Modular system for hydrogen generation and method of operating the same

Abstract

To provide a modular system for appropriately generating hydrogen, and a method of operating the same.SOLUTION: A modular system for hydrogen generation includes a plurality of cores and a hub. Each core includes an electrolyzer and a power feeder. The power feeder is operable to manage the electric power to the electrolyzer of the core and is redundant to the power feeder of at least the other one of the plurality of cores. The hub includes a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switchgear module. The water module includes a water source in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, and the switchgear module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate the power feeder of each one of the plurality of cores.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 938,511, filed November 21, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure is directed generally to chemical production, and more particularly to a modular system for hydrogen generation. [Background technology]

[0003] Hydrogen is a common gas with many uses, such as petroleum refining, metal processing, food processing, and ammonia production. For industrial applications, hydrogen is generally formed from non-renewable energy sources, particularly methane. However, due to its combustion in air, hydrogen is difficult to store and ship. Therefore, hydrogen is generally used at or near its production facility and is thus limited by the local availability of non-renewable energy sources. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] According to one embodiment, a modular system for hydrogen generation includes a plurality of cores and a hub. Each core includes an electrolyzer and a power supply. The power supply is operable to manage power to the core's electrolyzer and is redundant to the power supply of at least one other of the plurality of cores. The hub includes a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switchgear module. The water module includes a water source in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each of the plurality of cores, the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the electrolyzer of each of the plurality of cores, and the switchgear module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate the power supply of each of the plurality of cores.

[0005] According to another embodiment, a method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation includes monitoring an individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of a plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer and a power supply in electrical communication with each other; assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources; setting an individual operational set point for each core in the plurality of cores based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the energy available from the one or more power sources so that the plurality of cores collectively meet predetermined performance targets; and directing available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores in accordance with each core's individual operational set point. The present invention provides, for example, the following. (Item 1) 1. A modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising: A plurality of cores, Each core includes an electrolytic cell and a power supply; the power supply is operable to manage power to the electrolyzer of the core and is redundant to the power supply of at least another one of the plurality of cores; Multiple cores and a hub, the hub including a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switch module; the water module includes a water source in fluid communication with an electrolytic cell of each of the plurality of cores; the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with an electrolytic cell of each of the plurality of cores; the switch module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate a power supply of each of the plurality of cores. Hub and A modular system comprising: (Item 2) Item 1. The modular system of item 1, wherein the power supply of each core is hot-swappable while the individual electrolyzer of said core is in operation. (Item 3) Item 10. The modular system of item 1, wherein each power supply is in thermal communication with the heat exchange module via a coolant flow between each power supply and the heat exchange module. (Item 4) Item 10. The modular system of item 1, wherein each power supply is connected to both a DC power source and an AC power source, and each power supply is configured to provide DC power to the electrolytic cell of the core. (Item 5) Item 10. The modular system of item 1, wherein each power supply is configured to provide a first DC voltage to the electrolytic cell of the core and a second DC voltage, lower than the first DC voltage, to the auxiliary devices of the core. (Item 6) Item 10. The modular system of item 1, wherein each core further includes an auxiliary power supply in electrical communication with the individual electrolytic cells of the given core. (Item 7) the electrolyzer comprises an electrochemical stack; water from the water module is receivable into the electrochemical stack; the electrochemical stack is configured to receive electrical power from the power supply and generate hydrogen and oxygen from the water. Item 1. The modular system according to item 1. (Item 8) 8. The modular system of claim 7, wherein the electrochemical stack comprises a proton exchange membrane stack, a solid oxide electrolysis stack, an alkaline cell stack, or a combination thereof. (Item 9) The hub further comprises: a compression module including a compressor in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each core and configured to receive hydrogen formable by the plurality of cores; a storage module in fluid communication with the compression module, wherein hydrogen compressed by the compressor is transferable into the storage module; and Item 1. The modular system of item 1, comprising: (Item 10) Item 1, wherein the heat exchange module includes a thermal loop, and the heat exchanger is in thermal communication with each core via the thermal loop. (Item 11) 2. The modular system of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger and the thermal loop form at least a portion of a heat pump operable to convert waste heat from the plurality of cores into heat deliverable to one or more other portions of the hub. (Item 12) 1. A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising: monitoring an individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of the plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer and a power supply in electrical communication with each other; assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources; setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores based on each core's hydrogen production capacity and the energy available from the one or more power sources, such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance target; directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to an individual operating setpoint for each core; A method comprising: (Item 13) Item 13. The method of item 12, wherein the predetermined performance goal includes maximizing hydrogen output using all of the available energy when the available energy is less than the energy required to meet hydrogen output demands from hardware downstream of the plurality of cores. (Item 14) setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores includes adding an additional core to the plurality of cores; the predetermined performance goal includes a substantially constant voltage across the plurality of cores during full power operation. Item 13. The method according to item 12. (Item 15) Item 13. The method of item 12, wherein if the individual hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the plurality of cores is less than the rated hydrogen output for the individual core, setting the individual operational set point of each core in the plurality of cores includes setting the operational set point of at least one other core in the plurality of cores above the rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core. (Item 16) Each core electrolyzer contains an individual electrochemical stack; monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core includes sending a signal to the individual core's power supply, sending a current interruption or ripple function to the electrochemical stack, and receiving a current interruption impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interruption or ripple function; Item 13. The method according to item 12. (Item 17) Item 13. The method of item 12, wherein monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core includes detecting the power available to the individual electrolyzer of each core. (Item 18) Item 13. The method of item 12, wherein assessing the power available to the plurality of cores from the one or more power sources includes determining an amount of power available from an intermittent power source. (Item 19) 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the predetermined performance goal comprises a balance between the total power required collectively for the operating setpoints of the cores and the amount of power available from the intermittent power supply. (Item 20) Item 19. The method of item 18, wherein the predetermined performance goal includes maximum power point tracking of the intermittent power supply such that the total power collectively required for the operating setpoints of the multiple cores corresponds to the maximum available power from the intermittent power supply without requiring excess power from other sources. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0006] [Figure 1A]FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a system including multiple cores and a hub, a portion of the hub being partitioned by a wall, the diagram depicting fluid and thermal communication between the hub and the multiple cores.

[0007] [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the system of FIG. 1A, depicting the electrical communication between the hub and multiple cores.

[0008] [Figure 2A] 2A, 2B, and 2C are flowcharts of an exemplary method for forming hydrogen, according to various embodiments, in which the method sets operating set points for multiple cores, each core including a power supply and an electrolyzer. [Figure 2B] 2A, 2B, and 2C are flowcharts of an exemplary method for forming hydrogen, according to various embodiments, in which the method sets operating set points for multiple cores, each core including a power supply and an electrolyzer. [Figure 2C] 2A, 2B, and 2C are flowcharts of an exemplary method for forming hydrogen, according to various embodiments, in which the method sets operating set points for multiple cores, each core including a power supply and an electrolyzer.

[0009] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Detailed Description Embodiments will now be more fully described with reference to the accompanying figures below, in which exemplary embodiments are shown. The foregoing may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. All fluid flow may flow through conduits (e.g., pipes and / or manifolds) unless otherwise specified.

[0011] All documents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Reference to items in the singular shall be understood to include items in the plural, and vice versa, unless expressly stated otherwise or obvious from the context. Grammatical conjunctions are intended to represent all disjunctive and conjunctive combinations of coordinated clauses, sentences, words, and the like, unless stated otherwise or obvious from the context. Thus, the term "or" should generally be understood to mean "and / or," and the term "and" should also generally be understood to mean "and / or."

[0012] The recitation of ranges of values ​​herein is not intended to be limiting; instead, unless otherwise indicated herein, each separate value within the range individually refers to every value that falls within the range, and each separate value within such range is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The words "about," "approximately," or the like, when used in conjunction with numerical values, should be interpreted as including any deviation as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art for satisfactory operation for the intended purpose. Values ​​and / or ranges of values ​​are provided herein as examples only and do not constitute limitations on the scope of the described embodiments. The use of any example or exemplary language ("for example," "e.g.," or the like) is intended merely to further clarify the embodiments and does not impose limitations on the scope of those embodiments. No language in this specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosed embodiments.

[0013] Co-locating hydrogen production with its ultimate industrial use can present its own unique challenges related to cost, safety, and throughput. Thus, there remains a need for hydrogen generation that can be cost-effectively implemented within a plant that is adaptable for safe implementation while providing robust throughput and meeting downstream application requirements, including facilities within resource-constrained footprints. In the following description, various aspects of hydrogen generation systems and methods of operation are described in the context of electrolyzers arranged within a core (i.e., e.g., a facility) with power redundancy and sharing connections with a modular hub that provides water and electricity to the core while receiving hydrogen, oxygen, and heat outputs from the core. This configuration facilitates cost-effective scaling of hydrogen from electrolysis, achieving throughput suitable for industrial demand while also providing robustness against resource availability and equipment failure and / or degradation.

[0014] As used herein, the term "module" and variations thereof shall be understood to include discrete units (e.g., housed within a cabinet or other similarly enclosed structure) that are connectable (e.g., via external or otherwise easily accessible connectors) and that provide aspects of the overall functionality of operating and / or maintaining a system for generating hydrogen, as appropriate, while being in electrical, fluid, and / or thermal communication with one or more other elements in the system. Thus, for example, each module may be replaceable through disconnection of only one or more electrical, fluid, or thermal connections, and possibly re-establishment of individual connections to another instance of the same type of module. These connections may include at least connections that are standardized between modules of the same type, reducing the amount of time and training required to change modules. Additionally or alternatively, each module may have a form factor that is adaptable for portability within a factory (e.g., by forklift or dolly). Thus, for example, a water module is understood to include connectors that are securable in fluid communication with each other and with a water source (e.g., a source outside the plant), and pumps and filters in fluid communication with the multiple electrolytic cells such that equipment within the water module can distribute water among the multiple electrolytic cells.

[0015] Additionally or alternatively, unless otherwise specified or apparent from the context, each of the modules described herein may be present redundantly to reduce the likelihood of unscheduled interruptions resulting from equipment failure within one module. In this context, redundancy shall be understood to include the presence of multiple instances of the same type of module and / or auxiliary sources of electrical, fluid, and / or thermal communication provided by a given module. However, for clarity of illustration and explanation, redundancy in the form of multiple instances of a given type of hub module is generally not shown. Redundancy in the form of auxiliary equipment is shown to the extent that it is useful for describing certain aspects of the system.

[0016] In general, unless otherwise stated or apparent from the context, each instance of a given type of core and / or module may be interchangeable with another instance of a given type of module without the need for an unscheduled interruption in hydrogen production of the overall system. Additionally, or alternatively, in the event of degradation or failure of a given type of core or module, auxiliary functionality may be provided by one or more other elements of the system to reduce or eliminate degraded performance of the system between scheduled interruptions in hydrogen production by the system. However, it should be understood that the term "uninterrupted" is to be understood in the context of foreseeable equipment failure and / or degradation and may not include unforeseen or catastrophic events. Thus, in one embodiment, the overall performance (i.e., hydrogen generation) of the system may be uninterrupted. This is significant for robustness in meeting industrial-scale production volumes useful for achieving cost-effectiveness in hydrogen production and / or one or more downstream applications, such as ammonia synthesis from hydrogen or use of hydrogen in chemical or semiconductor device manufacturing facilities. That is, downtime of the system is generally associated with costs, i.e., costs of equipment and operation of the system, that are not offset by the corresponding production of hydrogen. Thus, the modularity of the system can contribute to the cost-effectiveness of certain hydrogen production techniques in facilitating uninterrupted production of hydrogen.

[0017] As used herein, the term "application" shall be understood to include any one or more of a variety of different downstream uses of the hydrogen, oxygen, and / or heat formed by the system, and thus may include local use of such hydrogen, oxygen, and / or heat within a co-located plant. For example, any one or more of the various different systems and methods described herein may be used to generate hydrogen, oxygen, and / or heat for applications including ammonia synthesis. As a more specific example, an application within the context of the present disclosure shall be understood to include ammonia synthesis as part of any one or more of the various systems and methods described in U.S. Patent Application by Ballantine, et al., entitled "SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF AMMONIA SYNTHESIS," filed on even date herewith and having Attorney Docket No. 35055-001US (the entire contents of each of these references are incorporated herein by reference).

[0018] 1A and 1B, a system 100 for generating hydrogen may include multiple cores 102 a, b, c (e.g., core modules collectively referred to as multiple cores 102 a, b, c and individually referred to as core 102 a, core 102 b, and core 102 c), a hub (e.g., facility module) 104, and a wall 105 (e.g., fire-rated construction) in which pressurized hydrogen is stored or processed, partitioning at least a portion of the hub 104 from the remainder of the hub 104 and multiple cores 102 a, b, c and providing protection from inadvertent conditions that result in fire and / or explosion. While multiple cores 102 a, b, c are shown and discussed herein as including three cores, it should be understood that this is for purposes of clarity and efficiency of illustration and that any number of cores may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The multiple cores 102 a, b, c may be in electrical, fluid, and thermal communication with the hub 104 such that the hub 104 can act as a centralized resource to distribute electricity, water, and / or cooling to the cores 102 a, b, c individually and collect the hydrogen, oxygen, and / or heat produced by the cores 102 a, b, c individually. For example, each of the cores 102 a, 102 b, and 102 c may include a separate instance of a power supply 106 and an electrolyzer 108, which are in electrical communication with each other. The hub 104 may include a switchgear module 110, a water module 112, a heat exchange module 114, a compression module 116, and a storage module 118. The power supply 106 of each of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c may be in electrical communication with the power source 120 via a switchgear module 110 of the hub 104 to receive electricity as input for hydrogen electrolysis. The switchgear module 110 may include any one or more of transformers, circuit breakers, switches, or other hardware useful for interrupting power to each power supply 106 of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c and protecting the equipment of each of cores 102 a, 102 b, and 102 c, and in some cases, components of the hub 104, from anomalies (e.g., surges) in the power provided from the power source 120.The electrolyzer 108 of each of the multiple cores 102 a,b,c may be in fluid communication with a water module 112 of the hub 104 to receive water as an input for the electrolysis of hydrogen. At least the electrolyzer 108 of each of the multiple cores 102 a,b,c may receive cooling (e.g., a heat transfer medium, e.g., a cooling liquid such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or cooling water) from a heat exchange module 114 to maintain a suitable temperature for the electrolysis of hydrogen (e.g., above about 0°C and below about 100°C). Additionally, the hydrogen output of the multiple cores 102 a,b,c may be in fluid communication with one or more hydrogen handling modules of the hub 104, which may be separated from the rest of the system 100 by a wall 105. As an example, the electrolyzer 108 of each of the plurality of cores 102 a, b, c may be in fluid communication with a compression module 116 for compressing hydrogen, which may additionally or alternatively be in fluid communication with a storage module 118 for storing the hydrogen for future use. Such centralization of functions in the hub 104 may be useful, among other things, to provide a regulated input for electrolysis and to achieve economies of scale in sizing various aspects of the hub 104, as described in more detail below.

[0019] In use, and as described below, the system 100 may include certain redundancies useful for reducing the likelihood of unscheduled interruptions that might otherwise result from coupling multiple electrolyzers together and forming hydrogen from electrolysis on an industrial scale. For example, the power supply 106 of each of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c may be redundant with the power supply 106 of at least another one of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c. As a more specific example, the power supply 106 of the core 102 a may further be in electrical communication with the electrolyzer 108 of the core 102 b, such that the power supply 106 of the core 102 a may provide power to the electrolyzer 108 of the core 102 b in the event of a failure of the power supply 106 of the core 102 b. The system 100 may include similar redundancies for the cores 102 a and 102 c.

[0020] In addition to uninterrupted operation facilitated by redundancy in the supply of power and / or any one or more of a variety of different regulated inputs from the hub 104, cost-effective operation of the system 100 may be a function of the power source 120, which provides electricity to each instance of the electrolyzer 108. For example, the power source 120 may advantageously include multiple types of generators that can be operated in parallel and / or individually at different times. For example, in some arrangements, the power source 120 may include the power grid, and even in locations where the power grid is reliable, it may be useful to switch to a local electricity source to take advantage of lower cost electricity. Examples of such local sources include, but are not limited to, one or more of a diesel generator, a natural gas fired generator, a generator powered by a biofuel source such as biomethane, an ethanol fired generator, a gasoline fired generator, a propane fired generator, a photovoltaic array, a wind generator (e.g., one or more wind turbines), a wet type generator or turbine (e.g., tidal or dam type), a geothermal generator, a thermoelectric generator, a heat engine (e.g., a turbine, piston engine, or other engine that uses heat and / or fuel as input), or a fuel cell generator.

[0021] As can be appreciated from these foregoing examples, the power source 120 may include a local source that is nominally continuous and / or intermittent. Thus, if intermittent electricity is available from a local source, such as a photovoltaic array, the power source 120 may preferentially be the local source when power from the local source is available, without separate storage. Additionally or alternatively, the system 100 may include a battery 121 in electrical communication (e.g., via the power supply 106) with at least each instance of the electrolyzer 108 of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c, as may be useful for managing fluctuations in power from one or more intermittent power sources by storing excess power from the local source when the excess power is available (e.g., from the photovoltaic array during daytime hours) and then releasing it to the multiple cores when the excess power is unavailable (e.g., during nighttime hours). As another example, in some locations, the power grid may be unreliable or non-existent, such that power source 120 includes primarily or exclusively any one or more of a variety of different local sources, such as those listed above.

[0022] As can be appreciated from each of the foregoing scenarios, i.e., both with and without the benefit of a reliable power grid, the power supply 106 may regulate and control electricity in any one or more of a variety of different AC or DC power formats acceptable from the power source 120. In general, therefore, the power supply 106 may include circuitry 126 to convert electrical current from the power source 120 into a power format (current, voltage, and frequency) usable to power the electrolyzer 108 load of the individual one of cores 102 a, 102 b, or 102 c for which the power supply 106 is the primary source of power. The circuitry 126 may include any one or more of a variety of different rectifiers and / or transformers useful for changing power formats, for example, according to any one or more of a variety of different well-known techniques. That is, circuitry 126 may receive electricity in one form from power source 120 and convert this form of electricity into another form suitable for use by electrolytic cell 108 of one of cores 102a, 102b, or 102c.

[0023] In cases where the electrolyzer 108 operates on DC power and the power source 120 (e.g., a power grid or diesel generator) provides AC power, the circuitry 126 may include an inverter that converts the AC power to DC power and a DC / DC converter that controls the flow of rectified DC power to the electrolyzer 108. As an example, the circuitry 126 may receive AC power from a utility or wind turbine, such as a transformer (e.g., a step-up, step-down, zigzag, or other isolation transformer) or an AC connection to an inverter output or a rotating generator output. As an example, the circuitry 126 may produce DC power from a rectifier / inverter supplied by an AC power supply. Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 126 may produce multipolar DC power, such as a bipolar arrangement of approximately -400 V DC, neutral, and +400 V DC.

[0024] In some cases, the power supply 106 may be connected to an AC utility supply and / or one or more other AC sources (e.g., a generator, wind power, etc.) with only one power processing stage. The single power processing stage may be, for example, a single-phase pulse width modulation or power factor correction circuit. Additionally or alternatively, the single power processing stage may include a three-phase pulse width modulation or power factor correction circuit (e.g., a Vienna rectifier) ​​and a full bridge without a neutral connection to power one electrolyzer stack, or a full bridge with a neutral connection to power multiple electrolyzer stacks.

[0025] Additionally or alternatively, the circuitry 126 may include fault protection, such as fuse blowing or short circuit detection, to facilitate safe and reliable operation of the power supplies 106. In one instance, the power supplies 106 may provide 400V DC (full rated power) to the electrolyzers 108. Additionally or alternatively, the power supplies 106 may provide two different types of power to the same instance of the electrolyzer 108, which may be useful for powering auxiliary devices associated with the operation, monitoring, and / or safety of the electrolyzer 108. For example, each power supply 106 is configured to provide a first DC voltage to the electrolyzer 108 of the core 102 and a second DC voltage, lower than the first DC voltage, to the auxiliary devices of the core 102. Thus, returning to the 400V DC example, the power supply 106 may provide 400V DC to a portion of the electrolyzer 108 (e.g., the electrochemical stack, described in more detail below), while providing 24V DC to auxiliary devices (e.g., valves or blowers) in the core 102 and / or sensor wiring for safety logic. As another example, the power supply 106 may use balanced DC / DC to provide split DC to a portion of the electrolyzer 108.

[0026] In cases where the electrolyzer 108 starts up based on DC power and the power source 120 (e.g., a photovoltaic array) or battery 121 provides the DC power, the inverter / rectifier may therefore be bypassed and DC power may be provided directly from the DC power source or battery to the DC / DC converter of circuitry 126 and then to the electrolyzer 108. Thus, circuitry 126 is configured to operate the electrolyzer 108 based on AC power from an AC power source, based on DC power from a DC power source, or simultaneously from both AC and DC power by using an AC / DC inverter to rectify the AC power into DC power and then using a DC / DC converter to control the magnitude of the DC power provided to the electrolyzer 108.

[0027] Additionally or alternatively, the power supply 106 may be sized to power the load of the electrolyzer 108 corresponding to at least another one of the multiple cores 102 a,b,c for which the power supply 106 provides redundancy. For clarity and efficiency, the following description assumes that each electrolyzer 108 in the multiple cores 102 a,b,c operates at the same nominal voltage and current. Indeed, such uniformity across instances of electrolyzer 108 may facilitate achieving redundancy using efficient hardware configurations. However, unless otherwise specified or apparent from the context, it should be understood that some instances of electrolyzer 108 may operate at a different voltage and frequency than one or more other instances of electrolyzer 108 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0028] In some instances, the power supplies 106 may be hot-swappable while individual instances of electrolyzers 108 in core 102a, core 102b, or core 102c are operating, more specifically, using electricity to generate hydrogen from the electrolysis of water. It should be understood that such hot-swapping of power supplies 106 may be facilitated by the redundancy provided by instances of power supplies 106 that are not hot-swapped. That is, while one instance of power supply 106 is being replaced, one or more other instances of power supply 106 may provide power to instances of electrolyzers 108 that would otherwise receive power from the instance of power supply 106 being replaced. As can be seen from the foregoing example, the redundancy provided by instances of power supply 106 in multiple cores 102a, b, c thus facilitates maintenance and / or repair of each instance of power supply 106 without interrupting hydrogen production.

[0029] Generally, the electrolyzer 108 may include an electrochemical stack 128 in which electricity can be directed to form hydrogen and oxygen from water using electrolysis. More specifically, the electrochemical stack 128 may receive water from the water module 112, and the electrochemical stack 128 may be activatable through power from the power supply 106 and direct at least a portion of the power from the power supply 106 to electrolyze the water within the electrochemical stack 128 to form hydrogen and oxygen. Examples of the electrochemical stack 128 include, but are not limited to, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) stack, a solid oxide electrolysis cell, an alkaline cell, or a combination thereof. In a PEM electrolyzer cell, water is provided to an anode electrode side of a membrane (i.e., electrolyte), and under an applied current or voltage provided between the anode and cathode electrodes, hydrogen diffuses from the anode electrode side to the cathode electrode side of the membrane, generating hydrogen product. Oxygen and excess water are output from the anode electrode side of the PEM electrolyzer cell. As a more specific example, the electrolytic cell 108 may include any one or more of various different aspects of the devices and systems described in U.S. patent application by Ballantine, et al., entitled "ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES, MODULES, AND SYSTEMS FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION AND METHODS OF OPERATING THEREOF," filed on even date herewith and having Attorney Docket No. 35055-002US (the entire contents of each of these references are incorporated herein by reference).

[0030] In addition to producing hydrogen, electrochemical stack 128 may also produce oxygen and heat, one or both of which may have independent value. For example, oxygen from electrochemical stack 128 may be collected and used in one or more other local or distributed applications into which the oxygen is input. Additionally or alternatively, heat removed from electrochemical stack 128 may be used locally, for example, to improve the efficiency of one or more aspects of system 100. For example, as described in more detail below, heat recovered from electrochemical stack 128 may, in some cases, be used to generate electricity.

[0031] In some implementations, each of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c may further include an auxiliary power source 123 in electrical communication with the respective instance of the electrolyzer 108 of the given core. The auxiliary power source 123 may provide power to the electrolyzer 108 during startup, shutdown, and / or standby modes. Additionally or alternatively, the auxiliary power source 123 may provide power to the electrolyzer 108 in cases where the power source 120 is interrupted, the auxiliary power source 123 being sized to allow for safe shutdown in some cases, or to allow continued operation of the electrolyzer in other cases. As an example, the auxiliary power source 123 may include a battery. As another example, the auxiliary power source 123 may include a fuel cell in fluid communication with the storage module 118 and receive hydrogen used to power the fuel cell. Continuing with the example of the auxiliary power source 123 including a fuel cell, the fuel cell and corresponding electrolyzer may share the remainder of the plant and / or power conditioning system. The auxiliary power source 123 may be electrically connected to a power bus (such as a DC power bus) that electrically connects the power source 120 to the individual power supplies 106 and / or to a power bus that electrically connects the power supplies 106 to the individual electrolyzers 108 within the same core 102, as shown in FIG. 1B.

[0032] In general, the heat exchange module 114 may include a heat exchanger 130 sized to remove heat from at least a subset of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c. Given that the heat exchange module 114 is modular, it should be understood that additional instances of the heat exchange module 114 may be added to the system 100 over time, such that an additional instance of one of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c is added to accommodate increased hydrogen demand or to compensate for degraded performance over time of any one or more of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c, as discussed in more detail below. Additionally or alternatively, in the context of the heat exchange module 114, redundancy may include full redundancy in the event of a catastrophic failure of one instance of the heat exchange module 114. In some cases, redundancy in the heat exchange context may include additional heat removal capacity and allow for transient operation.

[0033] The heat exchange module 114 may further include a thermal loop 132, as shown in FIG. 1A in some cases. For example, the heat exchanger 130 may be in thermal communication with each of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c via the thermal loop 132. As a more specific example, the heat exchanger 130 may include a reservoir of cooling fluid (e.g., glycol or water) that travels through the thermal loop 132 and passes across the multiple cores 102 a, b, c to remove heat during steady-state operation (or add heat in the case of startup under certain conditions). This type of heat exchanger may be useful for providing a large amount of cooling capacity in a small footprint, particularly compared to an air heat exchanger. Additionally or alternatively, liquid heat exchange may be useful for controlling the temperature of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c in the event of fluctuations in the ambient environment surrounding the system 100.

[0034] In some implementations, the heat exchange module 114 may convert low-quality heat from the multiple cores 102 a, b, c into higher-quality heat that can be delivered to one or more other portions of the system 100, such as the hub 104. For example, the heat exchanger 130 and the thermal loop 132 may form at least a portion of a heat pump operable to convert waste heat from the multiple cores 102 a, b, c into higher-quality heat as a working fluid (e.g., refrigerant) that moves (e.g., under the force of a compressor) between the multiple cores 102 a, b, c and the heat exchanger 130 via the thermal loop 132. The higher-quality heat captured by the heat pump, formed at least in part by the heat exchanger 130 and the thermal loop 132, may be directed, for example, to the storage module 118, reducing the likelihood of freezing of conduits and / or valves of the storage module 118 as hydrogen expands in response to release.

[0035] The heat exchange module 114 may advantageously capture heat for use in other parts of the system, although other uses of the captured heat are additionally or alternatively possible. For example, the heat exchange module 114 may direct waste heat (e.g., at about 70° C.) from the multiple cores 102 a, b, c to ground-source cooling in an organic Rankine cycle to generate electricity for use by the system 100, thus increasing overall efficiency. Such electricity generation may also, or instead, contribute to providing uninterrupted power to the multiple cores 102 a, b, c by providing energy time shifting.

[0036] In some cases, the waste heat removed by the heat exchange module 114 may be used to improve the efficiency of the water module 112. For example, the waste heat removed by the heat exchange module 114 may be used to power a water capture subsystem within the water module 112 to remove moisture from the air, thus reducing the overall water requirements of the system 100. As another example, the waste heat removed by the heat exchange module 114 may be used to power a water purification process within the water module 112.

[0037] While the heat exchange module 114 may generally manage the temperature of each instance of the electrolyzer 108, it should be understood that other heat transfer schemes may additionally or alternatively be used to manage heat within the multiple cores 102 a, b, c. For example, in some cases, the power supply 106 may include a cooling fan or blower to provide flowable cooling across individual instances of the electrolyzer 108 within the same one of the cores 102 a, 102 b, or 102 c to remove heat from the electrolyzer 108. This may be useful when the power supply 106 does not provide cooling, for example, to facilitate rapid heating of the electrolyzer 108 upon start-up. As another example, the heat exchanger 130 of the heat exchange module 114 may be in thermal communication with each instance of the power supply 106 such that the heat exchange module 114 may remove heat from both the power supply 106 and the electrolyzer 108 of a given one of the cores 102 a, 102 b, or 102 c.

[0038] Generally, the compression module 116 may include a compressor 134 in fluid communication with each instance of the electrolyzer 108 of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c and may receive the produced hydrogen. The compressor 134 may, in turn, compress the hydrogen for storage in the storage module 118. Given that compressing the hydrogen produces heat, the heat from compressing the hydrogen in the compression module 116 can be advantageously captured and used elsewhere in the system 100. Thus, for example, the compression module 116 may be in thermal communication with the heat exchange module 114 such that the heat from the compression module 116 may be converted to higher quality heat, converted to electricity, and / or directed to one or more other portions of the system 100 according to any one or more of the techniques described herein.

[0039] While the hub 104 has been described as including certain modules, it should be understood that additional or alternative modules are possible. For example, in some instances, the hub 104 may include a telemetry module 136 in electrical communication with the multiple cores 102 a, b, c to receive information related to the performance of the multiple cores 102 a, b, c. Additionally or alternatively, the hub 104 may include a dispensing module 139 in fluid communication with one or more of the compression module 116 or storage module 118 to control the dispensing of hydrogen according to downstream demand.

[0040] As another example, the hub 104 may additionally or alternatively include an application module 138 that utilizes downstream hydrogen produced by the system 100. For example, the application module 138 may be a combustion power plant. In such a case, the application module 138 may utilize oxygen, such as that produced as a reaction by-product in the generation of hydrogen from the electrolysis of water (e.g., CO2 sequesterable carbon and lower NO2). x (in an oxy-fuel combustion process to produce hydrogen). Additionally or alternatively, application module 138 may be a steel production plant that may use hydrogen for the production of steel and oxygen for welding or cutting steel. In some cases, application module 138 may include one or more of a semiconductor device foundry or a chemical plant that uses hydrogen to produce semiconductor devices or chemicals, respectively.

[0041] As yet another example, the hub 104 may include a nitrogen module 140 that may produce nitrogen (eg, from air) and direct the nitrogen to each instance of the electrolyzer 108 of the multiple cores 102a, b, c.

[0042] 1B , hub 104 may include controller 142 including processing unit 144 and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium 146 having computer-readable instructions stored thereon for causing processing unit 144 to perform any one or more of the various different control techniques described herein. In one embodiment, the firmware of processing unit 144 and the state machine of processing unit 144 involved in safety operations are split off from the operational script for the system, allowing only the flushing of the control script logic without affecting the safety logic or state machine logic. System 100 can operate even in the presence of system failures.

[0043] 2A , an exemplary method 200 of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation may be implemented using any one or more of the various different aspects of the systems described herein. Thus, for example, exemplary method 200 may be implemented using system 100. More specifically, unless otherwise specified or apparent from the context, exemplary method 200 shall be understood to be executable by processing unit 144 according to computer-readable instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of controller 142 (shown in FIG. 1B ).

[0044] As shown in step 202, the exemplary method 200 may include monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of the plurality of cores. Each core may be any one or more of the various different cores described herein and, therefore, may include an electrolyzer and a power supply in electrical communication with each other. Monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core may include, for example, detecting the power available to each core's individual electrolyzer. In cases where the power supply of each core in the plurality of cores is redundant with the power supply of at least one other core of the plurality of cores, detecting the power available to each core's individual electrolyzer may be based on a first available power output of the power supply corresponding to the given core and a second available power output of one or more power supplies redundant with the given core's power supply. As described in more detail below, in cases where the total available power for a given core corresponds to a hydrogen production capacity that is less than the rated hydrogen output for the core, the total available power for the core may limit the amount of hydrogen that can be produced from the core.

[0045] It should be understood that while the hydrogen production capacity of a given core may be based on the condition of the power supply and any associated redundant power supplies, the hydrogen production capacity of the core may also, or alternatively, be based on the condition of the electrolyzer. For example, in cases where the electrolyzer includes an electrochemical stack, monitoring the hydrogen production capacity of a core including such an electrolyzer may include sending a signal to the individual core's power supply, sending a current interruption or ripple function to the electrochemical stack, and receiving a current interruption impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interruption or ripple function. The current impedance measurement may be an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. In turn, the current interruption impedance measurement may provide an indication of the amount of input power dissipated in the electrochemical stack. As the electrochemical stack ages, this loss may increase over time. Thus, by monitoring this degradation, adjustments to the operating setpoints of one or more other cores in the plurality of cores may be made to offset such degradation. Thus, EIS measurements may be performed during steady-state operation, shutdown procedures, or startup or recovery procedures.

[0046] As shown in step 204, exemplary method 200 may include assessing power available to the multiple cores from one or more power sources. For example, in cases where multiple cores receive power from one or more local power sources, it should be understood that the power available from such one or more local power sources may vary significantly over time. This may be particularly true in the case of intermittent power sources. Thus, in some cases, assessing power available to the multiple cores may include determining an amount of power available from one or more intermittent power sources, since it may be advantageous to use such intermittent power before other sources of nominally constant power (e.g., to reduce the need to store such intermittent power). Additionally or alternatively, assessing power available to the multiple cores from one or more power sources may include determining an amount stored in one or more batteries in electrical communication with each core's individual power supply, so that the stored power can be advantageously used to smooth the intermittency of power from the intermittent power sources.

[0047] As shown in step 206, the exemplary method 200 may include setting an individual operational setpoint for each core in the plurality of cores such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance target. As used in this context, a predetermined performance target may be any one or more of a variety of different goals that may be associated with the operation of a modular system for hydrogen generation, particularly the operation of such a system to reduce the likelihood of unscheduled interruptions in hydrogen production. For example, the predetermined performance target may include balancing the total power collectively required for the operational setpoints of the plurality of cores with the amount of power available from the intermittent power source. Additionally or alternatively, the predetermined performance target may include maximum power point tracking of the intermittent power source such that the total power collectively required for the operational setpoints of the plurality of cores corresponds to the maximum available power from the intermittent power source without requiring excess power from other sources.

[0048] In one embodiment, power source 120 comprises a photovoltaic array that is directly coupled to core 102 and tracks the photovoltaic array output power. In another embodiment, power source 120 comprises a wind power source (e.g., a wind turbine) that is directly coupled to core 102 and tracks the wind power output power. In another embodiment, grid power source 120 provides more power to core 102 during off-peak hours and less power to core 102 during peak hours, allowing for grid load balancing.

[0049] As another example, a predetermined performance objective may include a target overall efficiency of multiple cores. Such efficiency may be measured against any one or more of a variety of different parameters of the system. For example, the target overall efficiency may correspond to maximizing the production value / cost ratio. In this context, the production value may be based on projected production requirements for hydrogen, oxygen, and heat, and the cost may be based on current electricity prices.

[0050] In general, to achieve performance goals through the collective operation of the multiple cores, setting operational setpoints for individual cores may be based on the hydrogen production capacity for the given core and / or the power available to the core from one or more power sources. For example, if a first available power output to the core (from a primary power supply) and a second available power output to the core (from one or more power supplies providing redundant power) each correspond to a hydrogen production capacity less than the rated hydrogen output of the given core, the operational setpoint for the given core may be set according to the greater of the first available power output or the second available power output. In some cases, the operational setpoints of one or more other cores may be adjusted to compensate for this lower hydrogen output. That is, if the individual hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the multiple cores is less than the rated hydrogen output for the individual core, setting the individual operational setpoint for each core in the multiple cores may include setting the operational setpoint of at least one other core in the multiple cores above the rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core. In other words, in some cases, the total hydrogen output from the multiple cores may be maintained substantially constant (e.g., varying by less than about ±10 percent). In some implementations, setting an individual operating set point for each core in the multiple cores may additionally or alternatively include adding additional cores to the multiple cores, as may be useful for achieving predetermined performance goals, including maintaining a substantially constant voltage (e.g., varying by less than about ±10 percent) throughout the multiple cores during full power operation.

[0051] As shown in step 208, example method 200 may include directing available power from one or more power sources to multiple cores according to each core's individual operating setpoint. In some cases, this may include checking the impedance of each core's wiring and interrupting the available power directed to at least an individual core if the impedance of the wiring exceeds a predetermined threshold. That is, if the impedance of the wiring associated with a given core appears to indicate a short-circuit condition, power to the given core may be interrupted and / or redirected to one or more other cores.

[0052] 2A-2C, the exemplary method 200 may further include performing one or more additional protocols associated with the safety and productivity of the system.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 2B, the example method 200 may include executing a startup protocol 210 for multiple cores.

[0054] As shown in step 212, the startup protocol 210 may include, for example, a leak test step. Components are tested for leaks by pressurizing each core's components and halting the startup protocol if a pressure decay above a predetermined threshold is detected in one or more of the pressurized components of an individual core. Specifically, the leak test may be performed by pressurizing the hydrogen and water and coolant lines, then checking for pressure decay and continuing operation only if the pressure remains high, indicating a no-leak condition. The startup protocol 210 may also include an electrical disconnect test. Electrical wiring and connections are subjected to an electrical impedance check, and the system is allowed to continue operating only if the impedance of the wiring and connections is below a threshold and / or shows no signs of a short or open circuit fault.

[0055] As shown in step 214, the start-up protocol 210 may include purging at least a portion of the core (e.g., electrolyzer) with an inert gas or oxygen-depleted air. Such oxygen-depleted air may have, for example, about 16 percent oxygen or less and may be formed according to any one or more of a variety of different techniques for removing oxygen from air, such as oxygen pumping, temperature swing adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, a hybrid generator, or a cascade oxygen removal process used to produce nitrogen in the formation of ammonia. As used herein, such oxygen-depleted air may be delivered to multiple cores via a hub nitrogen module 240. Additionally or alternatively, in cases where each core includes a fuel cell as an auxiliary power source, the start-up protocol may include directing hydrogen to the fuel cell to provide power for starting and warming up the individual core.

[0056] As shown in step 216, the start-up protocol of step 210 may include ramping each core to the given core's individual operating setpoint. The ramp-up protocol may be a predetermined protocol based on one or more considerations related to safety and / or component health.

[0057] 2C, the example method 200 may include executing a shutdown protocol 218 for multiple cores. The shutdown protocol of the example method 200 may include executing a shutdown protocol for multiple cores.

[0058] As shown in step 220, the shutdown protocol 218 may include de-energizing the power supply of each core.

[0059] As shown in step 222, the shutdown protocol 218 may include purging at least a portion of the core (e.g., the electrolytic cell) with an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen) or oxygen-depleted air, as described above.

[0060] As shown in step 224, the shutdown protocol 218 may include maintaining a voltage bias on the electrolyzer. Maintaining a bias on the electrolyzer may be performed, for example, by a battery and / or an auxiliary power supply in electrical communication with the electrolyzer. For example, the electrolyzer may be operated in a night mode, using a small amount of water to produce a small amount of hydrogen. This may advantageously reduce the number of start-stop cycles for the electrolyzer, which may otherwise degrade the electrolyzer's performance. In cases where the electrolyzer includes an electrochemical stack, maintaining a voltage bias on the electrolyzer may include maintaining a bias on the anode and maintaining hydrogen on the cathode side, or maintaining a voltage bias on the cathode and pumping oxygen back into the water. More generally, maintaining a bias on the electrochemical stack may be useful for assessing the health condition within the electrolyzer stack (e.g., current or hydrogen pumped from the anode to the cathode at low pressure) during a health shutdown.

[0061] As shown in step 226, the shutdown protocol of step 218 may include reversing the polarity of the DC power supply associated with the electrolytic cell of a given core. Such reversal of polarity may be useful, for example, in cases where the electrolytic cell includes an electrochemical cell, to remove material that has accumulated on the electrochemical cell.

[0062] The above systems, devices, methods, processes, and equivalents may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof suitable for the control, data acquisition, and data processing described herein. Hardware may include general-purpose computers and / or special-purpose computing devices. This includes implementation within one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, embedded microcontrollers, programmable digital signal processors, or other programmable devices or processing circuits, along with internal and / or external memory. This may also, or instead, include one or more application-specific integrated circuits, programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic components, or any other device or devices that can be configured to process electronic signals. Furthermore, it should be understood that implementations of the processes or devices described above may include computer-executable code generated using a structured programming language such as C, an object-oriented programming language such as C++, or any other high- or low-level programming language (including assembly language, hardware description language, and database programming language and technology) that can be stored, compiled, or interpreted and run on one of the aforementioned devices, and heterogeneous combinations of processors, processor architectures, or different hardware and software combinations. At the same time, processing may be distributed across devices such as the various systems described above, or the functionality may all be integrated into a dedicated stand-alone device, and all such permutations and combinations are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure.

[0063]

[0013] The embodiments disclosed herein may include a computer program product comprising computer-executable or computer-usable code that, when executed on one or more computing devices, performs any and / or all of the steps of the control system described above. The code may be stored in a non-transitory manner in computer memory, which may be memory from which the program executes (such as random access memory associated with a processor) or a storage device such as a disk drive, flash memory, or any other optical, electromagnetic, magnetic, infrared, or other device or combination of devices. In another aspect, any of the control systems described above may be embodied in any suitable transmission or propagation medium carrying computer-executable code and / or any input to or output therefrom.

[0064] The method steps of the implementations described herein are intended to include any suitable manner of causing such method steps to be performed consistently with the patentability of the claims that follow, unless a different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise apparent from the context. Thus, for example, performing step X includes any suitable manner of causing another party, such as a remote user, a remote processing resource (e.g., a server or cloud computer), or a machine, to perform step X. Similarly, performing steps X, Y, and Z may include any manner of directing or controlling any combination of such other individuals or resources to perform steps X, Y, and Z and obtain the benefits of such steps. Thus, the method steps of the implementations described herein are intended to include any suitable manner of causing one or more other parties or entities to perform steps consistent with the patentability of the claims that follow, unless a different meaning is expressly provided or otherwise apparent from the context. Such parties or entities need not be under the direction or control of any other party or entity, nor need they be located within any particular jurisdiction.

[0065] It should be understood that the devices, systems, and methods described above are described by way of example, and not limitation. Numerous variations, additions, omissions, and other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the order or presentation of method steps in the above description and drawings is not intended to require a specific order for performing the recited steps unless a particular order is expressly required or otherwise apparent from the context. Thus, while specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A method for controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising: monitoring an individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of the plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer in electrical communication with a power supply; assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources; setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the available energy from the one or more power sources, such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance target; directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to an individual operating set point for each core; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined performance goal includes maximizing hydrogen output using all of the available energy when the available energy is less than the energy required to meet hydrogen output demands from downstream hardware of the multiple cores.

3. setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores includes adding an additional core to the plurality of cores; The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined performance goal comprises a substantially constant voltage across the multiple cores during full power operation.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein if the individual hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the plurality of cores is less than the rated hydrogen output for the individual core, setting the individual operating set point of each core in the plurality of cores includes setting the operating set point of at least one other core in the plurality of cores above the rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core.

5. The electrolytic cell of each core includes a separate electrochemical stack; 2. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core comprises sending a signal to the power supply of the individual core, sending a current interruption or ripple function to the electrochemical stack, and receiving a current interruption impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interruption or ripple function.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core includes detecting the power available to the individual electrolyzer of each core.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein assessing the power available to the multiple cores from the one or more power sources includes determining the amount of power available from an intermittent power source.

8. The method described in claim 7, wherein the predetermined performance target includes a balance between the total power collectively required for the operating setpoint of the multiple cores and the amount of power available from the intermittent power supply.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the predetermined performance target includes maximum power point tracking of the intermittent power supply such that the total power collectively required for the operating set points of the multiple cores corresponds to the maximum available power from the intermittent power supply without requiring excess power from other sources.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein assessing the power available to the multiple cores from the one or more power sources includes determining the amount stored in one or more batteries in electrical communication with each core's individual power supply.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising, prior to said directing, executing a start-up protocol; The start-up protocol comprises: testing the plurality of cores for leakage and electrical disconnection; purging at least a portion of each core with an inert gas; ramping each core to its individual operating set point; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising, after said directing, executing a shutdown protocol; The shutdown protocol comprises: de-energizing the power supply of each core; purging at least a portion of each core with an inert gas; maintaining a voltage bias on the electrolytic cell of each core; reversing the polarity of the power supplies of each core; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more power sources include a photovoltaic array, a wind power source, or a power grid.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the one or more power sources include a photovoltaic array, the photovoltaic array being in direct electrical communication with one or more of the plurality of cores.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined performance goal includes a target overall efficiency of the multiple cores.

16. A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising: monitoring an individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of the plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer in electrical communication with a power supply; assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources; setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the available energy from the one or more power sources, such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance target; directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to an individual operating set point for each core; Including, the electrolyzer of each core includes a separate electrochemical stack; The method, wherein monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core includes sending a signal to the power supply of the individual core, sending a current interruption or ripple function to the electrochemical stack, and receiving a current interruption impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interruption or ripple function.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the electrochemical stack comprises a proton exchange membrane (PEM) stack, a solid oxide electrolysis cell, an alkaline cell, or a combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the electrochemical stack includes a PEM stack.

19. A method of controlling a modular system for hydrogen generation, comprising: monitoring an individual hydrogen production capacity of each core of the plurality of cores, each core including an electrolyzer in electrical communication with a power supply; assessing energy available to the plurality of cores from one or more power sources; setting an individual operating set point for each core in the plurality of cores based on the hydrogen production capacity of each core and the available energy from the one or more power sources, such that the plurality of cores collectively meet a predetermined performance target; directing the available energy from the one or more power sources to the plurality of cores according to an individual operating set point for each core; Including, The method, wherein if the individual hydrogen production capacity of one of the cores in the plurality of cores is less than the rated hydrogen output for the individual core, setting the individual operational set point of each core in the plurality of cores includes setting the operational set point of at least one other core in the plurality of cores above the rated hydrogen output for the at least one other core.

20. The electrolytic cell of each core includes a separate electrochemical stack; 20. The method of claim 19, wherein monitoring the individual hydrogen production capacity of each core comprises sending a signal to the power supply of the individual core, sending a current interruption or ripple function to the electrochemical stack, and receiving a current interruption impedance measurement of the electrochemical stack in response to the current interruption or ripple function.

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