Submarine power cable

Abstract

To provide a submarine power cable with a laminate water barrier structure having low water permeability by adapting a metallic foil (a material and / or wrapping of the metallic foil).SOLUTION: A submarine power cable has: a conductor; an insulation system 5 including at least a first semiconducting layer provided around the conductor, and an insulation layer provided around the first semiconducting layer; a laminate water barrier structure 17 provided around the insulation system 5; and a polymeric jacket 11. The laminate water barrier structure 17 includes: a metallic foil 7; a first adhesive polymer layer 6 arranged in direct contact with a first surface 7a and the metallic foil 7; and a second conductive polymer layer 8 in direct contact with a second surface 7b of the metallic foil 7.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to undersea power cables.

Background Art

[0002] Undersea power cables are installed in a marine environment. They may be placed, for example, on the seabed, buried beneath the seabed, or raised from the seabed to an offshore platform. Undersea power cables are specifically configured for use in a marine environment to protect them, for example, from water ingress, damage from external marine objects such as anchors, and fatigue damage due to waves. They may also be constructed to withstand large tensile forces during installation at greater depths.

[0003] An undersea power cable typically comprises one or more power cores. Each power core can comprise a conductor and an insulation system for insulating the conductor. Further, each power core can generally have a water-blocking layer or a water-barrier layer to protect the insulation system from water ingress. Conventionally, the water-blocking layer has been formed by a lead or lead-alloy layer. Lead is problematic for several reasons, and the extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal of lead and its products can lead to significant contamination of soil and water.

Summary of the Invention

[0004] A general object of the present disclosure is to provide an undersea power cable that solves or at least mitigates the problems of the prior art.

[0005] Accordingly, according to the first aspect, there is provided a submarine power cable comprising a conductor extending along a central axis, an insulating system including at least a first semiconductor layer provided around the conductor and an insulating layer provided around the first semiconductor layer, and a laminated water barrier structure provided around the insulating system, the laminated water barrier structure comprising a metal foil having a first surface facing the central axis and a second surface facing outward from the central axis, and an adhesive polymer layer disposed in direct contact with the first surface and / or the second surface of the metal foil. The adhesive polymer layer is obtained from a composition comprising a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight and an additive which is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight based on the weight of the composition.

[0006] This provides an advantageous water barrier structure. By the selection and amount of the composition, particularly the additive, a laminated water barrier structure having low water permeability is achieved while providing other desired properties such as conductivity. Further, such a laminated water barrier structure can reduce complexity and / or cost as compared to prior art solutions that use, for example, a lead-based metal sheath as the water barrier structure. Further, according to the first aspect, the electrical, mechanical, and chemical requirements of the subsea cable can be satisfied in an advantageous manner for the composition of the adhesive polymer layer. In particular, by providing an additive that is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite, the properties of the laminated water barrier structure layer, such as the electrical properties of the laminated water barrier structure, can be adapted in an advantageous manner. Further, since the composition of the adhesive polymer layer contains at least 50 wt% of the base polymer, the properties of the laminated water barrier structure, such as water permeability, can be advantageously controlled together with the metal foil. More precise properties of the laminated water barrier structure can be adapted as desired, for example, by adapting the metal foil (material and / or packaging of the metal foil) and / or by varying the amount of the additive, such as increasing the amount of the additive to increase conductivity.

[0007] The composition of the adhesive polymer layer includes at least 50 wt% of a base polymer and 0.05 wt% to 10 wt%, preferably 0.25 wt% to 5 wt%, more preferably 0.5 wt% to 2 wt% of an additive, it being understood that the weight percentage, wt%, is based on the total weight of the composition. The adhesive polymer layer can include more than 50 wt% of the base polymer, for example at least 70 wt% or at least 90 wt%.

[0008] According to one embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure is in direct contact with the insulation system. Thereby, the laminated water barrier structure can prevent or at least significantly reduce water from entering the insulation system from the outside. For example, the laminated water barrier structure is disposed radially outside the insulation system and is in direct contact with the insulation system. The metal foil of the laminated water barrier structure may be wound axially or radially around the insulation system, for example. According to one embodiment, the adhesive polymer layer covers 75% to 100% of the first surface and / or the second surface of the metal foil.

[0009] According to one embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure is thermally joined by heat treatment. Thereby, an efficient means for joining or adhering the metal foil and the adhesive polymer layer is provided. For example, the adhesive polymer layer may be thermally joined to the first surface of the metal foil by heat treatment. According to another example, the adhesive polymer layer may be thermally joined to the second surface of the metal foil by heat treatment. According to still another example, the adhesive polymer layer may be thermally joined to the first and second surfaces of the metal foil by heat treatment.

[0010] According to one embodiment, the adhesive polymer layer is conductive. Thereby, the electrical characteristics of the cable and the laminated water barrier structure can be matched. Therefore, the adhesive polymer layer can be conductive. According to one embodiment, the adhesive polymer layer is semiconductive. For example, the composition of the adhesive polymer layer may include carbon black.

[0011] According to one embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure is a tape wound around the insulation system. Therefore, such a tape includes a metal foil and an adhesive polymer layer disposed in direct contact with the first surface and / or the second surface of the metal foil and joined, for example, by heat treatment. The tape provides an efficient means for disposing or packaging the laminated water barrier structure around the insulation system.

[0012] According to one embodiment, the tape is wound around the insulation system by the overlap of subsequent windings. Thereby, it is ensured that the laminated water barrier structure completely covers the insulation system. The overlap between consecutive layers of the tape provides a shortest water diffusion path of at least 10 mm, more preferably at least 15 mm, more preferably at least 20 mm, more preferably at least 25 mm, more preferably at least 30 mm, more preferably at least 35 mm, and most preferably at least 40 mm.

[0013] According to one embodiment, the metal foil is made of aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy such as CuNi alloy or CuNiSi alloy, titanium, or titanium alloy. Such a material of the metal foil is preferable from both the viewpoints of packaging and electrical properties.

[0014] According to one embodiment, the metal foil has a thickness of 5 μm to 250 μm, preferably 10 μm to 200 μm, more preferably 20 μm to 150 μm, more preferably 25 μm to 100 μm, and most preferably 30 μm to 75 μm. Such a thickness provides advantageous packaging properties as well as sufficient water barrier properties.

[0015] According to one embodiment, the thickness of the adhesive polymer layer is 10 μm to 300 μm, for example 50 μm to 100 μm. Such a thickness provides advantageous adhesive properties.

[0016] According to one embodiment, the composition of the adhesive polymer layer further includes at least one of an antioxidant, a UV stabilizer, a plasticizer, carbon black, a filler material, a slip additive, and a pigment. For example, the composition includes at least 1 wt% of an antioxidant, 2 wt% of an additive, and at least 95 wt% of a base polymer, and the base polymer is, for example, LDPE.

[0017] According to one embodiment, additives such as graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite are mixed with particles from at least one of carbon black, layered silicate, clay, silica-based compounds, zeolites.

[0018] According to one embodiment, the additive is a two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based material. The 2D carbon-based material is a sheet-like carbon-containing material. The additive may be, for example, a two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial (2D nanomaterial) that forms an atomically thin nanomaterial composed of a single to several layers of atoms. According to one embodiment, the additive is at least one of graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphite, or a mixture of at least two of them.

[0019] For example, the additive is a mixture of graphene and graphene oxide, for example, at a graphene-graphene oxide ratio of 0.5 to 1.5. For example, in the case of an additive amount of 0.05 wt%, the additive may be 0.025 wt% of graphene and 0.025 wt% of reduced graphene oxide.

[0020] According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer is a thermoplastic polymer. Thereby, the adhesive polymer layer can have thermoplastic properties.

[0021] According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer is PVDC, LLDPE, LDPE, EVA, EMAA or EAA. The base polymer of the composition can be a mixture of at least two of PVDC, LLDPE, LDPE, EVA, EMAA or EAA. Additionally or alternatively, the base polymer of the composition is a processed thermoplastic such as PCTFE, LCP, etc. According to one embodiment, the base polymer of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer is a thermoplastic polymer such as XLPE.

[0022] According to one embodiment, the additives of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer are in the form of composites or nanocomposites and / or particles or nanoparticles. Thereby, the additives can be distributed in the composition and the resulting laminate water barrier structure in an advantageous manner. For example, the electrical properties, COF and / or thermal conductivity of the laminate water barrier structure can be improved.

[0023] According to one embodiment, the laminate water barrier structure has a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.05 g / (m 2 *day)). Thereby, the amount of moisture penetrating from the outside into the insulation system can be kept low. It should be understood that a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) is achieved by the metal foil and the composition of the above adhesive polymer layer. That is, by providing an adhesive polymer layer disposed in direct contact with the metal foil, which is obtained from a composition comprising a laminate water barrier structure of the metal foil, a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight, and an additive which is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) can be achieved for the adhesive polymer layer. According to one embodiment, the laminate water barrier structure has a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.05 g / (m 2 *day)). According to one embodiment, the laminate water barrier structure has a water permeability of less than 0.01 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.01 g / (m 2 *day)) or less than 0.001 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.001 g / (m 2 *day)) or less than 0.0001 g / (m 2 *24 h) (or 0.0001 g / (m 2 *day)).

[0024] The water permeability can be determined as the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) according to ISO 15106-1. The WVTR can be determined at a temperature of 40 °C and a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.

[0025] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable further comprises a polymer jacket provided around the insulation system. The polymer jacket may include, for example, a polymer material extruded around the insulation system and / or a laminated water barrier structure, or may include a polymer tape laid around the longitudinal axis of the submarine power cable or radially spirally applied around the submarine power cable. The polymer jacket may be wholly or partially water permeable. According to one embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure is disposed between the insulation system and the polymer jacket.

[0026] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable further comprises a second semiconductor layer. For example, the first semiconductor layer may be an inner semiconductor layer disposed radially inward in direct contact with the insulating layer, and the second semiconductor layer may be an outer semiconductor layer disposed radially outside the insulating layer.

[0027] According to one embodiment, the second semiconductor layer is included in the insulation system. The second semiconductor layer may be in direct contact with the insulating layer and disposed radially outside the insulating layer. The second semiconductor layer may form an insulation screen. The first semiconductor layer may form a semiconductor conductor shield. The first semiconductor layer may be disposed closest to the conductor (i.e., closest to the insulation system).

[0028] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable does not include a lead metal sheath disposed radially outside the insulation system.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable is a lead-free power cable. According to one embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure is lead-free.

[0030] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable is an HVDC power cable or an HVAC power cable. The submarine power cable may be a high-voltage power cable for voltages higher than, for example, 72 kV. According to one example, the submarine power cable is a high-voltage power cable or an extra-high-voltage cable for voltages higher than, for example, 450 kV, or higher than 550 kV, or higher than 800 kV.

[0031] According to one embodiment, the insulation system has a thickness exceeding 8 mm. For example, the insulation system has a thickness of 8 to 45 mm, for example, a thickness of 8.3 to 38 mm, or a thickness of 8.8 to 40.5 mm. For example, the first semiconductor layer (or semiconductor conductor shield) has a thickness of 0.3 to 3 mm, and the insulation layer has a thickness of 8 to 35 mm. According to one embodiment, the second semiconductor layer (or semiconductor insulation shield) has a thickness of 0.5 to 2.5 mm.

[0032] According to one embodiment, the submarine power cable includes a conductor tape that forms an interface between the conductor and the first semiconductor layer (or insulation system). The conductor tape may have a thickness of, for example, 0.1 to 0.2 mm.

[0033] Any one or all of the layers within the insulation system and / or the polymer jacket may be an extruded layer. According to one embodiment, any one or all of the layers within the insulation system include a thermosetting polymer such as crosslinked polyethylene, XLPE, crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), or crosslinked ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). According to one embodiment, any one or all of the layers within the insulation system are thermoplastic, i.e., formed from a thermoplastic composition. The first semiconductor layer typically includes a conductive compound such as, for example, carbon black.

[0034] In general, all terms used in the claims should be construed according to their ordinary meanings in the technical field, unless specifically defined otherwise herein. All references to "an / a / the element, apparatus, component, means, etc." should be construed non - limitatively as referring to at least one example of the element, apparatus, component, means, etc., unless otherwise specified.

[0035] Here, with reference to the accompanying drawings, specific embodiments of the concepts of the present invention will be described by way of example.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0036]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0037] Here, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which exemplary embodiments are shown, the concepts of the present invention will be more fully described below. However, the concepts of the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments described herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the concepts of the present invention to those skilled in the art. Throughout the description, like reference numerals refer to like elements.

[0038] Figure 1 shows an example of a submarine power cable 1. The submarine power cable 1 in these examples is a single - power - core power cable. However, it should be mentioned that the submarine power cable can be provided with several identical power cores to form a multi - core power cable such as a three - phase power cable. The submarine power cable 1 may be, for example, an HVDC power cable or an HVAC power cable for voltages higher than 450 kV, or higher than 550 kV, or higher than 800 kV.

[0039] In Figure 1, a radial cross - section of an embodiment of the submarine power cable 1 is shown. The radial cross - section is the cross - section perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis, that is, the radial direction r of the submarine power cable 1. The submarine power cable 1 can be defined, for example, by cylindrical coordinates (radial distance r, azimuth angle φ which is the angle along the circumferential direction, and the axis adjusted along the longitudinal axis).

[0040] The submarine power cable 1 includes a conductor 2. The conductor 2 may be, for example, a stranded wire, a Milliken - type segment, a solid, or a profile wire conductor. The conductor 2 can include, for example, copper or aluminum.

[0041] The submarine power cable 1 further includes an insulation system 5 provided around the conductor 2 and covering the conductor 2.

[0042] Therefore, the insulation system 5 of the embodiment in Figure 1 includes a first semiconductor layer 3 provided around the conductor 2, an insulation layer 4 provided around the first semiconductor layer 3, and a second semiconductor layer 9 provided around the insulation layer 4.

[0043] The insulation system 5 may be extruded and may include a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer material. In the case of extrusion, the polymer material may be, for example, cross - linked polyethylene (XLPE), polypropylene (PP), EPDM rubber, or EPR rubber.

[0044] Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the second semiconductor layer 9 is in direct contact with the insulating layer 4 and is disposed radially outside the insulating layer 4, and the insulating layer 4 is in direct contact with the first semiconductor layer 3 and is disposed radially outside the first semiconductor layer 3. Therefore, the first semiconductor layer 3 forms a semiconductor conductor shield and may be referred to as an inner semiconductor layer. The second semiconductor layer 9 may form an insulating screen and may be referred to as an outer semiconductor layer.

[0045] The submarine power cable 1 further includes a laminated water barrier structure 17 surrounding the insulation system 5. Therefore, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the laminated water barrier structure 17 is in direct contact with the second semiconductor layer 9 and is disposed radially outside the second semiconductor layer 9, so it is in direct contact with the insulation system 5. Thereby, the laminated water barrier structure 17 can prevent or at least significantly reduce water from entering the insulation system 5 from the outside.

[0046] Typically, the laminated water barrier structure 17 has a water permeability of less than 0.1 g / (m 2 *24 h) or less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h). Thereby, the amount of moisture entering the insulation system 5 from the outside can be kept low.

[0047] The submarine power cable 1 may further include a polymer jacket 11 provided around the insulation system 5. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the polymer jacket is in direct contact with the laminated water barrier structure 17 and is disposed radially outside the laminated water barrier structure 17. Therefore, the laminated water barrier structure 17 is disposed between the insulation system 5 and the polymer jacket 11.

[0048] The polymer jacket 11 can include, for example, a polymer material extruded around the laminated water barrier structure 17. The polymer jacket 11 in the embodiment of FIG. 1 may be wholly or partially water-permeable.

[0049] Refer to FIG. 2, which shows a side view of the conductor 2, the insulation system 5, and the laminated water barrier structure 17 of FIG. 1. The conductor 2 is arranged to extend along the longitudinal central axis C. In FIG. 2, the laminated water barrier structure 17 is a tape 17' wound around the insulation system 5. As shown in FIG. 2, the winding of the tape 17' around the insulation system 5 is in progress, and in FIG. 2, only a part of the wound tape 17' is shown, but it should be understood that the tape 17' of the laminated water barrier structure 17 is typically wound around the insulation system 5 along the longitudinal central axis C so as to completely cover the insulation system 5, for example, completely cover it.

[0050] The tape 17' typically has a width 17'a and is wound helically around the insulation system 5. The tape 17' is preferably wound with an overlap 17'b of subsequent windings of the tape 17', as shown in FIG. 2. This ensures that the laminated water barrier structure 17 completely covers the insulation system 5, and the water diffusion path is lengthened compared to non-overlapping packaging. The overlap may be, for example, at least 10%, or at least 25%, or at least 50% of the width 17'a of the tape 17'. According to an exemplary embodiment, the laminated water barrier structure 17 has a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) according to ISO 15106-1 of less than 0.05 g / (m 2 *24 h) when measured at a temperature of 40 °C and 100% RH.

[0051] Refer to FIG. 3, which shows a radial cross-section of the laminated water barrier structure 17 of FIG. 2. In FIG. 3, the laminated water barrier structure 17 includes a metal foil 7 having a first surface 7a facing the central axis C (shown in FIG. 2) and a second surface 7b facing outward from the central axis C. Thus, in the exemplary cable 1 of FIG. 1, the first surface 7a faces the insulation system 5, and the second surface 7b faces the jacket layer 11.

[0052] The metal foil can be made of, for example, aluminum, an aluminum alloy, copper, a copper alloy, a CuNi alloy, a CuNiSi alloy, iron, or an iron alloy.

[0053] Furthermore, the laminate water barrier structure 17 here includes an adhesive polymer layer, which is a first adhesive polymer layer 6 disposed in direct contact with the first surface 7a of the metal foil 7, and a second adhesive polymer layer 8 in direct contact with the second surface 7b of the metal foil 7. Therefore, the metal foil 7 is disposed in direct contact with the adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 on both its first and second surfaces 7a and 7b. However, it should be mentioned that the laminate water barrier structure may include only one adhesive polymer layer, such as only the first adhesive polymer layer 6 or the second adhesive polymer layer 8. Preferably, the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 are thermally joined to the metal foil 7 by heat treatment.

[0054] The first and second adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 are obtained from a composition including a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight and, based on the weight of the composition, an additive in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, which is graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite. Thereby, an advantageous water barrier structure is provided. The additives in the composition of the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 may be in the form of, for example, a composite material or nanocomposite and / or particles or nanoparticles. Preferably, the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 are conductive.

[0055] The base polymer of the composition of the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6 and 8 may be a thermoplastic polymer. As a further example, the base polymer of the composition may be PVDC, LLDPE, LDPE, EVA, EMAA or EAA, or a mixture thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the base polymer of the composition is a processing thermoplastic such as PCTFE, LCP, etc.

[0056] As shown in FIG. 3, the metal foil 7 and the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6, 8 may have different thicknesses. For example, each of the first and second adhesive polymer layers 6, 8 may be thinner than the metal foil 7. According to one example, the thickness of each of the adhesive polymer layers 6, 8 is 50 μm to 100 μm, and the thickness of the metal foil is greater than the thickness of each of the adhesive polymer layers 6, 8 but less than 250 μm.

[0057] The concepts of the present invention have been described above mainly with reference to several examples. However, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, other embodiments other than those disclosed above, as defined by the appended claims, are equally possible within the scope of the concepts of the present invention. For example, when a submarine power cable comprises several identical power cores to form a multi-core power cable such as a three-phase power cable, each power core can correspond to that described with reference to the submarine power cable shown in FIG. 1. Thus, each power core can at least comprise a conductor 2, an insulation system 5, and a laminated water barrier structure 17, as described above. The power cores may be twisted and surrounded by a polymer jacket.

Claims

1. a conductor (2) extending along a central axis (C); an insulating system (5) comprising at least a first semiconductor layer (3) provided around the conductor (2) and an insulating layer (4) provided around the first semiconductor layer (3); a laminated water barrier structure (17) provided around the insulating system (5), a metal foil (7) having a first surface (7a) facing the central axis (C) and a second surface (7b) facing outward from the central axis (C); a laminated water barrier structure (17) comprising an adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) disposed in direct contact with the first surface (7a) and / or the second surface (7b) of the metal foil (7); a submarine power cable (1), wherein the adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) is obtained from a composition comprising a base polymer in an amount of at least 50% by weight and an additive in an amount of 0.05% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.25% to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, based on the weight of the composition, of graphene, graphene or graphite nanoplatelet, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and / or graphite;

2. The submarine power cable (1) according to claim 1, wherein the laminated water barrier structure (17) is in direct contact with the insulating system (5).

3. The submarine power cable (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the laminated water barrier structure (17) is thermally joined by heat treatment.

4. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) is conductive.

5. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the laminated water barrier structure (17) is a tape (17') wound around the insulating system (5).

6. The submarine power cable (1) according to claim 5, wherein the tape (17') is wound around the insulating system (5) by an overlap of subsequent windings.

7. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the metal foil (7) is made of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, copper, a copper alloy, titanium, or a titanium alloy.

8. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the metal foil (7) has a thickness of 5 μm to 250 μm, preferably 10 μm to 200 μm, more preferably 20 μm to 150 μm, still more preferably 25 μm to 100 μm, and most preferably 30 μm to 75 μm.

9. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the base polymer of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) is a thermoplastic polymer.

10. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the base polymer of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) is PVDC, LLDPE, LDPE, EVA, EMAA or EAA.

11. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the additive of the composition of the adhesive polymer layer (6, 8) is in the form of a composite material or a nanocomposite and / or particles or nanoparticles.

12. The laminated water barrier structure (17) has a water permeability of less than 0.05 g / (m ２ *24 h), the submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the power cable (1) does not include a lead metal sheath disposed radially outside of the insulation system (5).

14. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, which is a lead-free power cable.

15. The submarine power cable (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, which is an HVDC power cable or an HVAC power cable.

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