Laminated glazing for vehicles and associated apparatus having near infrared vision system - Patents.com

Abstract

The present invention relates to a vehicle laminated glazing unit (100) having a first ultra-clear glass sheet (exterior glazing unit), a lamination interlayer, a second glass sheet (interior glazing unit) with a through hole in the second sheet, which includes a piece and a masking layer for mounting the piece on the first sheet. The present invention also relates to such a glazing unit having an infrared vision system.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a laminated glazing unit, in particular a windshield, for use in a vehicle, in particular a road vehicle or a train, in association with a near-infrared vision system. The invention also describes a device combining said glazing unit with a vision system. [Background technology]

[0002] Autonomous vehicle glazing units and related technologies are constantly evolving, particularly to improve safety.

[0003] Laser remote sensing or LIDAR (an acronym for "light detection and ranging" or "laser detection and ranging") may be used in the headlights of autonomous vehicles.

[0004] More recently, WO 2021 / 136907 has proposed placing a LIDAR operating in the near infrared behind a laminated windshield comprising two sheets of glass, with a through hole in the inner glass at the communication window for the LIDAR and a masking layer on the inside surface of the outer glass. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The performance of this visual device (the glazing unit associated with LIDAR) can be improved. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] For this purpose, the invention firstly relates to a laminated (and / or curved) glazing unit for a vehicle, in particular for a road vehicle (car, truck, public transport: bus, coach, etc.) or for a rail vehicle (in particular for those with a maximum speed of at most 90 km / h or at most 70 km / h, in particular metro trains, trams), which is in particular curved, in particular a windshield or a rear window, indeed also a side glazing unit, of a given thickness, for example of the sub-centimeter, in particular of at most 5 mm in the case of a road vehicle windshield, which laminated glazing unit comprises: a first glass sheet, in particular curved, intended to be an exterior glazing unit, having a first main outer side F1 and a second main inner side F2 facing the passenger compartment and having a thickness, in the case of a motor vehicle, preferably of at most 4 mm, even at most 3 mm or 2.5 mm - in particular 2.1 mm, 1.9 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.4 mm - and preferably of at least 0.7 mm or at least 1 mm, a laminate interlayer (single or multi-ply), optionally neutral, transparent, ultra-transparent or coloured, in particular coloured grey or green, made of a polymeric material, preferably a thermoplastic one, more preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB, preferably containing a plasticiser), preferably having a thickness E0 of at most 1.8 mm, more preferably at most 1.2 mm, even more preferably at most 0.9 mm (and preferably at least 0.3 mm, even more preferably at least 0.6 mm) for road vehicles, the laminate interlayer being optionally soundproof and / or optionally having a cross section decreasing in a wedge-like manner from top to bottom of a laminated glazing unit (in particular a windshield) for a head-up display (HUD), the laminate interlayer having a main surface Fa facing F2 and a main surface Fb facing away from Fa, a second glass sheet intended to be an internal glazing unit, preferably curved, in particular tinted, having a third main face F3 on the side of F2 and a fourth main inner face F4 facing the passenger compartment, and in the case of a road vehicle, preferably having a thickness smaller than that of the first glazing unit, and even at most 3 mm or 2 mm - in particular 1.9 mm, 1.8 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.4 mm -, or even at most 1.3 mm, and preferably at least 0.7 mm, the thickness of the first and second glass sheets preferably being strictly less than 5 mm or less than 4 mm, or even less than 3.7 mm.

[0007] The second glass sheet, in particular one based on silica, soda lime, preferably one based on soda lime silica, also one based on aluminosilicate or one based on borosilicate, has a total iron oxide content (expressed in the form Fe2O3) of at least 0.4% by weight and preferably at most 1.5% by weight.

[0008] The first glass sheet, in particular one based on silica, soda lime, soda lime silica or aluminosilicate or borosilicate, has a total iron oxide content (expressed in the form of Fe2O3) of at most 0.05% by weight (500 ppm), preferably at most 0.03% by weight (300 ppm), at most 0.015% by weight (150 ppm) and in particular 0.005% by weight or more. The redox ratio of the first glass sheet is preferably 0.15 or more.

[0009] The glazing unit according to the invention further comprises: - a through hole in the thickness of the second glass sheet, which is a centimetre (along the surface of the second glass sheet) and which is either a closed hole bounded by a wall or an open hole (notch) (especially on the longitudinal ends) and which is extended in the thickness of the lamination interlayer by another through hole, called an interlayer hole, - in the zone of the through holes, a masking layer comprising a matrix (transparent in particular in the visible range) and, dispersed (preferably dissolved) in said matrix, a colorant (preferably a molecular colorant), which masking layer (forming a selective filter) is absorbent in the visible range and transparent for at least one so-called working wavelength in the infrared range within the range from 800 nm to 1800 nm, in particular from 850 nm to 1600 nm, in particular from 905±30 nm and / or 1550±30 nm, most in particular from 1200 nm to 1600 nm or from 1400 nm to 1600 nm, - in the through hole and optionally below the through hole (below the surface F3), - below, in or even above face F4 - it comprises a piece that is transparent at least at the working wavelength.

[0010] The piece according to the invention comprises: - the main surface, called the connecting surface, and has a main surface, referred to as the inner surface, facing away from the connecting surface, said inner surface preferably comprising an anti-reflection element at said operating wavelength.

[0011] The masking layer forms an adhesive layer for bonding the piece to the first glass sheet and has a thickness E1.

[0012] The masking layer is in particular in adhesive contact with the joining surface, which is exposed or which has a functional element (preferably a functional coating, which is sub-millimeter thick, even at most 200 nm thick) and / or in adhesive contact with face F2, which has a functional coating on face F2 (preferably a functional coating, which is sub-millimeter thick, even at most 200 nm thick), said functional element (preferably a functional coating), as said functional coating, is transparent for said wavelengths, called working wavelengths.

[0013] According to the invention, the matrix, referred to as cross-linked polymer, is based on one or more cross-linked polymers, in particular consisting essentially of cross-linked polymers, and has an E1 of sub-millimetre, or even at most 850 μm or 750 μm or 650 μm.

[0014] The masking layer may be a coating (deposition) or a film (self-supporting and applied), with E1 preferably being greater than 50 μm (to compensate for the difference in curvature between the first sheet and the piece), or even greater than 200 μm or greater than 500 μm.

[0015] To improve safety, this piece according to the invention is made of a material that is added in the through hole, thereby not adversely affecting the efficiency of the LIDAR, and that is transparent at the working wavelength, preferably thanks to an anti-reflection element with a particularly high transmission, which may be an anti-reflection coating or an internal surface that is textured (such as a surface treatment), in particular a nano-textured internal surface.

[0016] Furthermore, interlayer holes are created because conventional lamination interlayers are very thick PVB to meet normal mechanical standards, typically 0.7 mm or more PVB film, but are not sufficiently transparent to the working wavelengths, especially those from 1200 nm.

[0017] By creating a cross-linked polymer layer, which may have very high transparency at the working wavelength, generally higher than that of thermoplastics, it may be functionalized to mask and fix the pieces.

[0018] Surprisingly, the addition of colorants (pigments, or preferably "chemical" colorants, or molecular colorants, also called "colorants") does not interfere with the adhesive strength or mechanical strength of the masking layer.

[0019] The thickness E1 is selected to have sufficient transparency while having acceptable mechanical performance: the crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​more transparent than the thermoplastic matrix at the working wavelength; for the same transparency, it can have a relatively large thickness.

[0020] The masking layer may for example have a shape which is similar to the shape of the cross section of the through hole, and thus may for example have a trapezoidal shape, or alternatively may have a shape other than the shape of the cross section of the through hole 4, for example a rectangular shape.

[0021] In particular, the difference in absolute value between E0 and E1 is at most 300 μm or 200 μm or 100 μm (in particular E0 is at least 0.6 mm, preferably at most 1.2 mm or even at most 0.9 mm), optionally E1 being smaller than E0.

[0022] Preferably, for crosslinked polymer matrices, a thickness E1 of at least 300 μm is selected, in particular if E0 is 0.3 mm±0.1 mm, a thickness E1 of 300 μm to 500 μm is selected, or a thickness E1 of 400 μm to 800 μm or 500 μm to 800 μm is selected, in particular if E0 is 0.7 mm±0.1 mm.

[0023] The invention is particularly suitable for glazing units (windshields, windows, etc.) for road vehicles, especially for vehicles such as autonomous or semi-autonomous cars: levels L2+, L3, L4 and L5 ("fully" autonomous), as well as robotaxis and shuttles.

[0024] The angle of a glazing unit, particularly a windshield for a road vehicle, may typically be between 21° and 36° with respect to the ground, and an average of 30°.

[0025] In particular, the through-hole is open or closed on said upper longitudinal end or end face, in particular in the vicinity of the upper longitudinal end face (surrounded by the glass wall of the second sheet).

[0026] According to the present invention, "based on" an element means that said element is at least 50% by weight in a given composition.

[0027] The masking layer may contain one or more components of a black, cyan, magenta, or yellow tinting agent.

[0028] The masking layer may contain any pigment or any molecular colorant that has a higher infrared transmittance than its visible transmittance. The masking layer may contain molecular colorants (soluble in the matrix) or pigments, or both.

[0029] The colorant typically comprises 0.1 to 10% by weight of the masking layer.

[0030] Preferably, a molecular colorant (with a black masking layer, as defined below) is selected that is preferably black, and is defined with the highest possible absorption coefficient at the operating wavelength in order to minimize concentration (for a given layer thickness).

[0031] For example, the masking layer may contain as colorants: - Colorants such as inks of family 7527 (Epolin, Newark, NJ); 7527A or 7527B or 7527C. colorants, such as Sudan Black B™ or Nigrosin Solvent Black 5; - colorants such as, for example, Spectre™ inks, such as Spectre™ 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160 (Epolin); Mimaki inks, such as Mimaki ES3, SS21, BS3, SS2, or HS (Mimaki); or Seiko inks, such as Seiko 1000, 1300, SG700, SG740, or VIC (Seiko Advance Ltd.), or else IR9508 black ink from MingBo anti Forgery Technology Co ltd., colorants such as, for example, Lumogen® Black FK 4280, or Lumogen® Black FK 4281, or Lumogen black K0087 (for action wavelengths>850 nm), or Paliogen black L086 (for action wavelengths>780 nm), or Paliogen black S0084 (for action wavelengths>730 nm) from BASF.

[0032] For the masking layer, the thickness of the layer and / or the weight percentage of the tinting agent may vary.

[0033] A relatively thinner masking layer will result in a higher concentration (wt%) of colorant (and therefore a lower wt% of matrix).

[0034] The desired infrared transmittance for the masking layer is advantageously at least 88% or 90% from 1200 nm to 1600 nm.

[0035] The desired light transmittance (TL) of the masking layer is advantageously at most 3% in the visible range, or even at most 2%. The concentration C1m of the colorants (preferably molecular colorants) constituting the masking layer is determined by the Beer-Lambert law as the extinction coefficient ε (unit: L × g -1 ×cm -1 ) or alternatively, the molar extinction coefficient (unit: mol × g -1 ×cm -1 ), according to the following relationship:

[0036]

number

[0037] Or:

[0038]

number

[0039] Here, A λmax is the absorbance and T λmax is the transmittance taken at the position of maximum absorption of the colorant that is reached in order to have a light transmittance TL of at most 3% or 2% in the visible range, whereby C1m is the minimum concentration of the corresponding colorant in the masking layer.

[0040] Then, C1m (units: g / L or %) can be estimated according to the following general relationship:

[0041]

number

[0042] More specifically, for colorant N7527B: λmax=603nm, ε=175.6L×g -1 ×cm -1 If TL is equal to 3%, then T λmax =10.49×10 -3 arb.unit, or T if TL is equal to 2% λmax =5.96 10 -3 arb.unit.

[0043] Therefore, for TL=2%, we get:

[0044]

number

[0045] Therefore, for TL=3%, we get:

[0046]

number

[0047] The two following tables respectively show the minimum concentration (g / L, absolute amount of colorant or % by weight of layer) of this colorant N7527B in the case of a crosslinked polymer matrix, such as OCA acrylate. The thickness E1 of the (crosslinked) masking layer (coating or film) is preferably in the range of 5 μm to 950 μm, and further in the range of 450 μm to 850 μm or 450 μm to 750 μm, especially if it is desired to increase the transmission at the working wavelength by at least 1200 nm. The relatively low colorant concentration does not make it possible to reach TL=2% or 3%, respectively.

[0048] [Table 1]

[0049] [Table 2]

[0050] The masking layer having a crosslinked polymer matrix may include other additives, such as at least one of the following (preferably at less than 10 or 5 or 1 weight percent of the layer): - residual photoinitiators, - Plasticizers (for better flexibility), - adhesion promoters, -Additives for durability.

[0051] The degree of polymerization, or even crosslinking, is not necessarily 100%, so the matrix may contain residual prepolymers, monomers, oligomers. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) may be used to analyze the masking layer after crosslinking, thereby determining the degree of polymerization. It may have a mixture of polymers.

[0052] The crosslinked polymer matrix can be a crosslinked (transparent) optical adhesive (specifically called OCA, optically transparent adhesive). Optical adhesives (OCA) can be deposited in solid or liquid state and can be cured during or after the lamination process. The way in which liquid OCA cures depends on its nature; some OCAs crosslink by energy supply, particularly of the ultraviolet type, while others crosslink at room temperature by adding a curing agent.

[0053] The crosslinked polymer matrix may preferably be based on (or consist essentially of) the following materials: acrylates, in particular urethane acrylates, polyvinyl acetates, polyurethanes, silicones or epoxies.

[0054] The layer may be a coating obtained by a liquid route, obtained from a formulation, preferably a UV-photocrosslinkable (UVA) formulation or even a two-component formulation.

[0055] UV(A) crosslinking is preferred because crosslinking is relatively fast.

[0056] The masking layer may be a crosslinked polymer film, in particular a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA), which adheres by simple contact, in particular the following materials: acrylates, in particular urethane acrylates, polyvinyl acetates, polyurethanes, silicones, etc.

[0057] Pressure sensitive adhesives, abbreviated as PSA and commonly referred to as self-adhesives, are adhesives that form a bond when pressure is applied to them, thereby bonding them to the surfaces they are adhesively bonded to. No solvents or water or heat are required to activate the adhesive.

[0058] As the name suggests, it is "pressure sensitive," and the degree of bond between a given surface and the self-adhesive binder is affected by the amount of pressure used to apply the adhesive to the target surface.

[0059] PSAs are generally designed to form and maintain bonds at ambient temperatures, and one skilled in the art will select an appropriate self-adhesive formulation for the conditions of use, since PSAs generally lose or lose their adhesive strength at low temperatures and lose their ability to withstand shear at elevated temperatures.

[0060] PSAs are generally based on elastomers combined with a suitable additional adhesive or "tackifying" agent (eg, an ester resin).

[0061] The elastomer may preferably be based on: - acrylates, which may be sufficiently tacky that they do not require additional tackifiers; - silicones, which require special tackifiers, such as "MQ" type silicate resins, which consist of monofunctional ("M") trimethylsilane reacted with tetrafunctional ("Q") silicon tetrachloride, and silicone-based PSAs, such as polydimethylsiloxane gums and resins dispersed in xylene or a mixture of xylene and toluene; Or optionally: - block copolymers based on styrene, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-ethylene / butylene-styrene (SEBS), styrene-ethylene / propylene (SEP), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymers, - Vinyl Ether - Nitrile.

[0062] Preferably, the masking layer is a cross-linked pressure sensitive polymer film, where the cross-linked polymer matrix is ​​preferably based on acrylate or silicone (cross-linked).

[0063] PSA adhesives are sold in the form of double-sided adhesive rolls. As PSAs based on silicone, mention may be made of Dow Corning® adhesives, such as 2013 adhesive, 7657 adhesive, Q2-7735 adhesive, Q2-7406 adhesive, Q2-7566 adhesive, 7355 adhesive, 7358 adhesive, 280A adhesive, 282 adhesive, 7651 adhesive, 7652 adhesive, 7356 adhesive, etc.

[0064] Film may also be mentioned.

[0065] In the case of a crosslinked polymer film, the pieces and the film may, for example, be preassembled.

[0066] The masking layer with a crosslinked polymer matrix may comprise or be (essentially) a self-supporting adhesive film, preferably pressure-sensitive, monolayer (preferably a monolayer film made of a material with said crosslinked polymer matrix) or multilayer, with E1 preferably at most 850 μm or 750 μm, more preferably at least 450 μm. The crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​for example based on acrylates and is preferably photocrosslinked by UV light.

[0067] The masking layer may comprise or be a polymeric substrate carrying on its main surface a thickness (E'0 sub-millimeter) of a masking adhesive layer (thickness E11 and E12) made of a crosslinked polymer, E1 or at least E11+E12 being preferably at most 850 μm or 750 μm, more preferably at least 450 μm, in particular a pressure-sensitive masking adhesive layer. The crosslinked polymer matrix of the two masking adhesive layers is for example based on acrylates, preferably photocrosslinked by UV light.

[0068] In the case of cross-linked polymer coatings, a cross-linkable composition (UV) for the coating may be deposited on the pieces before lamination and is preferably cross-linked or allowed to finish during and / or after lamination.

[0069] A first example of a masking layer in the form of a coating uses an article called OCA UZ181A, which is an acrylate-based crosslinkable UV resin sold by AK ChemTech, in which a black molecular colorant, namely Epolin's N7527B, has been diluted.

[0070] A second example of a masking layer in the form of a coating uses an article called OCA Uvekol S15, which is a crosslinkable UV resin based on a single component acrylate (urethane acrylate) sold by Allnex, in which a black molecular colorant, namely Epolin's N7527B, is diluted.

[0071] A third example of a masking layer in the form of a coating uses an article called OCA Loctite AD8650, which is a silicone-based crosslinkable UV resin sold by Henkel in which a black molecular colorant, namely Epolin's N7527B, has been diluted.

[0072] OCA Uvekol S15 is preferred because it is relatively less toxic than OCA UZ181A and has satisfactory transparency, particularly from 1200 nm, and especially from about 1550 nm.

[0073] Preference is given to cross-linked polymer matrices that are free of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive toxic (CMR) agents.

[0074] The OCA Loctite AD8650 has a relatively less favorable mechanical performance than any of the other OCAs.

[0075] Typically, PVB-based interlayer sheets contain 70%-75% PVB, 25%-30% plasticizer, and less than 1% additives. There are also PVB sheets that contain little or no plasticizer, such as KURARAY's "MOWITAL LP BF" film that contains no plasticizer.

[0076] The transmission at the working wavelengths, especially at 1550 nm, can be made relatively good by lowering the level of PVB, by adding plasticizers or other additives that are transparent to the working wavelengths.

[0077] However, the absorption at the working wavelength may also be altered by the properties of the main polymer chain (molar mass, crystallinity, stereoregularity, etc.), potential grafted functions, or other absorbing additives.

[0078] A masking layer in the form of a coating can be deposited (by a liquid route) on the piece (exposed or with functional elements) or on face F2 (exposed or with functional elements) before or after assembly (preferably before lamination).

[0079] The production may involve crosslinkable adhesives, crosslinkable adhesives that cure when their components react (especially under UV light, thermal crosslinkable, etc.), or crosslinkable adhesives that cure when the solvent evaporates. In either case, there is a chemical reaction to generate the chemical bonds for crosslinking, where a crosslinked polymer is defined by the formation of a three-dimensional network of polymer chains linked by chemical bonds.

[0080] The production of a laminated glazing unit according to the present invention may involve depositing an OCA (thermally crosslinkable) by liquid route on face F2 before lamination (whether before assembly or not) to form a masking layer, it being preferable to use a thermally crosslinkable OCA which crosslinks due to the temperature applied during lamination.

[0081] The manufacture of the laminated glazing unit according to the invention advantageously involves depositing OCA in the holes after lamination, or else on the pieces that are placed on face F2 after lamination, to form a masking layer. Then, OCA crosslinkable by UV or two-component OCA crosslinkable by chemical reaction is used. If OCA is deposited on the surface of the pieces, a prior crosslinking step (UV or proceeding with chemical reaction) is advantageous, so that the OCA gels on the surface of the pieces and can be deposited in the holes. Then, a vacuum is created, which evacuates trapped air and completes the crosslinking to obtain good adhesion.

[0082] Preferably, the masking layer has a transparency L less than 5 and even equal to 1. * 1.

[0083] Preferably, the glazing unit comprises an opaque masking layer, which absorbs in the visible range of operating wavelengths, in particular in the form of at least one coating on at least one of the first or second sheet and / or on a laminate interlayer; around and in the region of the through hole, the masking layer has, at least in the central zone, a gap along the (first) through hole, which preferably protrudes into the through hole by at most 50 mm, 30 mm, or 20 mm, or 10 mm, 7 mm, or 5 mm.

[0084] At the ends of the through-holes the masking layer may rest on the opaque masking layer with a coating, preferably over a distance of at most 50 mm, or be continuous with or offset by at most 150 μm.

[0085] The masking layer preferably has substantially the same color (e.g., black) and / or optical density as the surrounding opaque masking layer (e.g., black). For example, the optical density difference between the masking layer and the opaque masking layer is at most 5%, 3%, 2%, or even they are the same color.

[0086] Thus, under the face F3, in particular at a distance from the piece, one may provide different extents for the masking layer:

[0087] The masking layer extends beyond said through-hole below face F3 to extend the peripheral masking layer or mask a gap in the peripheral masking layer.

[0088] The masking layer may have at least one local opening or discontinuity to allow the passage of light rays, in particular for at least one additional sensor, in particular a sensor of a visible light camera or a thermal camera, in particular a camera fixed to the plate on the perforated face F4 to allow the passage of said light rays or electromagnetic rays (thermal camera).

[0089] Between faces F2 and Fa, the glazing unit may comprise an opaque masking layer, in particular enamel (such as black) (especially ink, in particular black, etc. on Fa), on face F2 and / or on face Fa, at the ends of the through hole between faces F2 and Fa, in particular in the peripheral zone, and also in the central part, preferably along the longitudinal ends of the glazing unit.

[0090] The opaque masking layer is preferably a continuous layer (flattened with raised edges, or alternatively with beveled edges) (a collection of patterns).

[0091] The masking layer may be located 2 mm or 3 mm (less than 5 mm) from the edge of the glazing unit (closest position).

[0092] The masking layer may be a band, in particular of black enamel, framing the glazing unit (windshield, etc.) Gaps are thus generated in this masking layer.

[0093] And the masking layer may have a gap along said through hole (at least in the central zone), which preferably protrudes into said through hole by at most 50mm, 30mm, or 20mm, or 10mm, 7mm, or 5mm.

[0094] This masking layer masks the infrared vision system and / or its casing for example.

[0095] The masking layer may be a printed layer on a lamination interlayer, for example, on a PVB.

[0096] Another masking layer (e.g., in particular black enamel) may be present on face F3 or F4, in particular facing the masking layer (and may even be of the same nature, e.g., in particular black enamel).

[0097] The masking layer is (as we have seen) L * 1, and a * 1 b * 1 by L * a * b * It may be defined in the CIE 1976 color space. The peripheral opaque masking layer (of color C1) may also be * 2, a * 2 b * The color difference ΔE is defined by * is given by the following equation:

[0098]

number

[0099] Preferably, ΔE * <4, more preferably ΔE * <2 (difficult to distinguish by the human eye), and even better, ΔE * <1 (not discernible to the human eye).

[0100] The masking layer may replace all or part of the opaque enamel (on faces F2 and / or F3 and / or F4) or ink printed on a conventionally used lamination interlayer, at least in the area of ​​one through hole or in the area of ​​multiple through holes.

[0101] In one embodiment, the masking layer and the masking layer are optionally in separate planes and outside the through hole: - they are continuous in the sense that their end faces (those in the vicinity of the through-holes) are aligned or even their main faces may partly face each other (covering at most 50 mm in the transverse direction), - or offset by at most 100 μm (offset edges, no continuity or coating), thereby maintaining the visual impression of a continuous opaque (black) strip.

[0102] In particular, the end face of the masking layer is spaced at most 100 μm (in the transverse direction) from the gap, so that no break in opacity is visible to the naked eye, and, if it is desired to limit the extent of the masking layer, the end face of the masking layer forming the end of the gap is spaced at most 500 μm (in the transverse direction) from the wall of the through hole.

[0103] In certain cases where the masking layer is an ink that is deposited (printed) onto a laminating interlayer (PVB), it may be preferred that the ink is at least 1 cm away from the edge of the through hole to prevent peeling.

[0104] In certain cases where the masking layer is an ink that is deposited (printed) onto a laminating interlayer (PVB), it may be preferred that the ink is at least 1 cm away from the edge of the through hole to prevent peeling.

[0105] In particular, the masking layer is a coating on face F2, which is covered by a masking layer, in particular by a covering over at most 50 mm.

[0106] In particular, the masking layer is a coating on face F2 or on the piece, the masking layer being on one of the faces FA or FB and in particular covering at most 50 mm (projecting over at most 50 mm).

[0107] In particular, the masking layer is a coating on F2 or on the piece, the masking layer being on face F3 or F4, in particular covering at most 50 mm (projecting over at most 50 mm).

[0108] In particular, the masking layer is a film (PSA) on F2 or on the piece, the masking layer being on face F2 or F3 or F4 or on one of faces FA or FB, in particular covering at most 50 mm (projecting over at most 50 mm).

[0109] The masking layer may be in the area including the (first) through hole (it may occupy part of the surface of the glazing unit) and may occupy less than 30%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the glazing unit.

[0110] The masking layer may have any general shape: rectangular, square, the same as the shape of the (first) through-hole, or even a similar shape.

[0111] The distance between the upper longitudinal edge and the masking layer may be at most 30 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm or even 10 mm.

[0112] The masking layer (coating, film) may be, for example, localized with a surface area S0, such that the orthogonal projection of the surface S0 on the second sheet encompasses at least a cross section Sc of the through hole or at least 0.9Sc. For example, S0 is in the range of 0.9Sc to 1.2Sc. S0 may be smaller than Sc, especially if the opaque masking layer extends under the (first) through hole (periphery).

[0113] The masking layer below the (first) through-hole may be wider than the (first) through-hole, for example to hide one or more other sensors, as will be described in more detail later. The masking layer may protrude beyond the (first) through-hole, for example by at most 50 mm, or more preferably by at most 20 mm, between faces F2 and F3 in a (glazing) zone, referred to as the end zone of said hole, and may for example have a different shape for the masking layer and the (first) through-hole.

[0114] In a first local configuration, the masking layer is located in the zone of the (first) through hole (without extending below face F3) and covers face F2, in particular the masking layer is in contact with the inner wall of the intermediate layer hole or is spaced from the inner wall of the intermediate layer hole at a distance of at most 3 mm or 1 mm.

[0115] In a second local configuration (first subcase), the masking layer is located below the piece or even extends beyond the piece by at most 0.1 mm without extending below face F3, in particular the masking layer is spaced apart from the inner wall of the intermediate layer hole (preferably by a distance of at most 3 mm) and / or the piece is spaced apart from the wall of the (first) through hole by a distance of at least 0.3 mm and at most 3 mm.

[0116] In a third extended configuration (alternatively), the masking layer extends beyond the zone of the through hole under the second glass sheet, referred to as the first through hole of the second sheet, optionally into a zone free of the lamination interlayer (and the interlayer hole is wider than the (first) through hole of the second sheet).

[0117] In particular, the laminated glazing unit comprises a second through hole in the second glass sheet below the first through hole, in particular separated by an inter-hole distance of at least 8 cm, the second through hole having another piece (in particular of the same nature as said piece, for example in glass) that is transparent to the working wavelength, an interlayer hole extending between the first and second through holes and in the zone of the second through hole, and a masking layer extending in the zone of the second through hole and forming an adhesive layer that bonds the other piece to the first glass sheet.

[0118] The glazing unit then has a (opaque) masking layer, particularly in the form of at least one coating on at least one of the first or second sheets and / or on the laminate interlayer, that absorbs in the visible range of operating wavelengths, and in the periphery and in the area of ​​the said through holes, the masking layer has gaps along the said first through holes and along the second through holes, the gaps extending between the first and second through holes (the gaps are filled or substantially filled with the masking layer).

[0119] If there is a second through hole below the first through hole (as described above), the masking layer may be localized or segmented (the masking layer is in two separate zones along the two through holes) as in the first or second configurations.

[0120] for example: the first through hole is open and the second through hole is closed. - Both through holes are closed.

[0121] The first and second through holes may be of similar size. The (first) open or closed through holes may have a constant or variable (transverse) cross section Sc, in particular trapezoidal or rectangular or disk-shaped or elliptical, for example at least 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm smaller (diametrically or vertically) and preferably at most 30 cm or 25 cm or 20 cm larger (especially horizontally). And preferably the intermediate layer holes have a surface cross section S'c, in particular trapezoidal or rectangular or disk-shaped or elliptical, similar or not to Sc, at least 3 cm smaller and / or at most 20 cm larger.

[0122] For example, the first through-hole faces a receiver of the LIDAR, and the second through-hole faces a transmitter of the LIDAR.

[0123] As already mentioned, the masking layer can cover the zones facing the two through holes in the zones free of interlayer, and also serves to bond the first and second glass sheets together.

[0124] Preferably, below within said through hole, the laminated glazing unit comprises: - at most one functional polymer film (coated or uncoated on one or both sides), including a masking layer if a film is selected; - and / or if a coating is selected, at most two or one functional coating apart from the masking layer.

[0125] In one embodiment, below the through hole, the laminated glazing unit is: - if a film is selected, it does not include a functional polymer film (coated or uncoated on one or both sides) apart from the masking layer, Furthermore, if a coating is selected, it comprises at most one functional coating apart from the masking layer.

[0126] The piece according to the invention preferably has a thickness of at least 0.3 mm, even at least 0.7 mm and preferably at most 3 mm, in particular the piece has a size (width and / or surface area) smaller than the through hole, said piece having an end face which is in contact with the wall bounding the through hole or is preferably separated therefrom by at most 5 mm, preferably at most 2 mm, even at a distance in the range of 0.3 to 2 mm.

[0127] The pieces according to the invention are, for example, made of a polymeric material (preferably at least 90% by weight, or even 95% by weight or 100% by weight, of polymer, optionally carrying organic or inorganic additives or reinforced with organic or inorganic fibers).

[0128] The pieces according to the invention are made, for example, of inorganic (mineral) material, in particular glass or glass-ceramic material.

[0129] At least a portion of the thickness of the piece (eg, at least 0.3 mm) is within the through hole, and further the thickness of the piece is within the through hole.

[0130] The joining surface is preferably provided below, or on, or above (in a hole) the same plane as face F3, and / or the internal surface is below (in a through hole) or even above (in a hole) the same plane as face F4.

[0131] The pieces may be spaced from the wall by a distance of at least 0.3 mm and at most 3 mm.

[0132] The pieces are preferably spaced apart (empty or filled spaces) but not too far apart to retain their safety function.

[0133] The pieces may be curved (convex) to follow the curvature of the first glass sheet.

[0134] The piece (eg, a polymer) can be curved by molding.

[0135] In one embodiment, the piece is flexible and will curve to follow the curvature of the first glass sheet, for example during assembly prior to lamination (and after bending of the first and second glass sheets).

[0136] Before lamination (assembly), the pieces may be heat treated (at a lower temperature than during bending of the glass sheet) to form an anti-reflective coating, for example a coating (sol-gel silica precursor with pore formers) that is heat treated (to remove the pore formers) to have an anti-reflective function, for example to form nanopores.

[0137] The piece according to the invention may be polymeric. It preferably comprises at least 90% or 95% or 99% or 100% by weight of polymeric material.

[0138] The pieces, in particular at least 1 mm and / or at least 50% or 80% of the thickness of the second glass sheet, may in particular be polycarbonate PC, polymethyl methacrylate PMMA, or even polyester, in particular polyethylene terephthalate PET.

[0139] The piece may include an adhesion primer layer on face F2 to promote adhesion of the masking layer onto the piece, and / or face F2 may include an adhesion primer layer (forming the functional coating described above), thereby promoting adhesion of the masking layer to the first glass sheet.

[0140] Examples are one-, two- or three-component adhesion primer layers (especially for glass), which are layers with a thickness of 5 to 30 μm, based for example on polyurethanes, polyesters, polyvinyl acetates, isocyanates, etc., which can be used for adhesion control of glass. The use of primers is a function of the polymer matrix used.

[0141] The space between the piece and the wall may be filled (or not) in whole or in part with a filling material (organic and / or inorganic), and optionally with an adhesive (especially a resin, in particular a cross-linked polymer, one-component or two-component, such as two-component polyurethanes, epoxies, acrylates, etc.), the thickness of this material being, for example, smaller than the thickness of the second sheet and / or the thickness of the piece.

[0142] It may be of the same or similar material as the crosslinked matrix of the masking layer according to the invention.

[0143] The glazing unit may include an insert between the wall of the through hole and the piece, in particular a closing insert when the through hole is closed. An insert (annular, ring-type, etc.), for example made of a flexible polymer material (polycarbonate, etc.), may be accommodated in the wall of the second glass sheet and attached thereto (in particular glued or force-fitted) for: - To act as a mechanical reinforcement - and / or for mounting a piece or an optical module between the piece and an infrared vision system (LIDAR). This insert can extend beyond the through hole, in particular on face F4.

[0144] The insert according to the invention is preferably spaced apart from the infrared vision system (LIDAR) and does not function in mounting the infrared vision system (LIDAR).

[0145] The (first) through hole is, for example, closed (as opposed to an opening, such as a cavity formed in the edge face of the second sheet), and in particular is spaced at least 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm or more away from the edge face of the second sheet.

[0146] The (first) through hole is preferably in the peripheral region, preferably in the upper part (mounting position) of the glazing unit, or even in the peripheral central region. The (first) through hole is in particular arranged in a region, which occupies less than 10% or even less than 1% of the glazing unit. For example, the lower end of the (first) through hole is at most 50 cm away from the upper longitudinal end face of the glazing unit.

[0147] The (first) through hole may be: - a closed hole (surrounded by the wall of the second glass sheet) and therefore located within the glazing unit, in particular at least 3 cm or 5 cm away from the nearest edge of the glazing unit. - open or open, forming a cutout (periphery);

[0148] The shape and dimensions of the (first) through hole are configured according to the techniques of those skilled in the art to effectively collect all radiation passing through the glazing unit (windshield, window, etc.), in particular, in the case of LIDAR, radiation coming from the area in front of the vehicle that is reflected from a solid angle range outside the vehicle and captured via the LIDAR.

[0149] The (first) through-hole (and also the second through-hole) may have rounded corners.

[0150] If the (first) through hole is a cutout, part of this cutout will be masked by the frame of the glazing unit and therefore will not function for the infrared vision system. The same thing happens if the (first) through hole is closed and too close to an edge.

[0151] When the (first) through hole is closed, the end of the through hole closest to the end face of the glazing unit (preferably the upper longitudinal end, in particular in the central zone) is preferably spaced apart from this end face of the (second sheet) glazing unit by at least 2 cm or 3 cm, more preferably 5 cm.

[0152] The (first) through-hole may be in a central zone of the upper longitudinal edge of the windshield, in a normal zone of the internal rear-view mirror (the rear-view mirror adjacent to the through-hole or the excluded rear-view mirror depending on the vehicle), in a zone in which the masking layer on face F2 and / or connected to the intermediate layer is generally wider than the adjacent short-side zone (passenger, driver, etc.) along the upper longitudinal edge.

[0153] The (first) through-hole (as well as the second through-hole) is preferably longer than it is high.

[0154] Preferably, the (first) through hole has a horizontal dimension, referred to as length L1 (parallel to the upper longitudinal end), and a vertical dimension, referred to as height H1 (perpendicular to the upper longitudinal end), of the hole, where length L1 is greater than height H1.

[0155] In particular, the cross section of the (first) holes (and also of the second holes) is quadrilateral, in particular rectangular or trapezoidal, having: - a first "upper" longitudinal (long) side (closest to the end face of the upper longitudinal side of the glazing unit) having a length L1a which is preferably at most 30 cm, 20 cm, or 15 cm, or 12 cm. - a second "lower" longitudinal (long) side (furthest from the end face of the upper longitudinal side of the glazing unit and closer to the central zone), which is preferably parallel to the end face of the upper longitudinal side of the glazing unit and has a length L1b which is preferably at most 35 cm, or 30 cm, or 25 cm, or 20 cm, and which is preferably greater than the length of the first long side. - a height (between said first and second long sides) which is preferably at least 5 cm, and even at most 15 cm.

[0156] When the (first) hole is closed, the first "upper" longitudinal (long) side is preferably parallel to the end face of the upper longitudinal end of the glazing unit, in particular at least 5 cm or 6 cm away from the end face (of the upper longitudinal end of the glazing unit).

[0157] If the (first) hole is open (cut out), the first "upper" longitudinal (long) side is preferably defined as the upper end of the zone which is empty.

[0158] A centre line M is defined, passing through the centre of the upper end, which may be the axis of symmetry of the glazing unit. The (first) through hole may be in the centre, and the line M passes through the through hole and divides it into two, in particular identical, parts.

[0159] Preferably, the laminated glazing unit (first sheet / (functional element) / masking connecting layer / (functional coating) / piece / (anti-reflective element, preferably (anti-reflective coating or textured surface)) facing said through hole has: a total transmittance in the visible range (in particular at least in the range from 400 nm to 700 nm or with a reference value in the entire range spanning from 400 nm to 700 nm) of at most 10.0%, 5.0%, or 2%, or 1.0%, or 0.5%, measured at 90° on the side of face F1, or even more preferably at 60° or even up to 60°, - preferably retains a total transmittance at the operating wavelength, in particular at 905±30 nm and / or 1550±30 nm, of at least 90.0%, 91.0%, or even 92% or 93%, in particular measured perpendicular (90°) to the (local) plane of the piece, such as, for example, on the optional anti-reflection element side, or even preferably at 60° or even up to 60°.

[0160] Total infrared transmittance is measured, for example, using a spectrophotometer, such as a Lambda 900 from Perkin Elmer.

[0161] Preferably, before assembly, the piece with said anti-reflective element (anti-reflective coating or textured surface) has a total transmission at an operating wavelength, in particular at 905±30 nm and / or 1550±30 nm, of at least 90%, 91.0%, 92.0% or even 93.0% or 95%, in particular measured perpendicular (90°) to the (local) plane of the piece, e.g. at the anti-reflective element side, or even preferably at 60° or even up to 60°, and further when using a multispectral vision system, the piece with said anti-reflective element (anti-reflective coating or textured surface) has a total transmission at another operating wavelength in the visible range, in particular between 400 nm and 700 nm, of at least 91%, 92% or even 93%, in particular measured perpendicular to the plane of the piece, e.g. at the anti-reflective element side, or even preferably at an angle between 90° and 60°.

[0162] To quantify the transmittance of glass in the visible range, a light transmission coefficient, also called the optical transmittance, is often defined and is often called "T L ", calculated from 380 nm to 780 nm, and applies to glass thicknesses of 3.2 mm or 4 mm according to ISO standard 9050:2003, therefore taking into account the illuminance D65 defined by ISO / CIE standard 10526, and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer defined by ISO / CIE standard 10527.

[0163] Naturally, the light transmittance T of the laminated glazing unit in the non-perforated zone (the central zone of the windshield) L is preferably at least 70%, or 75%, 80%, or 85%, 88%.

[0164] Preferably, the antireflective element comprises, or even consists of, an antireflective coating on an internal surface.

[0165] especially, the anti-reflection coating may comprise or even consist of a stack of thin dielectric layers (such as, for example, those of oxides and / or metals or silicon nitrides) with alternating high and low refractive indices at the operating wavelength, in particular a stack obtained by physical vapour deposition, the so-called PVD, Alternatively, the antireflective coating may comprise or even consist of a layer of porous silica, in particular a sol-gel layer of nanoporous silica.

[0166] The antireflective coating may also include an overlayer, provided this does not change the antireflective properties.

[0167] The antireflective coating according to the invention, in particular of porous silica, may advantageously have a thickness of between 10 nm and 10 μm (including these limits), in particular between 50 nm and 1 μm and even more preferentially between 70 and 500 nm.

[0168] In a first porous silica embodiment, the pores are gaps in a non-compact stack of nanometric beads, in particular silica, layers as described, for example, in US 2004 / 0258929.

[0169] In a second porous silica embodiment, the porous layer is obtained by depositing a condensed silica sol (silica oligomers) which is densified by a gas phase of NH3 type, this layer being described for example in WO 2005 / 049757.

[0170] In a third porous silica embodiment, the porous layer may be of the sol-gel type as described in EP 1 329 433 A1.

[0171] The porous (or nanoporous) silica layer may have closed pores of at least 20 nm.

[0172] The porous silica may be doped, thereby further improving its hydrolytic resistance, for example for applications requiring high strength (facades, cladding, etc.).

[0173] Antireflective coatings, in particular layers of porous silica (sol-gel), may comprise a chemically protective underlayer based on sol-gel with a sol-gel functional layer of porous silica on top, which is in particular a dense silica layer, in particular having a thickness of, for example, at most 200 nm. The underlayer may be based on silica or on an at least partially oxidized derivative of silicon selected from: silicon dioxide; substoichiometric silicon oxide; silicon oxycarbides, oxynitrides or oxycarbonitrides.

[0174] The undercoat layer is useful because it acts as a barrier to alkali when the undercoat surface is made of soda-lime-silica glass.

[0175] This underlayer therefore advantageously comprises Si, O, and optionally carbon and nitrogen. However, it may also comprise materials that are minor relative to silicon, such as metals such as Al, Zn, Zr, etc. The underlayer may be deposited by sol-gel or by pyrolysis, in particular by vapor phase pyrolysis (CVD). In the latter technique, SiO x C y or SiO2 layer directly on a float glass ribbon, in particular in the case of a glass substrate. However, deposition can also be carried out by vacuum techniques, such as cathode sputtering from a Si target (optionally doped) or a silicon suboxide target (for example in a reactive oxidizing and / or nitriding atmosphere). This underlayer may preferably have a thickness of at least 5 nm, in particular between 10 nm and 200 nm, for example between 80 nm and 120 nm.

[0176] An anti-reflective element (anti-reflective coating or textured surface) may be disposed on face F1.

[0177] Face F1 may further comprise the following functional layers: hydrophobic, etc.

[0178] The laminate interlayer may comprise PVB, optionally comprising PVB / functional film, such as a polymeric film having thermal coating / PVB, optionally comprising an acoustical PVB, the PVB having interlayer perforations aligned with the (first) perforations of the second sheet.

[0179] The intermediate layer through-hole may be wider than the (first) through-hole (at least before lamination), in particular by at most 5mm or 10mm, or may encompass the first and second through-holes.

[0180] The lamination interlayer may comprise another functional plastic film (transparent, clear or pigmented), such as a polyethylene terephthalate PET film, preferably supporting a thermally conductive, electrically conductive, etc. layer, such as PVB / functional film / PVB between faces F2 and F3.

[0181] The other plastic film may have a thickness of 10 to 100 μm. More broadly, the other plastic film may be made of polyamide, polyester, polyolefin (PE: polyethylene, PP: polypropylene), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), or polycarbonate (PC). Transparent films are preferred, especially PET.

[0182] For example, coated transparent PET films may be used, e.g. XIR from Eastman, coextruded films made of PET-PMMA, e.g. SRF 3M® type, but also many others (e.g. made of PC, PE, PEN, PMMA, PVC) may be used.

[0183] Without departing from the scope of the invention, the laminate interlayer may obviously comprise several different types of laminates made of thermoplastic materials, such as those with different hardness, in order to provide a soundproofing function, as disclosed, for example, in US Patent No. 6,132,882, in particular a set of PVB sheets with different hardness. Similarly, one of the glass sheets may be made thinner compared to the thickness conventionally used.

[0184] According to the present invention, the intermediate layer may have a wedge shape, particularly in view of HUD (head-up display) applications.

[0185] Common lamination interlayers (of one or more stretchable sheets) may include, in addition to PVB, flexible polyurethanes PU, thermoplastics such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, and ionomer resins, which may have a thickness of, for example, 0.2 mm to 1.1 mm, in particular 0.3 mm to 0.7 mm.

[0186] In one embodiment, the glazing unit comprises a heating zone (by wire(s), by layering) occupying all or part of the surface of the glazing unit, which is conventionally made of a material that is transparent in the visible range but not necessarily sufficiently transparent at the infrared working wavelengths of infrared vision systems (LIDAR), ranging from 800 nm to 1800 nm, in particular 850 nm to 1600 nm. In particular, there may be a first "main" heating zone, which extends over all or part of the glazing unit and optionally extends outside the front zone facing the through hole and facing said optional other through holes.

[0187] It may also be desirable for the communication window (and other optional communication windows) to be protected from frost and mist, particularly by heating.

[0188] This can be done by one or more heated metal wires arranged opposite or even adjacent to the through hole, or by one or more heated wires extending over all or part of the glazing unit. The arrangement of the one or more wires makes it possible to maintain overall transparency at infrared working wavelengths.

[0189] This can also be done by a localized heating layer facing the through hole, made of a material that is transparent at infrared working wavelengths.

[0190] In one embodiment, the glazing unit according to the invention may comprise at least one metal wire, in particular heating, (e.g. a coiled wire), which is connected to the laminate interlayer, is within the laminate or is in particular on the side of face Fb and in particular fixed on face Fb (or even on the side of face Fa and fixed on Fa) and is not present opposite the through hole.

[0191] It may be desirable to avoid a heating wire or wires facing a through-hole and / or for optical distortion reasons.

[0192] More specifically, a local heating zone may be present below and / or within said through hole, in particular at a distance or on the connection surface, in particular by the arrangement of a track or one or more wires (such as one or more wires) of an electrically conductive material that is in particular absorbent at the working wavelengths in the infrared (this arrangement is in order to maintain overall transparency), or by a heating layer made of a material that is transparent at the working wavelengths in the infrared, in particular organic (ink, electrically conductive polymer) or inorganic.

[0193] The local heating zone may be connected to at least two electrical leads, in particular (in the case of a heating layer) one or more flat connectors or electrically conductive bus bars intended to be connected to a voltage source, whereby a current path for the heating current is formed between them. It is not necessary to have a bus bar in the case of one or more heating wires, where a flat connector (useful for point contacts, e.g. wires, etc.) can be used.

[0194] The two electrical leads are preferably masked from the outside by a masking layer that is opaque (in the visible and near infrared ranges at the operating wavelengths) and / or that is further outwards than the busbars.

[0195] The heating layer thickness may have a sheet resistance of at most 100 ohms per square, or 50 ohms, or even 30 ohms.

[0196] The power supply can be 12V, 24V, 15V, 48V.

[0197] The heating layer is, for example, inorganic.

[0198] More generally, the local busbar is masked from the outside by masking elements, preferably: - coatings and / or films that are opaque (in the visible and near infrared range at the operating wavelengths), such as, for example, enamels (such as screen printing) on ​​face F2, or on or in the lamination interlayer, such as, for example, inks (printing); - Masking layer.

[0199] The local heating zone, in particular the local heating layer, may extend beyond the through-hole, for example over at most 30 mm. It may have the same shape as the through-hole, in particular a similar shape (such as trapezoidal), or even any other shape, for example a rectangle (and trapezoidal holes). Thus, the two local busbars or the flat connector or connectors are preferably fully or partially offset from the through-hole under face F3 and are further masked from the outside, as already explained.

[0200] The local heating layer may be spaced apart from the connection surface, in particular below the through-hole, and may extend below the plane F3, the two local busbars being fully or partially offset from the through-hole and even masked from the outside, below the plane F3, as already explained. The first and second busbars are preferably at a distance of at most 1 cm from the through-hole.

[0201] The local heating layers may be spaced apart or may be on the connection surface, with the two local busbars spaced apart by a distance of at most 30 cm, or even 20 cm, and even laterally, in particular vertically or diagonally, along the short side of the trapezoidal through hole.

[0202] The local heating layer may be on the connection surfaces with the two local busbars, preferably at the periphery, and is masked from the outside by an opaque masking layer and / or by a masking layer, as already explained.

[0203] This, in turn, can cause the opaque masking layer to overflow under and around the through-holes.

[0204] In the case of two through holes, they may have separate separate local heating zones or a common local heating zone.

[0205] In particular it may have: an optional main heating zone, typically in the peripheral zone of the glazing unit (at the same end, at two opposite ends or even at two adjacent ends of the glazing unit), having at least two electrical leads, for example by means of an electrically conductive heating coating (holes along the through holes), - a localized heating zone having at least two electrical leads or local busbars, the first and second busbars being preferably masked from the outside as described above.

[0206] Preferably, the bus bars are located on both sides of the through hole.

[0207] In one configuration, first and second bus bars, particularly those proximate the through hole, are on two opposite sides of the through hole.

[0208] The busbar or busbars (locally) may be continuous or discontinuous in cross section.

[0209] The busbar (local) is in particular in the form of a rectangular strip and is (at least partially) outside the zone of the through holes.

[0210] The width of the busbar (locally) is preferably 2 mm to 30 mm, particularly preferably 4 mm to 20 mm, in particular 10 mm to 20 mm.

[0211] The (printed) busbars (locally), especially in layers, preferably contain at least one metal, metal alloy, metal and / or carbon compound, particularly preferably a precious metal, especially silver. For example, the printing paste preferably contains metal particles, metal and / or carbon particles, especially precious metal particles, such as silver particles. The thickness of the (printed) layer busbars may preferably be 5 μm to 40 μm, particularly preferably 8 μm to 20 μm, more particularly preferably 8 μm to 12 μm.

[0212] Alternatively, for one or each busbar (locally), an electrically conductive sheet, in particular a strip, for example rectangular, may be used, and the busbar for example contains at least aluminium, copper, tinned copper, gold, silver, zinc, tungsten and / or tin or alloys thereof. This sheet busbar (strip) preferably has a thickness of 10 μm to 500 μm, particularly preferably 30 μm to 300 μm.

[0213] Sheet bus bars are particularly useful for heating wires that are bonded to the laminate interlayers.

[0214] The first busbar is preferably (substantially) horizontal and closest to the upper longitudinal end of the glazing unit, and the second busbar is preferably (substantially) horizontal, with the first and second busbars on either side of the through hole.

[0215] The power supply may be, for example, 15V or 48V.

[0216] The length of the busbars is adapted to be measured, for example equal to or longer than the side of the through-hole facing them.

[0217] To increase the power density in the permeable heating layer it is desired to have the busbars as close together as possible. Preferably the distance between the busbars is at most 20cm or 10cm or 6cm.

[0218] The power supply of the (first, second) busbars can be provided wirelessly and / or by means of connectors (wires, flat connectors, etc.).

[0219] The busbars may be to the left and right of the through hole in the short direction, i.e. along the short edges of the glazing unit.

[0220] The first busbar may preferably be lateral (vertical or diagonal) and the second busbar is preferably (substantially) lateral (vertical or diagonal), the first and second busbars being on opposite sides of the first through hole.

[0221] In the first configuration (with horizontal only busbars): - the first local busbar (sheet or coating) is adjacent to and parallel to a first long side of the trapezoidal (or rectangular) through-hole, preferably the long side closest to the upper longitudinal end of the glazing unit; - A second local busbar (sheet or coating) is adjacent to and parallel to a second long side of the trapezoidal (or rectangular) through hole, the busbar being on either side of the through hole.

[0222] In the second configuration (with short-only busbars (vertical or diagonal)): - a first local busbar (sheet or coating) is adjacent to and parallel to a first short side of the trapezoidal (or rectangular) through hole; - the second local busbar (sheet or coating) is adjacent to and parallel to the second first short side of the trapezoidal (or rectangular) through hole.

[0223] In the case of circular or elliptical through-holes, the busbars (substantially horizontal or transverse, common or dedicated busbars) may be curved, thereby conforming to the shape of the through-hole.

[0224] For busbars below and / or offset from the through-hole, vertical or diagonal short-side busbars (parallel to the short side of the through-hole) may be preferred, as horizontal busbars can create localized overthickening that promotes distortion.

[0225] The first localized heating zone and / or the global heating zone may include one or more individual metal wires, for example referred to as "heating metal wires", that connect together "bus bars". A heating current passes through these individual metal wires.

[0226] In particular, the glazing unit may comprise at least one first metal wire (e.g. a coiled wire), in particular a heat generating one, connected to the laminate interlayer facing the through hole, which in particular comprises: - on the side of face Fb, in particular fixed to face Fb, or in a laminate interlayer between a first laminate (on the side of face F2) and a second laminate (on the side of face F3), which are laminates of the same or different thickness, or in particular on the side of face Fa, in particular fixed to face Fa.

[0227] The heating wire or wires have in particular a thickness of less than or equal to 0.1 mm and are preferably made of copper, tungsten, gold, silver or aluminium or an alloy of at least two of these metals.

[0228] The wire or wires are advantageously very thin, so that they do not impair or only slightly impair the transparency of the glazing unit. Preferably, the metal wire has a thickness of less than or equal to 0.1 mm, in particular between 0.02 and 0.04 mm, ideally between 0.024 and 0.029 mm. The metal wire or wires preferably contain copper, tungsten, gold, silver or aluminium, or an alloy of at least two of these metals. The alloy may also contain molybdenum, rhenium, osmium, iridium, palladium or platinum.

[0229] The metal wire or wires are preferably electrically isolated.

[0230] Furthermore, the glazing unit may comprise a functional film or coating on face F2 having a first zone facing the through hole, the functional film (or functional coating) being transparent, at least in the first zone, at least to operating wavelengths in the infrared, in particular a heating coating.

[0231] The functional element (film or functional coating) on ​​face F2 may be localized, in the area of ​​the through hole, occupying less than 30%, less than 10%, less than 5% of the glazing unit.

[0232] The functional elements (films or functional coatings) on face F2 may have any rectangular or square general shape, identical or even similar to the shape of the through-holes.

[0233] The functional element on face F2 can be a coating such as: - separated from adjacent layers on face F2, in particular the opaque masking layer (black, enamel), with a gap along the through hole, or covering or underlaying an adjacent layer on face F2, in particular an opaque masking layer (black, enamel, etc.), over less than 5 cm, or less than 1 cm, with a gap along the through hole.

[0234] Thus, more broadly speaking, the glazing unit may comprise on face F2 (or on face F3, or even on the polymer film between faces F2 and F3) a functional (thermal) layer, in particular an electrically conductive layer that is transparent (in the visible range), optionally a heating layer, in particular a silver stack, or else, as already cited, an opaque masking layer, in particular an enamel, extending over all or part of the glazing unit, which functional layer absorbs at operating wavelengths in the infrared and is absent from said through-hole at least in the central zone and is present at the end of the through-hole between faces F2 and Fa, in particular by a gap. Optionally, the masking layer faces the through-hole and is in contact with said functional layer, in particular on the functional layer.

[0235] The functional coating is on face F2, is transparent at the working wavelength and faces the through hole, and in particular a localized heating layer (as described above), optionally in contact with the masking layer, in particular on or under the masking layer.

[0236] And the functional layer may have a gap along said through hole (at least in the central zone), preferably protruding into said through hole by at most 50 mm, 30 mm, or 20 mm, or 10 mm, 7 mm, or 5 mm.

[0237] The transparent electrically conductive functional layer (solar control and / or heat generating) may comprise a stack of thin layers with at least one metallic functional layer (on F2, or preferably on F3, or on a polymer film), such as one of silver. The or each functional (silver) layer is disposed between dielectric layers.

[0238] The functional layer preferably comprises at least one metal, such as silver, gold, copper, nickel and chromium, or a metal alloy. Particularly preferably, the functional layer contains at least 90% by weight of metal, in particular at least 99.9% by weight of metal. The functional layer may be made of metal for metal alloys. In a particularly preferred manner, the functional layer contains silver or an alloy containing silver. The thickness of the functional layer (such as silver) is preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, more preferably 8 nm to 25 nm. The dielectric layer comprises at least one individual layer made of a dielectric material, for example containing a nitride, such as silicon nitride, or an oxide, such as aluminum oxide. However, the dielectric layer may also comprise several individual layers, such as individual layers of dielectric material, layers, smoothing layers, etc., which correspond to blocking layers and / or "anti-reflection" layers. The thickness of the dielectric layer is, for example, 10 nm to 200 nm. This layer structure is generally obtained by a series of deposition operations, carried out by vacuum processes, such as field-assisted magnetic cathode sputtering.

[0239] The transparent electrically conductive layer is preferably a layer (single layer or multiple layers, hence a stack) having a total thickness of less than or equal to 2 μm, in a particularly preferred embodiment less than or equal to 1 μm.

[0240] Naturally, the most desirable application is for the glazing unit to be a windshield for a road vehicle (automobile) or even for a rail vehicle (medium speed).

[0241] The glass of the first glass sheet and / or the second glass sheet is preferably of the soda-lime-silica type.

[0242] The inner and / or outer glass may have undergone a hardening or annealing type chemical or heat treatment, or may have undergone a tempering treatment (especially to obtain relatively good mechanical strength), or may have undergone a semi-tempering treatment.

[0243] The glass of the first glass sheet and / or the second glass sheet is preferably of the float glass type, i.e. may be obtained by a process consisting of pouring molten glass onto a bath of molten tin (called a "float" bath). The terms "atmosphere" and "tin" side are understood to mean, respectively, the side in contact with the atmosphere in the float bath and the side in contact with the molten tin. The tin side contains small amounts of tin diffused into the structure of the glass.

[0244] Furthermore, to quantify the transmittance of glass in the visible range, a light transmission coefficient, also called the light transmittance, is often defined and is often referred to as "T L ", calculated from 380 nm to 780 nm and applying to a glass thickness of 3.2 mm or 4 mm according to ISO standard 9050:2003, therefore taking into account the illuminance D65 defined in ISO / CIE standard 10526, and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer defined in ISO / CIE standard 10527.

[0245] Naturally, the light transmittance T of the laminated glazing unit in the non-perforated zone (the central zone of the windshield) L is preferably at least 70% or 75%, 80% or 85%, 88%.

[0246] The second glass sheet is in particular green, blue or grey. The second glass sheet can be green with Fe2O3, or blue with CoO and Se, or grey with Se and CoO.

[0247] Mention may in particular be made of the Applicant's glasses designated TSAnx (0.5-0.6% iron), TSA2+, TSA3+ (0.8-0.9% iron), TSA4+ (1% iron) and TSA5+, for example the green ones.

[0248] For example, TSA3+ (2.1 mm) has a total transmittance of about 40% at 905 mm and about 50% at 1550 mm.

[0249] The second glass sheet may have a redox ratio defined as the ratio between the weight content of FeO (ferrous iron) and the total weight content of iron oxides (expressed in the form of Fe2O3) of 0.22 to 0.35 or 0.22 to 0.30.

[0250] The second glass sheet may have a chemical composition comprising the following components in contents varying within the limits by weight defined below: SiO2 64-75%, Al2O30-5%, B2O30-5%, CaO 2-15%, MgO 0-5%, Na2O 9~18%, K2O 0~5%, SO3 0.1-0.35%, Fe2O3 (total iron) at least 0.4%, preferably 0.4-1.5%, Optional redox ratio 0.22-0.3

[0251] In particular, the impurity content is less than 0.1%.

[0252] The first glass sheet may be, for example, soda-lime-silica glass, such as Diamant® glass from Saint-Gobain Glass, or Optiwhite™ from Pilkington, or B270™ from Schott, or Sunmax™ from AGC, or other compositions as described in WO 2004 / 025334. Planiclear™ glass from Saint-Gobain Glass may also be selected.

[0253] The laminated glazing units according to the invention can be curved (bent) in one or more directions, in particular for private cars (windshields, etc.) or trucks, in particular with a radius of curvature of 10 cm to 40 cm for the first sheet, the second sheet, and can be flat for buses, trains, tractors.

[0254] In typical natural raw materials the total iron oxide content is about 0.1% by weight (1000 ppm). To reduce the iron oxide content, particularly pure raw materials can be selected.

[0255] In the present invention, the Fe2O3 content (total iron) of the first glass sheet is preferably less than 0.015%, furthermore 0.012% or less, particularly 0.010% or less, thereby increasing the near infrared transmittance of the glass. The Fe2O3 content is preferably 0.005% or more, particularly 0.008% or more, thereby not increasing the cost of the glass.

[0256] To further increase the infrared transmittance of the first glass sheet, the ferrous content may be reduced in favor of ferric iron, thus oxidizing the iron present in the glass. Therefore, it is desirable to have a glass with the lowest possible redox ratio, ideally zero or close to zero. This value may vary from 0 to 0.9, with zero redox corresponding to a fully oxidized glass.

[0257] Glasses containing low amounts of iron oxide, particularly those containing less than 200 ppm, or even less than 150 ppm, have a natural tendency to have high redox ratios, greater than 0.4, or even greater than 0.5. This tendency is likely due to a shift in the iron redox equilibrium based on the iron oxide content. The redox ratio of the first glass sheet is preferably greater than or equal to 0.15, particularly between 0.2 and 0.30, and especially between 0.25 and 0.30. In fact, an excessively low redox ratio contributes to a reduced operating life of the furnace.

[0258] In the glass according to the invention (first and second sheets), silica SiO2 is generally kept within a narrow range for the following reasons: above 75%, the viscosity of the glass and its devitrification tendency increase significantly, making it difficult to melt and pour onto a molten tin bath; below 60%, in particular below 64%, the hydrolysis resistance of the glass drops sharply. The preferred content is 65-75%, in particular 71-73%.

[0259] The first glass sheet may have a chemical composition comprising the following components in contents varying within the limits by weight defined below: SiO2 60-75%, Al2O30-10%, B2O3 0-5%, preferably 0%, CaO 5-15%, MgO 0-10%, Na2O 5-20%, K2O 0~10%, BaO 0 to 5%, preferably 0%, SO3 0.1-0.4%, Fe2O3 (total iron) 0~0.015%, and redox ratio 0.1-0.3.

[0260] In the text, percentages are percentages by weight.

[0261] The glass sheet is preferably formed by floating it on a tin bath. Other types of forming methods may be used, such as drawing, downdraw, lamination, Fourcault, etc.

[0262] The glass composition of the first glass sheet may contain, apart from the inevitable impurities contained, in particular in the raw materials, other components, such as agents that aid the melting or refining of the glass (Cl...) or elements that still result from the melting of refractories used in the construction of the furnace (for example ZrO2), in small proportions (at most 1%). For the reasons already mentioned, the composition according to the invention preferably does not contain oxides, such as Sb2O3, As2O3 or CeO2.

[0263] The composition of the first glass sheet preferably does not contain infrared absorbing agents (especially for wavelengths comprised between 800 and 1800 nm). In particular, the composition according to the invention preferably does not contain the following agents: oxides of transition elements, such as CoO, CuO, Cr2O3, NiO, MnO2, V2O5, etc., rare earth oxides, such as CeO2, La2O3, Nd2O3, Er2O3, etc., or colorants in the elemental state, such as Se, Ag, Cu, etc. Also preferably excluded among other agents are the oxides of the following elements: Sc, Y, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu. These agents often have a very strong undesirable coloring effect, which appears in very small amounts, sometimes below about a few ppm (1 ppm = 0.0001%). Their presence therefore very strongly reduces the transmittance of the glass.

[0264] Preferably, the first glass sheet has a chemical composition comprising the following components in amounts that vary within the limits by weight defined below: SiO2 60-75%, Al2O30-10%, B2O3 0-5%, preferably 0%, CaO 5-15%, MgO 0-10%, Na2O 5-20%, K2O 0~10%, BaO 0 to 5%, preferably 0%, SO3 over 0.2% and below 0.4% Fe2O3 (total iron) 0~0.015%, and redox ratio 0.2-0.30.

[0265] In the present invention, the Fe2O3 content (total iron) is preferably less than 0.015%, furthermore 0.012% or less, particularly 0.010% or less, thereby increasing the near infrared transmittance of the glass. The Fe2O3 content is preferably 0.005% or more, particularly 0.008% or more, thereby not adversely affecting the cost of the glass (of the second glass sheet).

[0266] The oxidation-reduction ratio is preferably 0.15 or more, particularly 0.2 to 0.30, and particularly 0.25 to 0.30. In fact, an excessively low oxidation-reduction ratio is one of the factors that shorten the operating life of the furnace.

[0267] In the glass according to the invention (first sheet, second sheet), silica SiO2 is generally kept within a narrow range for the following reasons: above 75%, the viscosity of the glass and its devitrification tendency increase significantly, making its melting and pouring onto a molten tin bath relatively difficult; below 60%, in particular below 64%, the hydrolysis resistance of the glass drops sharply. The preferred content is 65-75%, more particularly 71-73%.

[0268] The present invention also relates to an apparatus comprising: - laminated glazing units as previously described, - an infrared vision system at an infrared working wavelength, which is arranged in the passenger compartment behind said glazing unit and which comprises a transmitter and / or a receiver, thereby transmitting and / or receiving (laser) radiation passing through a first glass sheet at a through hole, in particular thereby receiving or even transmitting (laser) radiation passing through the first glass sheet at the first through hole and thereby transmitting or even receiving (laser) radiation passing through the first glass sheet at a second through hole below the first through hole, in particular separated by an inter-hole distance of at least 8 cm.

[0269] The infrared vision system (LIDAR) can be of different technology. It makes it possible to measure the vehicle's environment by determining the distance of the objects closest to the vehicle within a wide range of angular orientations. The vehicle's environment can therefore be reconstructed in 3D. The technology employed is based on transmitting a light beam and receiving it after it has been diffusely reflected by obstacles. This can be done by a rotating light source, by scanning with a Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) or by a fully stereoscopic system. In this way, a single flash of light can illuminate the entire environment.

[0270] In all these techniques, the light has to pass through the glazing unit twice, once on exit and once on entry, which explains the need for a glazing unit with good transmission at the working wavelengths of the LIDAR.

[0271] Velocity can also be measured by the DOPPLER technique.

[0272] The infrared vision system (LIDAR) is preferably spaced apart from the anti-reflective element.

[0273] The piece according to the invention is preferably remote from the infrared vision system (LIDAR) and / or non-functional due to its attachment, which may be opposite to said through hole (and from the piece) or offset from the through hole (and from the piece), for example an optical system is between the piece and the infrared vision system (LIDAR).

[0274] The infrared vision system (LIDAR) is mounted, for example, via the surface F4 and / or the body, roof trim. The infrared vision system (LIDAR) can be offset.

[0275] The infrared vision system (LIDAR) is integrated into a plate or multifunctional base that is (designed to) optimize the relative positioning of the windshield and the pieces, for example by being glued to face F4.

[0276] When there is a second through-hole below the first through-hole, it is preferable to position the projector of the infrared vision system opposite the second through-hole and the receiver of the infrared vision system opposite the first through-hole.

[0277] In the following, several advantageous but non-limiting embodiments of the invention are described, which can of course be combined as appropriate. The figures are not to scale.

[0278] Advantageous but non-limiting embodiments of the invention are described below, which can of course be combined as appropriate.The drawings are not to scale. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0279] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic diagram of a windshield 100 having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

[0280] [Diagram 2]FIG. 2 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 100 in the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0281] [Diagram 3] FIG. 2' shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 1000 in a first variant of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0282] [Figure 4] FIG. 3 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 100' in a second variant of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0283] [Diagram 5] FIG. 4 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 100'' according to a third variant of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0284] [Figure 6] FIG. 5 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a method of manufacturing a windshield 110 having a masking layer and pieces in through holes similar to those of FIG.

[0285] [Figure 7] FIG. 6 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a method of manufacturing a windshield 111 having masking layers and pieces in through holes similar to those in FIG.

[0286] [Figure 8] FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 200 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a second embodiment of the invention.

[0287] [Figure 9] FIG. 8 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a method for manufacturing a windshield 200 with masking layers and pieces within the through holes.

[0288] [Figure 10]FIG. 9 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 300 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a third embodiment of the invention.

[0289] [Figure 11] FIG. 10 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 400 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a fourth embodiment of the invention.

[0290] [Figure 12] FIG. 11 shows a schematic cross-sectional view a of a windshield 500 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a fifth embodiment of the invention.

[0291] [Figure 13] FIG. 12 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of the windshield 600 of FIG.

[0292] [Figure 14] FIG. 13 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 601 in a modified example of the fifth embodiment.

[0293] [Figure 15] FIG. 14 shows three total transmittance curves T(%) of an automotive glazing unit, coated and uncoated with a masking layer that acts as an adhesive for the glass pieces, where the total transmittance is a function of wavelengths from 250 nm to 1750 nm.

[0294] [Figure 16] Figure 15 shows four total transmittance curves, as a function of wavelength, for an automotive glazing unit that has been coated with a masking layer that can act as an adhesive for the glass pieces. The curves show the effect of tint concentration.

[0295] [Figure 17]FIG. 16 shows five total transmittance curves T at 1550 nm of an automotive glazing unit coated with different types of adhesive layers used to secure the glass pieces together, where T is a function of the layer thickness. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0296] FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically a windshield 100 for a vehicle, in particular a car, according to the invention, having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, preferably at about 1550 nm, including a transmitter / receiver 7 .

[0297] This vision system 7 is placed behind the windshield, preferably facing a zone located in the middle and upper part of the windshield. In this zone, the infrared vision system is directed at an angle with respect to the surface of the windshield (plane F4 14). In particular, the transmitter / receiver 7 may be directed directly at the image capture zone in a direction approximately parallel to the ground, i.e. slightly inclined with respect to the road. In other words, the LIDAR transmitter / receiver 7 may be directed at a slightly inclined direction with respect to the road, with a viewing angle suitable for performing their function. As a variant, the receiver is separate from the transmitter, in particular placed adjacent to or below the transmitter.

[0298] Windshield 100 is a curved laminated glazing unit having: - an exterior glass sheet 1 having an exterior face F1 and an interior face F2; and an inner glass sheet 2, for example having a thickness of 1.6 mm or even less, having an outer face F3 and an inner face F4 lying on the passenger compartment side. - the two glass sheets are connected to each other by an interlayer made of a thermoplastic material 3 (single or multi-sheet), most usually made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), preferably transparent, sub-millimeter in thickness, optionally with a wedge-shaped decreasing cross-section from the top to the bottom of the laminated glass unit, such as a PVB with a thickness of about 0.76 mm (RC41 from Solutia or Eastman), or alternatively, if necessary, made of an acoustic PVB (3- or 4-ply), for example with a thickness of about 0.81 mm, an interlayer of for example three PVB sheets, made of PVB having a main inner surface 31 and a main surface 32.

[0299] The laminated interlayer 3 is, for example, here two PVB sheets 33, 34, each of 0.38 mm.

[0300] Windshields, especially on road vehicles, are curved.

[0301] In a manner known from the prior art, the windshield is obtained by hot lamination of a first and a second curved glass sheet 1, 2 and an interlayer 3. For example, a transparent PVB of 0.76 mm is chosen.

[0302] The first glass sheet 1, in particular based on silica, based on soda lime, based on soda lime silica (preferably), based on aluminosilicate or based on borosilicate, has a total iron oxide content (expressed in the form Fe2O3) of at most 0.05% by weight (500 ppm), preferably at most 0.03% by weight (300 ppm), at most 0.015% by weight (150 ppm), in particular 0.005% by weight or more. The first glass sheet may preferably have a redox ratio of at least 0.15, in particular between 0.2 and 0.30, in particular between 0.25 and 0.30. OPTWHITE glass of 1.95 mm is particularly selected.

[0303] The second glass sheet 2, in particular based on silica, based on soda lime, preferably based on soda lime silica (as with the first glass sheet), also based on aluminosilicate or based on borosilicate, has a total iron oxide content of at least 0.4% by weight and preferably at most 1.5% by weight.

[0304] Mention may in particular be made of the Applicant's glasses designated TSAnx (0.5-0.6% iron), TSA2+, TSA3+ (0.8-0.9% iron), TSA4+ (1% iron) and TSA5+, for example the green ones. For example, a 1.6 mm TSA3+ glass is selected.

[0305] In accordance with the present invention, in a central peripheral region along the upper longitudinal edge 10, the windshield 100 includes: a through hole 4, here closed, in the second glass sheet 2, which hole 4 is bounded by a wall of glass 401-404. - Optionally in the first variant (separate projector and receiver), a second closed through-hole (this is for the projector) in the second glass sheet 2, which is adjacent to the first through-hole (this is for the receiver), is below the first hole (as shown in Figure 2') and is preferably at least 8 cm away.

[0306] A centre line M is defined, which may be the axis of symmetry of the glazing unit, passing through the centre of the upper end.

[0307] The through hole 4 may be in the center; therefore, the line M passes through it and divides it into two identical parts.

[0308] As also shown in FIG. 2 (cross-section along M), the through holes 4 are here closed holes (surrounded by the walls of the glass sheet) and therefore in the glazing unit in particular - with trapezoidal cross section - comprise: - a first long side 401 or "upper" longitudinal edge of the glazing unit 10 closest to the end face of the upper longitudinal edge - parallel to this end face - having a length of at most 20 cm, for example 8 cm, and spaced at least 5 cm or 6 cm from the end face 10, a second long side 402 or "lower" longitudinal edge (furthest from the end face of the upper longitudinal edge 10 and closer to the central zone), parallel to the first long side and having a length of at most 25 cm or 20 cm, preferably longer than that of the first long side, for example having a length of 14 cm; - the first and second short sides 403, 404 or the bevelled short ends.

[0309] The height (between the long sides 401, 402) is at least 5 cm, here 6 cm.

[0310] The laminated interlayer 3 also has an interlayer through-hole along with a closed through-hole 4 , here bounded by walls 301 , 302 , 303 , 304 .

[0311] The intermediate layer perforations may preferably be the same size as the perforations 4 in the sheet 2, or may be wider.

[0312] The intermediate layer hole here has the same trapezoidal shape as hole 4, and has two longitudinal long sides (walls) 301, 302 and two lateral short sides (walls) 303, 304.

[0313] The interlayer hole may preferably be the same size as the hole 4 or may be wider, for example the walls 301-304 which define it are set back at most 10 mm or 5 mm from the walls of the glass 401-404. As a variant, it is rectangular or any other shape (trapezoidal or other) which encompasses the surface of the through hole 4.

[0314] Within the through hole 4, optionally below the through hole 4 (below face F3) and / or flush with face F4, there is a piece 9, which is made of a material (in particular inorganic, such as glass, or polymer, such as PC or PMMA) that is transparent at least at the infrared "working" wavelengths of the LIDAR in the range of 800 nm to 1800 nm, in particular 1200 nm to 1800 nm, preferably 1550±30 nm.

[0315] The piece 9 has in particular a main "connecting" surface 91, which is exposed or coated with a functional layer, and a main "inner" surface 92 facing away from the connecting surface.

[0316] The inner surface 92 includes an element that is antireflective 101 at the operating wavelength, such as an antireflective porous silica coating.

[0317] The pieces 9 have for example a thickness of at least 0.3 mm, more preferably at least 0.7 mm and preferably at most 3 mm, in particular the pieces have a size (width and / or surface area) smaller than the through holes 4 .

[0318] The piece 9 has end faces that are in contact with or at most 5 mm away from the walls 401-404 that define the through hole 4, and preferably at most 2 mm, or even 0.3-2 mm away from them. The piece 9 here has a general trapezoidal shape, the same as the through hole 4 or the intermediate layer hole, with two long sides, here 901 and 902 in the longitudinal direction, and two short sides, here 903 and 904 in the lateral direction.

[0319] The pieces 9 are here curved. The pieces may be flexible or may be pre-formed.

[0320] Piece 9 is for example 0.5mm to 3mm soda-lime-silica extra clear glass, curved and heat strengthened. The first glass sheet 1 and piece 9 can be 1.95mm OPTIWHITE™.

[0321] Piece 9 is alternatively 0.5 mm or 0.7 mm flexible extra clear curved glass, optionally chemically strengthened, for example Gorilla® glass.

[0322] The windshield 100 includes on face F2 12 an opaque masking layer 5, for example a black one, such as a layer of enamel or lacquer, which forms the peripheral frame of the windshield (or window), particularly along the upper longitudinal edge 10 of the glazing unit, and particularly along the left short edge 10' of the glazing unit (see Figure 2).

[0323] The outer edge 50 of the masking layer 5 closest to the edge face 10 of the glazing unit may be spaced from the edge face 10 (longitudinal edge) by 1 mm to several cm or 2 mm to several cm.

[0324] The opaque masking layer 5 here has a width in the central zone that is greater than its width in the other peripheral zones on either side of the central zone. The masking layer 5 has an inner (longitudinal) end 51 within the central zone of the windshield, and inner (longitudinal) edges 52 on either side of the central zone.

[0325] This central zone is provided with a closing hole 4 (FIG. 2) and this masking layer 5 comprises: a first gap along the through hole 4 and the intermediate layer hole, which is large enough not to disturb the performance of the transmitter / receiver (or separate receiver) 7, in particular slightly smaller than the through hole 4; - if appropriate, in one variant (Figure 2'), a second gap along the second through-hole below the first through-hole, which is large enough not to interfere with the performance 7 of the separate transmitter.

[0326] The first gap here has the same trapezoidal shape as the glass hole 4 and the interlayer hole, with two (longitudinal) long sides 501, 502 and two (transverse) short sides 503, 504. The first gap may preferably be the same size as the hole 4 and / or the interlayer hole, or it may be smaller, for example the walls 501-504 which bound it protrude at most 50 mm or 10 mm, or even 5 mm, beyond the walls of the glass 401-404. As a variant, it is a rectangle or other shape (trapezoidal or other), in particular inscribed in the surface of the through hole.

[0327] The masking layer 4 may mask a casing 8 (plastic, metal, etc.) of the LIDAR 7. The casing 8 may be glued to face F4 14 by adhesive 6 and may be glued to the roof 80. The casing may be attached to a plate 8' mounted on face F4 and has holes to allow said infrared radiation to pass through.

[0328] In the zone of the through-hole (with the first gap) a masking layer 9', comprising a matrix and a colorant dispersed in said matrix, is absorbing in the visible range and transparent for working wavelengths in the infrared, which serves to camouflage the through-hole and also the LIDAR 7.

[0329] This masking layer has a thickness E1 and forms, on face F2, an adhesive layer for bonding the piece 9' to the first glass sheet.

[0330] The masking layer 9' here has the same trapezoidal shape as the glass hole 4 and the intermediate layer hole, and has two (longitudinal) long sides 911, 912 and two (transverse) short sides 913, 914.

[0331] So-called crosslinked polymer matrices (two-component, thermally crosslinked or photocrosslinked) are based on one or more crosslinked polymers, E1 is sub-millimeter, preferably 850 μm or 750 μm, in particular less than or equal to the thickness of the laminate interlayer and / or the difference in absolute value between E0 and E1 is at most 300 μm, in particular the masking layer being in such a case a coating or film, in particular a pressure-sensitive one.

[0332] The masking layer 9 ′ has, on the F 2 side, a face 91 ′ in adhesive contact with the main face F 2 (tin face or atmosphere) which is now exposed, and a face 92 ′ in adhesive contact with the main bonding surface 91 .

[0333] The masking layer 9' may alternatively have another shape, for example one similar to the cross-section of the through-hole 4, thus for example a trapezoidal shape, etc. Alternatively, the masking layer 9' may have a shape different from the cross-section of the through-hole 4, for example a rectangular shape, etc.

[0334] In this configuration of Fig. 1, the masking layer 9' is located in the zone of the through hole, here covering face F2 and in contact with the inner walls 301-304 of the interlayer holes and optionally (in a thicker variant) with the inner walls 401-404 of the glass through hole 4. The masking layer 9' does not extend beyond the through hole below face F3.

[0335] Here, E1 is less than E0.

[0336] Possible variations are as follows (not exhaustive): the masking layer 9' is spaced apart from the masking layer or at least does not cover it; A masking layer 9' extends over the through holes.

[0337] FIG. 2' shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 1000 in a first variant of the first embodiment of the present invention, in which there is a second through hole in a second glass sheet and a second piece 9'' (of the same material as the first piece 9') that is transparent at the operating wavelength.

[0338] The intermediate layer through-hole extends to cover the first through-hole and the second through-hole and is between the two through-holes, for example, it forms a rectangle (see white dotted line).

[0339] The masking layer extends in the zone of the second through hole and forms an adhesive layer bonding the further piece 9 ″ to the first glass sheet 1 .

[0340] This rectangle may therefore also correspond to the contours 911-914 of the masking layer 9' in the zone of the first through hole and in the zone of the second through hole and between the zones of both holes.

[0341] This rectangle may also correspond to the boundaries of the gaps 501-504 in the masking layer 9 in the zone of the first through hole and in the zone of the second through hole and between both zones of through holes.

[0342] FIG. 3 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 100' in a second variant of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0343] FIG. 4 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 100'' in a third variant of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0344] As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the through hole 4 may alternatively be a cutout, for example of trapezoidal shape (Figure 3) or rectangular shape (Figure 4), and therefore preferably a through hole opening on the roof side (on the upper longitudinal end 10).

[0345] The through holes may have rounded corners (FIGS. 3 and 4).

[0346] Closed or open through-holes 4 may be present in other areas of the windshield 100 or even in other glazing units of the vehicle, in particular in the rear window.

[0347] The windshield 100 may include a set of almost invisible metal wires, having a thickness of, for example, 50 μm, arranged in the form of lines, optionally straight, on a face (across the entire surface) of the laminated intermediate layer 3, for example on face Fb32 on the side of F3, where these almost invisible metal wires are not present along the through holes 4.

[0348] FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method of manufacturing a windshield 110 having a masking layer and pieces in through holes similar to those of FIG.

[0349] To form the solvent masking layer, a crosslinkable composition based on OCA, preferably with a molecular colorant, is deposited on face F2 by liquid route.

[0350] Here, the masking layer 5 extends slightly into the zone of the through hole and is covered with a masking layer. A suitable formulation for the masking layer can be selected, for example a suitable formulation for enamel; the piece 9 is placed on the masking layer forming a coating (or the piece has a masking layer forming a coating on its face F2).

[0351] The final thickness E1 here is less than E0.

[0352] The OCA formulation may be deposited prior to assembly of the glass sheet (with masking layer 9) and the PVB 3, or after assembly of the glass sheet and the PVB, or even after lamination.

[0353] As a variant, an adhesive film OCA (sized to fit the hole in the second sheet), for example based on acrylate or silicone, is placed on face F2 before assembly of the second sheet 2. An insert can be placed on the adhesive film before or after assembly or even after lamination.

[0354] FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method of manufacturing a windshield 111 having a masking layer and pieces in through holes similar to those in FIG.

[0355] To form the masking layer, a crosslinkable composition based on OCA diluted in a solvent and containing a molecular colorant is deposited by liquid route on face F2, where the masking layer 5 is flush with the holes or extends slightly into the zone of the through holes. A formulation compatible with the masking layer may be selected, for example a formulation compatible with the enamel.

[0356] Then piece 9 is placed.

[0357] The final thickness E1 is substantially equal to E0.

[0358] The OCA formulation may be deposited prior to assembly of the glass sheet (with masking layer 9) and the PVB 3, or after assembly of the glass sheet and the PVB, or even after lamination.

[0359] If the OCA is deposited via a liquid route on face F2 prior to assembly, it is preferred to use a thermally crosslinkable OCA, which crosslinks depending on the temperature applied during lamination.

[0360] The OCA deposition in the holes can advantageously be post lamination.

[0361] As a variant, an adhesive film OCA (sized to fit the hole in the second sheet), for example based on acrylate or silicone, is placed on face F2 before assembly of the second sheet 2. An insert can be placed on the adhesive film before or after assembly, or even after lamination.

[0362] FIG. 7 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 200 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a second embodiment of the invention.

[0363] Only the differences from the first embodiment will be described below.

[0364] A masking layer 9' is arranged underneath the piece 9, in particular the masking layer is here spaced apart from the inner wall of the intermediate layer hole, and the masking layer 5 extends slightly into the through hole zone for optical masking continuity.

[0365] FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a method of manufacturing the windshield 200 of FIG. 7 with the masking layer and the pieces within the through holes.

[0366] To form the masking layer, a crosslinkable composition (UV, heat, two-component) based on OCA diluted in a solvent and containing molecular colorants is deposited by liquid route on the pieces (joint surface 91), where the masking layer 5 protrudes slightly in the zone of the through holes. A formulation compatible with the masking layer may be selected, for example a formulation compatible with the enamel.

[0367] Then, OCA crosslinkable by UV or two-component OCA crosslinkable by chemical reaction is used. A step of pre-crosslinking (UV or proceeding chemical reaction) is advantageous, which allows the OCA to gel at the surface of the piece and then deposit everything into the pores. Then, a vacuum is created, which evacuates the trapped air and completes the crosslinking, thereby obtaining a good adhesion.

[0368] As an alternative to a masking layer, a pressure sensitive film, such as an acrylate or silicone based on crosslinked OCA, is placed on the pieces (joint surface 91).

[0369] The piece 9 with the masking layer 9' (coating or film) is preferably placed in the hole of an already laminated glazing unit.

[0370] The final thickness E1 is less than E0 or, alternatively, substantially equal to E0.

[0371] FIG. 9 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 300 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a third embodiment of the invention.

[0372] Only the differences from the second embodiment will be described below.

[0373] A functional film element or preferably a coating, transparent to the working wavelength, is added between face F2 12 and masking layer 9'. It can be an adhesion primer, a heating layer, a barrier layer, etc.

[0374] FIG. 10 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of a windshield 400 according to the invention having an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a fourth embodiment of the invention.

[0375] Only the differences from the first embodiment will be described below.

[0376] The opaque masking layer 5 does not extend in the central zone (passing M).

[0377] The non-thermal electrically conductive layer 70 (solar control, heating, etc.) is either absent or a first trapezoidal gap (alternatively rectangular, or of any other shape) is provided along the through hole 4 .

[0378] Fig. 11 shows a schematic cross-sectional view a of a windshield 500 according to the invention with an infrared vision system, such as a LIDAR, in a fifth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 12 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of this windshield 600 of Fig. 11. Fig. 13 shows a schematic front view (from the outside) of a windshield 601 in a variant of the fifth embodiment.

[0379] Only the differences from the first embodiment will be described below.

[0380] The piece 9 carries a heating coating 64 which (like the piece) is trapezoidal in shape and forms a localized heating zone. The heating coating is made of a material which is transparent at least at the "working" wavelengths in the infrared. The heating coating 64 is in adhesive contact with the masking layer 9.

[0381] The horizontal longitudinal edges or long sides 641, 643 of the layer 64 are parallel to the long sides of the pieces 9. The short sides 642, 644 may be parallel to the short sides of the pieces 9.

[0382] The rectangular heating zone 64 is provided with two electrical leads or first and second horizontal (dedicated) local bus bars 65, 66 (see Figure 12) to which power 67, for example 15V or 48V, or even 12V or 24V, is supplied.

[0383] In the case of circular or elliptical through-holes, the substantially horizontal busbars may be curved, thereby conforming to the shape of the piece.

[0384] It is desired to place the busbars as close together as possible, thereby increasing the power density. Preferably the distance between the busbars is at most 20cm, or 10cm, or 6cm.

[0385] In Figure 13 the second busbars are short oriented 65, 66, here diagonal and parallel to the short side of the pieces 9. In the case of circular or oval pieces these busbars may be curved, thereby conforming to the shape of the pieces.

[0386] As a result, the power supply can also be adapted. A flat connector can be used in the upper zone, for example between the hole and the upper longitudinal end. The local heating zone comprises a plurality of heating wires and is connected to the power supply by two adjacent horizontal bus bars in the upper zone above the through hole or by a flat connector. As a variant, the local heating zone comprises a plurality of first heating wires, which are connected to the power supply by first and second horizontal bus bars on either side of the through hole. EXAMPLES

[0387] FIG. 14 shows three total transmittance curves T (in %) of an automotive glazing unit, coated or uncoated with a crosslinked masking layer, which acts as a piece adhesive, where the total transmittance is a function of wavelengths from 250 nm to 1750 nm.

[0388] The first curve 1.1 serves as a reference since it shows the total transmittance of a first automobile glazing unit, which in Example 1A according to the invention is coated with a transmissive layer comprising a defined cross-linked UV matrix without tinting agent, which acts as an adhesive for the glass pieces.

[0389] This first automotive glazing unit (particularly forming the windshield of the car) comprises a 2.8 mm ultra-clear (curved) glass sheet called Planiclear of the applicant company. The 0.08 mm thick transparent adhesive layer is a cross-linked UV optical adhesive (optically clear adhesive or "OCA"): article UVEKOL S15 as previously described. The curved glass piece is within a through hole in a tinted glass sheet, which is the inner glass sheet (for example as shown in the first embodiment in connection with FIG. 1).

[0390] Infrared transmittance is greater than 80% from 780 nm onwards, and in the visible range total transmittance is approximately 90% up to 550 nm.

[0391] The second curve 2.1 shows the total transmittance of a second automobile glazing unit (Example 1B), which differs from the first glazing unit of Example 1A, to which is added a black colorant (Epolin 7527B, already described in the previous example) absorbing in the visible range at a concentration of 0.125% by weight.

[0392] In the visible range, the total transmittance drops below about 50% until about 600 nm. Infrared transmittance is about 80% from 780 nm and remains stable at least 75% up to 875 nm.

[0393] The third curve 3.1 plots the total transmittance of a third automotive glazing unit (Example 1C) which differs from the second glazing unit of Example 1B in that the concentration is increased until it reaches 1 wt. %.

[0394] In the visible range, the total transmittance is nearly zero up to about 650 nm. Infrared transmittance is about 80% from 1050 nm onwards, and remains stable at 75%-80% from 875 nm to 1050 nm.

[0395] The camouflage and selection filter functions are fulfilled.

[0396] Figure 15 shows four total transmittance curves for an automotive glazing unit coated with a masking layer that can act as an adhesive for the pieces, where the total transmittance is a function of wavelength from 400 to 1600 nm. The curves show the effect of colorant concentration.

[0397] Each of the curves 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.2 shows the total transmission of an automobile glazing unit coated with a transparent layer comprising a matrix and a black colorant absorbing in the visible range (Epolin 7527B, already described in the previous example) in the following given weight concentrations: - 0.5% for glazing units with curve 1.2, - 1% for glazing units with curve 2.2, - 2% for glazing units with curve 3.2, - 4% for glazing units with curve 4.2.

[0398] Each automotive glazing unit (particularly forming the windshield of the car) comprises a 4 mm ultra-clear (curved) glass sheet called Planiclear by the Applicant Company. Each masking layer was deposited by the liquid route.

[0399] Each adhesive masking layer makes it possible to attach a piece of glass that is placed in a hole in the sheet of tinted glass, which is also made of an ultra-clear glass called Planiclear of the Applicant Company.

[0400] Not surprisingly, as the percentage of colorant increases, a decrease in transmittance in the visible region up to 600 nm is observed. Infrared transmittance remains stable at about 80% from 1100 nm, and at least 70% (curve 4.2) to 85% (curve 1.2) at 900 nm.

[0401] At a colorant concentration of 4%, the transparency was * is less than 0.5.

[0402] FIG. 16 shows five total transmittance curves T at 1550 nm of an automotive glazing unit coated with different types of adhesive layers used to secure the glass pieces together, where T is a function of the layer thickness.

[0403] Each automotive glazing unit (particularly forming the windshield of the vehicle) includes an outer glass sheet, a 1.95 mm ultra-clear (curved) glass sheet called Optiwhite from Pilkington, Inc. The variable thickness transparent adhesive layer is a cross-linked polymeric optical adhesive (OCA).

[0404] The curved glass piece is also made of 1.95 mm ultra-clear Optiwhite glass, coated with an anti-reflection layer at the working wavelength of the LIDAR (near infrared), thus here at 1550 nm. This piece is located within a through hole in a tinted glass sheet, which is the inner glass sheet (e.g. as shown in the first embodiment associated with FIG. 1).

[0405] When choosing a silicone adhesive film from TAICA and using a glass piece without an anti-reflection layer, at 1550 nm, a transmittance T of about 85.4% is obtained for a film with a thickness of 1 mm, a transmittance T of 88.5% is obtained for a film with a thickness of 0.5 mm, and a transmittance T of 90% is obtained for a film with a thickness of 0.25 mm.

[0406] Thus, Figure 16 shows the absorption at 1550 nm of various non-pigmented OCA matrices for masking layers according to the invention or comparative matrices (PVB). By adding colorants according to the invention that do not absorb at 1550 nm, the result will be similar to that of a transparent layer in terms of total transmittance.

[0407] The first curve 1.3 is a crosslinked polymeric optical adhesive (optical adhesive or "OCA"): article UZ181A already described.

[0408] The second curve 2.3 is a crosslinked polymeric optical adhesive (optical adhesive or "OCA"): the article UVEKOL S-15 already described.

[0409] The third curve 3.3 is a crosslinked polymeric optical adhesive (optical adhesive or "OCA"): the article Loctite SI 8650 already described.

[0410] The fifth curve 4.3 is a comparison layer based on PVB (article RF41 from Eastman) mounted by the liquid route in a solvent.

[0411] The sixth curve 5.3 is a comparison layer in the form of a self-supporting sheet (before lamination) based on PVB containing almost no plasticizer: PVB Mowital from Kuraray.

[0412] These curves also show the influence of the choice of the properties of the selective coloring layer: the three OCAs are more transparent than the comparison layer based on PVB, regardless of thickness.

[0413] The difference in permeability between the OCA (and PVB) increases with thickness.

[0414] Needless to say, the articles using MOWITAL PVB are inferior to RF41 PVB.

[0415] The molar extinction coefficient of the OCA UZ181A matrix at 1550 nm is 33m -1 The molar extinction coefficient of Uvekol S15 matrix at 1550 nm is 54m -1 The molar extinction coefficient of the Loctite 8650 matrix at 1550 nm is 55m -1 The molar extinction coefficient of the comparative matrix RF41 at 1550 nm is 83m -1 The molar extinction coefficient of the comparative matrix Mowital at 1550 nm is 220m -1 It is.

Claims

1. Vehicle laminated glazing unit (100-1000), in particular for road or rail vehicles, in particular windshield, rear window, in particular curved, having a predetermined thickness, comprising: a first glass sheet (1) intended to be an exterior glazing unit, having a first outer main surface F1 (11) and a second inner main surface F2 (12) oriented towards the passenger compartment; a laminated intermediate layer (3) made of a polymer material, referred to as the intermediate layer material, having a main face Fa oriented towards F2 (31) and a main face Fb facing away from Fa (32); a second glass sheet (2) intended to be an internal glazing unit, having a third main face F3 (13) on the F2 side and a fourth internal main face F4 (14) directed towards the passenger compartment, wherein the first glass sheet (1) has a total iron oxide content of at most 0.05% by weight and the second glass sheet preferably has a total iron oxide content of at least 0.4% by weight; - through holes (4) in the thickness of the second glass sheet, measuring in centimetres and bounded by walls (401 to 404), closed or open, extended by other through holes, called interlayer holes, in the thickness of the lamination interlayer; a masking layer (9') in the zone of the through holes, comprising a matrix and a coloring agent dispersed in said matrix, said masking layer being absorbent in the visible range and transparent in at least one so-called working wavelength in the infrared range between 800 nm and 1800 nm; Including, a piece (9) in the through hole (4) that is transparent at least at the working wavelength, said piece having a main surface, called the joining surface (91), oriented towards face F2, and a main surface, called the inner surface (92), facing away from said joining surface; the masking layer forms an adhesive layer (9') for bonding the piece (9) to the first glass sheet and has a thickness E1; the cross-linked polymer matrix is ​​based on a cross-linked polymer and E1 is sub-millimeter; A vehicle laminated glazing unit (100-1000) characterized by:

2. 2. The vehicle laminated glazing unit of claim 1, wherein the difference in absolute value between E0 and E1 is at most 300 μm, and optionally E1 is less than E0.

3. The minimum concentration C1m (unit: g / L) of the coloring agent, preferably of the molecular colorant, is defined by the following relationship: [Equation 1] where T λｍａｘ is the transmittance taken at the position of maximum absorption of the colorant such that the transmittance TL in the visible range of the masking layer is at most 3%, whereby ε (units: L × g －１ ×cm －１ 3. The vehicle laminated glazing unit of claim 1 or 2, wherein ≈(x,y) is the absorptivity coefficient.

4. 3. A vehicle laminated glazing unit according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​based on an acrylate, in particular a urethane acrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, epoxy, or silicone, preferably the crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​photocrosslinked by ultraviolet light, and E1 is preferably at most 850 μm or 750 μm.

5. 3. A vehicle laminated glazing unit as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​based on an acrylate, in particular a urethane acrylate, preferably the crosslinked polymer matrix is ​​photocrosslinked by ultraviolet light, and the masking layer is a coating having an E1, preferably of at most 850 μm or 750 μm.

6. 3. A laminated glazing unit as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the masking layer having the crosslinked polymer matrix comprises or is a single-layer or multi-layer, self-supporting adhesive film, preferably pressure-sensitive, and wherein E1 is preferably at most 850 μm or 750 μm.

7. The masking layer has a transparency L of less than 5, or even 1. ＊ 1, and optionally the glazing unit comprises an opaque masking layer (5) that absorbs in the visible range of the operating wavelengths, the masking layer having gaps along the through holes at least in the central zone, and a colorimetric deviation ΔE between the masking layer and the masking layer ＊ 3. The vehicle laminate of claim 1 or 2, wherein is less than 4, or even less than 2.

8. 3. A laminated vehicle glazing unit as claimed in claim 1 or 2, comprising an opaque masking layer (5) that absorbs visible light of the operating wavelength, in particular in the form of at least one coating on at least one of the first sheet or the second sheet and / or on the laminate interlayer; and in which, around and within the region of the through hole, the masking layer has, at least in the central zone, a gap along the through hole that preferably protrudes into the through hole by at most 50 mm, 30 mm or 20 mm or 10 mm, 7 mm or 5 mm, and preferably on the end of the through hole, the masking layer (9') is on, or is continuous with, an opaque masking layer that preferably covers at most 50 mm or is offset by at most 150 μm.

9. 3. A vehicle laminated glazing unit according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the masking layer (9') is located in the zone of the through hole and covers the face F2, in particular the masking layer (9') is in contact with the inner wall of the interlayer hole or is spaced from the inner wall of the interlayer hole by a distance of at most 3 mm.

10. 10. A vehicle laminated glazing unit as claimed in claim 9, wherein the masking layer (9') is located below the piece (9), in particular the masking layer is spaced apart from the inner wall of the interlayer hole and / or the piece (9) is spaced apart from the wall of the through hole by a distance of at least 0.3 mm and at most 3 mm.

11. 3. A vehicle laminated glazing unit as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the masking layer (9') extends beyond the zone of the through hole below the second glass sheet, called the first through hole of the second sheet, and extends into a zone without the laminating interlayer, the laminated glazing unit comprising a second through hole in the second glass sheet below the first through hole, the second through hole having another piece (9'') transparent at the operating wavelength, the interlayer hole extending between the first through hole and the second through hole, and the masking layer extends within the zone of the second through hole and forms an adhesive layer that bonds the another piece (9'') to the first glass sheet.

12. 12. A vehicle laminated glazing unit as described in claim 11, comprising an opaque masking layer (5) that absorbs in the visible range of operating wavelengths, particularly in the form of at least one coating on at least one of the first sheet or the second sheet and / or on the laminate interlayer; and in the periphery and within the region of the through holes, the masking layer has gaps along the first through hole and along the second through hole, the gaps extending between the first through hole and the second through hole.

13. 3. Vehicle laminated glazing unit (100-1000) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the piece (9) with the anti-reflection element (101) has an inner surface (92) facing the through hole (4), the first glass sheet (1) and the lamination interlayer (3) and is preferably made of glass, in particular glass, having a total transmittance of at least 90% at the operating wavelength, and wherein the anti-reflection element (101) comprises an anti-reflection coating on the inner surface, the anti-reflection coating comprising a porous silica layer, in particular a nanoporous silica sol-gel layer, or the anti-reflection coating (101) comprising a stack with alternating high and low refractive index dielectric layers at the operating wavelength.

14. 3. A laminated vehicle glazing unit as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the masking layer (9) is in adhesive contact with the joining surface, which is exposed or has a functional element (64), the functional element being a functional film or coating, in particular for heating or as a barrier layer or as an adhesive primer, and / or the masking layer (9) is in adhesive contact with face F2 or in adhesive contact with a functional coating (102) on face F2, the functional coating being for heating or as an adhesive primer or as a barrier layer.

15. 3. A laminated vehicle glazing unit (600, 601) as claimed in claim 1 or 2, comprising a local heating zone (64) below and / or within the through hole (4), optionally on the joining surface (91), by the arrangement of a track or one or more wires of an electrically conductive material, in particular an absorbent material, or by a heating layer (64) made of an electrically conductive material that is transparent at the operating wavelength, the heating layer (64) being below the through hole and extending below face F3, or the heating layer (64) being on the joining surface (91) having two local bus bars (65, 66), preferably on a periphery that is masked from the outside by an opaque masking layer (5) and / or by the masking layer (9) that is further outward than the bus bars.

16. An apparatus comprising: - a glazing unit (100 to 1000) according to claim 1 or 2, - an infrared vision system with an operating wavelength in the infrared, which is arranged in the passenger compartment behind the glazing unit and which includes a transmitter and / or a receiver (7) by means of which it transmits and / or receives radiation passing through the first glass sheet at the through-hole.

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