; macular degeneration, e.g., acute macular degeneration, age-related nonexudative macular degeneration, and age-related exudative macular degeneration; edema, e.g., macular edema, cystoid macular edema, and diabetic macular edema; multifocal choroiditis; ocular trauma affecting a posterior ocular site or location; ocular tumors; retinal disorders, e.g., central retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy (including proliferative diabetic retinopathy), proliferative vitreous retinopathy (PVR), retinal artery occlusive disease, retinal detachment, uveitic retinal disease; sympathetic ophthalmia; Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome; uveal diffusion; and ocular laser treatments. posterior ocular diseases caused by or affected by;posterior ocular diseases caused by or affected by photodynamic therapy;photocoagulation;radiation retinopathy;epiretinal membrane disorder;branch retinal vein occlusion;anterior ischemic optic neuropathy;non-retinopathy diabetic retinal dysfunction;retinoschisis;retinitis pigmentosa;glaucoma;Usher syndrome;cone-rod dystrophy;Stargardt disease (fundus flammeus);hereditary macular degeneration;chorioretinal degeneration;Leber congenital amaurosis;congenital fixed night blindness;congenital choroideremia;Bardet-Biedl syndrome;macular telangiectasia;Leber hereditary optic neuropathy;retinopathy of prematurity;and color vision disorders including achromatopsia, protanopia, protanopia, and tritanopia.

[0156] Nucleic Acids and Host Cells The present disclosure provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a subject mutant adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid protein of the above-mentioned invention, the mutant AAV capsid protein comprising an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in its GH loop or loop IV relative to a corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, the mutant capsid protein, when present in an AAV virion, results in increased infectivity of retinal cells compared to infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. The subject isolated nucleic acid can be an AAV vector, e.g., a recombinant AAV vector.

[0157] Insertion Peptide The mutant AAV capsid proteins encoded by the subject nucleic acids have an inserted peptide of about 5 to about 11 amino acids in length inserted into the GH loop of the AAV capsid, the inserted peptide being 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acids in length.

[0158] The insertion peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence of any one of the following formulas:

[0159] For example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula I:

[0160] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0161] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu, Asn, and Lys; X2 is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, and Asp; X3 is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, and Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gln, and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Arg, Asn, and Thr; X7, if present, is selected from Pro and Asn.

[0162] For example, the inserted peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the inserted peptide being of formula IIa:

[0163] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0164] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1 to X4 are each an amino acid; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0165] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5-11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula IIb:

[0166] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0167] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is selected from Leu and Asn; X2, if present, is selected from Gly and Glu; X3 is selected from Glu and Thr; X4 is selected from Thr and Ile; X5 is Thr; X6 is Arg, The X7 is a Pro.

[0168] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula III:

[0169] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0170] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is Lys; X2 is selected from Ala and Asp; X3 is selected from Gly and Pro; X4 is selected from Gln and Lys; X5 is selected from Thr and Ala; X6 is selected from Asn and Thr; X7, if present, is Asn.

[0171] As another example, the insertion peptide may be a peptide of 5 to 11 amino acids in length, the insertion peptide being of formula IV:

[0172] Y1Y2X1X2X3X4X5X6X7Y3Y4

[0173] During the ceremony, each of Y1-Y4, when present, is independently selected from Ala, Leu, Gly, Ser, and Thr; X1, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Leu, Asn, Arg, Ala, Ser, and Lys; X2 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Gly, Glu, Ala, Val, Thr, and Asp; X3 is a negatively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Glu, Thr, Gly, Asp, or Pro; X4 is selected from Thr, Ile, Gly, Lys, Asp, and Gln; X5 is a polar amino acid, an alcohol (an amino acid having a free hydroxyl group), or a hydrophobic amino acid, or is selected from Thr, Ser, Val, and Ala; X6 is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Arg, Val, Lys, Pro, Thr, and Asn; X7, if present, is a positively charged or uncharged amino acid or is selected from Pro, Gly, Phe, Asn, and Arg.

[0174] As non-limiting examples, the insertion peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO: 13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO: 14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO: 15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO: 16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO: 57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO: 58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO: 59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO: 60).

[0175] In some cases, the insertion peptide has one to four spacer amino acids (Y1-Y4) at the amino and / or carboxyl terminus of any one of LGETTRP (SEQ ID NO:13), NETITRP (SEQ ID NO:14), KAGQANN (SEQ ID NO:15), KDPKTTN (SEQ ID NO:16), KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60). Suitable spacer amino acids include, but are not limited to, leucine, alanine, glycine, and serine.

[0176] For example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: LALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 45), LANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 46), LAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 47), LAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 48), LAKDTDTTRA (SEQ ID NO: 61), LARAGGSVGA (SEQ ID NO: 62), LAAVDTTKFA (SEQ ID NO: 63), and LASTGKVPNA (SEQ ID NO: 64). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: AALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 49), AANETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 50), AAKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 51), and AAKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 52). As yet another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide has one of the following amino acid sequences: GLGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 53), GNETITRPA (SEQ ID NO: 54), GKAGQANNA (SEQ ID NO: 55), and GKDPKTTNA (SEQ ID NO: 56). As another example, in some cases, the inserted peptide comprises one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by AA and on the N-terminus by A, or one of KDTDTTR (SEQ ID NO:57), RAGGSVG (SEQ ID NO:58), AVDTTKF (SEQ ID NO:59), and STGKVPN (SEQ ID NO:60) flanked on the C-terminus by G and on the N-terminus by A.

[0177] The subject recombinant AAV vectors can be used to generate the subject recombinant AAV virions described above. Thus, the present disclosure provides recombinant AAV vectors that, when introduced into suitable cells, can result in the production of the subject recombinant AAV virions.

[0178] The present invention further provides host cells, e.g., isolated (genetically modified) host cells, comprising a subject nucleic acid. A subject host cell can be an isolated cell, e.g., a cell in an in vitro culture. A subject host cell is useful for producing a subject rAAV virion, as described below. When a subject host cell is used to generate a subject rAAV virion, it is referred to as a "packaging cell." In some embodiments, a subject host cell is stably genetically modified with a subject nucleic acid. In other embodiments, a subject host cell is transiently genetically modified with a subject nucleic acid.

[0179] The subject nucleic acids are stably or transiently introduced into host cells using established techniques, including, but not limited to, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, liposome-mediated transfection, etc. In the case of stable transformation, the subject nucleic acids generally further include a selectable marker, e.g., any of a number of well-known selectable markers, such as neomycin resistance.

[0180] The subject host cells are generated by introducing a subject nucleic acid into any of a variety of cells, e.g., mammalian cells, including, for example, mouse cells and primate cells (e.g., human cells). Suitable mammalian cells include, but are not limited to, primary cells and cell lines, and suitable cell lines include, but are not limited to, 293 cells, COS cells, HeLa cells, Vero cells, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, C3H10T1 / 2 fibroblasts, CHO cells, and the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable host cells include, for example, HeLa cells (e.g., American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) No. CCL-2), CHO cells (e.g., ATCC Nos. CRL9618, CCL61, CRL9096), 293 cells (e.g., ATCC No. CRL-1573), Vero cells, NIH3T3 cells (e.g., ATCC No. CRL-1658), Huh-7 cells, BHK cells (e.g., ATCC No. CCL10), PC12 cells (ATCC No. CRL1721), COS cells, COS-7 cells (ATCC No. CRL1651), RAT1 cells, mouse L cells (ATCC No. CCLI.3), human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells (ATCC No. CRL1573), HLHepG2 cells, and the like. The subject host cells can be engineered using baculovirus to infect insect cells, such as Sf9 cells, that produce AAV (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,002; U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12 / 297,958).

[0181] In some embodiments, the subject genetically modified host cell comprises a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more AAV rep proteins in addition to the nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence encoding the mutant AAV capsid protein described above.In other embodiments, the subject host cell further comprises a rAAV vector.The subject host cell can be used to produce rAAV virions.Methods for producing rAAV virions are described in US Patent Publication No. 2005 / 0053922 and US Patent Publication No. 2009 / 0202490. EXAMPLES

[0182] The following examples are presented to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention, nor are they intended to represent that the following experiments are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. Unless otherwise indicated, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. For example, standard abbreviations may be used, such as bp for base pair(s), kb for kilobase(s), pl for picoliter(s), s or sec for second(s), min for minute(s), h or hr for hour(s), aa for amino acid(s), kb for kilobase(s), bp for base pair(s), nt for nucleotide(s), im for intramuscular, ip for intraperitoneal, and sc for subcutaneous.

[0183] Example 1 AAV mutants with improved transduction of retinal cells A procedure was used to generate peptide display libraries by introducing a unique AvrII site into the wild-type AAV2 genome between amino acids 587 and 588 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mutagenesis. A random 21 nucleotide insert 7mer For was used to synthesize dsDNA inserts using the antisense primer 7mer Rev plus the random 21 nucleotide insert 7mer For. The resulting dsDNA inserts were cloned into the AvrII site of the genome after digestion with NheI to generate a variety of 7mer display libraries that were then packaged (Perabo et al., 2003; Muller et al., 2003). Viruses were generated such that each viral genome was packaged or encapsidated within its genome-encoded capsid protein mutant. In this regard, functional improvements identified through selection can be linked to the genomic sequence that codes for this improved function contained within the viral capsid.

[0184] This library was subjected to positive selection in rho-GFP mice (Wensel et al. (2005) Vision Res. 45:3445). Briefly, in one round of selection, adult rho-GFP mice were intravitreally injected with 2 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), dialyzed, and the library was purified to approximately 1 × 10 12 Viral virions were iodixanol purified at a genomic titer of 10 ...

[0185] Further rounds of selection narrowed the pool of mutants to the subset with the most permissive mutations. After three rounds, a round of error-prone PCR was performed, resulting in further generation of selected mutants. In total, this process was repeated for two generations. In this respect, the directed evolution process is similar to the process of natural evolution, applying positive selection to generate photoreceptor-permissive AAV mutants and inducing mutagenesis.

[0186] The cap genes of the 50 mutants were then sequenced to determine the most successful mutants with permissive mutations for intravitreal photoreceptor transduction. Forty-six of the 50 clones yielded readable sequences of the 7-mer insertion. Remarkably, approximately two-thirds of the clones contained the same distinct 7-mer motif (~ 588 LGETTRP~, SEQ ID NO: 13). Interestingly, the next most prominent mutation (~ 588 NETITRP~, SEQ ID NO:14) also contained a similar flanking motif consisting of a positively charged arginine residue between a polar threonine and a nonpolar proline residue (TRP). [Table 1]

[0187] Table 1. Sequencing of isolated variants from directed evolution reveals a high degree of convergence in the viral library. All variants were derived from the AAV2 7mer library, with approximately 64% of variants sharing the same 7mer motif (~ 588 It contained LGETTRP~ (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0188] Among the 7-mer inserts, moderate preferences existed at certain positions, e.g., a positively charged amino acid at position 1, a negatively charged amino acid at position 2, and an alcohol at position 5 (e.g., an amino acid bearing an alcohol group (free hydroxyl group), such as Thr or Ser).

[0189] The 7-mer inserts were flanked by spacers as shown in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0190] Figure 1. A representative 3D capsid model of AAV2 containing a random heptamer (shown in orange) after amino acid 587. This region of the AAV2 capsid is likely involved in cell surface receptor binding.

[0191] In view of the high degree of library convergence from the above selections, recombinant forms of AAV2~ 588 We cloned LGETTRP~ (sequence number 13, synonymous with 7M8) and packaged the vector with a scCAG-GFP transgene to visualize its transduction properties. Three weeks after intravitreal injection into adult mice, robust expression in multiple cell types was observed, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Müller cells. Importantly, we observed transduction of photoreceptors in 7M8-injected retinas, seen by GFP expression in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) nuclei (red arrows) and outer segments (Figure 2, blue arrows), whereas AAV2 showed no discernible photoreceptor expression.

[0192] Figure 2. AAV2 7M8 mutant (right) shows higher levels of intravitreal photoreceptor transduction compared to AAV2 (left). 12 Confocal microscopy of lateral retinal segments 3 weeks after intravitreal injection of AAV2 7M8 and AAV2 scCAG GFP at 1000 ng / mL. Red arrows (top) indicate photoreceptor nuclei and blue arrows (top) indicate photoreceptor outer segments.

[0193] In light of these benefits in retinal cell transduction, we attempted to increase expression specificity using a ssRho-eGFP transgene containing a photoreceptor-specific rhodopsin promoter to better resolve transduction efficiency, especially in photoreceptors (Figure 3). In fact, the use of a photoreceptor-specific Rho promoter restricted GFP expression to that photoreceptor. We attempted to improve 7M8 transduction efficiency by combining rational design and directed evolution approaches. Thus, four surface-exposed tyrosine residues were mutated to phenylalanines on the 7M8 capsid (Y273F, Y444F, Y500F, and Y730F), which have previously been shown to increase photoreceptor infectivity (Petrs-Silva et al., 2009). Interestingly, the addition of the mutations reduced the number of transduced photoreceptors compared to the initial virus as shown by FAC sorting of GFP(+) photoreceptors from 7m8 or 7m8-4YF infected retinas (Figure 4).

[0194] Figure 3. Representative fluorescent images of retinal frozen slices showing GFP expression driven by 7m8 carrying the GFP gene under the control of the ubiquitous CAG promoter (left) or the photoreceptor-specific Rho promoter (right).

[0195] Figure 4. GFP(+) photoreceptor cells per million retinal cells counted by flow cytometry. 7m8 transduces more than twice the amount of photoreceptors compared to 7m8 carrying the 4-tyrosine mutation (top).

[0196] Example 2 Treatment of retinoschisis The expression construct 7m8-rho-RS1 was used to deliver functional retinoschisin (RS1) protein to retinoschisin-deficient mice (Rs1h-deficient mice, Rs1h is the mouse homolog of human RS1). The vector contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a functional retinoschisin protein under the transcriptional control of the rhodopsin promoter. With reference to Figures 13A-C, the bolded and underlined nucleotide sequence (nucleotides 4013-4851) is the rhodopsin promoter, and nucleotides 4866-5540 (start atg and stop tga sequences shown in bold) encode the human RS1 protein.

[0197] The 7m8-rho-RS1 construct was administered intravitreally to Rs1h- / - mice at P15. Rs1h- / - mice were generated by targeted disruption of exon 3 of the Rs1h gene as described (Weber et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:6222). Rs1h- / - mice are deficient in Rs1h protein product and have electronegative ERGs (e.g., reduced b-wave with relative preservation of a-wave) and splitting of retinal layers, similar to those seen in human retinoschisis patients. Injection of the 7m8-rho-RS1 vector into Rs1h- / - resulted in high levels of pan-retinal RS1 expression from photoreceptors in the retina. RS1 expression led to improved retinal morphology with a reduction in the number and size of intraretinal cavities as seen in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging (Figures 7A-I), rescue of the ERG b-wave (Figures 8A-D), and long-term structural preservation of the retina (Figures 9A-E).

[0198] Figure 7A-I. Representative high-resolution SD-OCT images of retinas injected with 7m8-rho-GFP (left column), 7m8-rho-RS1 (middle column), or uninjected wild-type animals (right column). Fundus images were taken through the inner nuclear layer of the superior retina, excluding other layers (a-c). Transverse images of the superior (d-f) and inferior (g-i) retinas were taken using the optic nerve head as a landmark.

[0199] As the pathology progresses, as a result of schisis that divides the inner retina, the overall thickness of the untreated RS1 retina increases when measured from the inner limiting membrane (ILM) to the photoreceptors. This process is different from that observed in most retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs), which do not form schisis but exhibit progressive photoreceptor cell death and concomitant thinning in the INL, as well as loss of ERG amplitude. In RS1, the ONL thins as photoreceptors die due to the disease, but this is distinct from the overall retinal thickness change. It is generally believed that successful treatment of RS1 returns the overall retinal thickness to wild-type thickness and ameliorates the loss of photoreceptors in the ONL. In most RDDs other than RS1, the loss of photoreceptors, characterized by ONL thinning, is accompanied by a decrease in physiological retinal output as measured by ERG amplitude. RS1 is one of very few examples of retinal diseases in which the retinal disease pathology increases retinal thickness with concomitant ERG amplitude loss. In summary, by restoring the RS1 gene product, the extracellular retinal "glue" thins the retina back to wild-type thickness, and ERG amplitude returns to near-normal levels as schisis breaks down.

[0200] Figure 8a shows a comparison of functional rescue in AAV2-rho-RS1, 7m8-rho-GFP, and 7m8-rho-RS1 injected eyes with untreated RS1- / - eyes at 1 month (left) and 4 months (right) after injection. One month after injection, 7m8-rho-RS1 provided a significant rescue of ERG b-wave amplitude, while AAV2-rho-RS1 was statistically indistinguishable from untreated eyes.

[0201] After 4 months, 7m8-rho-RS1 amplitudes further increased toward wild-type amplitudes (right). Figure 8b shows representative ERG traces from 7m8-rho-RS1-injected eyes showing improved amplitudes of the a- and b-waves and waveforms more similar to wild-type eyes compared to 7m8-rho-GFP-injected eyes. Figure 8c shows the amplitude of the full-field dark-adapted b-wave resulting from high-intensity (1 log cd×s / m2) stimulation, recorded starting 1 month after injection at P15 in each condition with a monthly frequency. Three responses were recorded and averaged for each eye at each time point.

[0202] Mean ERG b-wave amplitudes were plotted as a function of time after injection. n=7 were used for both conditions. Figure 8d shows that analysis of ERG responses under dark-adapted (upper trace, stimulation range of -3 to 1 log cd×s / m2) and light-adapted (lower trace, range of -0.9 to 1.4 log cd×s / m2) conditions shows improvement in rod and cone function across a range of stimulation intensities.

[0203] Figure 9A-E. Sustained improvement in retinal thickness measured at 10 months after treatment with 7m8-rho-RS1. Representative SD-OCT cross-sectional images of retinas treated with a) 7m8-rho-RS1 or b) 7m8-rho-GFP 10 months after injection into the center of the optic nerve head. c) Retinal thickness, d) ONL thickness, and e) inner and outer segment thickness measurements are plotted as a function of distance from the optic nerve head.

[0204] Example 3 AAV variants used to deliver proteins to retinal cells in macaques Recombinant AAV2 virions (7m8 carrying GFP under the control of the connexin 36 promoter) were generated. The recombinant AAV2 virions contained an AAV2 capsid mutant with a LALGETTRPA peptide inserted between amino acids 587 and 588 of the AAV2 capsid, and GFP under the transcriptional control of the connexin 36 promoter that is expressed in interneurons. The rAAV2 virions were intravitreally injected into macaque eyes. The data are shown in FIG. 19.

[0205] Figure 19 provides fluorescent fundus images showing GFP expression in the posterior portion of the retina 9 weeks after administration of 7m8 carrying GFP under the control of the connexin 36 promoter. Compared to the parental AAV2 serotype (Yin et al, IOVS 52(5);2775), higher levels of expression were seen in the foveal ring and visible fluorescence was seen in the central retina outside the fovea.

[0206] References Daiger SP, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS (2007) Perspective on genes and mutations causing retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol 125:151-158. Dalkara D, Kolstad KD, Caporale N, Visel M, Klimczak RR, et al. (2009) Inner Limiting Membrane Barriers to AAV Mediated Retinal Transduction from the Vitreous.Mol Ther. den Hollander Al, Roepman R, Koenekoop RK, Cremers FP (2008) Leber congenital amaurosis: genes, proteins and disease mechanisms. Prog Retin Eye Res 27:391-419. Gruter O, Kostic C, Crippa SV, Perez MT, Zografos L, et al. (2005) Lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer in adult mouse photoreceptors is impaired by the presence of a physical barrier.Gene Ther 12:942-947. Maguire AM,Simonelli F,Pierce EA,Pugh EN,Jr.,Mingozzi F,et al.(2008)Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis.N Engl J Med 358:2240-2248. Mancuso K,Hauswirth WW,Li Q,Connor TB,Kuchenbecker JA,et al.(2009)Gene therapy for red-green colour blindness in adult primates.Nature 461:784-787. McGee Sanftner LH,Abel H,Hauswirth WW,Flannery JG(2001)Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor delays photoreceptor degeneration in a transgenic rat model of retinitis pigmentosa.Mol Ther 4:622-629. MuUer OJ,Kaul F,Weitzman MD,Pasqualini R,Arap W,et al.(2003)Random peptide libraries displayed on adeno-associated virus to select for targeted gene therapy vectors.Nat Biotechnol 21:1040-1046. Nakazawa T.et al.(2007)Attenuated glial reactions and photoreceptor degeneration after retinal detachment in mice deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin.Invest Ophthamol Vis Sci 48:2760-8. Nakazawa T.et al.(2006)Characterization of cytokine responses to retinal detachment in rats.Mol Vis 12:867-78. Perabo L,Buning H,Kofler DM,Ried MU,Girod A,et al.(2003)In vitro selection of viral vectors with modified tropism:the adeno-associated virus display.Mol Ther 8:151-157. Petrs-Silva H,Dinculescu A,Li Q,Min SH,Chiodo V,et al.(2009)High-efficiency transduction of the mouse retina by tyrosine-mutant AAV serotype vectors.Mol Ther 17:463-471. Reme CE,Grimm C,Hafezi F,Wenzel A,Williams TP(2000)Apoptosis in the Retina:The Silent Death of Vision.News Physiol Sci 15:120-124. Rolling F(2004)Recombinant AAV-mediated gene transfer to the retina:gene therapy perspectives.Gene Ther 11 Suppl 1:S26-32. Wensel TG,Gross AK,Chan F,Sykoudis K,Wilson JH(2005)Rhodopsin-EGFP knock-ins for imaging quantal gene alterations.Vision Res 45:3445-3453. Zhong L, Li B, Mah CS, Govindasamy L, Agbandje-McKenna M, et al. (2008) Next generation of adeno-associated virus 2 vectors: point mutations in tyrosines lead to high- efficiency transduction at lower doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:7827-7832.

[0207] Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes can be made and equivalents substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications can be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step, or process steps to the objective, spirit, and scope of the invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto.

[0208] Implementation 1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating an eye disease, comprising: a) a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion, i) a mutant AAV capsid protein comprising a peptide insertion having an amino acid sequence of LALGETTRPA (SEQ ID NO: 45) and a length of 10 amino acids, the site of said insertion being located between amino acids corresponding to amino acids 570-611 of VP1 of AAV2 or between two adjacent amino acids at corresponding positions in a capsid protein of another AAV serotype; ii) a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion comprising a heterologous nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that is an anti-angiogenic polypeptide or a polypeptide that enhances the function of a retinal cell; b) a pharma- ceutically acceptable excipient; A pharmaceutical composition comprising: 2. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the insertion site is located between amino acids corresponding to amino acids 587 and 588 of VP1 of AAV2 or at a corresponding position in the capsid protein of another AAV serotype. 3. A pharmaceutical composition described in embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the mutant AAV capsid protein is a mutant AAV2 capsid protein. 4. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 3, wherein the insertion consists of the amino acid sequence LALGETTRPA (sequence number 45), such that the AAV2 capsid protein contains the sequence NLALGETTRPAR. 5. A pharmaceutical composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the mutant capsid protein confers increased infectivity of retinal cells by the rAAV virion compared to the infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions containing the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein. 6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the polypeptide is a soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, a VEGF-binding antibody, or an Fc fusion polypeptide comprising a soluble Flt polypeptide. 7. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the polypeptide is an Fc fusion polypeptide comprising a soluble Flt polypeptide. 8. A pharmaceutical composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the polypeptide is a cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel alpha subunit (CNGA3) or a cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel beta subunit (CNGB3). 9. A pharmaceutical composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the polypeptide is L-opsin, M-opsin or S-opsin. 10. The composition comprises about 10 6 ~10 15 10. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, comprising an rAAV virion of 11. The composition comprises about 10 8 ~10 1210. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, comprising an rAAV virion of 12. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the treatment is by intraocular injection. 13. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the treatment is by intravitreal injection. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the eye disease is glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, retinoschisis, Leber's congenital amaurosis, diabetic retinopathy, color vision deficiency, central retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, or color vision deficiency. 15. A pharmaceutical composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the eye disease is age-related exudative macular degeneration. 16. A pharmaceutical composition described in any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the eye disease is diabetic macular edema.

Claims

[Claim 1] A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virion comprising: a) a mutant AAV capsid protein comprising an insertion of about 5 amino acids to about 11 amino acids in the capsid protein GH loop relative to a corresponding parent AAV capsid protein, wherein the mutant capsid protein confers increased infectivity of retinal cells compared to infectivity of retinal cells by AAV virions comprising the corresponding parent AAV capsid protein; b) A heterologous nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene product.

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