Laminate and structure

Abstract

To provide a laminate applicable as an antifouling member, with the ability to prevent attachment of aquatic organisms to the laminate.SOLUTION: A laminate 100 includes an anode 110, a cathode 120, and an insulating layer 130 disposed between the anode 110 and the cathode 120. A through-hole 100c that penetrates the anode 110 and the insulating layer 130 is formed. The cathode 120 is exposed through the through-hole 100c. Water electrolysis is performed upon voltage application between the anode 110 and the cathode 120 in a state where the anode 110 and the cathode 120 are in contact with each other via water having entered the through-hole 100c.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a laminate, a structure, and the like.

Background Art

[0002] In facilities where aquatic organisms can attach, it is required to suppress the attachment of aquatic organisms from the viewpoint of maintaining the normal function of the facility against the attachment and reproduction of aquatic organisms. For example, in facilities that can come into contact with seawater (such as ocean power generators), marine organisms such as barnacles may attach, and the operation may be forced to stop for the removal work of marine organisms. Therefore, it is required to suppress the attachment of marine organisms (see, for example, Patent Document 1 below).

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0003]

Patent Document 1

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] As a technique for suppressing the attachment of aquatic organisms to an object to be protected, it is conceivable to arrange a biofouling prevention member at a location where the attachment of aquatic organisms is suppressed. However, if aquatic organisms attach to such a member, problems can occur in the same way as when aquatic organisms attach to the object to be protected. Therefore, it is required to suppress the attachment of aquatic organisms to the biofouling prevention member.

[0005] One aspect of the present invention is to provide a laminate that can be used as a biofouling prevention member and that can suppress the attachment of aquatic organisms to the laminate. Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a structure including the laminate.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0006] The present invention relates to the following [1] to [9] and the like in some aspects. [1] A laminate including a first electrode, a second electrode, and an insulating layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein a through hole penetrating the first electrode and the insulating layer is formed, the second electrode is exposed through the through hole, and when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in a state where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through water infiltrated into the through hole, the water is electrolyzed. [2] The laminate according to [1], wherein the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode. [3] The laminate according to [1] or [2], wherein the through hole extends in the stacking direction of the first electrode, the insulating layer, and the second electrode. [4] The area of a cross section perpendicular to the stacking direction in the through hole is 1 to 100 mm 2 and the ratio of the total area of the through holes in a plane perpendicular to the stacking direction of the laminate is 0.5 to 50%. The laminate according to [3]. [5] The first electrode includes at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, aluminum, hafnium, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten, the second electrode includes at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, and copper, and the thickness of each of the first electrode and the second electrode is 0.01 to 2 mm. The laminate according to any one of [1] to [4]. [6] A metal catalyst is disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first electrode, and the metal catalyst includes at least one selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium. The laminate according to any one of [1] to [5]. [7] The insulating layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and elastomer, and the thickness of the insulating layer is 0.05 to 2 mm. The laminate according to any one of [1] to [6]. [8] The laminate according to any one of [1] to [7], further comprising an adhesive layer disposed on the side opposite to the insulating layer with respect to the second electrode, wherein the thickness of the adhesive layer is 0.01 to 1 mm. [9] A structure comprising a protection object at least partially immersed in water and the laminate according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein the laminate is in contact with the protection object with the second electrode positioned on the protection object side with respect to the first electrode.

Advantages of the Invention

[0007] According to one aspect of the present invention, there can be provided a laminate that can be used as an anti-biofouling member and that can suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the laminate. According to another aspect of the present invention, there can be provided a structure including the laminate.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0008]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Embodiments for Carrying Out the Invention

[0009] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described. However, the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments and can be variously modified and implemented within the scope of the gist.

[0010] In this specification, "A or more" of a numerical range means A and a range exceeding A. "A or less" of a numerical range means A and a range less than A. In the numerical ranges described stepwise in this specification, the upper limit value or the lower limit value of a numerical range at a certain step can be arbitrarily combined with the upper limit value or the lower limit value of a numerical range at another step. In the numerical ranges described in this specification, the upper limit value or the lower limit value of the numerical range may be replaced with the value shown in the examples. "A or B" means that either A or B may be included, or both may be included. The materials exemplified in this specification can be used alone or in combination of two or more, unless otherwise specified. The content of each component in the composition means the total amount of the plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the composition, unless otherwise specified, when there are a plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the composition. The term "step" includes not only an independent step but also a step in which the intended action of the step is achieved even if it cannot be clearly distinguished from other steps.

[0011] The laminate according to this embodiment includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an insulating layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. In the laminate according to this embodiment, a through hole penetrating the first electrode and the insulating layer is formed, and the second electrode is exposed through the through hole. The laminate according to this embodiment electrolyzes water when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in a state where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through the water that has penetrated into the through hole.

[0012] The laminate according to this embodiment can be used as an anti-biofouling member (for example, an anti-biofouling film). According to the laminate according to this embodiment, the laminate is disposed at a location where the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the object to be protected is suppressed, and a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode while the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through the water that has penetrated into the through holes to electrolyze the water, thereby suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the object to be protected and suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the laminate. For example, according to the laminate according to this embodiment, oxygen generated by electrolyzing water can suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms by suppressing the colonization of bacteria and the like that attract the adhesion of aquatic organisms. According to the laminate according to this embodiment, in the evaluation in the examples described later, the number of aquatic organisms adhering to the laminate can be kept, for example, at 6 or less (preferably 5 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, 1 or less, or 0).

[0013] The aquatic organisms are not particularly limited, and examples include barnacles and their larvae (for example, cypris larvae), mussels, hydroids, ascidians, serpulids, purple snails, ark clams, scale insects, jellyfishes, sea cucumbers, algae, aquatic plants, seaweeds, and the like.

[0014] According to one aspect of the laminate according to this embodiment, since the size, shape, etc. of the laminate can be easily adjusted according to the application, a high degree of design freedom can be obtained. According to the laminate with such a high degree of design freedom, it is possible to easily adopt a configuration that conforms to environmental regulations, a configuration excellent in followability (for example, curved surface followability) to the shape of the arrangement location, a configuration excellent in light weight (for example, mass per unit area), a configuration excellent in economy, and the like. When the laminate according to this embodiment is excellent in followability, for example, the laminate can be wound around the blades in an ocean generator.

[0015] The method for preventing biological adhesion according to this embodiment includes a step of applying a voltage between a first electrode and a second electrode to electrolyze water in a state where the second electrode is in contact with a protected object (a protected object at least a part (part or all) of which is immersed in water) on the side of the protected object with respect to the first electrode, and the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through the water that has entered the through-hole. In this step, the laminate according to this embodiment may be disposed on at least a part (part or all) of the surface of the protected object.

[0016] In the laminate according to this embodiment, one of the first electrode and the second electrode can be used as an anode, and the other of the first electrode and the second electrode can be used as a cathode. When water is electrolyzed, oxygen can be generated at the anode and hydrogen can be generated at the cathode. Active oxygen species may be generated by the electrolysis of water. When the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode, the laminate according to this embodiment may be in a mode where, when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in a state where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through the water that has entered the through-hole, water is electrolyzed, oxygen is generated at the first electrode (anode), and hydrogen is generated at the second electrode (cathode). When the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode, the laminate according to this embodiment may be in a mode where, when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in a state where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through the water that has entered the through-hole, water is electrolyzed, hydrogen is generated at the first electrode (cathode), and oxygen is generated at the second electrode (anode).

[0017] The laminate according to this embodiment may be used in a state of being in contact with seawater or fresh water, and may be used in a state of being immersed in seawater or fresh water. For example, the laminate according to this embodiment may be used in a state of being in contact with seawater or fresh water in the sea, lake, canal, river, waterway, pond (for example, storage pond), water tank, etc.

[0018] The water to be electrolyzed may be seawater or fresh water existing in nature, or may be artificially generated water. The water to be electrolyzed may contain an electrolyte, may contain chloride ions, and may contain sodium ions and chloride ions. During the electrolysis of water, chlorine may be generated at the anode, and sodium hydroxide may be generated at the cathode. Further, sodium hypochlorite may be generated by the reaction of these chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

[0019] The laminate according to the present embodiment is disposed at a location that suppresses the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the object to be protected. The object to be protected is not particularly limited as long as it has a location where aquatic organisms can occur, but examples include generators (e.g., ocean generators), harbors, shipyards, factories, water supply facilities, water purification plants, sewage treatment plants, ships (such as the bottom of a ship), bridges, piers, breakwaters, revetments, quay walls, water tanks, aqueducts, artificial fish reefs, fishing gear (such as fishing nets), aquaculture equipment (such as aquaculture nets), buoys, and the like. The object to be protected may be a marine structure (a structure fixed in an environment in contact with seawater), or may be a driving part. The object to be protected may be a marine structure (e.g., an ocean generator) or a moving body (e.g., a ship), or may be a driving part of a marine structure (e.g., an ocean generator) or a moving body (e.g., a ship).

[0020] The structure (structure with a laminate) according to the present embodiment includes an object to be protected at least partially (partially or entirely) immersed in water and the laminate according to the present embodiment, and the laminate is in contact with the object to be protected with the second electrode positioned on the object-to-be-protected side with respect to the first electrode. The laminate may be disposed on at least a part (partially or entirely) of the surface of the object to be protected. The manufacturing method of the structure (structure with a laminate) according to the present embodiment includes a step of bringing the laminate according to the present embodiment into contact with the object to be protected.

[0021] The first electrode may contain a conductive material (e.g., it may be a conductive layer) and may contain a metal material (e.g., it may be a metal layer). From the perspective that electrolysis of water can easily suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms (for example, electrolysis of water is efficiently performed to sufficiently ensure the generation amount (e.g., the generation amount per unit area) of oxygen (e.g., reactive oxygen species) by easily ensuring the potential difference between the first electrode and the second electrode; the same applies hereinafter), the first electrode may contain at least one material A selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, aluminum, hafnium, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten (e.g., it may be in the form of a layer containing material A), may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, aluminum, nickel, and zirconium, and may contain titanium.

[0022] In the first electrode, the content of material A (the total amount of materials corresponding to material A) or the content of at least one of material A may be 50% by mass or more, 60% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, 95% by mass or more, or 98% by mass or more based on the whole of the first electrode from the perspective that electrolysis of water can easily suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms. The first electrode may be in a form consisting essentially of material A (a form in which 100% by mass of the first electrode is essentially material A), or may be in a form consisting essentially of at least one of material A (a form in which 100% by mass of the first electrode is essentially at least one of material A).

[0023] The thickness of the first electrode may be 0.01 mm or more, 0.03 mm or more, 0.05 mm or more, 0.07 mm or more, 0.08 mm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.15 mm or more, 0.2 mm or more, 0.25 mm or more, 0.3 mm or more, 0.4 mm or more, 0.5 mm or more, 0.6 mm or more, 0.8 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 1.5 mm or more, or 2 mm or more from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent durability of the electrode. The thickness of the first electrode may be 10 mm or less, 8 mm or less, 5 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1.5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, 0.8 mm or less, 0.6 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less, 0.4 mm or less, 0.3 mm or less, 0.25 mm or less, 0.2 mm or less, 0.15 mm or less, 0.1 mm or less, 0.08 mm or less, or 0.07 mm from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability and light weight. From these viewpoints, the thickness of the first electrode may be 0.01 to 10 mm, 0.01 to 2 mm, 0.01 to 0.5 mm, 0.05 to 10 mm, 0.05 to 2 mm, 0.05 to 0.5 mm, 0.1 to 10 mm, 0.1 to 2 mm, 0.1 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 10 mm, or 0.5 to 2 mm. The thickness of the first electrode may be an average thickness. The average thickness may be the average value of the thicknesses at five locations in the first electrode. The thickness of the first electrode does not include the thickness of the catalyst layer described later.

[0024] A metal catalyst may be disposed on at least a part (part or all) of the surface of the first electrode. In this case, it is easy to suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The metal catalyst may form a layered catalyst layer from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The metal catalyst may contain at least one material B selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium, may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and ruthenium, may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of platinum and palladium, and may contain platinum from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water.

[0025] In the metal catalyst, the content of material B (total amount of materials corresponding to material B) or the content of at least one of material B may be 50% by mass or more, 60% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, 95% by mass or more, or 98% by mass or more, based on the whole metal catalyst, from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The metal catalyst may be in a mode consisting substantially of material B (a mode in which substantially 100% by mass of the metal catalyst is material B), or may be in a mode consisting substantially of at least one of material B (a mode in which substantially 100% by mass of the metal catalyst is at least one of material B).

[0026] The thickness of the catalyst layer may be 0.01 μm or more, 0.05 μm or more, 0.1 μm or more, 0.3 μm or more, 0.5 μm or more, 0.8 μm or more, 1 μm or more, 2 μm or more, 3 μm or more, 4 μm or more, or 5 μm or more, from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The thickness of the catalyst layer may be 20 μm or less, 15 μm or less, 10 μm or less, 8 μm or less, 5 μm or less, 4 μm or less, 3 μm or less, 2 μm or less, or 1 μm or less, from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent light weight. From these viewpoints, the thickness of the catalyst layer may be 0.01 to 20 μm, 0.01 to 10 μm, 0.01 to 3 μm, 0.1 to 20 μm, 0.1 to 10 μm, 0.1 to 3 μm, 0.5 to 20 μm, 0.5 to 10 μm, 0.5 to 3 μm, 3 to 20 μm, or 3 to 10 μm. The thickness of the catalyst layer may be the average thickness. The average thickness may be the average value of the thicknesses at five locations in the catalyst layer.

[0027] The second electrode may contain a conductive material and may contain a metal material (for example, it may be a metal layer). The second electrode may contain at least one material C selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, and copper (for example, it may be in a mode consisting of a layer containing material C), and may contain iron, from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The second electrode may contain SUS (for example, it may be in a mode consisting of a layer containing SUS), from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water.

[0028] In the second electrode, the content of Material C (total amount of materials corresponding to Material C) or the content of at least one of Materials C may be 50% by mass or more, 60% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, 95% by mass or more, or 98% by mass or more, based on the entire second electrode, from the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water. The second electrode may be in a mode consisting substantially of Material C (a mode where substantially 100% by mass of the second electrode is Material C), or may be in a mode consisting substantially of at least one of Materials C (a mode where substantially 100% by mass of the second electrode is at least one of Materials C).

[0029] The thickness of the second electrode may be 0.01 mm or more, 0.03 mm or more, 0.05 mm or more, 0.07 mm or more, 0.08 mm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.15 mm or more, 0.2 mm or more, 0.25 mm or more, 0.3 mm or more, 0.4 mm or more, 0.5 mm or more, 0.6 mm or more, 0.8 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 1.5 mm or more, or 2 mm or more, from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent durability of the electrode. The thickness of the second electrode may be 10 mm or less, 8 mm or less, 5 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1.5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, 0.8 mm or less, 0.6 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less, 0.4 mm or less, 0.3 mm or less, 0.25 mm or less, 0.2 mm or less, 0.15 mm or less, 0.1 mm or less, 0.08 mm or less, or 0.07 mm, from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability and light weight. From these viewpoints, the thickness of the second electrode may be 0.01 to 10 mm, 0.01 to 2 mm, 0.01 to 0.5 mm, 0.05 to 10 mm, 0.05 to 2 mm, 0.05 to 0.5 mm, 0.1 to 10 mm, 0.1 to 2 mm, 0.1 to 0.5 mm, 0.5 to 10 mm, or 0.5 to 2 mm. The thickness of the second electrode may be the average thickness. The average thickness may be the average value of the thicknesses at five locations in the second electrode.

[0030] The above-described various characteristics (composition, thickness, metal catalyst, etc.) of the first electrode and the above-described various characteristics (composition, thickness, etc.) of the second electrode can be arbitrarily combined. For example, the first electrode may include at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, aluminum, hafnium, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten, the second electrode may include at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, and copper, and the thickness of each of the first electrode and the second electrode may be 0.01 to 10 mm or 0.01 to 2 mm.

[0031] The first electrode and the second electrode are separated via an insulating layer. In a state where the laminate according to the present embodiment is in contact with water (for example, immersed), the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other (indirectly in contact) through the water that has entered the through holes. The first electrode and the second electrode may be electrically connected via a power source, and the power source can apply a voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

[0032] The insulating layer contains an insulating material. The insulating material may include a base material such as a resin (base resin) or an elastomer. From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability, the insulating layer may include at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, and elastomer, may include at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and elastomer, and may include polyvinyl chloride.

[0033] The average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl chloride may be 400 or more, 500 or more, 600 or more, 650 or more, 700 or more, 800 or more, 900 or more, 950 or more, 980 or more, 1000 or more, 1100 or more, 1200 or more, or 1270 or more from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability. The average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl chloride may be 4000 or less, 3000 or less, 2000 or less, 1500 or less, 1370 or less, 1300 or less, 1200 or less, 1100 or less, 1080 or less, 1000 or less, 950 or less, 900 or less, 800 or less, or 770 or less from the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability. From these viewpoints, the average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl chloride may be 400 to 4000, 400 to 1500, 400 to 1200, 400 to 900, 600 to 4000, 600 to 1500, 600 to 1200, 600 to 900, 900 to 4000, 900 to 1500, 900 to 1200, 1200 to 4000, or 1200 to 1500. The average degree of polymerization can be measured according to JIS K6720-2.

[0034] From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability, the content of the base material may be 50 to 100% by mass, 50 to 80% by mass, 50 to 70% by mass, 60 to 100% by mass, 60 to 80% by mass, 60 to 70% by mass, 65 to 100% by mass, 65 to 80% by mass, or 65 to 70% by mass based on the total mass of the insulating layer.

[0035] The insulating layer may contain a plasticizer. Examples of the plasticizer include dioctyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, polyester adipate, tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, trioctyl trimellitate, etc. From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability, the insulating layer may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of diisononyl phthalate, polyester adipate, and trioctyl trimellitate, and may contain diisononyl phthalate.

[0036] From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability, the content of the plasticizer may be 1 to 50% by mass, 1 to 40% by mass, 1 to 35% by mass, 10 to 50% by mass, 10 to 40% by mass, 10 to 35% by mass, 20 to 50% by mass, 20 to 40% by mass, or 20 to 35% by mass based on the total mass of the insulating layer.

[0037] The insulating layer may contain, as other components, a filler, a fatty acid, etc.

[0038] Examples of the filler include an inorganic filler and an organic filler. Examples of the constituent material of the inorganic filler include a metal material, an oxide, a nitride, a carbonate, a metal hydroxide, a carbon-based material, talc, silicic acid and its salts (for example, aluminum silicate), clay, mica powder, bentonite, etc. Examples of the metal material include a simple metal, a mixture of metals, an alloy, etc. Examples of the metal element of the metal material include zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc. Examples of the oxide include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, lead monoxide, a composite oxide containing these oxides, etc. Examples of the nitride include boron nitride, aluminum nitride, a composite nitride containing these nitrides, etc. Examples of the carbonate include calcium carbonate (for example, heavy calcium carbonate), magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of the metal hydroxide include calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, etc. Examples of the carbon-based material include acetylene black, carbon black (furnace black, ketjen black, etc.). Examples of the organic filler include wood powder, pulp, natural fiber (cotton, hemp, etc.), regenerated fiber (rayon, etc.), crosslinked resin particles (crosslinked polyethylene particles, crosslinked polystyrene particles, crosslinked acrylic particles, etc.), synthetic fiber (polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, etc.).

[0039] Examples of the fatty acid include a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid, and examples thereof include stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, etc.

[0040] The content of the filler may be 0.1 to 10% by mass, 0.5 to 5% by mass, or 1 to 3% by mass based on the total mass of the insulating layer. The content of the fatty acid may be 0.1 to 1% by mass, 0.2 to 0.8% by mass, or 0.3 to 0.5% by mass based on the total mass of the insulating layer.

[0041] From the viewpoint of easily suppressing the first electrode and the second electrode from contacting each other, the thickness of the insulating layer may be 0.01 mm or more, 0.05 mm or more, 0.08 mm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.15 mm or more, 0.2 mm or more, 0.25 mm or more, 0.3 mm or more, 0.5 mm or more, 0.8 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 1.5 mm or more, 2 mm or more, or 3 mm or more. From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability and light weight, the thickness of the insulating layer may be 10 mm or less, 8 mm or less, 5 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1.5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, 0.8 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less, 0.3 mm or less, 0.25 mm or less, 0.2 mm or less, 0.15 mm or less, or 0.1 mm or less. From these viewpoints, the thickness of the insulating layer may be 0.01 to 10 mm, 0.01 to 2 mm, 0.01 to 1 mm, 0.05 to 10 mm, 0.05 to 2 mm, 0.05 to 1 mm, 0.2 to 10 mm, 0.2 to 2 mm, 0.2 to 1 mm, 1 to 10 mm, 1 to 2 mm, or 2 to 10 mm. The thickness of the insulating layer may be the average thickness. The average thickness may be the average value of the thicknesses at five locations in the insulating layer.

[0042] The above various characteristics (composition, thickness, etc.) regarding the insulating layer can be arbitrarily combined. For example, an embodiment may be such that the insulating layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and elastomer, and the thickness of the insulating layer is 0.01 to 10 mm or 0.05 to 2 mm.

[0043] The through-hole penetrates the first electrode and the insulating layer, and the second electrode is exposed through the through-hole (reaching the outside of the laminate by passing through the through-hole from the second electrode). By bringing the laminate according to this embodiment into contact with water (for example, immersing it), water enters the through-hole, and the first electrode and the second electrode can be brought into contact with water. The second electrode may be exposed at the end of the through-hole and / or on the inner wall of the through-hole. The second electrode may be in a mode where one end of the through-hole (the end on the first electrode side) is an open end and the second electrode is exposed at the other end of the through-hole. The through-hole may communicate from the outside of the laminate according to this embodiment to the surface of the second electrode on the first electrode side, the inside of the second electrode, or the surface of the second electrode on the side opposite to the first electrode. From the viewpoint of easily suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms by electrolysis of water, the through-hole does not necessarily need to penetrate the second electrode, and the surface of the second electrode on the first electrode side may be exposed through the through-hole. A plurality of through-holes may be formed in the laminate according to this embodiment. The through-hole may extend in the stacking direction of the first electrode, the insulating layer, and the second electrode, may extend in a direction inclined with respect to the stacking direction, or may meander from the first electrode to the second electrode. The cross-sectional shape, arrangement, number, etc. of the through-hole are not particularly limited.

[0044] When the through-hole extends in the stacking direction of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the insulating layer, the area of the cross-section perpendicular to the stacking direction in the through-hole (one through-hole) may be in the following range. Since the water easily enters the through-hole and the second electrode is easily brought into contact with water, from the viewpoint of efficiently performing electrolysis of water and sufficiently ensuring the generation amount of oxygen (for example, active oxygen species) (for example, the generation amount per unit area), 1 mm 2 or more, 5 mm 2 or more, 10 mm 2 or more, 15 mm 2 or more, 20 mm 2 or more, 25 mm 2 or more, 30 mm 2 or more, 35 mm 2 or more, 40 mm 2 or more, 45 mm 2 or more, or 50 mm 2The above may be applicable. From the perspective of facilitating uniform electrolysis of water by avoiding a state where electrolysis of water is unlikely to occur at the central position on the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the through-hole, the area of the through-hole is 100 mm 2 or less, 90 mm 2 or less, 80 mm 2 or less, 70 mm 2 or less, 65 mm 2 or less, 60 mm 2 or less, 55 mm 2 or less, 50 mm 2 or less, 45 mm 2 or less, 40 mm 2 or less, 35 mm 2 or less, 30 mm 2 or less, 25 mm 2 or less, 20 mm 2 or less, 15 mm 2 or less, or 10 mm 2 or less. From these perspectives, the area of the through-hole may be 1 to 100 mm 2 , 1 to 80 mm 2 , 1 to 60 mm 2 , 10 to 100 mm 2 , 10 to 80 mm 2 , 10 to 60 mm 2 , 40 to 100 mm 2 , 40 to 80 mm 2 , or 40 to 60 mm 2 . The area of the through-hole may be the average area. The average area may be the average value of the areas of 5 through-holes.

[0045] When the through-hole extends in the stacking direction of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the insulating layer, the ratio of the total area of the through-holes in the plane perpendicular to the stacking direction of the laminate according to the present embodiment may be in the following range based on the total area of the plane. Since the second electrode is likely to come into contact with water, the ratio of the total area of the through-holes is 0.1% or more, 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 3% or more, 5% or more, 8% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, or 25% or more from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient amount of oxygen (e.g., active oxygen species) generation (e.g., generation amount per unit area) because electrolysis of water is efficiently performed. The ratio of the total area of the through-holes may be 30% or more, 35% or more, or 40% or more. Since the first electrode is likely to come into contact with water, the ratio of the total area of the through-holes is 60% or less, 55% or less, 50% or less, 45% or less, 40% or less, 35% or less, 30% or less, or 25% or less from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient amount of oxygen (e.g., active oxygen species) generation (e.g., generation amount per unit area) because electrolysis of water is efficiently performed. The ratio of the total area of the through-holes may be 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 8% or less, or 5% or less. From these viewpoints, the ratio of the total area of the through-holes may be 0.1 to 60%, 0.1 to 50%, 0.1 to 30%, 0.5 to 60%, 0.5 to 50%, 0.5 to 30%, 10 to 60%, 10 to 50%, 10 to 30%, 30 to 60%, or 30 to 50%.

[0046] By efficiently performing electrolysis of water and sufficiently ensuring the generation amount of oxygen (e.g., active oxygen species) (e.g., generation amount per unit area), it is easy to suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms. From the viewpoint of efficiently performing electrolysis of water, it is effective to adjust the area of the through-hole and / or the ratio of the total area of the through-holes. Each of the area of the through-hole and the ratio of the total area of the through-holes may be in each of the above ranges. For example, the area of the through-hole is 1 to 100 mm 2 and the ratio of the total area of the through-holes is 0.1 to 60%, or the area of the through-hole is 1 to 100 mm 2 and the ratio of the total area of the through-holes is 0.5 to 50%.

[0047] The laminate according to the present embodiment may include an adhesive layer disposed on the side opposite to the insulating layer with respect to the second electrode. Since the laminate according to the present embodiment includes the adhesive layer, it is easy to hold the laminate at a location where adhesion of aquatic organisms is suppressed.

[0048] The adhesive layer contains an adhesive. Examples of the adhesive include acrylic adhesives (acrylic compounds or methacrylic compounds), rubber adhesives, epoxy adhesives, urethane adhesives, silicone adhesives, fluorine adhesives, polyamide adhesives, olefin adhesives, polyester adhesives, and the like. From the viewpoint of easily obtaining excellent followability, the adhesive layer may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic adhesives, rubber adhesives, epoxy adhesives, urethane adhesives, silicone adhesives, and fluorine adhesives, and may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic adhesives, rubber adhesives, epoxy adhesives, urethane adhesives, and silicone adhesives, and may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic adhesives, epoxy adhesives, and urethane adhesives.

[0049] From the perspective of easily obtaining excellent followability and from the perspective of easily and suitably holding the laminate at a location where adhesion of aquatic organisms is suppressed, the thickness of the adhesive layer may be 0.01 mm or more, 0.05 mm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.3 mm or more, 0.4 mm or more, 0.5 mm or more, 0.6 mm or more, or 0.7 mm or more. The thickness of the adhesive layer may be 0.8 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 1.5 mm or more, 2 mm or more, 2.5 mm or more, or 3 mm or more. From the perspective of easily obtaining excellent followability and light weight, the thickness of the adhesive layer may be 10 mm or less, 8 mm or less, 5 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2.5 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1.5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, 0.8 mm or less, 0.7 mm or less, 0.6 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less, 0.4 mm or less, 0.3 mm or less, 0.1 mm or less, or 0.05 mm or less. From the perspective of easily obtaining excellent light weight, the thickness of the adhesive layer may be 0.5 mm or less. From these perspectives, the thickness of the adhesive layer may be 0.01 to 10 mm, 0.01 to 5 mm, 0.01 to 1 mm, 0.1 to 10 mm, 0.1 to 5 mm, 0.1 to 1 mm, 0.3 to 10 mm, 0.3 to 5 mm, 0.3 to 1 mm, 1 to 10 mm, or 1 to 5 mm. The thickness of the adhesive layer may be the average thickness. The average thickness may be the average value of the thicknesses at five locations in the adhesive layer.

[0050] In the laminate according to the present embodiment, each of the first electrode, the second electrode, the insulating layer, and the adhesive layer may be a single layer or may be a plurality of layers. The laminate according to the present embodiment may include other layers other than the first electrode, the second electrode, the insulating layer, and the adhesive layer. The laminate according to the present embodiment may include, as a layer other than the insulating layer, a layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the through hole may penetrate through the layer. The laminate according to the present embodiment may include, as a layer other than the adhesive layer, a layer disposed on the side opposite to the insulating layer with respect to the second electrode. The laminate according to the present embodiment may include a layer disposed on the side opposite to the insulating layer with respect to the first electrode, and the through hole may penetrate through the layer.

[0051] The laminate according to this embodiment may be a laminated film in which constituent members such as a first electrode, a second electrode, and an insulating layer are in a film form. In a direction perpendicular to the lamination direction of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the insulating layer, the sizes of the first electrode, the second electrode, the insulating layer, the adhesive layer, and other layers may be the same as each other or different from each other.

[0052] An example of the laminate according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing an example of the laminate, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II of FIG. 1.

[0053] The laminate 100 in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes an anode (first electrode) 110, a cathode (second electrode) 120, an insulating layer 130, and an adhesive layer 140. In the laminate 100, the adhesive layer 140, the cathode 120, the insulating layer 130, and the anode 110 are laminated in this order. The anode 110 and the cathode 120 are electrically connected via a power source P1.

[0054] The anode 110 is disposed on one surface 100a side of the laminate 100. The anode 110 has a main surface 110a that constitutes one surface 100a of the laminate 100 and a main surface 110b that faces the main surface 110a. The main surface 110a of the anode 110 is exposed. The cathode 120 has a main surface 120a and a main surface 120b that faces the main surface 120a. The insulating layer 130 is disposed between the anode 110 and the cathode 120. The insulating layer 130 has a main surface 130a and a main surface 130b that faces the main surface 130a.

[0055] The main surface 130a of the insulating layer 130 is in contact with the anode 110 (the main surface 110b of the anode 110). The main surface 130b of the insulating layer 130 is in contact with the cathode 120 (the main surface 120a of the cathode 120). The main surfaces 120a and 120b of the cathode 120 are wider than the main surfaces 110a and 110b of the anode 110 and the main surfaces 130a and 130b of the insulating layer 130, and the main surface 120a of the cathode 120 is exposed on one side in a direction perpendicular to the lamination direction of the adhesive layer 140, the cathode 120, the insulating layer 130, and the anode 110 in the laminate 100.

[0056] The adhesive layer 140 is disposed on the side opposite to the insulating layer 130 with respect to the cathode 120. The adhesive layer 140 has a main surface 140a and a main surface 140b facing the main surface 140a. The main surface 140a of the adhesive layer 140 is in contact with the cathode 120 (the main surface 120b of the cathode 120). The main surface 140b constitutes the other surface 100b of the laminate 100. The main surfaces 140a and 140b of the adhesive layer 140 have the same size as the main surfaces 120a and 120b of the cathode 120.

[0057] In the laminate 100, a plurality of through holes 100c are formed as through holes extending in the stacking direction of the adhesive layer 140, the cathode 120, the insulating layer 130, and the anode 110, penetrating through the anode 110 and the insulating layer 130 and reaching from the main surface 110a of the anode 110 to the main surface 120a of the cathode 120. The through holes 100c are arranged in an array.

[0058] When the laminate 100 is brought into contact with water (for example, immersed), water enters the through holes 100c, the anode 110 and the cathode 120 come into contact with water, and the anode 110 and the cathode 120 come into contact with each other through the water. In the laminate 100, when a voltage is applied by the power supply P1 between the anode 110 and the cathode 120 in a state where the anode 110 and the cathode 120 are in contact with each other through the water that has entered the through holes 100c, the water is electrolyzed, oxygen is generated at the anode 110, and hydrogen is generated at the cathode 120. The oxygen thus generated can suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms to various components of the laminate 100 (for example, the main surface 110a of the anode 110).

[0059] Another example of the laminate according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 is a perspective view schematically showing another example of the laminate.

[0060] The laminate 200 in FIG. 3 includes a cathode (first electrode) 210, an anode (second electrode) 220, an insulating layer 230, and an adhesive layer 240. The adhesive layer 240, the anode 220, the insulating layer 230, and the cathode 210 are laminated in this order. The cathode 210 and the anode 220 are electrically connected via a power supply P2.

[0061] The laminate 200 has the same configuration as the laminate 100 except that the positions of the anode 110 and the cathode 120 are swapped to include the cathode 210 and the anode 220, includes an insulating layer 230 similar to the insulating layer 130, includes an adhesive layer 240 similar to the adhesive layer 140, and includes the power supply P1 instead of the power supply P2.

[0062] In the laminate 200, as through-holes extending in the stacking direction of the adhesive layer 240, the anode 220, the insulating layer 230, and the cathode 210, a plurality of through-holes 200c are formed that penetrate the cathode 210 and the insulating layer 230 and reach the surface of the anode 220 on the cathode 210 side from the main surface 210a of the cathode 210.

[0063] When the laminate 200 is brought into contact with water (for example, immersed), water enters the through-holes 200c, the cathode 210 and the anode 220 come into contact with water, and the cathode 210 and the anode 220 come into contact with each other through the water. In the laminate 200, when a voltage is applied between the cathode 210 and the anode 220 by the power supply P2 in a state where the cathode 210 and the anode 220 are in contact with each other through the water that has entered the through-holes 200c, the water is electrolyzed, oxygen is generated at the anode 220, and hydrogen is generated at the cathode 210. The oxygen thus generated (for example, oxygen diffusing through the through-holes 200c) can suppress the adhesion of aquatic organisms to various components of the laminate 200 (for example, the main surface 210a of the cathode 210).

Example

[0064] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0065] <Fabrication of laminated film> (Example 1) The anode was fabricated according to the following procedure. After cleaning a titanium foil (equivalent to the product of "JIS H 4600 Class 2", length: 500 mm, width: 500 mm, thickness: 0.2 mm) with alcohol, the titanium foil was treated in an 8 mass% hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution at 20 °C for 2 minutes. Next, after treating the titanium foil in a 60 mass% sulfuric acid aqueous solution at 120 °C for 3 minutes, the titanium foil was taken out from the sulfuric acid aqueous solution and rapidly cooled by spraying cold water in a nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, after immersing the titanium foil in a 0.3 mass% hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution at 20 °C for 2 minutes, the titanium foil was washed with water. Then, in a platinum plating bath (platinum content: 5 g / L, pH: approximately 2, temperature: 50 °C) obtained by dissolving dinitrodiammine platinum in a sulfuric acid solution, plating treatment was carried out on the titanium foil at 30 mA / cm 2 for about 1 to 3 minutes to form a platinum layer (thickness: 1 μm) on the entire surface of the titanium foil, thereby obtaining an anode.

[0066] The insulating layer (insulating film) was fabricated according to the following procedure. A vinyl chloride resin composition was obtained by mixing 100 parts by mass of vinyl chloride resin 1 (base resin, DAIYO KAGAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., trade name: TH-1000 (for soft use), average degree of polymerization: 980 - 1080), 45 parts by mass of diisononyl phthalate (plasticizer), 2 parts by mass of a metal-based composite stabilizer (Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., trade name: OW-5200), and 0.5 parts by mass of stearic acid (NOF Corporation, trade name: Sakura Stearic Acid). Then, the vinyl chloride resin composition was formed into a film shape using a calender molding machine to obtain an insulating layer (length: 500 mm, width: 500 mm, thickness: 0.3 mm).

[0067] After laminating the above-mentioned anode and insulating layer to each other by thermal lamination, drilling was performed using a drilling machine to form a plurality of through holes (cross-sectional shape: circular, area of one through hole: 50 mm 2A laminate A was obtained by forming 2 ). The through-holes were formed in an array such that the distance between adjacent through-holes (the shortest distance between the outer peripheries of the through-holes) was 14 mm in both the vertical and horizontal directions. After acquiring an image of the surface of laminate A using a scanner "GT-X970" manufactured by Seiko Epson Corporation, the areas of five through-holes were calculated by performing image analysis of this image using image analysis software (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation, trade name: A-Image-kun Version 2.20), and the average value of the areas of the five through-holes was obtained as the area of one through-hole (50 mm

[0068] )). The ratio of the total area of the through-holes in the plane perpendicular to the lamination direction of the anode, insulating layer, and cathode of laminate A was 25%.

[0069] (Examples 2 to 4) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the titanium foil was changed to aluminum foil (Example 2), nickel foil (Example 3), or zirconium foil (Example 4).

[0070] (Example 5) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the titanium foil was used as it was without performing the treatment after alcohol washing (i.e., the platinum layer was not formed).

[0071] (Example 6) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a palladium layer (thickness: 1 μm) was formed on the entire surface of the titanium foil by performing plating treatment on the titanium foil. The palladium layer was formed by the following procedure. After performing the steps before the plating treatment in the same manner as in Example 1, in a palladium plating bath (manufactured by Nippon High Purity Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: Parabright-SST-L, palladium content: 5 g / L, pH: approximately 7, temperature: 60 °C), plating treatment was performed on the titanium foil at 30 mA / cm 2 for about 1 to 3 minutes to form a palladium layer (thickness: 1 μm) on the entire surface of the titanium foil.

[0072] (Example 7) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a ruthenium layer (thickness: 1 μm) was formed on the entire surface of the titanium foil by performing plating treatment on the titanium foil. The ruthenium layer was formed by the following procedure. After performing the steps before the plating treatment in the same manner as in Example 1, in a ruthenium plating bath (manufactured by Nisshin Kasei Co., Ltd., trade name: Pure Ruthenium Ru-2T, ruthenium content: 2 g / L, pH: approximately 2, temperature: 55 °C), plating treatment was performed on the titanium foil at 0.1 mA / cm 2 for about 10 to 30 minutes to form a ruthenium layer (thickness: 1 μm) on the entire surface of the titanium foil.

[0073] (Example 8) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the thickness of the ruthenium layer was changed to 5 μm by changing the plating treatment time to 80 to 120 minutes.

[0074] (Examples 9 and 10) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the SUS foil of the cathode was changed to a nickel foil (Example 9) or a copper foil (Example 10).

[0075] (Examples 11 and 12) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the base resin vinyl chloride resin 1 was changed to vinyl chloride resin 2 (Example 11, DAIYO KASEI CO., LTD., trade name: TH-700, average degree of polymerization: 650 to 770) or vinyl chloride resin 3 (Example 12, DAIYO KASEI CO., LTD., trade name: TH-1300, average degree of polymerization: 1270 to 1370).

[0076] (Examples 13 and 14) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the plasticizer diisononyl phthalate was changed to trioctyl trimellitate (Example 13) or an adipic acid-based polyester (Example 14, manufactured by DIC CORPORATION, trade name: W-2050, weight average molecular weight: 2300).

[0077] (Examples 15 and 16) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the area of one through-hole was changed to the area shown in Table 2.

[0078] (Examples 17 to 19) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the ratio of the total area of the through-holes was changed to the ratio shown in Table 2.

[0079] (Examples 20 to 22) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the titanium foil of the anode was changed to the thickness shown in Table 3.

[0080] (Examples 23 to 25) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the SUS foil of the cathode was changed to the thickness shown in Table 3.

[0081] (Examples 26 to 28) The laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the insulating layer was changed to the thickness shown in Table 3.

[0082] (Examples 29 and 30) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the adhesive layer was changed to the thickness shown in Table 3.

[0083] (Examples 31 to 34) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the acrylic adhesive in the adhesive layer was changed to a rubber-based adhesive (Example 31, manufactured by Toyochem Co., Ltd., trade name: Toyomelt P-913E-1), an epoxy-based adhesive (Example 32, manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd., trade name: AP-400BDA / B), a urethane-based adhesive (Example 33, manufactured by DIC Corporation, trade name: TA-215FT), or a silicone-based adhesive (Example 34, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: X-40-3326).

[0084] (Example 35) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 34, except that the thickness of the adhesive layer was changed to 0.6 mm.

[0085] (Example 36) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the acrylic adhesive in the adhesive layer was changed to a fluorine-based adhesive (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., trade name: X-71-8094-5A / B) and heating was performed at 150 °C after coating.

[0086] (Example 37) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 36, except that the thickness of the adhesive layer was changed to 0.7 mm.

[0087] (Comparative Example 1) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that no anode was used.

[0088] (Comparative Example 2) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that no cathode was used.

[0089] (Comparative Example 3) A laminated film was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that through holes were not formed in the anode and the insulating layer.

[0090] <Evaluation> (Mass per unit area) Based on the specific gravities of the anode, insulating layer, cathode, and adhesive layer in the laminated film, the mass per unit area (unit: mg / mm 2 ) of the laminated film was calculated. The results are shown in each table.

[0091] (Curvature following property) A test piece with a length of 200 mm and a width of 20 mm was cut out from the above-mentioned laminated film. Next, the adhesive layer of this test piece was attached to an aluminum plate (length 200 mm, width 20 mm, thickness 0.4 mm), and after being pressed with a 2 kg roller for one round trip, it was left at room temperature (23 °C) for 24 hours to obtain an evaluation sample.

[0092] A jig having a substantially flat plate-shaped support portion and a pair of wall portions erected on the support portion so that the distance between the opposing surfaces is 190 mm was prepared. Next, the evaluation sample was curved in the longitudinal direction so that the aluminum plate was on the inside and the laminated film was on the outside. Then, the evaluation sample was placed in the jig so that the aluminum plate faced the support portion. At this time, since both ends of the evaluation sample were accommodated in the pair of wall portions in a state of contacting the support portion, the evaluation sample was maintained in a curved state in the jig. Subsequently, after leaving the evaluation sample at 40 °C and 80% RH for 24 hours, the peeling amount (peeled length: average value of the peeling amounts at both ends of the evaluation sample) of the test piece from the aluminum plate at the longitudinal end of the test sample was measured. The smaller the peeling amount, the better the curvature following property. The results are shown in each table.

[0093] (Antifouling property: anti-biofouling property) After cutting out a test piece with a length of 150 mm and a width of 100 mm from the above-mentioned laminated film, a test sample was obtained by attaching the adhesive layer of this test piece to an aluminum plate (length 150 mm, width 100 mm, thickness 0.4 mm).

[0094] A DC power supply (rectifier with a reverse current prevention function rated at 20 V / 2 A) was interposed between the anode and cathode of the above test sample, and the anode and cathode were electrically connected using a CV2sq-2C cable. Then, after immersing the test sample in seawater, this state was maintained for 10 days while electrolyzing (electrolyzing seawater) with a constant current setting of 0.6 A. After that, after lifting the test sample from the seawater, the main surface of the anode in the test sample was visually observed to confirm the presence and number of aquatic organisms. The results are shown in each table.

[0095] [Table 1]

[0096] [Table 2]

[0097] [Table 3]

[0098] [Table 4] [Explanation of Symbols]

[0099] 100, 200... laminate, 100a... one side, 100b... the other side, 100c, 200c... through-hole, 110, 220... anode, 110a, 110b, 120a, 120b, 130a, 130b, 140a, 140b, 210a... main surface, 120, 210... cathode, 130, 230... insulating layer, 140, 240... adhesive layer, P1, P2... power supply.

Claims

1. A laminate comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and an insulating layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein a through hole penetrating the first electrode and the insulating layer is formed, the second electrode is exposed through the through hole, and when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode in a state where the first electrode and the second electrode are in contact with each other through water that has entered the through hole, the water is electrolyzed.

2. The laminate according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode.

3. The laminate according to claim 1, wherein the through hole extends in the stacking direction of the first electrode, the insulating layer, and the second electrode.

4. The area of a cross section perpendicular to the stacking direction in the through hole is 1 to 100 mm ２ and The laminate according to claim 3, wherein the ratio of the total area of the through holes in a plane perpendicular to the stacking direction of the laminate is 0.5 to 50%.

5. The first electrode includes at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, tantalum, aluminum, hafnium, nickel, zirconium, molybdenum, and tungsten, the second electrode includes at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, and copper, and the thickness of each of the first electrode and the second electrode is 0.01 to 2 mm.

6. A metal catalyst is disposed on at least a part of the surface of the first electrode, and the metal catalyst includes at least one selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium.

7. The insulating layer includes at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, and elastomer, and the thickness of the insulating layer is 0.05 to 2 mm.

8. The laminate further includes an adhesive layer disposed on a side of the second electrode opposite to the insulating layer, and the thickness of the adhesive layer is 0.01 to 1 mm.

9. A structure comprising an object to be protected at least partially immersed in water and the laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the laminate is in contact with the object to be protected with the second electrode positioned on the object-to-be-protected side with respect to the first electrode.

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