Systems and methods for defining and modifying range of motion of probe used in patient treatment

Abstract

To provide treatment of tissue with energy.SOLUTION: A system for treating a target tissue of a patient comprises a first robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe for treating the target tissue of the patient, and a second robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe for imaging the target tissue of the patient. The system further comprises one or more computing devices operably coupled with the first robotic arm and the second robotic arm, the one or more computing devices configured to execute instructions for controlling movement of one or more of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm. The treatment probe and / or imaging probe may be constrained to be moved only within an allowable range of motion.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 939,880, filed July 27, 2020, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 044,843, filed June 26, 2020, entitled "System and Methods for Defining and Modifying Range of Motion of Probe Uses in Patient Treatment."

[0002] The subject matter of this patent application is related to International Application No. PCT / US2015 / 048695, filed September 4, 2015, and International Application No. PCT / US2020 / 021756, filed March 9, 2020, and entitled "ROBOTIC ARMS AND METHODS FOR TISSUE RESECTION AND IMAGING," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] The field of the disclosure relates to the treatment of tissue with energy, and more particularly to the treatment of organs such as the prostate with fluid stream energy. [Background technology]

[0004] Previous methods and devices for treating subjects, such as patients, may, at least in some instances, result in less-than-ideal tissue removal. For example, previous methods of surgery, such as prostate surgery, may, at least in some instances, result in longer healing times and less-than-ideal outcomes.

[0005] Previous methods and devices for imaging tissue may not be ideal for imaging the tissue being treated. For example, previous ultrasound methods and devices may not be well suited for viewing the treatment site during the procedure, and alignment between diagnostic and treatment images may not be ideal. Also, at least some of the previous treatment methods and devices for treating tissue may not be well suited for combination with prior art imaging systems. In at least some instances, it would be useful to provide improved imaging of tissue during surgery, for example, providing real-time imaging of tissue that would allow a user to adjust the treatment based on real-time images of the tissue. At least some of the previous methods and devices for imaging tissue during surgery may be somewhat cumbersome to use and may result in delays in the patient treatment.

[0006] Previous methods and devices for treating organs such as the prostate may provide user interfaces that are somewhat cumbersome to use and may provide less-than-ideal planning of the surgery, such as by not providing sufficient images of the probe and treatment area, not providing sufficiently “fine” control of the probe, or not providing indications of constraints on probe movement that may affect the treatment process. Also, at least some of the previous methods and devices used to treat tissue such as prostate tissue may be somewhat less accurate than would be ideal, such as by exhibiting inaccuracies in organ placement, misidentifying tissue, creating uncertainty as to whether treatment application is to the correct area or region, etc. In at least some instances, previous methods and devices may provide a less-than-ideal user experience (e.g., excessive manual actions that could be performed automatically). Also, at least some of the previous interfaces may provide less-than-ideal coupling of the treatment device to the tissue structure (e.g., by lacking images and / or controls that would allow the physician more precise and informed control of the treatment procedure).

[0007] For at least the reasons referenced, previous methods and devices for treating tissue with robotic instrumentation may not be ideal during a procedure. The robotic arm and surgical probe of a robotic surgical system may be aligned with each other and with the patient prior to a procedure. In some cases, the robotic arm and surgical probe are first manually moved and positioned, after which they are coupled to each other and locked in place for further controller-based adjustments. For example, a surgical probe or other tool coupled to a robotic arm may be manually guided through an anatomical structure to reach a target site, such as through the anus and rectum in the case of transrectal ultrasound (“TRUS”), or through the tortuous paths of the urethra, prostate, and bladder neck with sharp turns through sensitive anatomical structures. In at least some cases, maintaining the desired alignment and stability of the robotic arm after manual adjustment and during a procedure may not be ideal. For example, previous robotic arms and end surgical probes may be held too tightly, potentially leading to tissue injury associated with patient movement, or may be held with less than ideal support strength, leading to less than ideal alignment with the target site if the robotic arm and surgical probe were to be disturbed, for example, in response to being bumped or released from the user's grasp following engagement.

[0008] A further disadvantage of previous methods and apparatus for treating tissue with robotic instrumentation is that the probes and devices used for, and in some cases, for, the treatment have a range of possible motion that can cause the probes and devices to collide with each other during the treatment in some cases. This can potentially lead to less than ideal outcomes and treatment interruptions. Previous approaches can be somewhat limited in their ability to customize the allowable range of motion for individual patients, even when the absolute and relative positions of the robotic arms may be known.

[0009] Research relevant to this disclosure suggests that previous approaches to aligning a probe with a robotic arm may not be ideal in at least some cases.

[0010] While these aforementioned methods and devices can be effective and represent significant advances over previous luminal tissue treatment approaches, it would be desirable to provide improvements to support more precise tissue removal in both fully automated and physician-assisted modes of operation. At least some of these limitations of previous approaches will be overcome in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved robotic arm movement and are highly suitable for use in conjunction with surgical procedures. In some embodiments, the robotic arm is configured to enter a teaching or training mode, which may allow range-of-motion limits or constraints to be established for a probe inserted into a patient. The probe coupled to the robotic arm can be moved within the patient by the operator to establish a position appropriate for the patient and procedure. A pivot location for the probe can also be established. In prostate surgery, the pivot location for a surgical probe inserted into a patient can be established to correspond to the pubic bone. Similarly, a TRUS or imaging probe can be inserted into a patient and a range-of-motion and pivot location can be established at a location corresponding to the rectum. Because patient anatomy can vary, it can be useful to establish the range of motion for the probes and their associated pivots. In some embodiments, the pivot location corresponding to the rectum can be located caudal or cranial relative to the pivot location corresponding to the treatment probe. Once the range of motion and pivot location are established, the operator can precisely position the probe under robotic control. The imaging probe can also be used to determine the position and orientation of the treatment probe, and that information can be used to limit the movement of the treatment probe toward the imaging probe. While reference will be made to the use of a robotic arm and probe for imaging and treatment purposes, the systems and methods described herein may also be used for diagnostic purposes, as part of treatment planning, as part of post-treatment checkups, etc.

[0012]

[0006] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved methods and apparatus for performing tissue treatments, such as, but not limited to, tissue ablation. In some embodiments, an image-guided treatment system includes a treatment probe and an imaging probe. The imaging probe may be configured to provide images of a target site while the treatment probe ablates or performs other treatments on the target tissue. In some embodiments, the treatment probe and the imaging probe are each coupled to a robotic arm under the control of one or more computing devices. The treatment probe may be coupled to a first robotic arm configured to provide computer-controlled movement of the treatment probe during tissue ablation with the treatment probe. The imaging probe may be coupled to a second robotic arm configured to provide computer-controlled movement of the imaging probe during scanning of a target site with the imaging probe before and / or during a tissue ablation procedure with the treatment probe. One or more computing devices or processors may be configured to execute instructions for operating the robotic arm in a passive mode, in which the robotic arm is configured to be manually adjusted to position the treatment and imaging probes at manually set positions, such as for imaging and treating the same or different tissue sites. The one or more computing devices may be configured to execute instructions to maintain a manually set position of the probe after the robotic arm is released from manual adjustment or passive mode. The robotic arm may be configured to maintain a manually set position for one or more of the translation or rotation axes. In some embodiments, the rotation angle is maintained within 5° and the translation position is maintained within 5 mm or less. In some embodiments, the rotation angle and translation position are maintained for each of the three axes, which can improve the accuracy of imaging and treatment using the probe.

[0013] One or more computing devices operably coupled to the first and second robotic arms may be configured to automatically control the movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe, for example, based on a pre-planned or programmed scan profile or according to various pre-programmed parameters. The treatment pre-planning may be performed manually and / or with the assistance of one or more of computer vision, image recognition, or machine learning. The automatically controlled movement of the treatment probe according to the treatment profile can, for example, perform a treatment of the target site. The automatically controlled movement of the imaging probe according to the imaging profile can, for example, generate a three-dimensional rendering of the target site. Automatic computer-controlled scanning or monitoring of the target site with the imaging probe using the robotic arms can also be used to generate useful information about the target site for the purpose of preventing patient harm or for additional treatment. For example, the imaging probe may be configured to perform a color / Doppler scan of the target site after an ablation procedure to locate bleeding sites within the target site requiring hemostasis. As another example, an imaging probe may be configured to perform color / Doppler scanning of a target site prior to a resection or other procedure to locate blood vessels and enable surgical planning to avoid potential bleeding sites, thereby avoiding post-procedure requirements for hemostatic treatment. Three-dimensional scanning of a target site using an imaging probe may also be used to identify tissue abnormalities in the target site, such as tumors. Scans or imaging may also be performed before or after surgery or a procedure and compared with subsequent scans or images to identify bleeding or other tissue.

[0014] Alternatively, or in addition, the one or more computing devices may be configured to control movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe in response to user input, for example, through a graphical user interface of the treatment apparatus. In some embodiments, the one or more computing devices may be configured to limit movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe to an allowed range of motion that may be programmed into the first and / or second robotic arms prior to initiating use of the first or second arms under computer control.

[0015] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient. In these embodiments, the system may include a probe sized for insertion into a patient, a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe, and one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm and configured with instructions for establishing an acceptable range of motion for the probe, the acceptable range of motion being stored on the memory of the one or more computing devices. In these embodiments, establishing the acceptable range of motion includes defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe and modifying the possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe to define the acceptable range of motion for the distal end of the probe for an individual patient. In some embodiments, this approach allows the acceptable range of motion to be established for an individual patient and customized for each patient. The instructions also include instructions for treating or imaging target tissue of the patient with the probe and moving the robotic arm to affect movement of the probe within the acceptable range of motion for the probe.

[0016] In some embodiments, the one or more computing devices may be configured to limit or constrain movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe within an acceptable range of motion based on one or more of the training or motor conditioning steps.

[0017] In some embodiments, the training or motion conditioning step may include providing a computer system used to control the robotic arm and attached probes with data regarding the possible range of motion of each probe. This data may be provided in the form of a mathematical representation of the possible range of motion for each individual probe or an image showing the possible range of motion, along with an indication of the amount of possible translation and / or angular motion. The possible range of motion for one or more probes may then be limited or constrained to an allowable range of motion by a training or teaching mode or session.

[0018] In some embodiments, the training or motion conditioning step may include providing a computer system that is used to control the robotic arm and attached probes using data obtained from a training or teaching mode or session. In such a mode or session, a physician may manipulate a probe or probes while inside the patient's body and "teach" the computer system what constraints or boundaries should be placed on each probe's potential range of motion. This may be done to prevent harm to the patient, such as damage to tissue or organs. The training or teaching mode may also (or instead) be performed when the probes are outside the patient's body. During the training mode, the computer system learns the limits that should be applied to the potential range of motion to prevent harm to the patient and, in response, prevents the robotic arm from being able to position the probe in a harmful position or orientation. A training mode performed outside the body is particularly effective for training probe locations and enabling collision prevention capabilities in the control system.

[0019] In some embodiments, the training or exercise conditioning step may include providing a computer system that is used to control the robotic arm and attached probe using images acquired from a monitoring or imaging probe (such as the TRUS probe described herein). In these embodiments, the monitoring or imaging probe can be used to provide images of the treatment probe and surrounding tissues and organs, and the computer system can be configured to control the position, orientation, or movement of the probe based on the images to prevent harm to the patient and / or collisions between the probes. In some embodiments, image recognition methods may be used to assist the computing system in identifying the patient's tissues or organs. In some embodiments, a CT, MRI, or other scan of the patient may be used to assist the image recognition system in identifying the patient's tissues or organs and / or in determining appropriate limits or constraints on the probe's potential range of motion.

[0020] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method of treating target tissue at a target site in a patient, the method including manually inserting a probe into the patient, coupling the probe to a robotic arm, and establishing an acceptable range of motion for the probe, the acceptable range of motion being stored on memory of one or more computing devices operably coupled to the robotic arm. In these embodiments, establishing the acceptable range of motion further includes defining a possible range of motion for a distal end of the probe and modifying the possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe to define an acceptable range of motion for the distal end of the probe for an individual patient. The method further includes treating or imaging the target tissue in the patient with the probe and moving the robotic arm under control of one or more computing devices operably coupled to the probe to affect movement of the probe within the acceptable range of motion for the probe.

[0021] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating target tissue at a target site of a patient, the system including: a first robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe for treating the target tissue of the patient; a second robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe for imaging the target tissue of the patient; and one or more computing devices operably coupled to the first robotic arm and the second robotic arm, the one or more computing devices configured to execute instructions to control movement of one or more of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm, the instructions constraining movement of one or both probes to be within an allowed range of motion for the probe or probes.

[0022] The first robotic arm and / or the second robotic arm may be configured to adjust the position and / or orientation of the first arm and / or the second arm to maintain proper position or alignment of the treatment probe and the imaging probe and / or to prevent collision or interference between the treatment probe and the imaging probe outside the patient's body.

[0023] The first robotic arm and / or the second robotic arm may include one or more feedback sensing mechanisms. For example, the first robotic arm and / or the second robotic arm may be operably coupled to a force sensor configured to detect tissue compression ahead of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe. The one or more computing devices may include instructions to control movement of the robotic arm in response to the force detected by the sensor, for example, to prevent over-compression of the anterior tissue and resulting damage to the tissue and / or probe. Another exemplary feedback sensing mechanism may include a position and / or motion sensor operably coupled to the first and / or second robotic arm. The one or more computing devices may include instructions to control movement of the robotic arm in response to the position and / or motion detected by the sensor, for example, to adjust the position of the treatment and / or imaging probe in response to patient movement during the treatment and / or scanning procedure.

[0024] These and other embodiments are further detailed in the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is explained in detail. The present invention provides, for example, the following. (Item 1) 1. A system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient, the system comprising: a probe sized for insertion into the patient; a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe; one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm; wherein the one or more computing devices establishing an acceptable range of motion for the probe, the acceptable range of motion being stored on a memory of the one or more computing devices, and establishing the acceptable range of motion includes: defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe; modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe to define an allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe; and treating or imaging the target tissue of the patient with the probe; moving the robotic arm to affect movement of the probe within the allowable range of motion relative to the probe; 10. A system configured with instructions to: (Item 2) Item 10. The system of item 1, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further comprises defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move. (Item 3) Item 3. The system of item 2, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region. (Item 4) 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe. (Item 5) Item 10. The system of item 1, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient. (Item 6) 6. The system of claim 5, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further includes activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode including a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes. (Item 7) 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are outside the patient. (Item 8) 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are inside the patient. (Item 9) 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images. (Item 10) 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 11) 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising: operating the imaging probe, acquiring an image of the treatment probe, and, in response to the image, automatically moving the distal end of the imaging probe within a predetermined area to avoid collision with the treatment probe. (Item 12) 9. The system of claim 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 13) 2. The system of claim 1, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe includes comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near a treatment site and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site. (Item 14) 13. The system of claim 12, further comprising processing the acquired image using an image recognition application to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue. (Item 15) 1. A method of treating target tissue at a target site in a patient, the method comprising: manually inserting a probe into the patient; coupling the probe to a robotic arm; establishing an acceptable range of motion for the probe, the acceptable range of motion being stored on a memory of one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm, and establishing the acceptable range of motion includes: defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe; modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe to define an allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe; and treating or imaging the target tissue of the patient with the probe; moving the robotic arm under control of the one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the probe to affect movement of the probe within the allowable range of motion relative to the probe; A method comprising: (Item 16) Item 16. The method of item 15, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further comprises defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move. (Item 17) Item 17. The method of item 16, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region. (Item 18) 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movements of the distal end of the probe. (Item 19) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient. (Item 20) 20. The method of claim 19, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further comprises activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode comprising a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes. (Item 21) 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the training or teaching mode is performed when both probes are outside the patient. (Item 22) 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the training or teaching mode defines a range of motion of the first probe relative to the second probe, the defined range of motion being capable of being stored in memory and translatable inside the patient. (Item 23) 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the training or teaching mode is performed while both probes are inside the patient. (Item 24) 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images. (Item 25) 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 26) 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and in response to the images, performing one or more of: defining an area or volume to prevent the probes from colliding with each other or a distance to be maintained between the probes to prevent probe collision-related tissue damage; verifying the position of one or both probes within the defined area; or activating movement of a robotic arm to monitor the position of one or both probes and prevent collision. (Item 27) 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 28) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe comprises comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near a treatment site and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site. (Item 29) 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising processing the acquired image using an image recognition application to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue. (Item 30) 1. A system for treating target tissue at a target site in a patient, the system comprising: a first robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe for treating the target tissue in the patient; and a second robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe for imaging the target tissue in the patient. and one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the first robotic arm and the second robotic arm, the one or more computing devices configured to execute instructions to control movement of one or more of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm, the instructions constraining movement of one or both probes to be within an allowed range of motion for the probe or probes. (Item 31) Item 31. The system of item 30, wherein the one or more computing devices are configured to execute instructions to control movement of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm and adjust one or more of a pitch, yaw, roll, lateral, or linear position of the treatment probe or the imaging probe along an axis of entry of the treatment probe or the imaging probe into the patient. (Item 32) Item 31. The system of item 30, wherein the instructions for constraining movement of one or both probes to be within an acceptable range of motion for the probe or probes further include instructions for defining a possible range of motion for a distal end of at least one of the probes, modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe, and defining an acceptable range of motion for the distal end of the probe. (Item 33) 33. The system of claim 32, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further comprises defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move. (Item 34) Item 35. The system of item 33, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region. Item 34. The system of item 33, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe. (Item 36) Item 33. The system of item 32, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further includes activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode including a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes. (Item 37) 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are outside the patient. (Item 38) 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are inside the patient. (Item 39) 40. The system of claim 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images. (Item 40) 40. The system of claim 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 41) 40. The system of claim 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 42) 31. The system of claim 30, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe includes comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near a treatment site and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site. (Item 43) 42. The system of claim 41, further comprising processing the acquired image using an image recognition application to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue. (Item 44) 1. A system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient, the system comprising: a probe sized for insertion into the patient; a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe; one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm; wherein the one or more computing devices executing a training mode in response to a request from an operator of the system, the training mode including the operator demonstrating an acceptable range of motion of a distal end of the probe, the distal end of the probe being inserted into the patient's body; exiting the training mode; treating or imaging the tissue of the patient with the probe after inserting the distal end of the probe into the patient's body; and wherein the robotic arm is adapted to affect movement of the distal end of the probe within the patient's body only within the allowed range of motion for the distal end of the probe. (Item 45) Item 45. The system of item 44, wherein prior to executing the training mode, the system defines an initial range of motion for the distal end of the probe by defining an area within which the distal end of the probe is constrained to move. (Item 46) Item 47. The system of item 45, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region. Item 46. The system of item 45, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe. (Item 48) 45. The system of claim 44, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient. (Item 49) Item 49. The system of item 48, wherein the training mode includes the operator manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes. (Item 50) 50. The system of claim 49, wherein the training mode is performed when both probes are inside the patient. (Item 51) 51. The system of claim 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images. (Item 52) 51. The system of claim 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 53) 53. The system of claim 52, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and, in response to the images, automatically move the distal end of the imaging probe within a predetermined area to avoid collision with the treatment probe. (Item 54) 51. The system of claim 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy and modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images. (Item 55) Item 45. The system of item 44, wherein the instructions further cause the system to compare the allowable range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomical structure near a treatment site, and in response, modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe in a region surrounding the treatment site. (Item 56) 55. The system of claim 54, wherein the instructions further cause the system to process the acquired image using an image recognition application to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue. (Item 57) 1. A method of treating target tissue at a target site in a patient, the method comprising: manually inserting a distal end of a probe into the patient; coupling the probe to a robotic arm; executing a training mode, the training mode including an operator defining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe; exiting the training mode; treating or imaging the target tissue of the patient with the probe after inserting the distal end of the probe into the patient's body; wherein the robotic arm under control of one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the probe is adapted to affect movement of the distal end of the probe within the allowed range of motion relative to the distal end of the probe. (Item 58) Item 58. The method of item 57, wherein prior to executing the training mode, the system defines an initial range of motion for the distal end of the probe by defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is constrained to move. (Item 59) Item 59. The method of item 58, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region. (Item 60) 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe. (Item 61) The probe is an imaging probe and the system is for insertion into the patient. 58. The method of claim 57, further comprising a treatment probe that is sized according to the method. (Item 62) Item 62. The method of item 61, wherein the training mode includes the operator manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes to define the allowable range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes. (Item 63) 58. The method of claim 57, further comprising comparing the allowable range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near a treatment site, and responsively modifying the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe in a region surrounding the treatment site.

[0025] Incorporation by Reference All publications, patents, and patent applications referenced in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0026] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings.

[0027] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a front view of a system for performing tissue ablation in a patient, according to some embodiments.

[0028] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates a system for performing tissue ablation in a patient, according to some embodiments.

[0029] [Figure 3A] 3A and 3B show perspective views of a common base or mount for supporting one or more robotic arms, according to some embodiments. [Figure 3B] 3A and 3B show perspective views of a common base or mount for supporting one or more robotic arms, according to some embodiments.

[0030] [Figure 4A] 4A and 4B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of a system for performing tissue ablation in a patient, including a mobile base, according to some embodiments. [Figure 4B] 4A and 4B illustrate perspective and side views, respectively, of a system for performing tissue ablation in a patient, including a mobile base, according to some embodiments.

[0031] [Figure 5A] 5A and 5B show top views of the coupling between a treatment probe and a first robotic arm according to some embodiments, with FIG. 5A showing the treatment probe and first robotic arm uncoupled and FIG. 5B showing the treatment probe and first robotic arm coupled. [Figure 5B] 5A and 5B show top views of the coupling between a treatment probe and a first robotic arm according to some embodiments, with FIG. 5A showing the treatment probe and first robotic arm uncoupled and FIG. 5B showing the treatment probe and first robotic arm coupled.

[0032] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a flowchart for a method of operating a robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe, according to some embodiments.

[0033] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 illustrates a method for operating a robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe, according to some embodiments.

[0034] [Figure 8A] FIG. 8A illustrates a configuration of a treatment probe and an imaging probe during treatment of a patient, according to some embodiments.

[0035] [Figure 8B] FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of a robotic arm with a probe and a force detection sensor, according to some embodiments.

[0036] [Figure 9A] 9A, 9B, and 9C diagrammatically illustrate alignment of a treatment probe axis with the sagittal plane of an imaging probe, according to some embodiments. [Figure 9B] 9A, 9B, and 9C diagrammatically illustrate alignment of a treatment probe axis with the sagittal plane of an imaging probe, according to some embodiments. [Figure 9C] 9A, 9B, and 9C diagrammatically illustrate alignment of a treatment probe axis with the sagittal plane of an imaging probe, according to some embodiments.

[0037] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 shows an intraoperative image of a surgical field, including identification of bleeding sites, according to some embodiments.

[0038] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 illustrates a system for positioning and calibrating one or more probes, according to some embodiments.

[0039] [Figure 12]FIG. 12 illustrates an arm coupled to a sheath, a robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe, and an arm coupled to an ultrasound probe, according to some embodiments.

[0040] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 illustrates a system comprising a robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe as in FIG. 12 and an arm coupled to a sheath.

[0041] [Figure 14A] FIG. 14A illustrates a coupling for coupling a robotic arm to a treatment probe.

[0042] [Figure 14B] FIG. 14B illustrates the movement of the treatment probe, endoscope, irrigation lumen, and aspiration lumen provided by a joint such as in FIG. 14A.

[0043] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 illustrates a method of treatment, according to some embodiments.

[0044] [Figure 16] FIG. 16 illustrates a side view of a handpiece or treatment probe, according to some embodiments, showing an exemplary range of motion (ROM) about the probe's ROM origin for the distal end of the probe from that perspective.

[0045] [Figure 17] 17 illustrates the treatment probe of FIG. 16 and shows examples of possible ranges of motion (ROM) for the distal end of the probe, according to some embodiments. The figure also illustrates possible ranges of motion for the probe about a pivot point that represents the location on the probe wand beyond which the probe is inserted into the patient's body.

[0046] [Figure 18]FIG. 18 illustrates a top view of the handpiece or treatment probe of FIG. 16, according to some embodiments, showing an exemplary range of motion about the probe's range of motion origin for the distal end of the probe from that perspective.

[0047] [Figure 19] 19 illustrates the treatment probe of FIG. 18 and shows examples of possible ranges of motion (ROM) for the distal end of the probe, according to some embodiments. The figure also illustrates possible ranges of motion for the probe about a pivot point that represents the location on the probe wand beyond which the probe is inserted into the patient's body.

[0048] [Figure 20] FIG. 20 illustrates a side view of an imaging probe and an example of the range of motion for the distal end of the probe about a pivot point from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0049] [Figure 21] FIG. 21 illustrates a top view of the imaging probe of FIG. 20 and an example of the range of motion for the distal end of the probe about a pivot point from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0050] [Figure 22] FIG. 22 illustrates a side view of a treatment probe and an imaging probe, showing the individual ranges of motion of the distal ends of each probe overlapping one another from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0051] [Figure 23] FIG. 23 illustrates a top view of the treatment probe and imaging probe of FIG. 22, showing the individual ranges of motion of the distal ends of each probe overlapping one another from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0052] [Figure 24]FIG. 24 illustrates an isometric view of a treatment probe and an imaging probe, showing the respective ranges of motion of the distal ends of the probes overlapping each other from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0053] [Figure 25A] FIG. 25A illustrates a side view of the treatment probe and imaging probe of FIG. 24, showing the individual ranges of motion of the distal ends of the probes overlapping each other from that perspective, according to some embodiments.

[0054] [Figure 25B] 25B illustrates a side view of the treatment probe and imaging probe of FIG. 24 showing the respective ranges of motion of the distal ends of the overlapping probes from that perspective, according to some embodiments. Note that in this view, the imaging probe is advanced horizontally or vertically relative to the treatment probe, as compared to FIG. 25A.

[0055] [Figure 26] FIG. 26 illustrates a top view of the treatment probe and imaging probe of FIG. 25A, showing their separate but overlapping ranges of motion when the probes are collinear or parallel to one another, according to some embodiments.

[0056] [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a flowchart or flow diagram illustrating a method, process, operation, or function for setting a range of motion (ROM) for a probe used as part of a procedure to treat a patient, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0057] Detailed Description Embodiments of the present disclosure provide improved methods and devices for performing tissue treatments such as tissue ablation, e.g., prostate tissue ablation. The methods and devices disclosed herein are well suited to many types of surgical procedures and can be incorporated into many previous systems and methods. While some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to transurethral treatment of the prostate, some aspects of the present disclosure may also be used to treat and modify other tissues and associated organs. These other tissues and associated organs may include, but are not limited to, the brain, heart, lungs, intestines, eyes, skin, kidneys, liver, pancreas, stomach, uterus, ovaries, testes, bladder, ears, nose, mouth, bone marrow, adipose tissue, muscle, glandular and mucosal tissue, spinal cord and nerve tissue, soft tissues such as cartilage, hard biological tissues such as teeth and bone, and body lumens and passageways such as sinuses, ureters, colon, esophagus, pulmonary passageways, blood vessels, and throat. The devices disclosed herein may be inserted through existing body lumens or through openings created in body tissue.

[0058] The disclosed methods and devices are highly suitable for treating many types of tissue using an energy source. The tissue may include soft tissue, such as glandular or capsular tissue, or hard tissue, such as bone or obstructions like kidney stones. The energy source may include one or more of a laser beam, a water jet, an electrode, ultrasound, high-intensity focused ultrasound, mechanical vibration, radiofrequency (RF) energy, an ultrasound transducer, microwave energy, cavitation energy, such as a cavitation water jet or ultrasonic cavitation, radiation, such as ionizing radiation from a radioisotope, or ion energy from an ionizing electrode, or plasma energy from a plasma electrode. The disclosed methods and devices are highly suitable, for example, for performing lithotripsy and destroying kidney stones. The disclosed methods and devices are highly suitable for treatment with radiation, such as a radioisotope on a treatment probe. Radiation treatment can be provided on the probe, removed using the probe, or implanted from the treatment probe, for example, for the treatment of cancer.

[0059] In some embodiments, the image-guided treatment system includes a treatment probe and an imaging probe. The imaging probe may be configured to provide images of the target site while the treatment probe performs ablation or other treatment of the target tissue. The treatment probe and the imaging probe may each be coupled to a robotic arm under the control of one or more computing devices to enable more precisely controlled movement of one or both arms and to improve the safety and efficiency of treatments using the treatment system. The treatment probe and the imaging probe may alternatively or also be under the control of signals received from a joystick, GUI, or other form of manual controller.

[0060] The robotic arm can be configured in many ways. Research relevant to this disclosure suggests that TRUS probes can exert forces on the robotic arm. In some embodiments, this force is related to a force from the patient on the probe. In some embodiments, this force is related to a force caused by the performing surgeon moving the probe relative to the tissue, displacing the tissue, for purposes of improving imaging or tissue positioning for the intended procedure. The length of the probe can result in a corresponding torque on the robotic arm. Collisions between probes or between the probe and the patient's organs or tissues can cause forces on the robotic arms, which can affect their positioning accuracy and control.

[0061] The inventors have conducted experiments to determine the amount of force that can be applied to the robotic arm from a TRUS probe. This force can be measured, for example, at a motor mount external to the patient. The force can range from 0 to approximately 49 Newtons, depending on the surgical placement of the probe and the patient. In some embodiments, the distance from the arm to the point of contact with the prostate corresponds to the amount of torque on the arm.

[0062] Instrument positioning can have three categories of motion control and capabilities according to some embodiments disclosed herein. The three categories of motion generally include: 1) coarse motion capabilities for movement, retraction, and surgical preparation, 2) intermediate motion capabilities for aligning the probe with and inserting the probe into the patient, and 3) fine motion capabilities to accommodate positional tolerances for precise surgery.

[0063] The coarse movement capability allows for retraction, for example, below and adjacent to the table during patient positioning.

[0064] The intermediate motion allows for instrument positioning relative to a surgical support structure, e.g., a patient on an operating room ("OR") table, for example, when the system is prepared and positioned for patient entry. A typical range of positions for a TRUS probe or any suitable surgically invasive probe is one with free motion for insertion into a patient, which can be described using an X, Y, Z coordinate system. Using an appropriate coordinate reference system, entry into the patient's lumen may correspond to a value of 0, 0, 0 in the X, Y, Z coordinate system. The coordinate reference may also include an X', Y', Z' angular coordinate reference. Entry into the lumen may include the patient's anus. With the anal inlet at 0, 0, 0 and the probe collinear with the patient axis, the intermediate motion may include an X motion tolerance of + / - 2 to 15 cm, a Y motion tolerance of + / - 2 to 15 cm, and a Z motion tolerance of + / - 2 to 30 cm. In some embodiments, the X and Y motions correspond to translation of the probe along the X and Y coordinate references. The Z-axis position corresponds to movement along the axis of the lumen and may correspond to advancement and retraction of the probe along the body lumen, e.g., translation into and out of the patient. Using X', Y', and Z' angular adjustments, the angular position capabilities may comprise X' + / - 0 to 30 degrees, Y' + / - 0 to 30 degrees, and Z' + / - 0 to 30 degrees relative to the patient's natural axes. Research relevant to the present disclosure suggests that probes with these angular capabilities may be manipulated by a user for insertion into a patient.

[0065] In some embodiments, the fine movement capabilities and tolerances correspond to the configuration of the robotic probe and arm when the probe is positioned within the patient, for example, during tissue ablation and imaging. When the system is used in conjunction with instruments positioned for diagnosis and treatment, the sensors and controls described herein can be configured to prevent tissue damage and position the treatment and imaging probes to obtain reliable, e.g., optimal, images, and the treatment and imaging probes can be precisely positioned and held rigidly in place against tissue pressure. The X, Y, and Z reference frames can be centered on the lumen entrance (and the probe collinear with the patient axis) at 0,0,0. In some embodiments, the X motion tolerance is + / - 0 to 5 cm, the Y motion tolerance is + / - 0 to 5 cm, and the Z motion tolerance is + / - 0 to 15 cm. The X and Y motions generally correspond to translation of the probe, and the Z axis corresponds to advancement and retraction of the probe into and out of the patient. The corresponding angular adjustment ranges for X', Y', and Z' are, for example, X' + / - 0 to 10 degrees, Y' + / - 0 to 10 degrees, and Z' + / - 0 to 15 degrees relative to the patient's natural axes, referenced to the patient's midline with the Z axis extending along the patient's midline. While the above values ​​represent exemplary ranges of motion, robotic arms and surgical probes may provide tighter tolerances for fixed-position configurations of the probe. For example, when the probe is intended to be held in a fixed position, rotational tolerances can be maintained within a + / - 5° tolerance or less, e.g., + / - 3°, for one or more of X', Y', and Z'. For translation, manually set positions can be maintained to a positional tolerance of, for example, 5 mm or less, 3 mm or less, or 2 mm or less for one or more of the X, Y, and Z axes. In some embodiments, these tolerances are maintained for X, Y, Z, and X', Y', and Z'. In some embodiments, the probe is manually set and translation and rotation tolerances are maintained within the values ​​above, which can improve the accuracy of tissue treatment and associated imaging.These tolerances may correspond, for example, to the maximum structural slack or load of the arm with the probe mounted thereon.

[0066] The probe can be manipulated and inserted into the patient in many ways. For example, the probe can be manipulated manually, and a robotic arm can be moved to align with the probe and coupled to it, with the probe maintaining the above tolerances when released by the user, and the arm then supporting the full weight of the patient and probe. The arm can be aligned with the probe manually or with at least some automation, in which sensors and guidance circuitry are used to align the arm with the probe held by the user. The arm may include a coupling structure for engaging the probe with six degrees of freedom, such that the coupling structure on the arm can be precisely aligned with the coupling structure on the probe. The coupling structures can then be engaged and coupled to each other in response to detecting alignment. In some embodiments, a sensor is provided on one or more of the arm or probe to detect alignment between the arm and the probe, and the coupling structure is engaged in response to the detected alignment. The robotic arm may include a linkage coupled to a processor or computing device, which controls movement of the arm and aligns the arm with the probe held by the user.

[0067] In some embodiments, the urethral probe has similar dimensional, movement, and tolerance capabilities as a TRUS probe.

[0068] In some embodiments, the probe has a mass in the range of approximately 250 grams to 1,500 grams, and the arm maintains the tolerances described herein with probes having masses within this range.

[0069] A robotic arm as described herein can improve alignment between a treatment probe and an imaging probe, which may include the sagittal plane of the imaging TRUS probe. For example, the treatment probe can be aligned in approximately the same plane along the sagittal plane of the imaging probe. This coplanarity can provide clear imaging and alignment of the treatment probe and imaging probe coordinates. In some embodiments, the tolerance for this coplanarity is related to the combination of the width of the treatment probe and the width of the imaging surface capability, e.g., the width of the image captured using ultrasound beamforming. The relative position of the TRUS probe to the treatment probe can be approximately parallel and aligned within an angular tolerance. Alignment can be within a range of + / - 0 (parallel) to about 30 degrees. In some embodiments, the extension axes of the treatment probe and TRUS probe are aligned in an approximately coplanar configuration, with the separation distance between the probes varying along the length of the imaging and treatment probes. For example, the distal tip of the treatment probe can be furthest from the TRUS probe, and the proximal end can be closer to the TRUS probe, with the two probes tilted relative to each other but still approximately coplanar. The inclination between the two probes may be related to the tissue or organ constraints of the natural ostium of each unique human or patient anatomy. The distance between the entrances to the naturally available ostium may vary, for example, within a range of about 5 cm to about 25 cm separation.

[0070] In some embodiments, the imaging probe and treatment probe are aligned so that the treatment probe is within the field of view of the imaging probe. In some embodiments, the alignment is configured to maintain the treatment probe within the field of view of the imaging probe. In some embodiments, the treatment probe is configured to move to a position and the imaging probe is configured to maintain the treatment probe within the field of view. In some embodiments, this can provide monitoring of the position and orientation of the treatment probe during treatment and reduce the potential for harm to the patient.

[0071] In some embodiments, monitoring the position and orientation of the treatment probe by the imaging probe can generate a signal to a computing device to stop the movement of one or both probes or alter the position, location, or orientation of one or both probes to prevent collision between the probes while inside the patient's body and / or to prevent harm to the patient's tissues or organs. In some embodiments, monitoring the position and orientation of the treatment probe by the imaging probe can cause the system to stop the movement of one or both probes and generate an alert to the physician to prevent harm to the patient. Additionally, it is important to prevent collisions between robotic arms or between robotic arms and surgical tools or accessories, as this can cause injury to the patient or affect the execution of the treatment plan. These types of collisions can be limited or prevented by calibration procedures based on using forward motion data for the arms.

[0072] In some embodiments, one or more of computer vision, image recognition, or trained machine learning models may be used to assist the system in recognizing when one or both probes are too close to each other or to the patient's tissue or organs.

[0073] In these and other embodiments, stopping the motion of one or both probes or changing the position, location, or orientation of one or both probes may be implemented by controlling one or both robotic arms.

[0074] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system 400 for performing tissue ablation in a patient. The system 400 may include a treatment probe 450 and an imaging probe 460. The treatment probe 450 may be coupled to a first arm 442, and the imaging probe 460 may be coupled to a second arm 444. One or both of the first arm 442 and the second arm 444 may comprise a robotic arm, the movement of which may be controlled by one or more computing devices operably coupled to the arm. The treatment probe 450 may comprise a device for removing target tissue from a target site within a patient. The treatment probe 450 may be configured to deliver sufficient energy from the treatment probe 450 to the target tissue to remove or otherwise treat the target tissue. For example, the treatment probe 450 may comprise an electrosurgical ablation device, a laser ablation device, a transurethral needle ablation device, a water jet ablation device, or any combination thereof. The imaging probe 460 may be configured to deliver sufficient energy from the imaging probe 460 to the target tissue to image the target tissue. The imaging probe 460 may comprise, for example, an ultrasound probe, a magnetic resonance probe, an endoscope, or a fluoroscopy probe. The first arm 442 and the second arm 444 may be configured to be independently adjustable, adjustable according to a fixed relationship, adjustable according to a user-selected relationship, independently lockable, simultaneously lockable, or any combination thereof. The first arm 442 and the second arm 444 may have multiple degrees of freedom, for example, six degrees of freedom, for manipulating the treatment probe 450 and the imaging probe 460, respectively. The treatment system 400 may be used to perform tissue ablation in a patient's organ, such as the patient's prostate. The patient may be positioned on a patient support 449, such as a bed, table, chair, or platform. The treatment probe 450 may be inserted into a target site in the patient along an entry axis that coincides with the treatment probe's extension axis 451.For example, treatment probe 450 may be configured for insertion into a patient's urethra to position the treatment probe's energy delivery region within the patient's prostate. Imaging probe 460 may be inserted into the patient along an entry axis coincident with imaging probe extension axis 461 at or adjacent to the patient's target site. For example, imaging probe 460 may comprise a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe configured for insertion into the patient's rectum to visualize the patient's prostate and surrounding tissue. As shown in FIG. 1 , first arm 442 and second arm 444 may be covered with sterile drapes to provide a sterile surgical environment, keep the robotic arms clean, and reduce the risk of damaging the robotic arms. Further details regarding the various components of system 400 suitable for incorporation with embodiments as disclosed herein may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,882,841, U.S. Pat. No. 8,814,921, U.S. Pat. No. 9,364,251, and PCT Publication No. WO2013 / 130895, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0075] 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system 400 for performing tissue ablation on a patient. System 400 includes a treatment probe 450 and, optionally, an imaging probe 460. Treatment probe 450 is coupled to a console 420 and an interface 430. Interface 430 may include one or more components of a robotic arm 442. Imaging probe 460 is coupled to an imaging console 490. The imaging probe may be coupled to a second robotic arm 444, for example. Patient treatment probe 450 and imaging probe 460 can be coupled to a common base 440. The patient is supported using a patient support 449. Treatment probe 450 is coupled to base 440 using a first arm 442. The imaging probe 460 may comprise a first arm 442 and a second arm 444 coupled to the base 440 using a second arm 444, one or both of which may comprise a robotic arm whose movement may be controlled by one or more computing devices operably coupled to the arms, as described in further detail herein.

[0076] Although a common base is referenced, the robotic arms can be coupled to a bed rail, a console, or any suitable support structure to support the base of the robotic arms.

[0077] In some embodiments, system 400 includes a user input device 496 coupled to processor 423 for a user to manipulate surgical instruments on the robotic arm. User input device 496 can be located in any suitable location, e.g., on a console, on a robotic arm, or on a mobile base, and there may be one, two, three, four, or more user input devices used in conjunction with system 400 to provide either redundant means of input, unique input commands, or a combination. In some embodiments, the user input device includes a controller for moving the end (typically referred to as the distal end) of a treatment or imaging probe in response to mechanical movement of the user input device. The end of the probe can be shown on display 425, and the user can manipulate the end of the probe. For example, the user input device may include a six-degrees-of-freedom input controller, allowing the user to move the input device in six degrees of freedom, with the distal end of the probe moving in response to movement of the controller. In some embodiments, the six degrees of freedom include three translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees of freedom. The computing device or processor can be configured with instructions for probe control to be switched between automated image-based guided treatment with the energy source and treatment with the energy source, for example, in response to user movement of a user input device.

[0078] The patient is positioned on a patient support table 449 so that the treatment probe 450 and the ultrasound probe 460 can be inserted into the patient. The patient can be positioned in one or more of a number of positions, such as prone, supine, upright, or inclined. In some embodiments, the patient is positioned in a lithotomy position, and stirrups, for example, may be used. In some embodiments, the treatment probe 450 is inserted into the patient in a first direction on a first side of the patient, and the imaging probe is inserted into the patient in a second direction on a second side of the patient. For example, the treatment probe can be inserted into the patient's urethra from the front of the patient, and the imaging probe can be inserted transrectally into the patient's intestine from the back of the patient. The treatment probe and the imaging probe can be positioned within the patient with one or more of urethral tissue, urethral wall tissue, prostate tissue, intestinal tissue, or intestinal wall tissue extending therebetween.

[0079] The treatment probe 450 and the imaging probe 460 can be inserted into a patient in one or more of many ways. During insertion, the first and second arms, respectively, may have a substantially unlocked configuration so that the treatment or imaging probe can be rotated and / or translated as desired to insert the probe into the patient. When the probe is inserted at a desired location, the arms can be locked. In the locked configuration, the probes can be oriented relative to each other in one or more of many ways, such as parallel, skewed, horizontal, oblique, or non-parallel. It can be useful to determine the orientation of the probe using an angle sensor as described herein to map the imaging probe image data to a treatment probe coordinate reference. Mapping tissue image data to a treatment probe coordinate reference space can enable precise targeting and treatment of tissue identified for treatment by an operator, such as a physician.

[0080] In some embodiments, the treatment probe 450 is coupled to the imaging probe 460 to align the treatment probe 450 based on images from the imaging probe 460. Coupling can be achieved using a common base 440 as shown. Alternatively, or in combination, the treatment probe and / or the imaging probe may include magnets to hold the probe in alignment through the patient's tissue. In some embodiments, the first arm 442 is a movable and lockable arm so that the treatment probe 450 can be positioned at a desired location within the patient. When the probe 450 is positioned at a desired location on the patient, the first arm 442 can be locked using an arm lock 427. The imaging probe can be coupled to the base 440 using a second arm 444, which can be used to adjust the alignment of the imaging probe when the treatment probe is locked in place. The second arm 444 may include a lockable and movable probe, for example, under the control of the imaging system, or a console and user interface. The movable arm 444 may be micro-actuable so that the imaging probe 460 may be adjusted relative to the treatment probe 450 with movements as small as, for example, one millimeter.

[0081] In some embodiments, the treatment probe 450 and the imaging probe 460 are coupled to angle sensors such that treatment can be controlled based on the alignment of the imaging probe 460 and the treatment probe 450. A first angle sensor 495 may be coupled to the treatment probe 450 using a support base 438. A second angle sensor 497 may be coupled to the imaging probe 460. The angle sensor may comprise one or more of many types of angle sensors. For example, the angle sensor may comprise a goniometer, an accelerometer, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the first angle sensor 495 comprises a three-dimensional accelerometer for determining the orientation of the treatment probe 450 in three dimensions. In some embodiments, the second angle sensor 497 comprises a three-dimensional accelerometer for determining the orientation of the imaging probe 460 in three dimensions. Alternatively, or in combination, the first angle sensor 495 may comprise a goniometer for determining the angle of the treatment probe 450 along the extension axis 451 of the treatment probe. The second angle sensor 497 may comprise a goniometer for determining the angle of the imaging probe 460 along the extension axis 461 of the imaging probe 460. The first angle sensor 495 is coupled to the controller 424 of the treatment console 420. The second angle sensor 497 of the imaging probe is coupled to the processor 492 of the imaging console 490. Alternatively, or in combination, the second angle sensor 497 may be coupled to the controller 424 of the treatment console 420.

[0082] The console 420 includes a display 425 coupled to a processor system within the components used to control the treatment probe 450. The console 420 includes a processor 423 having a memory 421. A communication circuit 422 is coupled to the processor 423 and the controller 422. The communication circuit 422 is coupled to the imaging console 490 via a communication circuit 494 of the imaging console. An arm lock 427 of the console 420 may be coupled to the first arm 442 to lock the first arm or to allow the first arm to be freely movable for inserting the probe 450 into a patient.

[0083] Optionally, console 420 may include components of an endoscope 426 that are coupled to anchors 24 of treatment probe 450. Endoscope 426 may include components of console 420 and an endoscope that is insertable with treatment probe 450 to treat a patient.

[0084] Optionally, console 420 may include one or more of modules operably coupled to treatment probe 450 to control aspects of a treatment using the treatment probe. For example, console 420 may include one or more of an energy source 22 for providing energy to the treatment probe, a balloon inflation control 26 for affecting inflation of a balloon used to anchor the treatment probe at the target treatment site, an injection / irrigation control 28 for controlling the injection and irrigation of the probe, an aspiration control 30 for controlling aspiration by the probe, an insufflation control 32 for controlling insufflation of the target treatment site (e.g., the prostate), or a light source 33, such as an infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light source, for providing light energy to the treatment probe.

[0085] The processor, controller, and control electronics and circuitry may include one or more of many suitable components, such as one or more processors, one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and one or more memory storage devices. In some embodiments, the control electronics controls a graphic user interface (hereinafter "GUI") control panel to provide pre-procedure planning according to user-defined treatment parameters and to provide user control over the surgical procedure.

[0086] The treatment probe 450 may include an anchor 24. The anchor 24 can anchor the distal end of the probe 450 while energy is being delivered to the energy delivery region 20 with the probe 450. The probe 450 may include a nozzle 200.

[0087] The treatment probe 450 may be coupled to the first arm 442 using a linkage 430. The linkage 430 may comprise components for moving the energy delivery region 20 to a desired target location on a patient, for example, based on an image of the patient. The linkage 430 may comprise a first portion 432, a second portion 434, and a third portion 436. The first portion 432 may comprise a substantially fixed tethering portion. The substantially fixed tethering portion 432 may be fixed to a support 438. The support 438 may comprise a frame of reference for the linkage 430. The support 438 may comprise a rigid chassis or frame or housing for rigidly or rigidly coupling the first arm 442 to the treatment probe 450. The first portion 432 can remain substantially fixed, while the second portion 434 and the third portion 436 can move and direct energy from the probe 450 to the patient. The first portion 432 may be fixed a substantially fixed distance 437 to the anchor 24. The substantially fixed distance 437 between the anchor 24 and the fixed first portion 432 of the linkage allows the treatment to be precisely placed. The first portion 432 may comprise a linear actuator for precisely positioning the high-pressure nozzle 200 within the energy delivery region 20 at a desired axial location along the extension axis 451 of the treatment probe 450.

[0088] The extension axis 451 of the treatment probe 450 generally extends between a proximal portion of the probe 450 near the linkage 430 and a distal end having the anchor 24 attached thereto. The third portion 436 can control a rotation angle 453 about the extension axis 451. During treatment of a patient, a distance 439 between the energy delivery region 20 and the first portion 432 of the linkage can vary with reference to the anchor 24. The distance 439 may be adjusted in a manner 418 responsive to a computer control to set a target location along the extension axis 451 of the treatment probe with reference to the anchor 24. While the first portion of the linkage remains fixed, the second portion 434 adjusts the position of the energy delivery region 20 along the axis 451. The third portion of the linkage 436 adjusts the angle 453 about the axis with reference to the controller 424 so that the distance along the axis at the angle of treatment can be controlled very precisely with reference to the anchor 24. The probe 450 may include a rigid member, such as a spine, extending between the support base 438 and the anchor 24 so that the distance from the linkage 430 to the anchor 24 remains substantially constant during treatment. The treatment probe 450 is coupled to treatment components as described herein to enable treatment with one or more forms of energy, such as mechanical energy from a jet, electrical energy from an electrode, or light energy from a light source, such as a laser source. The light source may include infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light. The energy delivery region 20 can be moved under the control of the linkage 430, such as to deliver the intended form of energy to the patient's target tissue.

[0089] The imaging console 490 may include a memory 493, a communication circuit 494, and a processor 492. The processor 492 in corresponding circuitry is coupled to the imaging probe 460. An arm controller 491 is coupled to the arm 444 for precisely positioning the imaging probe 460. The imaging console may further include a display 495-1.

[0090] To facilitate precise control of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe during patient treatment, the treatment probe and imaging probe may each be coupled to a robotic, computer-controllable arm. For example, with reference to system 400 shown in FIG. 2 , one or both of first arm 442 coupled to treatment probe 450 and second arm 444 coupled to imaging probe 460 may comprise a robotic, computer-controllable arm. The robotic arms may be operably coupled to one or more computing devices or processors configured to control movement of the robotic arms. For example, first robotic arm 442 may be operably coupled to processor 423 of console 420, or second robotic arm 444 may be operably coupled to processor 492 of imaging console 490 and / or to processor 423 of console 420. One or more computing devices, such as processors 423 and 492, may comprise computer-executable instructions for controlling movement of one or more robotic arms. The first and second robotic arms may be substantially similar in structure and function, or they may differ to accommodate the specific functional requirements for controlling the movement of the treatment probe versus the imaging probe.

[0091] Any of the robotic arms described above may include six, seven, or more joints to allow the arm to move under computer control. Suitable robotic arms are commercially available from several manufacturers, such as RoboDK Inc., Kinova Inc., and other manufacturers.

[0092] One or more computing devices or processors operably coupled to the first and second robotic arms may be configured to automatically control the movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe. For example, the robotic arms may be configured to automatically adjust the position and / or orientation of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe during a patient treatment according to one or more pre-programmed parameters or treatment plans. The robotic arms may be configured to automatically move the treatment probe and / or imaging probe along a pre-planned or programmed treatment or scan profile, which may be stored in or on a memory element accessible by the one or more computing devices or processors. As an alternative to, or in addition to, automatic adjustment of the robotic arms, the one or more computing devices may be configured to control the movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe in response to user input, for example, through a graphical user interface or a movable controller of the treatment apparatus.

[0093] As an alternative to, or in addition to, automatic adjustment of the robotic arm, one or more computing devices may be configured to control movement of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe in response to real-time imaging or positioning information. In some embodiments, this may be in response to patient anatomy recognized in one or more images captured by the imaging probe or other imaging source (from which an acceptable and safe range of motion of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe can be determined) and / or position information of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe from one or more sensors coupled to the probe and / or robotic arm.

[0094] As will be further described herein, control of or alteration of constraints on the movement of the robotic arm and / or probe can result from one or more or a combination of factors. These factors include: (a) the potential range of motion of the robotic arm and probe as defined or represented in the form of images, maximum angles or linear separations between elements or segments of the probe or arm, mathematical functions, or other mathematical expressions of geometric segments (e.g., cylinders, cone segments, spheres or segments of spheres, combinations of segments of different shapes, etc.) that represent the potential range of motion of the probe; (b) constraints or limits on probe motion “taught” to the system by a physician who may demonstrate the allowable range of motion of the probe before or after the probe is inserted into the patient's body; and (c) images captured during a treatment procedure that are analyzed to determine when movement of the probe or probes should be prevented or modified to prevent collision between probes or harm to the patient's tissues or organs. In some embodiments, images may undergo further processing to determine the position or orientation of one or both probes relative to each other or to the patient's tissues or organs. In some embodiments, further processing may include one or more of image recognition, application of trained machine learning models, comparison with a database of images of the patient's organ or other people's organs, or input provided by a physician.

[0095] 3A and 3B show exemplary embodiments of a common base or mount 440 for supporting one or more robotic arms of an image-guided treatment system as disclosed herein. FIG. 3A shows a patient support table 449 including one or more rails 452. The patient support table 449 may include a surgical table or platform. One or more robotic arms associated with one or more of the treatment probes or imaging probes may be mounted to the rails 452 such that the rails function as the common base 440. FIG. 3B shows the common base 440 including a floor stand 454 configured to couple to a first robotic arm connected to a treatment probe and / or a second robotic arm connected to an imaging probe. The floor stand 454 may be positioned between the patient's legs during a treatment procedure.

[0096] 4A and 4B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a treatment system 400 as described herein that includes a mobile base 470. FIG. 4A is a front view of treatment system 400, and FIG. 4B is a side view thereof. Treatment system 400 includes a treatment probe 450 coupled to a first robotic arm 442 and an imaging probe 460 coupled to a second robotic arm 444. First robotic arm 442 and second robotic arm 444 each include a proximal end and a distal end, the distal end coupled to treatment probe 450 and imaging probe 460, respectively, and the proximal end coupled to common base 440 that includes mobile base 470. First robotic arm 442 may include a first arm coupling structure 504 for coupling to treatment probe 450, and second robotic arm 444 may include a second arm coupling structure 505 for coupling to imaging probe 460. The treatment probe 450 may be coupled to the distal end of the first robotic arm 442 via a mounting device 500, which may include linkages configured to affect the movement (e.g., rotation, translation, pitch, etc.) of the treatment probe as described herein. The coupling of the treatment probe 450 to the first robotic arm 442 may be fixed, releasable, or user-adjustable. Similarly, the coupling of the imaging probe 460 to the second robotic arm 444 may be fixed, releasable, or user-adjustable.

[0097] The first robotic arm 442 may articulate at one or more first arm joints 443. The imaging arm 444 may articulate at one or more second arm joints 445. Each arm joint 443 or 445 may be operatively coupled to a computer-controllable actuator, such as a stepper motor, to affect movement at the joint. Each arm joint 443 or 445 may comprise one of a variety of kinematic joints, including, but not limited to, a rectangular, revolute, parallel cylinder, cylindrical, spherical, planar, edge slider, cylindrical slider, point slider, spherical slider, or cross-cylinder joint, or any combination thereof. Each arm joint 443 or 445 may also comprise a linear, orthogonal, revolute, torsional, or revolute joint, or any combination thereof.

[0098] System 400 may further include a console 420 as described herein, which may be supported by a mobile support 480 separate from mobile base 470. Console 420 may be operably coupled to mobile base 470 via power and communication cable 475 to enable control of treatment probe 450 coupled to the mobile base via a first robotic arm. Treatment console 420 typically comprises a computing device, including a processor, and memory having stored thereon or therein computer-executable instructions for execution by the processor. When executed, the instructions may cause the console to control various modules or functionalities of the treatment console, such as the energy source, infusion / irrigation control, aspiration control, and other components as described herein with reference to FIG. 2 .

[0099] The treatment console 420 may further include a display 425 in communication with the processor. The display 425 may be configured to display one or more of the following: subject vital signs, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, or any physiological parameter, or any combination thereof; the status of the procedure; one or more pre-taken images or sequences of images of the treatment site from one or more views; one or more real-time images or sequences of images of the treatment site from one or more views obtained by the imaging probe 460; a set of treatment parameters, including, but not limited to, the treatment mode, such as cutting or coagulation, the treatment intensity, the time elapsed between treatments, the time remaining between treatments, the treatment depth, the area or volume of the treatment site that has been treated, the area of ​​the treatment site that will be treated, the area or volume of the treatment site that will not be treated, location information for the treatment probe 450 or the imaging probe 460 or both; treatment adjustment controls, such as means for adjusting the treatment depth, the treatment intensity, the location and / or orientation of the treatment probe 450, the imaging depth, or the location and / or orientation of the imaging probe 460, or any combination thereof; or system configuration parameters.

[0100] The mobile base 470 may further include one or more computing devices for controlling the movement of one or more robotic arms. For example, the mobile base may include a processor and memory having computer-executable instructions stored thereon or therein for execution by the one or more processors. The memory may have instructions stored thereon or therein for operating one or more robotic arms coupled to the mobile base. The processor may be operatively coupled to the robotic arms via suitable electromechanical components to affect the movement of the robotic arms. For example, one or more joints of the robotic arms may each include a stepper motor, and the processor may be operatively coupled to the stepper motor at each joint to actuate the motor by specified increments in specified directions. Alternatively, the one or more robotic arms may be operatively coupled to one or more processors of console 420 or a separate imaging console (such as imaging console 490 shown in FIG. 2), and the one or more console processors may be configured to execute instructions for controlling the movement of the one or more robotic arms and may communicate the instructions to the robotic arms via communications circuitry (such as communications circuitry 422 of console 420 or communications circuitry 494 of console 490 shown in FIG. 2). The computer-executable instructions for controlling the movement of the robotic arms may be pre-programmed and stored on memory, or may be provided by a user via one or more user inputs before or during treatment of a patient using the treatment system.

[0101] One or more computing devices operably coupled to the first and / or second robotic arms may be configured to control movement of the arms to adjust the pitch, yaw, roll, and / or linear position of the treatment probe and / or imaging probe along the target site.

[0102] The mobile base 470 may include one or more user input devices to allow a user to control the movement of the robotic arms under computer command. For example, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B , the mobile base may include a keyboard 474 and / or a footswitch 471 operably coupled to the mobile base via a footswitch cable 472. The keyboard 474 and footswitch 471 may be configured independently or in combination to control the movement of the first robotic arm 442 and / or the second robotic arm 444, for example, via articulation of one or both robotic arms at one or more joints. The keyboard and footswitch may communicate with one or more processors configured to control the movement of the robotic arms. When a user inputs commands into the keyboard and / or footswitch, the user commands can be received by the one or more processors and converted into electrical signals, which may be transmitted to one or more computer-controllable actuators operably coupled to one or more robotic arms. A keyboard and / or footswitch may control the movement of one or both arms to or away from a treatment position, a position of interest, a predetermined location, or a user-defined location, or any combination thereof.

[0103] Optionally, the keyboard 474 and footswitch 471 may be configured to independently or in combination to control the operation of the treatment probe 450 and / or the imaging probe 460. For example, the keyboard 474 and / or footswitch 471 may be configured to start, stop, pause, or resume a treatment with the treatment probe. The keyboard 474 and / or footswitch 471 may be configured to begin capturing, or to freeze, save, or display on the display 425, an image or sequence of images previously or currently being acquired by the imaging probe.

[0104] The mobile base 470 and mobile support 480 of the console 420 may be independently positionable around a patient supported by a patient support 449, such as a platform. For example, the mobile base 470, which supports the first and second robotic arms and the treatment and imaging probes, may be positioned between the patient's legs, while the mobile support 480, which carries the console 420 and display 425, may be positioned to the side of the patient, such as near the patient's torso. The mobile base 470 or mobile support 480 may include one or more movable elements, such as multiple wheels, that allow the base or support to move. The mobile base 470 may be covered with sterile draping throughout the treatment procedure to prevent contamination and fluid ingress.

[0105] 5A-5B show an exemplary coupling between a treatment probe 450 and a first robotic arm 442. FIG. 5A shows the treatment probe uncoupled from the robotic arm. FIG. 5B shows the treatment probe coupled to the robotic arm. As shown, treatment probe 450 may be coupled to robotic arm 442 with an attachment device 500, which may include a reusable motor pack. Treatment probe 450 may be removably coupled to attachment device 500. The attachment device may further include a connector 502 configured to couple to the robotic arm and lock the attachment device in place. Robotic arm 442 may include a coupling structure 504 disposed at the distal end of the arm configured to lock and receive connector 502 of attachment device 500. Once the treatment probe and robotic arm are coupled together, movement of the treatment probe may be controlled by moving the robotic arm (e.g., by articulating one or more joints of the robotic arm under computer control).

[0106] In some embodiments, the treatment probe is coupled to the robotic arm via a quick-release mechanism so that the connection between the probe and the robotic arm can be quickly disconnected to prevent injury to the patient if the robotic arm loses position or is otherwise unable to operate properly. The treatment probe and the robotic arm may be coupled to each other in a number of ways, such as mechanically (e.g., a broom clip) and / or magnetically. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B , the coupling structure 504 may include a slot 506 having a magnet 508 disposed therein, and the connector 502 may include a ferromagnetic fastener configured to fit within the slot 506 and engage the magnet 508. The coupling structure 504 may further include a latching mechanism 510 for selectively engaging or disengaging the connector 502 with the magnet 508. For example, as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B , the latching mechanism 510 may include a rotatable knob that can be rotated to affect engagement of the magnet 508 of the coupling structure 504 with the connector 502 of the attachment device 500. The latching mechanism may be engaged or disengaged automatically or manually by a user to respectively couple or uncouple the attachment device 500, and therefore the treatment probe 450 coupled thereto, to the robotic arm 442. In some embodiments, the coupling structure 504 may be operatively coupled to one or more computing devices configured to control the robotic arm, and the one or more computing devices may comprise instructions to release the coupling of the coupling structure to the probe when an error is detected in the operation of the robotic arm.

[0107] In some embodiments, the first robotic arm 442 may be configured to automatically locate the treatment probe 450 in response to sensor location data from one or more of the attachment device 500 or the coupling structure 504. The first robotic arm 442 may be operated in a “search” mode, for example, to locate the attachment device 500. In some embodiments, the probe comprises one or more reference targets, and the robotic arm comprises corresponding sensors of sufficient resolution and positioning to identify the relative position of the probe in 3D space. In some embodiments, the processor is configured with instructions to search for the treatment probe or imaging probe with a mounting structure on the robotic arm, for example, while the user holds the probe stationary as the probe is positioned within the patient.

[0108] The sensors on a robotic arm, such as first robotic arm 442, and the sensors on a probe, such as a treatment probe, can be arranged in many ways, for example, as shown in FIG. 8B.

[0109] The processor can be coupled to a sensor near the end of the robot arm or on the probe to dynamically update the relative location during movement of the robot arm while attempting to engage the probe on the arm. The sensor on the robot arm may include multiple sensors, including one or more of capacitance, capacitance displacement, Doppler, inductive, magnetic, optical, radar, sonar, ultrasonic, or Hall-effect sensors, to determine the relative distance between the robot arm and the probe. In some embodiments, the probe includes multiple targets, and the sensor is configured to generate a signal in response to distance from the multiple targets. Alternatively, or in combination, sensors can be located on the probe and targets on the robot arm. In some embodiments, the sensor includes a close-contact mechanical sensor for confirming docking of the probe on or near the robot arm, for example, to sense the position of the probe relative to the robot arm when the probe and arm are within a few millimeters of docking with each other. The close-contact mechanical sensor may include one or more of a micro-motion switch, a whisker touch sensor, or a pin-in-hole contact switch. In some embodiments, the probe and robotic arm include an integrated locking mechanism for providing a non-moving locking engagement in the final position of contact. The integrated locking mechanism may include one or more of magnetic, electromagnetic, latching, screws such as multiple turn or quarter turn latching screws, vacuum, or other mechanical means of reversible attachment as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0110] In some embodiments, multiple sensors are used, such as one or more sensors for close separation distances between the probe and the robotic arm, one or more sensors for intermediate separation distances, and one or more sensors for far separation distances. A coarse location sensor, e.g., a beacon, can be used to determine the approximate location of the probe. One or more sensors, e.g., a proximity sensor, can be used for fine location positioning of the probe relative to the robotic arm. In some embodiments, one or more markers on the probe are used in conjunction with a camera and machine vision detection of the one or more markers.

[0111] In some embodiments, a coarse location sensor may be provided, which may be an infrared (IR) beacon, that enables a coarse spatial location for homing detection of the robotic arm to the probe. In some cases, a homing beacon such as an IR beacon enables homing across longer distances compared to sensors that may rely on visual recognition as a baseline.

[0112] In some embodiments, a docking detection sensor confirms that the robotic arm is engaged with or in close proximity to the probe. As an example, a Hall effect sensor can be used in conjunction with a permanent magnet to affect the sensor output. In some embodiments, the Hall effect sensor is noise-resistant, contactless, and has a consistent detection range. Any of several different types of Hall sensors may be utilized; in many cases, the sensor functions as a simple switch and linear range measurement and detection, with the overall output voltage set by the supply voltage and varying proportionally with the strength of the magnetic field. This provides a distance measurement between the sensor and the location magnet, which may be used to measure the distance between the robotic arm and the probe and assist in docking. The sensor and beacon may be located in separate housings on the robotic arm and the probe.

[0113] In some embodiments, position sensing of the robotic arm is performed by an inertial measurement unit (IMU), which may include detection of up to nine axes. In some cases, a six-axis IMU, which may be located within a joint of the robotic arm, can be used for motion detection, vibration detection, position orientation information, redundancy, and backup of the primary encoder signal. The IMU may perform the dual function of docking with the robotic arm and probing the probe for force detection and motion compensation as described herein. The described sensors can be used in combination with any robotic arm or probe described herein.

[0114] According to some embodiments, the procedure for docking the robotic arm with the probe may include an IR beacon to provide a coarse position and spatial location for homing detection, fiducials on either the arm or the probe, optical sensors for viewing the fiducials that can be used to enable fine alignment of the location in the XY plane, and a Hall effect sensor to detect Z-direction proximity for docking. The IR beacon enables longer-range searching of the robotic arm's home position relative to the probe. The fiducials and optical sensors may enable high-speed, low-latency detection of the probe's 3D location and orientation by the robotic arm. A user interface, which may be located on the robotic arm, the probe, or the robotic arm control unit, may indicate distance, position, docked status, or other information. In some embodiments, the user interface includes one or more visual cues, such as LED indicators, to indicate the relative positions of the arm and probe and / or docking status.

[0115] 5A and 5B are described in the context of coupling a treatment probe to a first robotic arm, a substantially similar mechanism may also be used to couple an imaging probe to a second robotic arm 444. For example, the coupling structure of the second robotic arm 444 may include a similar coupling mechanism for engaging an attachment device connected to the imaging probe.

[0116] FIG. 6 illustrates a method 600 for operating a robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe, according to some embodiments.

[0117] In step 605, a treatment probe is inserted into the patient manually, semi-automatically, or automatically, with a robotic arm standing by on one side of the patient. For example, with respect to a prostate tissue ablation system, the treatment probe may be manually inserted into the patient's urethra toward the prostate. The treatment probe may be manipulated as it is advanced to follow a tortuous path through the urethra, prostate, and bladder neck. After entering the urethra, the treatment probe may be pivoted (e.g., by 90 degrees) before further advancement through the urethral bulb. Instructions may be provided to the user to perform such a pivot, or in cases where the insertion is automatic or semi-automatic, the robotic arm may be instructed to make such a pivot in response to image, position, and / or force feedback data. In some embodiments, the treatment probe is inserted into the patient in parallel with or after the imaging probe, and in some cases, treatment probe insertion may be guided by image data from the inserted imaging probe. The insertion point or location on the patient may vary and may include organs, the prostate, kidneys, heart, lungs, liver, etc. As referenced, some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to transurethral treatment of the prostate, but aspects may also be used to treat and modify other tissues and associated organs, including, but not limited to, the brain, heart, lungs, intestines, eyes, skin, kidneys, liver, pancreas, stomach, uterus, ovaries, testes, bladder, ears, nose, mouth, bone marrow, adipose tissue, muscle, glandular and mucosal tissue, spinal cord and nerve tissue, soft tissue such as cartilage, hard biological tissue such as teeth and bone, and body lumens and passageways such as the sinuses, ureters, colon, esophagus, pulmonary passageways, blood vessels, and throat.

[0118] In step 610, the robotic arm is coupled to the treatment probe. A user can manually align the robotic arm coupling structure with the treatment probe's attachment device as described herein while the robotic arm remains in passive or "zero gravity" mode. The attachment device and the robotic arm coupling structure can couple together to attach the robotic arm to the treatment probe. In some embodiments, the robot or robotic arm may be configured to "find" the inserted probe while operating in an autonomous or semi-autonomous mode.

[0119] In step 615, an allowable range of motion for the robotic arm is programmed. For example, a user can manually move, rotate, and angle the treatment probe to set boundaries for the allowable range of motion of the treatment probe while the robotic arm is still in passive mode and the probe is connected to the robotic arm. The user may set the boundaries based on a combination of cystoscope, ultrasound, and tactile feedback. Alternatively, the boundaries may be based on anatomical structures, such as an anatomical model or tissue conditions. A processor operably coupled to the robotic arm can detect and store the boundaries for the allowable range of motion so that the robotic arm can use these boundaries to avoid movement outside the allowable range of motion when switched to active mode.

[0120] In some embodiments, a treatment probe is manually inserted into the penile urethra and positioned with its distal end approximately 1 cm past the median lobe and within the patient's bladder. The probe can be imaged using ultrasound, such as a TRUS probe. Images of the probe may show the probe manually positioned near its final location within the patient's anatomy, e.g., approximately 1 cm past the median lobe within the bladder. In some embodiments, the range of motion is manually calibrated by the physician maneuvering the probe parallel to the initial insertion angle, docking the treatment probe upward within the pubic bone or urethral arch, and limiting movement to approximately 3 mm to approximately 5 mm laterally in the X plane and approximately 0 mm to approximately 10 mm downward in the Y plane. The trained movement in the Z plane (into and out of the patient) would be set to 0 cm inward toward the patient and full extraction out of the patient. For example, a 30 cm probe may be retracted as much as 30+ cm to remove it from the patient, or much less to adjust the effective area for clinical treatment.

[0121] Angularly, as measured from the physician's full insertion position, the safe range of motion within the patient depends on anatomy, such as tissue elasticity and bony structure. As an example of angular positioning with a fulcrum at the pelvic notch bony structure, the allowable angular range of motion can be set, for example, within a range of about 0 degrees to about + / - 5 degrees in the lateral X direction, a range of about 0 degrees to + / - 25 degrees vertically along the Y plane, or a combination of motion within these ranges depending on the patient anatomy.

[0122] In some embodiments, the system may enter or execute a training mode in response to a request from the operation of the system. During the training mode, an operator may demonstrate or otherwise define an acceptable range of motion for the probe or the distal end of the probe where the probe or the distal end of the probe is inserted into the patient's body by moving the probe, e.g., moving the probe within an acceptable range of motion. The training mode may be exited or terminated, for example, after the range of motion has been demonstrated. Treatment or imaging of tissue may be initiated after exiting the training mode, as discussed herein.

[0123] Alternatively, or in addition, boundaries for the treatment probe's acceptable range of motion may be determined automatically or semi-automatically using one or more system processors in response to automated analysis of image data of the target site, such as from an imaging probe or other imaging source (e.g., a cystoscope, an external ultrasound source, a CT scanner, an MRI system, a fluoroscopic imaging system, etc.). The image data may be generated in real time. For example, the one or more system processors may be instructed to recognize anatomical structures (e.g., the prostate, the external sphincter, the verumontanum, the bladder neck, etc.) within the image data, and in some cases the treatment and / or imaging probe, and responsively determine boundaries or limits for the acceptable range of motion. In some embodiments, the boundaries may be automatically or semi-automatically determined or defined as an initial range of motion by defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is constrained to move, prior to entering a training mode, as discussed herein.

[0124] Alternatively, or in addition, boundaries for the treatment probe's allowable range of motion may be determined automatically or semi-automatically using one or more system processors in response to treatment probe position and / or force feedback data from one or more position and / or force sensors on the treatment probe and / or treatment probe robotic arm. For example, one or more force sensors on the treatment probe and / or treatment probe robotic arm can provide tissue pressure data that may indicate areas where probe advancement is more restricted and may present a risk of tissue damage.

[0125] In some embodiments, the joint sensor in the robotic arm includes a force feedback sensor for detecting force on the probe inserted into the patient. Alternatively, or in combination, sensors coupled to the processor can be located on one or more of the probes or at the interface between the probe and the robotic arm. For example, a probe sensor in the probe can sense pressure near the distal end of the probe. The processor can be configured with instructions to translate and / or rotate the distal end of the probe in response to the sensed distal pressure. The sensor may include one or more multi-planar strain gauge elements located along the probe to sense the pressure of the probe against tissue. The processor can be configured with instructions to implement threshold limits and avoid undesired tissue damage. The multi-planar strain gauge elements may include one or more of an electrical conductivity thin-film sensor, a semiconductor sensor, a piezoresistor, a nanoparticle-based strain sensor, a capacitive sensor, an optical ring resonator, an optical fiber sensor, or a conductive fluid in an elastomer.

[0126] In some embodiments, the probe shaft includes a spring constant and embedded strain gauges at periodic locations along the shaft to measure bending and axial pressure at specific points along the shaft. These sensor measurements can be combined with the arm joint sensors. In some embodiments, the processor is configured with instructions for identifying or determining whether a source of pressure resistance is present, such as one or more of a bone constraint associated with proximity to bone, a firm tissue entry fulcrum, or the distal tip of the probe being pushed against internal anatomical tissue. Alternatively, or in combination, the probe may include an elastomeric tubular sheath with an exposed "touch area" coupled to a pressure sensor that reports information from an element such as a ring around the probe, a linear flank structure, or a button sensor element near the distal end of the probe.

[0127] In step 620, the robotic arm is operated under computer control through user input. The user may manipulate the robotic arm movement via input provided to a graphic user interface of the image-guided treatment system (e.g., user interface software provided through a treatment console as described herein) or other suitable user input or control element, such as a joystick. For example, the user may affect one or more of the treatment probe's rotation, translation, and / or pitch angle adjustment. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to move only within the boundaries of the allowable range of motion as set in step 615. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to retract the treatment probe from the patient but not advance the treatment probe into the patient to ensure patient safety; any advancement of the probe into the patient can be performed manually by the user. During probe retraction, the robotic arm may be programmed to maintain the probe on a linear trajectory so that the probe's z-axis position remains substantially constant.

[0128] The robotic arm and treatment probe may be operated under computer control to implement a treatment protocol, which may be automated. In some embodiments, a tissue ablation procedure is automatically planned based on image data from an imaging probe or other imaging source. For example, one or more system processors may be instructed to recognize the prostate or other relevant anatomical structure, generate a treatment protocol in response to the anatomical structure and probe location, and allow a user to modify and / or accept the treatment protocol before it is implemented by operating the robotic arm and / or treatment probe.

[0129] In step 625, the robotic arm is automatically manipulated under computer control to adjust the position of the treatment probe. The position of the treatment probe may be adjusted according to preprogrammed parameters, user commands, real-time feedback (e.g., from imaging, position, and / or force feedback data), or a combination thereof. For example, the imaging system may be configured to detect the location of the treatment probe during the treatment using “smart” image recognition based, for example, on ultrasound images of the target site acquired with the ultrasound imaging probe. Based on the detected location of the treatment probe, the robotic arm may be automatically manipulated to adjust the position and / or orientation of the treatment probe to align the treatment probe with the patient's target tissue and / or with the imaging probe and / or to compensate for patient movement. In step 628, the treatment is performed.

[0130] The treatment probe is decoupled from the robotic arm in step 630. When the treatment procedure is completed, the user can disconnect the treatment probe from the robotic arm, manually move the robotic arm aside, and then remove the treatment probe from the patient.

[0131] One or more steps of method 600 may be implemented using circuitry as described herein, e.g., one or more of the processors or logic circuits of the systems described herein. The circuitry may be programmed to provide one or more steps of method 600, and the program may comprise program instructions stored on a computer-readable memory or programmed steps of logic circuitry, such as those involving programmable array logic or field programmable gate arrays.

[0132] Although the above steps illustrate a method 600 for operating a robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe, according to some embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize many variations based on the teachings described herein. For example, the steps may be completed in a different order. One or more steps may be added or omitted. Some of the steps may include sub-steps. Many of the steps may be repeated as often as necessary or desired.

[0133] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 for operating a robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe, according to some embodiments.

[0134] In step 705, an imaging probe is inserted into the patient manually, semi-automatically, or automatically, with a robotic arm standing by on one side of the patient. For example, for an image-guided prostate tissue ablation system, the imaging probe may comprise a TRUS probe and may be manually inserted into the patient's rectum. In some embodiments, the imaging probe is inserted in parallel with or before the treatment probe. The imaging probe may provide one or more images along a transverse plane. The imaging probe may provide one or more images along a sagittal plane, which may be generated as the imaging probe (and / or imaging transducer within the imaging probe) is advanced and / or retracted. The transverse and / or sagittal images may be combined to generate a three-dimensional image.

[0135] In step 710, the robotic arm is coupled to the imaging probe. For example, the robotic arm and imaging probe may be coupled together using a coupling mechanism substantially similar to that described herein with reference to the treatment probe.

[0136] In step 715, an allowable range of motion for the robotic arm is programmed. For example, a user, such as an operator, can manually move, rotate, and angle the imaging probe to set boundaries for the allowable range of motion of the imaging probe while the robotic arm is still in passive mode and the probe is connected to the robotic arm. In some embodiments, the system may enter a training mode, where the operator can manually move, rotate, and angle the imaging probe to set boundaries for the allowable range of motion of the imaging probe while the robotic arm is still in passive mode and the probe is connected to the robotic arm. The user may set the boundaries based on a combination of cystoscopy, ultrasound, and tactile feedback. Note that the allowable range of motion may differ from the possible range of motion of the probe's elements. This may be done to facilitate the procedure, prevent collisions between the probe and the robotic arm during the procedure, and / or protect the patient from potential harm.

[0137] In some embodiments, the probe is manually positioned near its final location within the patient's rectal anatomy. The range of motion is manually calibrated by the physician, for example, by manipulating the probe approximately parallel to the angle of initial insertion. The physician moves the inserted probe within an acceptable range of motion, for example, with boundaries along one or more of the lateral X-plane or vertical Y-plane within a range of approximately 3 cm to approximately 5 cm. In some embodiments, the physician moves the probe along the Z-plane (into and out of the patient). In some embodiments, the range of motion along the Z-plane can range from 0 cm inward toward the patient (0 to avoid accidental robot-induced rectal injury) to full extraction outward from the patient. For example, a 10 cm probe can be retracted 10+ cm to remove it from the patient. Angularly, the safe range of motion within the patient, as measured from the physician's full insertion position, depends on anatomy such as tissue elasticity and bone structure. As an example of angular positioning of a probe with a fulcrum at a tissue surface (or alternatively, at a plane defined by bony structures), the allowable range of motion can be set, for example, from 0 degrees to about + / - 15 degrees, e.g., from about 0 to about + / - 30 degrees, in one or more of the X or Y planes. In some embodiments, the angular boundaries may comprise a combination of movements corresponding to tracing a cone within these boundaries.

[0138] A processor operably coupled to the robotic arm can detect and store boundaries for the allowable range of motion so that the robotic arm can use these boundaries to avoid movement outside the allowable range of motion when switched to active mode. Alternatively, or in addition, boundaries for the allowable range of motion of the imaging probe may be determined automatically or semi-automatically using one or more system processors in response to automated analysis of image data of the target site, such as from the imaging probe or other imaging source (e.g., a cystoscope, an external ultrasound source, a CT scanner, an MRI system, a fluoroscopic imaging system, etc.). The image data may be generated in real time. For example, one or more system processors may be instructed to recognize anatomical structures (e.g., prostate, external sphincter, collus verumontanum, bladder neck, etc.) within the image data, and in some cases, the procedure and / or imaging probe, and determine boundaries for the allowable range of motion in response.

[0139] Alternatively, or in addition, boundaries for the imaging probe's allowable range of motion may be determined automatically or semi-automatically using one or more system processors in response to imaging probe position and / or force feedback data from one or more position and / or force sensors on the imaging probe and / or treatment probe robotic arm. For example, one or more force sensors on the imaging probe and / or imaging probe robotic arm can provide tissue pressure data that may indicate areas where probe advancement is more restricted and may present a risk of tissue damage.

[0140] In step 720, the robotic arm is automatically operated under computer control to scan the tissue. For example, during planning of a treatment procedure, the robotic arm can be pre-programmed to automatically scan the target site and render a three-dimensional image of the target site. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to move only within the boundaries of an allowable range of motion, as set in step 715. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to retract the treatment probe from the patient but not advance the treatment probe into the patient to ensure patient safety; any advancement of the probe into the patient can be performed manually by the user. During probe retraction, the robotic arm may be programmed to maintain the probe on a linear trajectory so that the z-axis position of the probe remains substantially constant.

[0141] In step 725, the robotic arm is operated under computer control through user input. The user may manipulate the robotic arm movement via input provided to a graphic user interface of the image-guided treatment system (e.g., user interface software provided through a treatment or imaging console as described herein). For example, the user may affect adjustment of the rotation, translation, and / or pitch angle of the imaging probe. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to move only within the boundaries of the allowable range of motion as set in step 715. While in active mode, the robotic arm may be configured to retract the treatment probe from the patient but not advance the treatment probe into the patient to ensure patient safety; any advancement of the probe into the patient can be performed manually by the user.

[0142] In step 730, the robotic arm is automatically manipulated under computer control to adjust the position of the imaging probe. The position of the imaging probe may be adjusted according to preprogrammed parameters, user commands, real-time feedback (e.g., from imaging, position, and / or force feedback data), or a combination thereof. For example, the imaging system may be configured to detect the location of the treatment probe during the procedure using, for example, "smart" image recognition based on ultrasound images of the target site acquired with the ultrasound imaging probe. Based on the detected location of the treatment probe, the robotic arm may be automatically manipulated to adjust the position and / or orientation of the imaging probe to align it with the treatment probe and / or to compensate for patient movement. In step 732, the procedure is performed.

[0143] The imaging probe is decoupled from the robotic arm in step 735. When the procedure is completed, the user can disconnect the imaging probe from the robotic arm, manually move the robotic arm aside, and then remove the imaging probe from the patient.

[0144] One or more steps of method 700 may be implemented using circuitry as described herein, e.g., one or more of the processors or logic circuits of the systems described herein. The circuitry may be programmed to provide one or more steps of method 700, and the program may comprise computer-executable program instructions stored on or in a computer-readable memory, or programmed steps of logic circuitry, such as those involving programmable array logic or field programmable gate arrays.

[0145] Although the above steps illustrate a method 700 for operating a robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe, according to some embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize many variations based on the teachings described herein. For example, the steps may be completed in a different order. One or more steps may be added or omitted. Some of the steps may include sub-steps. Many of the steps may be repeated as often as necessary or desired.

[0146] FIG. 8A illustrates the configuration of the treatment probe 450 and the imaging probe 460 during treatment of a patient using a treatment system as described herein. It is desirable to ensure that the treatment probe and the imaging probe outside the patient's body do not collide or otherwise interfere with each other during use of the system, thereby maintaining the accuracy of the probe movement and the sterility of the system. The robotic arms as described herein coupled to the treatment probe and the imaging probe and configured to control their movement may be configured to maintain boundaries and prevent collision or interference between the two probes. For example, one or both of the first robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe and the second robotic arm 444 coupled to the imaging probe may be configured to sense the distance 520 between the two probes and maintain the distance substantially constant or above a minimum threshold to prevent collision. Alternatively, or in addition, as described with reference to the methods shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 , a user may program an allowable range of motion for one or both of the treatment probe and the imaging probe to set boundaries for the range of motion that will prevent collision or interference between the probes.

[0147] For example, before the robotic arm is switched into active mode, the user may program an allowable range of motion for the probes, rotating one or both of the probes through a range of allowable probe pitch angles 525 within which the two probes do not touch each other.

[0148] 8B , the robotic arm 442 is coupled to a motor pack 802 as described herein. The motor pack 802 may be coupled to a handpiece 804 of the probe 450. In some embodiments, one or both of the robotic arms coupled to the treatment probe and the imaging probe may include one or more feedback sensing mechanisms. For example, the first robotic arm 442 and / or the second robotic arm 444 may be operably coupled to a force sensor configured to detect compression of tissue in front of the treatment probe and / or the imaging probe. In some embodiments, the force exerted by the imaging probe is in the range of 0-39 Newtons exerted upward, thereby compressing the tissue and achieving visualization of the treatment probe and the target tissue region. In some embodiments, the force exerted by the treatment probe is related to the position of the probe within a lumen, such as the urethra. In some embodiments, the force is related to a fulcrum or pivot at the urethral notch and pivoting to lift the target anatomical structure. These forces may be in the range of 0-98 Newtons on bony structures and 0-19 Newtons on target anatomical structures such as the prostate, respectively.

[0149] According to some embodiments, one or more X-direction force sensors 810, one or more Y-direction force sensors 812, and / or one or more Z-direction force sensors 814 may be provided on the robotic arm 442, the handpiece 804, and / or the probe 450. The one or more force sensors may comprise, for example, strain gauges, pressure sensors, or piezoelectric transducers. In some embodiments, the strain gauges comprise any of several configurations of a Wheatstone bridge. A Wheatstone bridge circuit converts small changes in resistance into a measurable voltage difference that may be equivalent to the applied force. The force sensors may be coupled to a handpiece, such as any of the handpiece embodiments described herein. In some cases, one or more force sensors are operatively coupled to the imaging probe, the treatment probe, or both.

[0150] In some embodiments, the circuitry for operating the force sensor is insulated and isolated from the imaging probe and treatment probe. This allows the probe to meet any patient leakage current requirements and reduces any noise that would be picked up by the probe, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) of the force sensor. In some embodiments, the signal wires from the force sensor may be twisted together and optionally shielded to maintain signal integrity, improve resistance, and maintain an adequate S / N ratio. The force sensor may be formed from any suitable material, and in some cases is formed from a biocompatible material for the portion of the sensor that may come into contact with the patient before, during, or after treatment.

[0151] In some embodiments, one or more force sensors are sized to fit on or within a probe shaft, such as an imaging probe or treatment probe shaft. The force sensor may be configured with any suitable strain sensitivity "k," which is the proportionality factor between relative changes in resistance. Strain sensitivity is dimensionless and is a number called the gauge factor ("GF"). Linear pattern strain gauges may be used to measure strain in a single direction on a handpiece. A conductive signal wire may be bonded to the sensor's pad, which carries the signal to an input amplifier. One or more sensors may be bonded to one or more probes on a carrier substrate, which may insulate the sensor from any metal in the probe, such as a metal probe shaft.

[0152] Displacement of the handpiece in the Z direction can be detected by the spring and sensor 814. Using this configuration, the entire probe assembly can slide a suitable distance, providing protection from the probe being driven into the tissue wall. The probe assembly can be arranged on a sliding trolley 820, which can be bounced against a simple spring to provide a constant and known force "K" spring constant. Accurate distance measurements of the handpiece, such as those by trolley displacement, are possible over short distances with suitable arrangements, such as less than 2 inches. Other position encoder linear sensors can be used in combination or as an alternative. For example, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), an electromechanical sensor used to convert mechanical motion into a variable current, can be used to measure the resistance to the probe's insertion force. An optical encoder, or any of several suitable inductive linear encoders, can also be used, or instead. The sensor can measure force based on an inductive linear encoder 824, which can be arranged for non-contact to ensure high reliability. A high-resolution encoder 824 can be provided for linear resolutions ranging from approximately 15 micrometers for a digital encoder to approximately 54 micrometers for an analog encoder, etc.

[0153] One or more sensors may be provided on one or more robotic arms to measure position, orientation, force, or some other parameter. In some cases, two sensors may be part of the robotic arm assembly and can be utilized to determine unintentional movement. These sensors may be internal encoders, which may be located at one or more joints of the robotic arm and may be inertial measurement units (IMUs) 822. IMUs are electronic sensor devices that measure and report one or more parameters, such as force, angular rate, and / or orientation, and may use a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and / or magnetometers. Some IMUs suitable for incorporation into one or more robotic arms may have a full acceleration range of ±2 / ±4 / ±8 / ±16 g (the "g" value associated with acceleration due to gravity) and a wide angular rate range of ±125 / ±250 / ±500 / ±1,000 / ±2,000 / ±4,000 degrees per second ("dps"). The IMU can detect forces on the robotic arm and communicate the magnitude and / or direction of the external force to a computing device such as a robot control system. One or more IMUs 822 can provide feedback that can be used to control one or more robotic arms and compensate for vibrations, position awareness, and stabilization compensation.

[0154] As described herein, the robotic arm 442 can be docked with the probe 450 through the use of sensors to assist in one or more of coarse, intermediate, and fine alignment. For example, the probe may be associated with a beacon 830, such as an IR beacon, and the robotic arm 442 may carry an IR receiver 832 capable of detecting emissions from the IR beacon 830 for coarse alignment. One or more alignment references 834 may be associated with the probe 450, and one or more alignment sensors 836 may be associated with the robotic arm 442. The alignment sensors 836 can detect the positions of the alignment references and thus determine the position of the robotic arm 442 relative to the probe 450, as described herein. In some embodiments, a proximity sensor or switch, such as a Hall Effect sensor, is used to detect alignment between the probe and the arm, for example, to engage the probe and the arm and latch the probe onto the arm when the arm is suitably maneuvered into position.

[0155] In some embodiments, when the treatment is completed, the arm can be decoupled from the probe while the user is holding the probe, and the arm can be pulled away from the probe, for example, the arm may be automatically pulled away from the probe.

[0156] One or more computing devices operably coupled to the robotic arm (such as a processor of console 420 or console 490 as described herein) may comprise instructions to control movement of the robotic arm in response to forces detected by the sensors, for example, to prevent over-compression of the anterior tissue and resulting damage to the tissue and / or probe. In an exemplary use case of the treatment system for prostate tissue ablation, the treatment probe is ideally positioned in the anterior center of the patient's prostate cavity, but without over-compressing the anterior prostate, preventing inadvertent injury to the urethra / prostate (e.g., excessive bleeding, necrosis, tissue perforation) and / or damage to one or both of the imaging probe and the treatment probe.

[0157] Similarly, the imaging probe, which may be a TRUS probe, is ideally positioned within the patient's rectum with just enough forward compression to view the prostate and treatment probe, but without excessively compressing the tissue, to avoid accidental injury to the rectum (e.g., bleeding or tissue perforation) and / or damage to one or both of the imaging probe and treatment probe. The treatment probe, the first robotic arm coupled thereto, the imaging probe, and / or the second robotic arm coupled thereto 444 may include a force sensor configured to detect forward compression of tissue with the probe. The detected force level may be communicated to a processor operably coupled to the robotic arm and compared to a force threshold preprogrammed or stored in the computing system's memory. If the detected force exceeds the threshold, movement of the robotic arm may be adjusted to move the probe away from the anterior tissue, thereby at least partially relieving the anterior tissue compression.

[0158] Another exemplary feedback sensing mechanism may include position and / or motion sensors operably coupled to the first and / or second robotic arms 444. One or more computing devices operably coupled to the robotic arms may include instructions to control movement of the robotic arms in response to position and / or motion detected by the sensors, for example, to adjust the position of the treatment and / or imaging probe in response to patient movement during a treatment and / or scanning procedure. Patient movement while a rigid element, such as a treatment or imaging probe, is positioned inside the patient's body can potentially cause injury to the patient and may necessitate removal of the probe during movement and subsequent repositioning of the probe.

[0159] A robotic arm that automatically adjusts the position of a probe in response to sensed patient movement can improve the safety and efficiency of a procedure. One or more position or movement sensors, such as coils and / or accelerometers, may be attached to the patient, and the sensors may be operably coupled to a computing device that controls the robotic arm. The sensors may be configured to generate small, localized electromagnetic fields or other signals to aid in determining, for example, the patient's location and / or movement. The computing device or processor can receive the detected patient movement data and, in response, adjust the movement of the robotic arm to substantially match the patient movement so that a probe coupled to the robotic arm can remain within an acceptable range of position relative to the tissue or patient organ. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to abort treatment if the force on the sensor exceeds a threshold amount.

[0160] Optionally, in some embodiments, the robotic arms may be configured to automatically move in a coordinated manner. For example, when a user of the system moves a first robotic arm, the second robotic arm 444 may be configured to automatically adjust its position accordingly. In an exemplary use case of a treatment system for prostate tissue ablation, a patient's prostate may have an asymmetrical anatomical structure, requiring the user to adjust the position or orientation of the treatment probe accordingly (e.g., by pushing the probe aside, adjusting the probe's pitch angle, etc.). The robotic arm coupled to the imaging probe may be configured to automatically detect adjustments made to the robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe and make corresponding adjustments to the imaging probe position and / or orientation. Such coordinated movement of the two robotic arms may be useful for maintaining the treatment and imaging probes in a desired positional relationship relative to each other, for example, with the extension axis of the treatment probe substantially aligned with the extension axis of the imaging probe.

[0161] 9A-9C schematically illustrate the alignment of the treatment probe axis 451 with the sagittal plane 950 of the imaging probe 460. FIG. 9A is a side view of the treatment probe 450 at an angle relative to the imaging probe 460. The treatment probe 450 includes an extension axis 451, and the imaging probe 460 includes an extension axis 461 that provides a reference for images generated by the imaging probe. The extension axis 461 may at least partially define the sagittal image plane 950. FIG. 9B is a top view of the treatment probe 450 substantially aligned with the sagittal image plane 950. When the treatment probe axis 451 is substantially aligned with the sagittal image plane 950, a substantial portion of the treatment probe is within the field of view of the ultrasound probe and is visible in the sagittal image. In some embodiments, two probes are substantially aligned when the extension axes are aligned within about 5 degrees of each other relative to a plane perpendicular to the sagittal image plane. In some cases, with a larger tilt angle between the probes, the treatment probe will extend across the field of view of the ultrasound probe and only the portion of the probe within the field of view of the ultrasound probe will be visible in the ultrasound image.

[0162] When the probe is substantially aligned in the sagittal image plane but tilted at an angle as shown in FIG. 9A, the treatment probe and tissue may appear rotated in the sagittal image; an acceptable amount of rotation may be, for example, greater than 5 degrees. FIG. 9C is a top view of treatment probe 450 intersecting sagittal image plane 950. When the imaging probe is not sufficiently aligned with the treatment probe, the treatment probe may appear distorted in the sagittal image, with only a portion of the treatment probe extending through the sagittal field appearing in the image. In some embodiments, the treatment and imaging probes may include one or more sensors to confirm the desired alignment (parallel and / or coplanar) of the probes relative to one another. For example, the system may include a first orientation sensor 473 and a second orientation sensor 476 on treatment probe 450 and imaging probe 460, respectively. In some embodiments, the first and second orientation sensors 476 comprise magnetic elements, Hall effect sensors, dials, variable resistors, potentiometers, accelerometers, or any combination thereof that can indicate the relative position and orientation of the probes to one another.

[0163] In some embodiments, the angle of the sagittal plane of the ultrasound imaging probe can be rotated by rotating the ultrasound imaging probe about its extension axis. For example, in some patients, the prostate is not symmetrical or the urethral notch is deformed, the imaging probe and treatment probe can be located on opposite sides of the patient or at least offset relative to each other relative to the patient's midline, and rotating the imaging probe about its extension axis can rotate the sagittal plane of the ultrasound probe and bring the treatment probe and tissue treatment region into the field of view of the ultrasound imaging probe. The alignment, orientation, and relative positioning of the treatment and imaging probes can continue to be monitored during the treatment procedure.

[0164] When the treatment probe and imaging probe are sufficiently aligned, a user can use an image of the treatment probe acquired with the imaging probe to align the treatment probe with the imaging probe, for example, by providing user input in a GUI to control a robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe or the imaging probe. Alternatively, or in addition, the robotic arm may be programmed to automatically adjust movement to maintain the probe in sufficient alignment, as described herein. For example, when a user adjusts the position or orientation of the treatment probe by controlling a first robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe, a second robotic arm 444 coupled to the imaging probe may automatically detect the adjustment made to the first robotic arm and make corresponding adjustments to substantially match the pitch, roll, yaw, lateral, and / or linear position of the treatment probe along the treatment probe axis.

[0165] As will be described in more detail, in some embodiments, images of the treatment probe acquired by the imaging probe may be used to automatically cause repositioning, translation, or reorientation of one or both probes to prevent collision between the probes and / or harm to the patient's tissue or organs. In such embodiments, the computing device may determine, based on the images, that the probes are too close to each other or to an area of ​​tissue or organ. In some embodiments, the computing device may use data or images regarding the range of motion of one or both probes and images of the treatment probe acquired by the imaging probe (and possibly also images of the tissue or organ surrounding the imaging probe or treatment probe) to determine that limits or constraints should be placed on the possible or trained acceptable range of motion of one or both probes. The limits or constraints may be implemented, for example, by limiting or restricting the movement of the probes by a robotic arm.

[0166] To provide for automatic coordinated movement of the two robotic arms, a calibration step may be added to the procedure, with each arm identifying its position relative to the other. For example, each robotic arm may be provided with a "target" on the arm at a known location, and during the calibration procedure, a user may manipulate a first arm, touch a target located on the second arm using the first arm's coupling structure, and manipulate the second arm, touch a target located on the first arm using the second arm's coupling structure. Automatically coordinating the movement of the two robotic arms can thus expedite the procedure by eliminating the need for a user to move the first arm and then separately adjust the movement of the second arm. Additionally, coordinated movement of the two arms, as described herein, can help improve the safety and efficiency of the procedure when the patient moves while the probe is inserted into the patient's body.

[0167] Optionally, in some embodiments, the robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe may be configured to move the treatment probe along a pre-programmed treatment profile to perform treatment at the target site. For example, the treatment profile may comprise a tissue ablation profile at the target site, which may be programmed by a user of the treatment system and stored in the memory of one or more computing devices operably coupled to the robotic arm. Further details regarding automated treatments using programmed treatment profiles may be found in PCT Publication No. WO2013 / 130895 (previously incorporated by reference herein).

[0168] Optionally, in some embodiments, a robotic arm coupled to the imaging probe may be configured to move the imaging probe along a preprogrammed imaging profile to generate a three-dimensional rendering of the target site before and / or during treatment with the treatment probe. A three-dimensional image of the target site may be derived from the biplanar imaging probe by 1) rotating the imaging probe in a fixed position while the imaging probe captures sagittal images of the target site and then interpolating the sagittal images, or 2) translating the imaging probe (along the z-axis of the probe) across the target site while the imaging probe captures transverse images of the target site and then interpolating the transverse images. To improve the efficiency of 3D image rendering and the resolution of the resulting 3D image, the robotic arm may be configured to rapidly scan the target site along the preprogrammed imaging profile, and the 3D image may be generated using software to render a 3D image of the treatment site in substantially real time. The pre-programmed imaging profile may be stored on or in the memory of one or more computing devices and may comprise multiple sagittal scans taken at predetermined time intervals while the imaging probe is rotated in place, and / or multiple transverse scans taken at predetermined time intervals while the imaging probe is translated (along the z-axis or extension axis of the imaging probe) across the target site.

[0169] Automated computer-controlled scanning of a target site with an imaging probe using a robotic arm can also be used to generate useful information about the target site for additional treatment. For example, the imaging probe may be configured to perform color / Doppler scanning of the target site after an ablation procedure to locate bleeding sites within the target site requiring hemostasis. The imaging probe may also be used to monitor or inspect locations within a patient's body after (or as part of) other types of procedures, including planning tissue removal, treatment profiles, or monitoring during and after procedures such as colonoscopies and associated biopsies.

[0170] In some embodiments, the Doppler ultrasound image shows blood moving away from the ultrasound probe as blue and blood moving toward the ultrasound probe as red. In some embodiments, the tissue ablation profile can be adjusted prior to tissue ablation to reduce, and in some cases avoid, ablation of blood vessels present in the Doppler ultrasound image. For example, the ultrasound image may comprise a 3D ultrasound image and a 3D ablation profile that is adjusted to reduce or avoid blood vessels.

[0171] FIG. 10 illustrates the identification of a region of high blood perfusion 810 from an ultrasound image 800 of a patient's tissue 805. As described herein, a robotic arm coupled to the imaging probe may be automatically moved to acquire scans from the imaging probe while the imaging probe is operating in Doppler imaging mode. The region of high blood perfusion 810 can be identified from the resulting Doppler scan image based on the detection of blood flowing closer to or farther from the imaging plane of the imaging probe. In some cases, the region of high blood perfusion 810 comprises a bleeding site, and based on the Doppler information, a user can efficiently locate and treat the bleeding by using, for example, focal cautery or a hemostatic agent such as a gel and matrix. This can reduce bleeding, ablation time, and thermal or other potential adverse effects on the tissue. The region of high blood perfusion 810 may also, in some cases, comprise abnormal or even cancerous tissue growth. These areas may be flagged or identified for subsequent treatment. For example, normal tissue may be ablated around the abnormal tissue, leaving islands of abnormal tissue that are later treated using local drug delivery, etc. In some embodiments, the robotic arm may be configured to automatically apply a cauterizing tool (e.g., RF or laser) to treat areas of bleeding tissue based on data received from color Doppler imaging.

[0172] Three-dimensional scanning of a target site using an imaging probe may also be used to identify tissue abnormalities in the target site, such as tumors. For example, a tumor may be identified from images of the target site obtained by automated scanning of the target site with the imaging probe based on differences between hyperechoic and hypoechoic areas of the imaged tissue. Robotic scanning of the target site can improve the speed of image analysis and, therefore, the accurate detection of tissue abnormalities. In addition, the imaging probe may be operated in a Doppler imaging mode during automated scanning to identify areas of higher blood flow that may correspond to potential cancer locations. A biopsy may be performed in the identified area of ​​tissue to improve cancer detection.

[0173] Imaging probes may also be used to monitor or inspect locations within a patient's body after (or as part of) other types of procedures, including planning tissue removal, treatment profiles, or monitoring during and after procedures such as colonoscopies and associated biopsies.

[0174] 11 illustrates a system 2500 for one or more of placing a probe, calibrating a probe, or training the system with calibrated probe movement. In some embodiments, a calibration device 2502 includes receptacles for receiving a treatment probe 450 and an imaging probe 460. The receptacles are sized and shaped to receive the probes and to allow the probes to be moved to positions where they may be used during a surgical procedure. The position of the arms and probe can be monitored during the calibrated movement prior to placement of the probe within the patient.

[0175] In some embodiments, the processor is configured with instructions that enable the system to receive or “learn” from mechanical movements of the probe to establish one or more boundaries or constraints on probe positioning, orientation, or movement, such as in a training mode discussed herein. This may be done, for example, for the purpose of training the system to avoid collisions between probes, between a probe and a robotic arm, or between robotic arms. The teaching or training process may serve to constrain or limit the possible range of motion of a probe or multiple probes to an allowable range of motion. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to implement a “teaching session” or training session or mode, for example, to establish boundaries or limits on the range of motion prior to placing one or more of the probes in a patient. During this teaching session or mode, a sterile protective calibration guide 2502, also referred to as a calibration device, may be provided into which the imaging probe 460 may be inserted and used to measure geographic location data for incorporation into the robotic arm's location database.

[0176] In some embodiments, the guide comprises one or more of a capture lumen 2504 for receiving the imaging probe 460, a touch point 2506 for identifying the tip of the treatment probe 450, one or more double-notch structures 2508, 2510 for identifying a linear shaft location relative to the imaging probe 460, or a planar surface that identifies a "non-transverse" anatomical plane. Alternatively, or in combination, multiple cameras and machine vision software instructions can be used to measure the probe positions in 3D space relative to their respective origins and create a database of allowed relative positions between the two probes.

[0177] The calibration device 2502 may be sterile and include features that allow it to be positioned over the first probe 460 and installed for calibration of the second probe 450 relative to the first probe 460. The capture lumen 2504 or open structure provides one method for positioning the first probe 460 in a known position and orientation. The first probe 460 may be moved into the capture lumen 2504 at a controlled installation depth into the calibration device 2502, and an envelope of its spatial boundary, e.g., a bounding volume or representation of its allowable range of motion, may be created and stored in a database.

[0178] In some embodiments, the calibration device 2502 includes a tip location pocket 2506 for detecting contact with the tip of the second probe 450. A first cutout structure 2508 provides a guide for the shaft of the second probe 450 as the second probe 450 is advanced to the touch point 2506. The combination of the first cutout structure 2508 and the touch point 2506 thus provides an instruction path for placement of the second probe 450, the position of which can be stored in a location database that also stores the relative locations of the first probe 460 and the second probe 450.

[0179] Once the tip of the second probe is in the tip location pocket of the calibration device 2502, the shaft of the second probe can be positioned relative to the shaft of the first probe and a signal can be sent to the processor to note the positions of both the robotic arms holding the first and second probes.

[0180] Similarly, the shafts of the first probe 460 and the second probe 450 can be moved to another spatial orientation relative to each other, such as by advancing the second probe 450 along the second cutout structure 2510, and a calibration signal can be sent to the processor to store the relative positions of the first probe and the second probe.

[0181] Additionally, the calibration device 2502 can be configured to receive second probe characteristics and detect and determine the rotational position of the first probe 460, which can be used to receive rotational calibration of the second probe 450, as well as align the treatment probe nozzle, for example, with respect to both the transverse and sagittal planes of the ultrasound probe.

[0182] The calibration device 2502 may therefore provide a reliable physical capture area, ensuring simple placement and docking of the probe tip relative to the calibration device 2502, the position and orientation of which can be stored in a spatial database to teach the robot arm controller system the allowable spatial envelope of the relative position and orientation of the first probe 460 relative to the second probe 450.

[0183] The methods and devices disclosed herein can be configured in many ways and may include fiducials and a processor configured with instructions to provide navigation and surgical guidance to a user, such as a surgeon. For example, one or more of the imaging probe 460 (e.g., a TRUS probe), the treatment probe 450, the proximal end of the treatment probe 450, the proximal end of the imaging probe 460, or the robotic arm may include navigation fiducials. These navigation fiducials can be detected using sensors to provide position and orientation information of the treatment probe 450 and the imaging probe 460 relative to a fixed reference frame, such as the patient and a base as described herein. The fiducials may include, for example, reflective structures, energy-emitting structures, coils, magnets, or visual references. These fiducials can provide position information to a computing navigation system and alert a user to any deviations in motion. The position information can be used to measure and control the location and movement of the treatment and imaging probes. The position information can also be shown on a display visible to the user. The processor may include instructions to present the treatment criteria on the display relative to the target location on the patient, for example, to align, in real time, a real-time image of the patient with the target treatment profile.

[0184] As described herein, the positioning of the elements of the system, both relative to the patient's tissues and organs and relative to each other, is critical for the physician's safe and effective performance of the procedure. For example, it is important that the robotic arms do not collide with each other and that the probes do not collide with each other when placed inside the patient. This means that the absolute and relative location, positioning, and orientation of both the robotic arms and probes are preferably monitored and can be limited or constrained to prevent harm. In some embodiments, this can be accomplished by defining protected regions or zones, defining exclusive operating or treatment areas, establishing "virtual" walls or features to constrain probe movement or positioning, etc.

[0185] As described herein, monitoring and constraining the location, position, orientation, and motion of the robotic arm and probe may be accomplished by one or a combination of processes to be described. These processes may generally be referred to as layers or degrees of constraints and may include: (1) the possible or potential range of motion of the probe or elements of the probes, (2) constraints on the possible range of motion introduced by the physician during a training or teaching process, thereby defining the allowable range of motion, and (3) constraints or limitations resulting from the interpretation of images and / or other data acquired during the procedure that indicate potential risks of collision or harm to the patient.

[0186] In some embodiments, location, position, or orientation information is used to monitor relative movement and as a feedback loop to control intentional movement or respond to unintentional movement.

[0187] 12 illustrates a system 2600 comprising an arm 2610 coupled to a sheath 2620, a robotic arm 2630 coupled to a treatment probe 2640, and an arm 2670 coupled to an ultrasound probe 2680. The arms are coupled to a base 2690, which may comprise any suitable base as described herein, such as, for example, a crossbar coupled to the rails of a patient support table. The arm 2610 may comprise any arm as described herein and may comprise a robotic arm or a manually adjustable arm, for example, configured to lock into place. The sheath 2610 is configured for insertion into a patient lumen, such as the urethra, and may comprise, for example, a rigid sheath or a flexible sheath. The robotic arm 2630 may comprise any suitable robotic arm as described herein. The treatment probe 2640 may comprise any suitable treatment probe as described herein. The arm 2670 may comprise any suitable arm as described herein, and may comprise a manually lockable arm or a robotic arm as described herein. The ultrasound probe 2680 may comprise any suitable ultrasound probe as described herein, for example, a TRUS probe. The robotic arm, treatment probe, and ultrasound probe are operatively coupled to a processor as described herein.

[0188] 13 illustrates a robotic arm 2630 coupled to a treatment probe 2640 and an arm 2610 coupled to a sheath 2620, as in FIG. 26. The sheath 2620 is coupled to the arm 2610. In some embodiments, the sheath 2620 includes an irrigation lumen 2622 that extends to one or more openings 2624 and irrigates the surgical site. The irrigation lumen can be connected to a source of irrigation fluid, such as saline. The sheath may include a lumen 2626 that is sized to receive the treatment probe. The lumen 2626 includes a proximal opening 2625 and extends to a distal opening 2627. In some embodiments, the sheath 2620 includes an aspiration channel 2629 that extends to an opening into the lumen 2620 and fluidly couples the lumen 2626 to an aspiration pump for removing ablation products. The treatment probe 2640 is coupled to an energy source as described herein, such as a laser, water pump, or power source, and includes an energy emission structure, such as a nozzle, fiber optic tip, aperture, or electrode, for directing energy toward tissue. The treatment probe is configured to translate (2646) and rotate (2648) energy 2644 from the treatment probe. An endoscope 2650 extends within the sheath. The endoscope includes a viewing port, such as a viewing port for an endoscopic camera 2652, configured to translate (2654). The endoscope is coupled to a video display for viewing the treatment probe and treatment site using the endoscope.

[0189] Coupling 2700 is coupled to an end portion of robotic arm 2630. Coupling 2700 includes one or more engagement structures 2710 for coupling to the end portion of the robotic arm. Robotic arm 2630 includes one or more corresponding engagement structures 2712 for connecting coupling 2700 to the robotic arm. In some embodiments, coupling 2700 includes internal structure, such as a linkage and actuator as described herein, for translating one or more of a treatment probe, endoscope, irrigation lumen, or aspiration lumen relative to the robotic arm. In some embodiments, coupling 2700 is configured to rotate the treatment probe independently from the endoscope, irrigation lumen, and aspiration lumen. In some embodiments, coupling 2700 includes structure for receiving the treatment probe and defining the orientation of the treatment probe relative to the coupling. The structure for receiving the treatment probe may include, for example, one or more of an opening or a channel coupled to a linkage. In some embodiments, the coupling portion 2700 couples to an end portion of a robotic arm and comprises an engagement structure for establishing an orientation of the treatment probe relative to the end portion of the robotic arm.

[0190] In some embodiments, one or more of the arms or sheaths include a sensor 2750 for determining the orientation of the sheath when placed in a patient. In some embodiments, the robotic arm 2752 includes an orientation sensor 2752 for determining the orientation of a treatment probe 2640 coupled to the robotic arm. Alternatively, or in combination with the sensors, the joint state of the robotic arm 2630 can be used to determine the orientation of the treatment probe, and the joint state of the arm 2610 can be used to determine the orientation of the sheath.

[0191] In some embodiments, the treatment probe comprises an elongated shaft and the sheath comprises an elongated shaft for receiving the treatment probe.

[0192] The system can be configured in many ways to treat a patient in many ways. In some embodiments, a sheath is sized and shaped for insertion into a patient. The sheath includes an elongated shaft, and an arm is coupled to the sheath. The treatment probe includes an energy source and an elongated shaft. The treatment probe is sized and shaped for insertion into a lumen of the sheath. A robotic arm is coupled to the treatment probe and configured to align the elongated shaft of the treatment probe with the elongated shaft of the sheath and to advance the treatment probe into the sheath. The robotic arm coupled to the treatment probe is configured to align the axis of the treatment probe with the axis of the sheath prior to advancing the treatment probe into the sheath.

[0193] In some embodiments, the robotic arm includes a sensor for determining the orientation of the treatment probe, the sensor including one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Alternatively, or in combination, the arm coupled to the sheath includes a sensor for determining the orientation of the sheath. The sensor may include one or more of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or an IMU.

[0194] In some embodiments, the sheath comprises a proximal opening for receiving the treatment probe and a distal opening, the treatment probe comprising a length sufficient to extend to at least the distal opening, hi some embodiments, the treatment probe is dimensioned such that the energy source extends to at least the distal opening when the treatment probe is advanced into the sheath.

[0195] In some embodiments, the energy source extends to at least the distal opening with a gap between the end portion of the robotic arm and the sheath.

[0196] Although reference is made to a linkage that rotates the treatment probe, in some embodiments, the robotic arm 2630 is configured to rotate the treatment probe.

[0197] A processor can be coupled to one or more of arm 2610, arm 2630, or arm 2720. In some embodiments, the processor is configured with instructions to advance the treatment probe into the sheath, which can facilitate alignment of the treatment probe with the sheath. In some embodiments, the processor is configured to align the extension axis of the treatment probe with the extension axis of the sheath. In some embodiments, the processor is configured with instructions to receive input indicating that the extension axis of the treatment probe is aligned with the extension axis of the sheath and, in response to the input, to advance the treatment probe along the extension axis of the treatment probe. The input may comprise user input, or the input may comprise input from sensor data. In some embodiments, the arm coupled to the rigid sheath comprises a sensor operatively coupled to the processor to determine an orientation of the sheath, and the processor is configured with instructions to orient the treatment probe with the sheath in response to an orientation of the rigid sheath measured with the sensor. In some embodiments, the robotic arm comprises a sensor for determining the orientation of the treatment probe. Alternatively, or in combination, the orientation of the treatment probe can be determined from the joint state of the robotic arm. In some embodiments, the orientation of the sheath is determined from the joint state of the arm coupled to the rigid sheath.

[0198] 14A illustrates a coupling 2700 for coupling a robotic arm 2630 to a treatment probe 2640. In some embodiments, the coupling 2700 is configured to couple a treatment probe 2740, an endoscope 2650, an irrigation lumen 2812, and an aspiration lumen 2814 to the robotic arm. Each of these lumens may be defined by an elongated tube that defines the lumen. In some embodiments, the irrigation lumen and the aspiration lumen comprise lumens of a dual-lumen tube, such as a catheter. Alternatively, the irrigation lumen and the aspiration lumen may comprise separate catheters.

[0199] 14B illustrates the movement of the treatment probe 2640, endoscope 2650, irrigation lumen 2812, and suction lumen 2814 provided by a joint such as in FIG. 28A. Irrigation lumen 2812 extends to opening 2813 to emit irrigation fluid. Suction lumen 2814 extends to opening 2814 to receive ablation products. Sheath 2620 is sized to receive these lumens and corresponding structures, e.g., tubes, that define the lumens. Sheath 2620 is sized to receive the treatment probe. In some embodiments, sheath 2620 is sized to receive endoscope 2650.

[0200] Coupling 2700 can be configured in many ways to move one or more of the treatment probe, endoscope, irrigation lumen, or aspiration lumen. In some embodiments, the coupling connects to a robotic arm 2630, which provides motion to the treatment probe. For example, the robotic arm can be configured to rotate the treatment probe. Alternatively, or in combination, the robotic arm can be configured to rotate and translate the treatment arm.

[0201] In some embodiments, coupling 2700 is configured to rotate the treatment probe. For example, the coupling can be configured to rotate 2648 the treatment probe. The robotic arm can be configured to translate 2646 the treatment probe while coupling 2700 rotates the treatment probe. In some embodiments, endoscope 2750 is configured to translate 2654 with the treatment probe. In some embodiments, irrigation and aspiration lumens are configured to translate with the treatment probe.

[0202] In some embodiments, coupling 2700 is configured to provide independent translation to one or more of the treatment probe and the endoscope, the irrigation lumen, or the aspiration lumen. In some embodiments, coupling is configured to provide independent translation to the treatment probe, the endoscope, and one or more of the irrigation probe or the aspiration probe.

[0203] FIG. 15 illustrates a method of treatment 2900, according to some embodiments.

[0204] In step 2910, the orientation of the sheath is determined. The orientation of the sheath can be determined from one or more sensors coupled to the sheath, such as an orientation sensor on an arm coupled to the sheath, or from the joint state of the arm coupled to the sheath.

[0205] In step 2920, the orientation of the treatment probe is determined. The orientation of the treatment probe can be determined from one or more sensors coupled to the treatment probe, such as an orientation sensor on an arm coupled to the treatment probe, or from the joint state of the arm coupled to the treatment probe.

[0206] In step 2930, the extension axis of the treatment probe is aligned with the extension axis of the sheath. This alignment can be performed manually. Alternatively, the processor can be configured with instructions to align the extension axis of the treatment probe with the extension axis of the sheath.

[0207] In step 2940, input is received indicating that the extension axis of the treatment probe is aligned with the extension axis of the sheath. This input may comprise user input based on visualization, or input from sensor data, or a combination thereof.

[0208] In step 2950, ​​the treatment probe is advanced along the elongated axis of the sheath in response to the input.

[0209] 16 illustrates a side view of a handpiece or treatment probe 1600, according to some embodiments, showing an exemplary range of motion (ROM) 1622 about the probe's ROM origin or pivot point 1610 relative to the distal tip of the probe from that perspective. As shown in the figure, the treatment probe 1600 may comprise a handle 1602 and a wand or extension 1604 extending from the handle to the distal tip 1606 of the probe. The wand or extension comprises two sections (identified in the figure as "Section 1" 1607 and "Section 2" 1608), where Section 1 extends from the distal end of the handle to a point or location about which the distal tip may rotate or otherwise move (referred to herein as the origin or pivot point 1610), and Section 2 may extend from the pivot point to the distal tip of the probe.

[0210] As shown, an upper angle 1612 may be defined between the probe axis 1611 and an upper boundary of the probe range of motion 1622. In some embodiments, the upper angle may range from 50 to 60 degrees, e.g., 55 degrees. A lower angle 1614 may be defined between the probe axis 1611 and a lower boundary of the probe range of motion 1622. In some embodiments, the lower angle may range from 20 to 40 degrees, e.g., 30 degrees. The figure also shows the distance between the probe axis 1611 and the boundary of the range of motion 1622. In some embodiments, the distance 1618 between the probe axis 1611 and the upper boundary of the range of motion 1622 may range from 80 to 100 mm, e.g., 87 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1619 between the probe axis 1611 and the lower boundary of the range of motion 1622 may range from 50 to 60 mm, e.g., 55 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1620 between the pivot point 1610 and the distal end 1606 of the probe varies from 90 to 120 mm, and may be, for example, 105 mm.

[0211] The generally conical section 1622 shown (representing the possible range of motion) is the envelope or region within which the distal tip of the probe may move about the origin (pivot point), prior to the application of any further constraints or limitations. Note that in this example, the range of motion or envelope within which the distal tip may move when viewed from this vantage point is not symmetrical.

[0212] FIG. 17 illustrates the treatment probe 1600 of FIG. 16 , according to some embodiments, showing an example of a possible range of motion (ROM) 1702 for the distal end 1606 of the probe. The figure also illustrates a possible range of motion 1704 for the probe under control of a robotic arm about a pivot point 1708, which represents the location on the probe wand or extension 1604 beyond which the probe is inserted into the patient's body. The figure shows the distance between the axis 1611 of the probe and the boundary of the range of motion 1704 for the probe under control of the robotic arm. In some embodiments, the distance 1710 between the probe axis 1611 and the upper boundary of the range of motion 1704 ranges from 70 to 80 mm, and may be, for example, 75 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1711 between the probe axis 1611 and the lower boundary of the range of motion 1704 ranges from 110 to 130 mm, and may be, for example, 119 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1712 between the outer edge of the robotically controlled range of motion 1704 and the outer edge of the distal end range of motion 1702 varies from 225 mm to 275 mm, and may be, for example, 247 mm.

[0213] As examples, repositioning or other factors that may affect the (safe) range of motion of the distal end of a treatment probe may result from one or more of: (a) the specific treatment area involved, (b) patient anatomy and differences in tissue and organ size and shape between patients, (c) the patient's body size, (d) the patient's position or orientation with respect to the treatment, or (e) the patient's health condition or prior medical history. These possible reasons for variations in the treatment probe's range of motion highlight the importance of preventing impingement or harm to patient tissues and organs using the approaches described herein.

[0214] FIG. 18 illustrates a top view of the handpiece or treatment probe 1600 of FIG. 16 in accordance with some embodiments, showing an exemplary range of motion 1802 centered around the probe's range of motion origin (pivot point) 1804 relative to the distal end 1606 of the probe from that perspective.

[0215] As shown, a first side angle 1806 may be defined between the probe axis 1611 and the upper boundary of the probe range of motion 1802. In some embodiments, the first side angle may range from 40 to 50 degrees, e.g., 45 degrees. A second side angle 1807 may be defined between the probe axis 1611 and the lower boundary of the probe range of motion 1802. In some embodiments, the second side angle may range from 40 to 50 degrees, e.g., 45 degrees. The figure also shows the distance between the probe axis and the range of motion boundary. In some embodiments, a distance 1808 between the probe axis 1611 and the upper boundary of the range of motion 1802 may range from 70 to 80 mm, e.g., 76 mm. In some embodiments, a distance 1809 between the probe axis 1611 and the lower boundary of the range of motion 1802 may range from 70 to 80 mm, e.g., 76 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1810 between the pivot point 1804 and the distal tip 1606 of the probe varies from 90 to 120 mm, and may be, for example, 105 mm. The generally conical section 1802 (representing the possible range of motion) shown in the figure is the envelope or region within which the distal tip 1606 of the probe may move about the origin (pivot point) 1804, prior to the application of any further constraints or limitations. Note that in this example, the range of motion or envelope within which the distal tip may move when viewed from this vantage point is symmetrical.

[0216] FIG. 19 illustrates the treatment probe 1600 of FIG. 18 , according to some embodiments, showing an example of a possible range of motion (ROM) 1902 for the distal end 1606 of the probe. The figure also illustrates a possible range of motion 1904 for the probe under control of a robotic arm about a pivot point 1906, which represents the location on the probe wand or extension 1604 beyond which the probe is inserted into the patient's body. The figure shows the distance between the axis 1611 of the probe and the boundary of the range of motion 1904 for the probe under control of the robotic arm. In some embodiments, the distance 1908 between the probe axis 1611 and the upper boundary of the range of motion 1904 ranges from 90 to 110 mm, and may be, for example, 104 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1909 between the probe axis 1611 and the lower boundary of the range of motion 1904 ranges from 90 to 110 mm, and may be, for example, 104 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 1910 between the outer edge of the robotically controlled range of motion 1904 and the outer edge of the distal end range of motion 1902 ranges from 225 mm to 275 mm, and may be, for example, 247 mm.

[0217] 20 illustrates a side view of an imaging probe 2000 and an example of a range of motion 2002 from that perspective about the distal end 2004 of the probe about a pivot point 2006, according to some embodiments. As shown in the figure, the imaging probe 2000 may comprise a handle 2001 and a wand or extension 2003 extending from the handle to the distal end of the probe. The wand or extension 2003 may comprise a section extending from the pivot point 2006 to the distal end 2004 of the probe.

[0218] As shown, an upper angle 2008 may be defined between the probe axis 2010 and the upper boundary of the probe range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the upper angle may range from 40 to 50 degrees, e.g., 45 degrees. A lower angle 2009 may be defined between the probe axis 2010 and the lower boundary of the probe range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the lower angle may range from 5 to 15 degrees, e.g., 10 degrees. The figure also shows the distance between the probe axis 2010 and the boundary of the range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the distance 2012 between the probe axis 2010 and the upper boundary of the range of motion 2002 may range from 110 to 150 mm, e.g., 130 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 2013 between the probe axis 2010 and the lower boundary of the range of motion 2002 may range from 30 to 50 mm, e.g., 40 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 2014 between the pivot point 2006 and the distal end 2004 of the probe varies from 150 to 200 mm, and may be, for example, 180 mm. Note that the range of motion or envelope within which the distal end of the probe may move when viewed from this vantage point is not symmetrical.

[0219] FIG. 21 illustrates a top view of the imaging probe 2000 of FIG. 20 and an example of a range of motion 2002 for the probe's distal end 2004 centered about a pivot point 2006 from that perspective, according to some embodiments. As shown, a first lateral angle 2102 may be defined between the probe's axis 2010 and an upper boundary of the probe's range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the first lateral angle may range from 10 to 20 degrees, e.g., 15 degrees. A second lateral angle 2103 may be defined between the probe's axis 2010 and a lower boundary of the probe's range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the second lateral angle may range from 10 to 20 degrees, e.g., 15 degrees. The figure also shows the distance between the probe's axis 2010 and the boundary of the range of motion 2002. In some embodiments, the distance 2104 between the upper and lower boundaries of the range of motion may range from 100 to 140 mm, e.g., 120 mm. In some embodiments, the distance 2106 between the pivot point 2006 and the distal end 2004 of the probe varies from 150 to 200 mm, and may be, for example, 180 mm. Note that the range of motion or envelope within which the distal end of the probe may move when viewed from this vantage point is symmetrical.

[0220] 22 illustrates a side view of treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000, showing the individual ranges of motion of the distal ends of each probe overlapping one another from that perspective, in accordance with some embodiments. In the figure, the probes are separate but collinear or approximately parallel to one another, as indicated by the distance represented by the separation 2202 of the probes' pivot points, with the treatment probe's pivot point positioned in front of (offset from) the imaging probe's pivot point.

[0221] The longitudinal and lateral separation between the probes is or may be varied as needed for the particular patient anatomy and procedure. For example, in some embodiments, the longitudinal separation 2202 of the pivot points (or fulcrums) of the two probes varies from 25 to 75 mm, e.g., 50 mm. The lateral separation 2203 of the two generally parallel probes varies from 25 to 75 mm, e.g., 50 mm. As shown in the figure, the possible range of motion 2204 for the treatment probe, as viewed from this vantage point, is of a different shape and size than that of the imaging probe 2206. The longitudinal and / or lateral separation of the two probes may be initially set and then modified by the physician based on the patient anatomy, the particular procedure being performed, the CT or MRI scan, pre-programmed profiles for the procedure or patient, etc.

[0222] The relative positioning of the distal ends of the two probes shown in the figures is an example of how the two probes may be positioned when used for a procedure. This example of relative positioning may result from a physician inserting each probe into a patient and then repositioning one or both probes prior to a procedure. This example of relative positioning may also result from a robotic arm moving one or both probes after they are inserted into the patient. Note that in some embodiments, the system may be used to calibrate or pre-program the movement of the robotic arm to ensure that the two probes do not collide or come within a specified distance of each other (although their ranges of motion (ROM) may intersect or overlap).

[0223] FIG. 23 illustrates a top view of the treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000 of FIG. 22 , according to some embodiments, showing the individual ranges of motion of the distal ends of each probe overlapping one another from that vantage point. Like FIG. 22 , in FIG. 23 the probes are separate but collinear or parallel to one another, with the treatment probe's pivot point positioned in front of (offset from) the imaging probe's pivot point. Note that in the illustrated embodiment, the distal ends 2302 of the two probes are also offset. Also note that in the illustration, the imaging probe is below and partially obscured by the treatment probe. As shown in the figure, the possible range of motion 2304 for the treatment probe, as viewed from this vantage point, is of a different shape and size than that of the imaging probe 2306.

[0224] As is evident from the figures, in some embodiments, each probe has a distinct range of possible motion, which represents the maximum envelope or bounded area within which the distal end of the probe may move, based on the probe's structure and operation.

[0225] As referenced, this possible range of motion may be constrained or limited to prevent collisions between the probes and / or the robotic arms used to move the probes. The constraints or limitations may be the result of a training or teaching process, such as a training mode as described herein, in which a physician may manipulate the probes and their respective distal ends to define an allowable range of motion. The training or teaching process may be performed with the probes outside the patient and / or inside the patient. Additionally, images of the interior of the treatment probe and / or the patient's body may be used to further constrain or limit the allowable motion of the probe or robotic arm to prevent collisions or harm to the patient.

[0226] 24 illustrates an isometric view of treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000, according to some embodiments, showing the respective ranges of motion 2402 (treatment probe) and 2403 (imaging probe) of the distal tips 2406 of the probes overlapping each other from that perspective. In the figure, the probes are separate but collinear or parallel to each other, as shown by the alignment of distal tips 2406, with the distal tip of the imaging probe aligned with the distal tip of the treatment probe. The figure shows the envelope of possible asymmetric motion for the distal tip of the imaging probe from that perspective.

[0227] FIG. 25A illustrates a side view of the treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000 of FIG. 24 , showing the individual ranges of motion 2402, 2403 of the distal ends 2406 of the probes 1600, 2000, respectively, overlapping one another from that perspective. Note that, compared to FIG. 22 , the longitudinal distance 2410 between the pivot points (or fulcrums) on the individual probes is reduced because the distal ends are aligned, as indicated by the location of the distal ends 2406. In this embodiment, the longitudinal separation 2410 between the two pivot points or fulcrums is, for example, 50 mm or less. This change in the relative positioning of the distal ends of the two probes compared to FIG. 22 affects how the individual ranges of motion for the probes overlap. This situation may arise in patient procedures where the imaging probe cannot be inserted far, as in the example shown in FIG. 22 , and / or during movement of the imaging probe relative to the treatment probe during the procedure.

[0228] FIG. 25B illustrates a side view of the treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000 of FIG. 24 , showing the respective ranges of motion 2402, 2403 of the distal ends of the probes 1600, 2000, respectively, overlapping one another from that perspective, according to some embodiments. Note that in this view, the imaging probe 2000 is advanced horizontally or vertically relative to the treatment probe, as compared to FIG. 25A . As a result, the probe distal ends are not aligned as in FIG. 25A . This type of variation in relative positioning may result from differences in patient anatomy, patient internal organs or tissues, or the procedure being performed. In this embodiment, the vertical separation 2410 between the two pivot points or fulcrums is, for example, 50 mm.

[0229] As explained, depending on one or more factors related to the treatment plan, treatment site, patient positioning, or patient anatomy (including, for example, patient size or health), one or both of the treatment or imaging probes may not be able to be inserted or moved in the same manner as for another patient or treatment. This will result in different positioning of the distal ends of the probes relative to each other and, therefore, different amounts of overlap or orientation of the range of motion envelopes for the two probes. Therefore, careful monitoring of the position, location, orientation, and movement of each probe relative to the patient and each other is important to avoid harm to the patient or to the probe due to collision.

[0230] 26 illustrates a top view of the treatment probe 1600 and imaging probe 2000 of FIG. 25 , showing their respective, overlapping ranges of motion 2402, 2403 when the probes 1600, 2000 are separate but collinear or parallel to one another, according to some embodiments. In the illustration, the distal end of the imaging probe is aligned with the distal end of the treatment probe, as indicated by the location of end 2406. As can be seen, from this vantage point or view, the range of motion or envelope of movement appears symmetrical.

[0231] As described, during a procedure, two probes are each inserted into the patient. The imaging probe (or in some examples, the TRUS probe) is typically inserted into the patient's rectum or sphincter, typically up to the pubic bone. The physician or surgeon can move the imaging probe within the tissue region but must be careful not to use force to move the probe into or against bone, as this may cause harm to the patient. In some embodiments, boundaries or limits on possible movement of the distal end of the probe may be obtained from cadaver studies or other forms of research. This may be in lieu of, or in addition to, instruction or training sessions conducted by the physician, either prior to or after insertion of the probe into the patient.

[0232] The treatment probe or handpiece is typically inserted through the urethra for prostate treatment toward the pelvic notch in front of the pubic bone, which may present a starting point for further manipulation or repositioning of the probe.

[0233] 27 is a flow chart or diagram illustrating a method, process, operation, or function 2770 for setting a range of motion (ROM) for a probe used as part of a procedure to treat a patient, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, one or more steps may occur within a training mode, as discussed herein. In step 2772, potential range of motion limits are set for the treatment probe. As described herein, this may include providing the system with a mathematical or other description of the probe's range of motion or motion envelope about a pivot point.

[0234] Corresponding potential range of motion limits are established for the imaging probe in step 2774. As described herein, this may include providing the system with a mathematical or other description of the range of motion or motion envelope of the probe about a pivot point.

[0235] In step 2776, the potential range of motion for one or both of the treatment probe and imaging probe may be adjusted or modified based on patient-specific factors or parameters. As described herein, this may involve patient anatomy, patient scanning considerations, and / or other relevant considerations. This is an optional step and may be performed by teaching or conducting a training session while the probe is external to the patient.

[0236] In step 2778, the probe or probes are connected to the robotic arm of the system and activated to allow robotic control of the location, positioning, and orientation of the probe or probes.

[0237] In step 2780, the physician may activate a mode to use the robotic arm controls to further define, constrain, or limit the range of motion or positioning for one or both probes, thus defining the allowable range of motion and desired probe position for the procedure. This may involve teaching or training sessions or other forms of establishing the desired position and range of motion for the probes.

[0238] In step 2782, the system may set or fix one or more of the allowable range of motion for one or both probes, the positioning and alignment of each probe relative to each other both longitudinally and laterally, and / or the positioning and alignment of each probe relative to the treatment area.

[0239] Although the above steps illustrate a method 2770 for setting a range of motion (ROM) for a probe used as part of a procedure to treat a patient, according to some embodiments, one skilled in the art will recognize many variations based on the teachings described herein. For example, the steps may be completed in a different order. One or more steps may be added or omitted. Some of the steps may include sub-steps. Many of the steps may be repeated as often as necessary or desired.

[0240] In a sense, there are three possible areas or volumes of interest that can be used to define or set an acceptable or desired range of motion or to place constraints on the initial possible range of motion (ROM) of one or both probes. The first volume is the possible and / or acceptable range of motion of the two probes relative to each other. The second volume is the possible and / or acceptable ROM of the imaging probe (inside the patient's rectum). The third volume is the possible and / or acceptable ROM of the treatment probe (inside the patient's prostate / bladder). The first volume or region is to prevent collision of the devices with each other and the distance to be maintained between the probes to prevent probe collision-related tissue damage. The second volume or region is to establish safe and desired tissue manipulation capabilities within the rectum, independent of the location of other probes. The third volume or region is to establish safe and desired tissue manipulation capabilities within bone structures, the urethra, the prostate, and the bladder, independent of the location of other probes. Note that each region or volume can be established separately, and together they serve as a set of rules that are considered when determining whether a region or volume intersection can occur.

[0241] It should be noted that while reference is made to defining, controlling, and / or constraining the range of motion of the distal end of the treatment or imaging probe, or both, embodiments are also directed to defining, controlling, and / or constraining the range of motion of the entire probe. This may include constraining or limiting the trajectory, motion, vector, alignment, orientation, or other form of probe positioning and / or motion. Such constraints or limitations may be based on or take into account one or more of the probe's dimensions, pivot point relative to the patient's anatomy, relative alignment between the treatment probe and the imaging probe, or other relevant information or images.

[0242] In some embodiments and uses of the described system, a person will first install or position the probe, which will be coupled to a robotic arm, which will then be used to move the probe. The range of motion, motion boundaries, or motion envelope may be defined by data entered into a computing system coupled to the robotic arm. The data may comprise measurements, parameter limits, thresholds, specific instructions, images, or other forms representing constraints or limits on the possible movement of the probe.

[0243] The data may be generated during a training or teaching session conducted by a physician, such as by having the physician manipulate the probe and move it through an acceptable range of motion. The acceptable range of motion as defined by the physician may be modified by information or data about the patient stored in a database coupled to the computing device. The database may contain scans, such as CT or MRI, that provide more detailed information about a specific patient's anatomy and treatment site. Tolerance amounts may be used to adjust or modify the determined acceptable range of motion for purposes of ensuring patient safety.

[0244] As referenced, a patient's anatomy can affect how a probe is positioned within the patient. For example, if a patient is obese or has an above-average amount of abdominal adipose tissue, the length of the probe inserted into the patient and the initial position of the probe inside the patient may differ from that for a leaner patient. Also, the relative locations of the rectal pivot of the imaging probe and the pivot of the treatment probe near the pelvic notch may vary, for example, depending on body weight.

[0245] When making fine adjustments to the location, position, or orientation of the treatment probe, an imaging probe may be used to obtain images of the distal end of the treatment probe. The imaging probe is typically a few millimeters wide, and for optimal ultrasound imaging, it is useful to have contact between the probe and the tissue. If sufficient contact is lacking, the operator may need to, for example, slightly lift the probe. Patient anatomy may be asymmetric, requiring movement of the imaging probe and / or treatment probe toward one another or the other.

[0246] As referenced, avoiding collisions between probes, between robotic arms, or between a probe and a patient's tissue or organs is all important in preventing harm and successfully completing a procedure. As described herein, avoiding collisions by constraining or limiting the range of motion of the probe can be accomplished by several approaches.

[0247] The first, as is conventionally done, is a purely manual approach, in which the physician is responsible for carefully manipulating the probe or probes to avoid contact with each other or with the patient's tissues or organs. The physician may rely on images from the imaging probe to determine the location of each probe inside the patient and to identify tissues or other structures inside the patient.

[0248] A second approach is to set limits on the possible range of motion or define the boundaries of an area or envelope within which the distal tip of the probe may safely move. As described, in one example, a physician may demonstrate to a computing system the acceptable range of motion of the probe. The computing system may determine parameters of the acceptable motion from the demonstrated range of motion, and these parameters may be translated into restrictions or limits on commands or instructions that can be applied to the robotic arm and probe. Sensors on the arm or probe may assist in determining the location, position, or orientation of the robotic arm or probe.

[0249] A third approach combines the second approach with imaging from inside the patient. This approach may use image recognition or a previously acquired scan of the patient to identify tissues or organs inside the patient, which, in combination with the image of the treatment probe, may be used to provide information for controlling the movement of the treatment probe. The imaging probe data can be used, for example, to determine the extent to which the two probes are separated. In one example, it may be desirable to maintain a minimum distance, for example, 2 mm, between the distal ends of the two probes.

[0250] In some embodiments, a mathematical model or representation of the possible range of motion of each probe may be generated and stored within the computing device. The possible range of motion or the envelope of possible motion is typically represented by some form of symmetric or asymmetric conical section. Given the probe dimensions and a point on the probe corresponding to where the probe wand is inserted into the patient (e.g., a pivot point), the computing device can calculate and display the relative position, orientation, and range of motion of the two probes inside the patient. This display can be modified by information from the patient scan and / or the physician to generate a patient-specific display of the probes and their individual range of motion while inside the patient. This information may be used to prevent collision or patient harm when (or if) the ends of the probes become too close to each other or to the patient's tissue or organs by generating an alert, preventing further movement, or other suitable mechanism.

[0251] As described herein, the computing devices and systems described and / or illustrated herein broadly represent any type or form of computing device, processor, or system capable of executing computer-readable instructions such as those contained within the modules described herein. In their most basic configurations, these computing devices may each include at least one memory device and at least one physical processor.

[0252] The terms "memory" or "memory device" as used herein generally refer to any type or form of volatile or non-volatile storage device or medium capable of storing data and / or computer-readable instructions. In one example, a memory device may store, load, and / or maintain one or more of the modules described herein. Examples of memory devices include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical disk drives, caches, variations or combinations of one or more thereof, or any other suitable storage memory.

[0253] Additionally, the terms “processor” or “physical processor” as used herein generally refer to any type or form of hardware-implemented processing unit capable of interpreting and / or executing computer-readable instructions. In one example, a physical processor may access and / or modify one or more modules stored within a memory device described above. Examples of physical processors include, but are not limited to, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a tensor processing unit (TPU), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementing a soft-core processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), one or more portions thereof, one or more variations or combinations thereof, or any other suitable physical processor.

[0254] Although illustrated as separate elements, the method steps described and / or illustrated herein may represent parts of a single application. Additionally, in some embodiments, one or more of these steps may represent or correspond to one or more software applications or programs that, when executed by a computing device, may cause the computing device to perform one or more tasks, such as method steps.

[0255] Additionally, one or more of the devices described herein may transform data, physical devices, and / or representations of physical devices from one form to another. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the modules listed herein may transform a processor, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and / or any other portion of a physical computing device from one form of computing device to another form of computing device by executing on the computing device, storing data on the computing device, and / or otherwise interacting with the computing device.

[0256] The term "computer-readable medium" as used herein generally refers to any form of device, carrier, or medium capable of storing or carrying computer-readable instructions. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, transmission-type media such as carrier waves, and non-transitory-type media such as magnetic storage media (e.g., hard disk drives, tape drives, and floppy disks), optical storage media (e.g., compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and BLU-RAY discs), electronic storage media (e.g., solid-state drives and flash media), and other distribution systems.

[0257] Those skilled in the art will recognize that any process or method disclosed herein can be modified in many ways. The process parameters and sequence of steps described and / or illustrated herein are given by way of example only and can be varied as desired. For example, although the steps illustrated and / or described herein may be shown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarily have to be performed in the order shown or discussed.

[0258] The various exemplary methods described and / or illustrated herein may also omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein, or may comprise additional steps in addition to those disclosed. Furthermore, the steps of any method as disclosed herein can be combined with one or more steps of any of any other methods as disclosed herein.

[0259] A processor as described herein may be configured to perform one or more steps of any of the methods disclosed herein. Alternatively, or in combination, a processor may be configured to combine one or more steps of one or more methods as disclosed herein.

[0260] Unless otherwise stated, the terms "connected to" and "coupled to" (and their derivatives) as used in this specification and claims shall be interpreted as allowing both direct and indirect (i.e., via other elements or components) connections. Additionally, the terms "a" or "an" as used in this specification and claims shall be interpreted as meaning "at least one of." Finally, for ease of use, the terms "including" and "having" (and their derivatives) as used in this specification and claims shall be synonymous with and have the same meaning as the word "comprising."

[0261] A processor, processors, or computing device or devices as disclosed herein can be configured with executable instructions to perform any one or more steps of any method as disclosed herein. This may be accomplished by programming the processor with a set of computer-executable instructions. When executed, the instructions will cause the processor, or a computing device of which the processor is a component, to implement one or more steps or stages of the method described herein.

[0262] It should be understood that the terms "first," "second," "third," etc. may be used herein to describe various layers, elements, components, regions, or sections without reference to any particular order or sequence of events. These terms are merely used to distinguish one layer, element, component, region, or section from another layer, element, component, region, or section. A first layer, element, component, region, or section as described herein could be referred to as a second layer, element, component, region, or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0263] As used herein, the term "or" is used inclusively to refer to items as alternatives and in combination.

[0264] As used herein, letters such as numbers refer to similar elements.

[0265] As used herein, the terms "crude" and "total" are used interchangeably.

[0266] As used herein, the terms "one or more computing devices" and "processor" are used interchangeably.

[0267] This disclosure includes the following numbered appendices:

[0268] Appendix 1. A system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient, the system comprising: a probe sized for insertion into a patient; a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe; and one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm and configured with instructions for establishing an allowable range of motion for the probe, the allowable range of motion being stored on a memory of one or more computing devices, wherein establishing the allowable range of motion further includes defining a possible range of motion for a distal end of the probe and modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe to define the allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe; treating or imaging target tissue of the patient with the probe; and moving the robotic arm to affect movement of the probe within the allowable range of motion for the probe.

[0269] Appendix 2. The system of Appendix 1, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further includes defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move.

[0270] Clause 3. The system of clause 2, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region.

[0271] Clause 4. The system of clause 2, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe.

[0272] Clause 5. The system of Clause 1, wherein the probe is an imaging probe, and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into a patient.

[0273] Appendix 6. The system of Appendix 5, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further includes activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode including a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes.

[0274] Clause 7. The system of clause 6, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are outside the patient.

[0275] Clause 8. The system of Clause 6, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are inside the patient.

[0276] Clause 9. The system of clause 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images.

[0277] Clause 10. The system of clause 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring images of the treatment probe, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0278] Clause 11. The system of clause 10, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring an image of the treatment probe, and, in response to the image, automatically moving the distal end of the imaging probe within a predetermined area to avoid collision with the treatment probe.

[0279] Clause 12. The system of clause 8, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0280] Appendix 13. The system of Appendix 1, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe includes comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near the treatment site, and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site.

[0281] Clause 14. The system of Clause 12, further comprising using an image recognition application to process the acquired image to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue.

[0282] Appendix 15. A method of treating target tissue at a target site in a patient, the method including manually inserting a probe into the patient; coupling the probe to a robotic arm; and establishing an allowable range of motion for the probe, the allowable range of motion being stored on memory of one or more computing devices operably coupled to the robotic arm, wherein establishing the allowable range of motion further includes defining a possible range of motion for a distal end of the probe; and modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe to define the allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe; treating or imaging the target tissue of the patient with the probe; and moving the robotic arm under control of the one or more computing devices operably coupled to the probe to affect movement of the probe within the allowable range of motion for the probe.

[0283] Appendix 16. The method of Appendix 15, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further comprises defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move.

[0284] Clause 17. The method of clause 16, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region.

[0285] Clause 18. The method of clause 16, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular displacement of the distal end of the probe.

[0286] Clause 19. The method of clause 15, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient.

[0287] Appendix 20. The method of Appendix 19, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further includes activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode including a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes.

[0288] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are outside the patient.

[0289] Appendix 22. The method of Appendix 21, wherein the training or teaching mode defines a range of motion of the first probe relative to the second probe, the defined range of motion being capable of being stored in memory and translatable inside the patient.

[0290] Appendix 23. The method of Appendix 21, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are inside the patient.

[0291] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, further comprising operating an imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images.

[0292] Clause 25. The method of clause 23, further comprising operating an imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0293] Clause 26. The method of clause 23, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and in response to the images, performing one or more of: defining an area or volume to prevent the probes from colliding with each other or a distance to be maintained between the probes to prevent probe collision-related tissue damage; verifying the position of one or both probes within the defined area; or activating movement of a robotic arm to monitor the position of one or both probes and prevent collision.

[0294] Clause 27. The method of clause 23, further comprising operating an imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0295] Appendix 28. The method of Appendix 15, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe includes comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near the treatment site, and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site.

[0296] Clause 29. The method of clause 27, further comprising using an image recognition application to process the acquired image to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue.

[0297] Appendix 30. A system for treating target tissue at a target site of a patient, the system comprising: a first robotic arm coupled to a treatment probe for treating the target tissue of the patient; a second robotic arm coupled to an imaging probe for imaging the target tissue of the patient; and one or more computing devices operably coupled to the first robotic arm and the second robotic arm, the one or more computing devices configured to execute instructions for controlling movement of one or more of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm, the instructions constraining movement of one or both probes to be within an allowed range of motion for the probe or probes.

[0298] Clause 31. The system of Clause 30, wherein the one or more computing devices are configured to execute instructions to control movement of the first robotic arm or the second robotic arm to adjust one or more of a pitch, yaw, roll, lateral, or linear position of the treatment or imaging probe along an axis of entry of the treatment or imaging probe into the patient.

[0299] Clause 32. The system of clause 30, wherein the instructions for constraining movement of one or both probes to be within an acceptable range of motion for the probe or probes further include instructions for defining a possible range of motion for a distal end of at least one of the probes, modifying the possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe, and defining an acceptable range of motion for the distal end of the probe.

[0300] Addendum 33. The system of Addendum 32, wherein defining a possible range of motion for the distal end of the probe further includes defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is allowed to move.

[0301] Clause 34. The system of clause 33, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region.

[0302] Addendum 35. The system of Addendum 33, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe.

[0303] Addendum 36. The system of Addendum 32, wherein modifying the possible range of motion of the distal end of the probe and defining an allowable range of motion further includes activating and implementing a training or teaching mode for the system, the training or teaching mode including a user manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the possible range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes.

[0304] 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are outside the patient.

[0305] 38. The system of claim 36, wherein the training or teaching mode occurs when both probes are inside the patient.

[0306] Clause 39. The system of clause 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the treatment probe, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images.

[0307] Clause 40. The system of clause 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe, acquiring images of the treatment probe, and constraining an allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0308] Clause 41. The system of clause 38, further comprising operating the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy, and constraining the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0309] Appendix 42. The system of Appendix 30, wherein modifying the potential range of motion of the distal end of the probe includes comparing the potential range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near the treatment site, and modifying the potential range of motion to avoid harm to the patient from the distal end of the probe in areas surrounding the treatment site.

[0310] Clause 43. The system of Clause 41, further comprising using an image recognition application to process the acquired image to identify regions of the patient's organ or tissue.

[0311] Addendum 44. A system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient, the system comprising: a probe sized for insertion into the patient; a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe; and one or more computing devices operatively coupled to the robotic arm and configured with instructions to: execute a training mode in response to a request from an operator of the system, the training mode including the operator demonstrating an allowable range of motion of a distal end of the probe, the distal end of the probe being inserted into a body of the patient; exit the training mode; and treat or image tissue of the patient with the probe after insertion of the distal end of the probe into the body of the patient, the robotic arm being adapted to affect movement of the distal end of the probe within the body of the patient only within the allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe.

[0312] Addendum 45. The system of Addendum 44, wherein prior to executing the training mode, the system defines an initial range of motion for the distal end of the probe by defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is constrained to move.

[0313] Clause 46. The system of clause 45, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region.

[0314] Addendum 47. The system of Addendum 45, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe.

[0315] Clause 48. The system of clause 44, wherein the probe is an imaging probe, and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into a patient.

[0316] Appendix 49. The system of Appendix 48, wherein the training mode includes an operator manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining limits for the range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes.

[0317] 50. The system of claim 49, wherein the training mode is performed when both probes are inside the patient.

[0318] Addendum 51. The system of Addendum 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images.

[0319] Addendum 52. The system of Addendum 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0320] Clause 53. The system of Clause 52, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe, acquire an image of the treatment probe, and, in response to the image, automatically move the distal end of the imaging probe within a predetermined area to avoid collision with the treatment probe.

[0321] Addendum 54. The system of Addendum 50, wherein the instructions further cause the system to operate the imaging probe to acquire images of the patient's anatomy and modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

[0322] Appendix 55. The system of Appendix 44, wherein the instructions further cause the system to compare the allowable range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near the treatment site, and in response, modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe in the area surrounding the treatment site.

[0323] Clause 56. The system of Clause 54, wherein the instructions further cause the system to process the acquired image using an image recognition application to identify regions of the patient's organs or tissue.

[0324] Addendum 57. A method of treating target tissue at a target site of a patient, the method including manually inserting a distal end of a probe into the patient; coupling the probe to a robotic arm; executing a training mode, the training mode including an operator defining an allowable range of motion for the distal end of the probe; exiting the training mode; and treating or imaging target tissue of the patient with the probe after insertion of the distal end of the probe into the patient's body, the robotic arm under control of one or more computing devices operably coupled to the probe being adapted to affect movement of the distal end of the probe within the allowable range of motion relative to the distal end of the probe.

[0325] Addendum 58. The method of Addendum 57, wherein prior to executing the training mode, the system defines an initial range of motion for the distal end of the probe by defining a region within which the distal end of the probe is constrained to move.

[0326] Addendum 59. The method of Addendum 58, wherein the region is defined by a mathematical representation of the region.

[0327] Addendum 60. The method of Addendum 58, wherein the region is defined by an image of the region, the image including dimensions of the probe and possible angular movement of the distal end of the probe.

[0328] Clause 61. The method of Clause 57, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient.

[0329] Addendum 62. The method of Addendum 61, wherein the training mode includes an operator manipulating one or both of the imaging or treatment probes and defining an allowable range of motion for the distal end of one or both of the imaging or treatment probes.

[0330] Clause 63. The method of clause 57, further comprising comparing the allowable range of motion to a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomy near the treatment site, and responsively modifying the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe in the region surrounding the treatment site.

[0331] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It is understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. The following claims define the scope of the invention, and it is intended that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

1. A system for treating or imaging tissue of a patient, the system comprising: a probe sized for insertion into the patient; a robotic arm configured to couple to the probe; at least one processor configured to operate the robotic arm; wherein the at least one processor is configured to execute instructions, the instructions comprising: executing a training mode in response to a request from an operator of the system, the training mode including the operator demonstrating an acceptable range of motion of a distal end of the probe, the distal end of the probe being inserted into the patient's body; exiting the training mode; treating or imaging the tissue of the patient with the probe after inserting the distal end of the probe into the body of the patient; and wherein the robotic arm is adapted to affect movement of the distal end of the probe within the body of the patient only within the allowed range of motion for the distal end of the probe, and movement of the distal end of the probe outside the allowed range of motion of the distal end of the probe is limited.

2. The system described in claim 1, wherein prior to executing the training mode, the at least one processor defines an initial range of motion for the distal end of the probe by defining an area within which the distal end of the probe is constrained from moving.

3. The system described in claim 2, wherein the initial range of motion of the probe is shown in an image.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the probe is an imaging probe and the system further comprises a treatment probe sized for insertion into the patient.

5. The system described in claim 4, wherein the training mode includes the operator manipulating one or both of the imaging probe or the treatment probe and defining limits to the allowable range of motion of the distal end of one or both of the imaging probe or the treatment probe.

6. The system described in claim 5, wherein the training mode is performed when both probes are inside the patient.

7. The system described in claim 6, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the treatment probe in response to the images.

8. The system described in claim 6, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the treatment probe, and constrain the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

9. The system described in claim 8, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to operate the imaging probe, acquire an image of the treatment probe, and, in response to the image, automatically move the distal end of the imaging probe within a predetermined area to avoid collision with the treatment probe.

10. The system described in claim 6, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to operate the imaging probe, acquire images of the patient's anatomical structure, and modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the imaging probe in response to the images.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to compare the allowable range of motion with a scan of the patient showing an area of ​​the patient's anatomical structure near a treatment site, and in response, modify the allowable range of motion of the distal end of the probe in the area surrounding the treatment site.

12. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions further cause the at least one processor to identify regions of the patient's organs or tissues by processing the images of the patient's anatomical structures using an image recognition application.

Images