Method and apparatus for gasifying biological material
Patent Information
- Application Number
- JP2024546033
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2022-02-11
- Filing Date
- 2023-01-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-26
Smart Images
Figure 2025505458000001_ABST
Abstract
Description
[Technical field]
[0001] The present invention relates to the gasification of biological materials. More specifically, the gasification of biological materials under high temperature and pressure. It produces hydrogen by oxidizing carbon dioxide. [Background technology]
[0002] Producing hydrogen from gasified biological materials is a renewable energy source from organic matter. This process has been actively investigated as a potential method for obtaining It can also be carbon negative by using carbon capture technology to separate the carbon from the gases that are released. Biological materials can be, for example, wood chips or pellets, household waste, livestock manure, etc. It is sometimes called biomass feedstock. Gasification can be carried out at a variety of temperatures and pressures, but one promising area of research is the gasification of biological materials. Some methods use very high pressure and high temperature to bring the moisture content to a supercritical state. This state usually occurs at temperatures of 374.4°C or higher and pressures of 22.064MPa or higher, and the reaction rate and water gas shift are fast. This increases hydrogen yields. The biological material is virtually completely converted to hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Gasification is carried out in the presence of water (steam), and steam can be used under these conditions. It acts as a catalyst in the water-gas shift reaction, converting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. Convert to. However, commercializing this process in large-scale, practical systems will not be easy. Since the gasification reaction is endothermic, energy in the form of heat must be supplied to the biological material. and reduces the efficiency of the process through heat losses. Energy required for endothermic reactions as well as energy required for evaporating water and heating biological materials. Energy must also be provided to heat the biological material itself. Must be. The most common technique is to gasify biological materials in a fluidized bed reactor, due to the fast heat transfer between solids. However, this technique requires that the biological material be small and evenly distributed within the bed. In pressurized systems, the biomaterial is mixed with a liquid additive to enable pumping to the gasifier. In addition, to maintain the high temperature bed required for gasification, In addition, biological materials often need to be dried. All such processing of biological materials requires high This has a significant impact on costs. Modern gasifiers use synthesis gas at high temperatures (approximately 700°C) and at atmospheric pressure or slightly higher. The synthesis gas is then cooled and scrubbed for the water-gas shift reaction, After it is cooled to atmospheric temperature, the pressure is increased to 2.6 MPa by a compressor, and the water is This compression step is expensive and consumes a lot of power. US Patent 2019 / 0062656A1 describes a process using a heat exchanger to increase the efficiency of the process under supercritical conditions. However, the gasification of biological material under atmospheric conditions is not possible without the use of biomass feed. Typically, the biological material must be formed into a slurry to be able to withstand the high pressures required. This usually requires the particle size of the biomaterial to be able to be pumped. Biological materials need to be pretreated to adjust the pH, which is necessary for the water-gas shift reaction to occur. This requires the injection of more water than is necessary, which is inefficient. It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve upon this known technology. Summary of the Invention
[0003] According to a first embodiment of the present invention, a method for producing hydrogen gas from biological material in a pressure vessel is provided. The method includes heating the granular material to above 500° C. and subjecting the heated material to atmospheric pressure. Adding a batch of biogenic material into a pressure vessel with the granular material and closing the pressure vessel. and mixing heated granular material with biogenic material in a closed pressure vessel to produce a biomass. and increasing the temperature of the source material to initiate gasification, and A gas is generated that increases the pressure of the reactor, and the generated gas is composed of hydrogen gas and the like. This method does not treat biological materials continuously, but treats them in batches. There is no need to pretreat the biological material into a slurry that can be pumped under pressure. Instead, The biological material can be added to the pressure vessel at the beginning of the process, before pressure is applied to the vessel. The biogenic material may be raw biomass feedstock with varying moisture content, typically has an average moisture content of 50% or more. Conventionally, heating a large amount of biological material at once has been problematic due to variations in particle size and moisture content within the biological material. However, according to the present invention, By mixing with hot granular material, the biogenic material can be heated quickly to the required high temperatures. Mixing the granular material with the biological material can be preferably performed by rotating the pressure vessel. thereby allowing the heated biological material to be separated regardless of particle size and moisture content of the biological material. The particulate material is dispersed throughout the biological material. Granular materials typically consist of many particles (granules) and are suitable for efficient mixing into biological materials. And for heat transfer, the particle size is up to 5 mm, more preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm. The granular material may be an inert or non-aqueous material, such as at least one of sand, olivine, and calcium oxide. can be constructed of non-combustible materials. Over time, the fuel from previous gasification cycles Ash or residual solids may be added to the granular material. Periodically, e.g. By replacing and / or cleaning the granular material after the sieving cycle, can be refreshed. Prior to the addition of the biological material, the granular material may be heated to high temperatures in a pressure vessel. The hydrogen gas remaining from the gasification of a batch of biological material can be burned in a pressure vessel. This is particularly advantageous when the granular material is already hot from the gasification of a previous batch of biological material. Alternatively, if the granular material needs to be heated from ambient temperature, the granular material may need to be heated. The material may be removed from the pressure vessel. The granular material preferably has a bulk density of at least 1000 kg / m3, preferably at least 200 It is more preferable that the material has a bulk density of 0 kg / m3. Biogenic materials have a lower bulk density. For example, in the range of 100kg / m3 to 600kg / m3. The weight of the granular material held in the pressure vessel is the total weight of the biological material in the vessel when the pressure vessel is full. Preferably, the granular material is at least 10 times its weight. This allows the granular material to retain the temperature of the biological material. It can store enough heat to raise the temperature and drive the gasification reaction. Depending on the type of biological material, the appropriate ratio of granular material to biological material can be used to achieve the required drying rate. This means that there is enough energy present in the granular material to drive the endothermic gasification step. However, if more heat is required, this method involves injecting oxygen into the pressure vessel to produce hydrogen. Burning a portion, adding heated gases, and / or using electric heating Also included. In this embodiment, the particulate material can be heated to at least 800° C., for example to 850° C. Once the granular material is mixed with the biogenic material, it can be dried and quenched. The temperature required to carry out the annealing step is, for example, at least 600° C., preferably up to about 700° C. The biogenic material can be heated at 850°C. Granular material is ideally heated at 850°C for gasification and and the pressure vessel contains enough energy to produce the reactions necessary for the water-gas shift. The vessel is then left at ideally 700° C. and supercritical pressure to produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gaseous compounds. This allows the removal of the components at high pressure. This eliminates the need to increase pressure with a compressor. Instead, the hydrogen can be transferred to a subsequent processing step. Batch processing of biological material can be performed, for example, by loading the biological material into a cartridge and pressing the cartridge. One method is to slide it to the edge of the container and use air pressure to move it. Because of their weight, cartridges provide a convenient means of rapidly transporting biological material from location to location. For example, the cartridge may be used to move biological material from a truck or other equipment to a location where it can be loaded. , which can then be slid into the pressure vessel to begin gasification. When loading a cartridge, the heated granular material is pushed into the pressure vessel on the opposite side of the cartridge. It is preferable that the biological material is on the opposite side of the pressure vessel from the heated granular material. Because the biological material is at the edge of the heated granular material, it receives enough heat to initiate gasification. Because it is not acceptable. Combustion / oxidation of the incoming batch of biological material is undesirable. Therefore, the method uses a heated Prior to mixing the particulate material with the biological material, preferably both before and after the pressure vessel is closed. In order to purge oxygen when the cartridge is loaded into the pressure vessel, carbon dioxide is used. An inert gas, such as nitrogen or steam, may also be pumped into the pressure vessel. Once the granular material and biological material are mixed, a gasification reaction begins and the pressure inside the pressure vessel gradually increases. The gas produced by gasification is called synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is made by converting hydrogen into H2. It may include. Gasification continues until the pressure inside the pressure vessel reaches the pressure required for supercritical water gasification. Because of the difficulty of the process, excessive pressure is sometimes adjusted to prevent this. The water-gas shift reaction is achieved to increase hydrogen yield and reduce tar and char. Promote. Bulk processing of biological material requires high enough thermal conductivity to efficiently convert the carbon monoxide produced into hydrogen. The heated granular material may not have a moisture content and may not be absorbed after mixing with the biological material. During the mixing or addition, water or steam is pumped into the pressure vessel to induce the complete water-gas shift reaction. The present invention may further include the steps of: Once the gasification reaction is complete and substantially all of the biological material has been converted, the pressurized The hydrogen gas is discharged from the pressure vessel for further processing (e.g., further purification or storage). Hydrogen is the lightest gas produced and therefore usually collects at the top of the pressure vessel. To prevent this, the pressure vessel is rotated before hydrogen is allowed to leave the pressure vessel, and the outlet through which hydrogen is discharged is The heaviest component, the granular material, is at the bottom, and the carbon dioxide A gas, such as steam, is usually present between the granular material and the hydrogen. Thus, various gases may enter a supercritical fluid phase within a pressure vessel. The granular material may be calcium oxide or may be based on calcium oxide. The carbon dioxide generated by gasification reacts with calcium oxide to produce calcium carbonate. After the gasification reaction is complete and hydrogen is removed, Granules containing calcium carbonate are heated (calcined) to release carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate. This heating removes calcium carbonate from the pressure vessel and allows the carbon dioxide to be captured and stored. Heating of the calcium carbonate may be performed after removing the calcium carbonate from the water, or more preferably, heating of the calcium carbonate may be performed after removing the calcium carbonate from the water. This is done while the calcium carbonate is still in the pressure vessel after it has been removed from the vessel. This heating process turns calcium carbonate back into calcium oxide, which is then used for the next gasification of biological materials. Carbon dioxide is extracted from the pressure vessel and stored before the next gasification of biological material begins. can be. Heating of the granular material after gasification is necessary to prepare it for gasification of the next batch of biological material. To achieve this, calcium oxide is used to capture carbon dioxide and release it for capture. The consumption of extra energy may be minimal. For example, calcium carbonate After gasification is complete, the granular material containing the sodium is heated to 700 to 900 degrees Celsius for recovery. In order to do this, calcium carbonate is converted to calcium oxide at 900°C by releasing carbon dioxide. The system can then be returned to the boiler, ready for gasification of the next batch of biological material in the next gasification cycle. Cut. Therefore, in the pressure vessel, the gasification of biological material to produce gas, the water gas cycle of the produced gas, This allows for gasification, water gasification, and carbon capture all to be done within the pressure vessel. rather than known processes that often require a separate vessel for carbon capture. It is much simpler and more efficient. According to another (second) embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus for producing hydrogen gas from biological material is provided. The apparatus is configured to store granular material that is heated to at least 500°C. The pressure vessel is at atmospheric pressure, while the pressure vessel is at atmospheric pressure. A retractable head for adding a batch of biological material to the end of the vessel, and a retractable head for retracting the granular material and the biological material. and a prime mover configured to rotate the pressure vessel to mix the ingredients together. The pressure vessel and granular material may be of the same pressure volume as described in relation to the first embodiment of the invention. The container may also be a granular material. The pressure vessel is cylindrical and has a pivot, and the prime mover rotates the pressure vessel around the pivot. The pivot can be configured to rotate about an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical shape. Therefore, the material in the pressure vessel becomes cylindrical when the pressure vessel rotates. The particles are repeatedly dropped from one end of the cylinder to the other end of the cylinder, and heated within the internal space of the pressure vessel. The two pivots are pressurized to allow the mixture to mix well with the bio-based material. An inlet is provided for introducing fluid into the pressure vessel or extracting fluid from the pressure vessel. It is also possible. The device is configured to slide into the pressure vessel when the head is released from the pressure vessel. The cartridge may include a cartridge formed from the pressure vessel. The cartridge may be removed from the pressure vessel and transported to a lorry. The next batch of biological material is then loaded from a crane, conveyor or hopper, and the The body material is then slid back into the pressure vessel for gasification. The pressure vessel preferably comprises an outer skin, an inner skin, and insulation between the inner skin and the outer skin. The material blocks the loss of heat from the heated granular material and biological material to the external environment. The vessel may include an expansion joint between the inner skin and the head of the pressure vessel, so that the outer skin remains cool. This corresponds to the relative axial and radial expansion when the inner skin is heated while The cartridge is inserted into the inner skin leaving an annular and cylindrical space between the cartridge and the inner skin. The head may be configured to slide over the pressure vessel prior to and / or during gasification. The pressure vessel may also include inlets into the annular and cylindrical spaces for injecting gas. The end of the cartridge opposite the head contains an annular mass of heated granular material and biological material. and an annular filter configured to prevent ingress of air into the cylindrical space. The cartridge may also be configured to be repeatedly removable from the head of the pressure vessel. For example, the head can be closed over a pressure vessel and the pressure vessel can be opened while the cartridge is being filled with the biological material. The granular material within the vessel may be capable of being heated. The pressure vessel may also include an agitation device within the vessel. The agitation device then mixes the granular material with the bioreactor. The method further comprises agitating the mixture of the particulate material and the biogenic material. Improved mixing and improved heat transfer from the granular material to the biogenic material, which increases reaction rates This improves efficiency, shortens cycle times for each batch of biomaterial, and ultimately increases hydrogen production. The stirring device may include a baffle that projects into the interior space of the pressure vessel. The granular material and the biogenic material are mixed together as the mixture passes over the baffles while rotating the pressure vessel. The mixture of ingredients is stirred. [Brief description of the drawings]
[0004] An embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. This is not a guide, but merely an example. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a pressure vessel in an embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of the pressure vessel of FIG. 1 when mounted for rotation by a prime mover. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel of FIG. 1 including a cartridge for loading biological material and particulate material into the pressure vessel. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a lorry used to load biological material into the cartridge of FIG. 3. [Diagram 5] FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel and cartridge of FIG. 3 prior to loading of the cartridge containing the biological material into the pressure vessel. [Figure 6] FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel and cartridge of FIG. 3 after the cartridge containing the biological material has been loaded into the pressure vessel. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an enlarged head end portion of the pressure vessel of FIG. [Figure 8] FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel and cartridge of FIG. [Figure 8] FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel and cartridge of FIG. 6 after the pressure vessel has been rotated in the opposite direction to mix the granular material with the biogenic material. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the pressure vessel and cartridge of FIG. 8 after the pressure vessel has been rotated upright to further mix the granular material with the biogenic material; and [Figure 10] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a method for producing hydrogen gas from biological material in a pressure vessel, such as the pressure vessel of FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0005] The figures are not to scale and same or similar reference numbers indicate same or similar features. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figs. 1 to 9. Fig. 1 shows a pressure vessel 10. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a pressure vessel 10 having a cylindrical shape and a length that is at least four times its width. The vessel comprises a cylindrical outer shell 12, a head 20 at one end of the primary vessel 12, and a and a base portion 20a provided at the end of the The head 20 is composed of an inlet pipe 22, which is connected to the central axis AX1 of the pressure vessel 10 (see FIG. 2). The inlet pipe 22 is aligned along the In this case, the head 10 is located vertically above the base 20a. The inlet pipe 22 serves as an outlet for hydrogen gas generated in the pressure vessel, and Or it can be used to inject heating gas into the pressure vessel. As will be explained further below, the head 20 is comprised of a ring header 24 which extends from the pressure vessel to various It can be used to inject or extract gas. The ring header 24 is ring-shaped and is connected to a plurality of pipes 24a. are arranged at equal intervals around the ring header 24 and extend from the ring header 24 to the interior 10 of the pressure vessel 10. a (see FIG. 2) extending radially inward and / or axially to direct gas toward The primary container 12 may also be connected to a ring header 19 adjacent the head 20. 19 is also adapted to inject or extract various gases from the pressure vessel through a number of pipes 19b. To transport gas between the ring headers 19, 24 and the inlet pipe 22, The apparatus used for this purpose is not shown here in the drawings for the sake of clarity. The pressure vessel 10 includes a pressure adjusting mechanism 24 for locking and unlocking the head 20 from the end of the primary vessel 10a. Includes a rotatable breech lock ring 25. Head 20 can be unlocked and repositioned when required. It can then be removed from the container 10a. The pressure vessel 10 can also be configured with two pivot shafts 18. The pivot 18 can be used to hold and rotate the pressure vessel about the pivot shaft 18. The bot shaft 18 can be fixed to the outside of the primary vessel 10a, preferably within the length of the pressure vessel 10. The schematic diagram of FIG. 2 shows the pivot shaft 18 of the pressure vessel 20 aligned along axis AX2. The prime mover is shown connected to a prime mover 30a. Prime movers can take a variety of shapes and configurations. However, in the illustrated embodiment, the frame 30 and the pivot shaft 18 are rotated, thereby and a hydraulic motor 32 configured to rotate the pressure vessel 20 about an axis AX2. As shown, the axis of rotation AX2 is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis AX1 of the cylindrical shape of the pressure vessel. The prime mover is configured to hold the axis AX2 of the pivot shaft horizontal, As a result, the rotation of the pressure vessel around the axis AX2 rotates the pressure vessel in a vertical plane, The contents of the vessel fall repeatedly from one end of the pressure vessel to the other as the vessel rotates. . The schematic diagram of FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of pressure vessel 20, showing the internal details of the pressure vessel. are constructed to withstand the very high pressures that can occur inside a pressure vessel, The pressure vessel also includes a sheath 14 inside the primary vessel 12. The sheath 14 may be cylindrical and is preferably coaxial with the primary vessel 12. Cylinder of insulation 13 A layer of argon fills the space between the primary vessel 12 and the sheath 14. The sheath 14 is the inner part of the pressure vessel. The heat insulating material 13 can be made of a heat-resistant steel layer that can withstand the high temperatures generated in the internal space 10a. That is, the primary vessel 12 defines the outer skin of the pressure vessel, and the sheath 14 defines the inner skin of the pressure vessel. In another embodiment, the insulation and sheath are combined with a multi-layer fire-resistant lining. The interior 10a of the pressure vessel is partially filled with granular material 15. The granular material may be sand, olivine, or other inert, non-combustible material capable of storing significant heat. In order to promote the gasification reaction and improve the yield of hydrogen, If desired, catalytic materials such as NiFe2O4 can be added to the particulate material. 3, a stirring device in the form of a baffle 50 (shown only in FIG. 3) projecting into the interior space 10a within the pressure vessel. The baffles may be fixed, movable, or completely It does not have to be implemented. The head 20 is connectable to a cartridge 40, which slides in and out of the sheath 14 of the pressure vessel. The cartridge 40 has a cylindrical side wall 41 and a cartridge holder 42 provided at one end of the cartridge 40. The base 42 is supported by the head 20. The cylindrical side wall 41 is The outer diameter of the side wall 41 is smaller than the inner diameter of the sheath 14. 1, and an annular, cylindrical space 44 is formed between the side wall 41 of the cartridge 40 and the sheath 14 of the pressure vessel. can be left behind. The side wall 41 of the cartridge is provided with an annular ?lter located at the end of the cartridge opposite the base 41. The annular filter 45 may terminate the annular and cylindrical space 44 and the interior 10a. The annular filter 45 is disposed between the annular and cylindrical space 44 and the interior 10a. It allows the passage of gas between the walls of the enclosure, but not particles such as granular or biogenic materials. The casing may be configured to have a small opening so that the casing does not 7, the head 20 can be comprised of an outer dome 26 and an inner cup 27. It can be seen that the inner cup 27 may be disposed inside the outer dome 26, and the inner cup 27 and The outer domes 26 may be spaced apart from one another by thermal insulation material 23. The cap 27 may hold a base 42 of the cartridge 40. In some embodiments, the cartridge The edge 40 is separated from the head 20 by withdrawing the base 42 from the inner cup 27. In this embodiment, the cartridge 40 and the head 20 may be permanently fixed. 22 penetrates the outer dome 26, the insulation 23, and the inner cup 27 to the interior space 10 within the pressure vessel. It is composed of a pipe 22 opening at a. The outer dome 26 comprises a flange 21 extending radially outwardly at the periphery of the dome. Meanwhile, the primary container 12 comprises a flange 11 at the end of the primary container where the head 20 is located. This flange 11 extends radially outward at the end of the primary vessel and is joined to the flange of the head 20. The breech lock ring 25 is configured to be in approximate contact with the head 21. To lock the breech lock ring 25 together, an angular rotation of the breech lock ring 25 is required to lock the flange 11 and the flange 20 together. The breech lock ring 25 holds the head 20 and the primary container 12 apart from each other. The pressure vessel acts to prevent the lock from rotating to release the lock. An O-ring 28 seals the joint between the head 20 and the primary container 12. In another embodiment, the breech lock device is a bolted flange. Other types of sealing devices such as hydraulically clamped flanges can be substituted. During the gasification reaction, the insulation 13 allows the sheath 14 to reach a much higher temperature than the primary vessel 12. Thus, the sheath 14 undergoes axial thermal expansion relative to the primary container 12. This expansion is due to the head The sheath 14 is received by a bellows section 14a at the end of the sheath 14 adjacent the bellows 20. The portion 14a rotates about the axis when the sheath 14 is heated and cooled relative to the primary container 12, respectively. It contracts and expands in the direction. A plurality of pipes 24a from the ring header 24 connect the outer dome 26, the insulation 23, and the inner cup 27. 2 and 3, providing a passageway from the ring header 24 to the annular and cylindrical space 44. A plurality of pipes 19a from the ring header 19 also provide passage from the ring header 19 to the annular and cylindrical space 44. The annular-cylindrical space 44 terminates in an annular filter 45 (see FIG. 3). The gas flows through the ring header 19 or 24, the annular / cylindrical space 44, and the annular filter 45. As shown in FIG. 3, the pressure vessel is Part 20a consists of an inlet pipe 20b through which gas can be injected or extracted from the pressure vessel. The inlet pipe 22, the inlet pipe 20b, the ring header 19 and the ring header 2 All four of the four may be used to introduce or extract gas from the interior 10a of the pressure vessel. The gas may include a purge gas, a heating gas, or a synthesis gas. The gas may include steam, These include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, synthetic gas, and hydrogen. Next, with reference to FIGS. 4 through 8 and the flow diagram of FIG. 9, the use of the apparatus to generate hydrogen will be described. The method will now be described. In the first step 101 shown in FIG. 9, a small amount of granular material 15 is added to a pressure vessel. The heating can be performed, for example, by heating the inlet 22 to a high temperature of at least 500° C., for example, 850° C. and 20b by circulating a heated gas through the pressure vessel, or, in particular, If the granular material is already hot from the previous gasification cycle, the combustion of the gas in the pressure vessel For example, after the previous gasification cycle, the temperature of the granular material is 650°C. It must then be heated to 850°C for the next gasification cycle. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the granular material above ambient temperature for the first gasification cycle is considerable (approximately 700 kJ / kg when sand is used as the granular material) and the heating occurs at the confinement pressure This is best accomplished by circulating heated gas through the reactor. During build-up, it is particularly inefficient to heat a static sand layer, so the pressure vessel By fluidizing or tumbling the granular material in a fluidized bed inside or outside the pressure vessel, the interparticle It is desirable to maximize the interaction and increase the temperature. In a second step 102, biological material can be added to the cartridge 40. Step 102 may be performed before, after, or simultaneously with step 101. The cartridge 40 and head 20 are shown removed from the pressure vessel 10. The lorry 200 is moved to an inverted position, in which a batch of biological material 210 is transferred from the lorry 200 to the head The biological material 210 is placed in the open end of the cartridge opposite the end 20. The feedstock may be wood chips / pellets, or other biological material such as household waste or animal faeces. In a third step 103 , the cartridge 40 containing the biological material 210 is inserted into the pressure vessel 10 . Initially, the pressure vessel is urged so that all granular material 15 falls towards the bottom 20a of the pressure vessel. Next, the pressure vessel 10 and the cartridge 14 may be oriented in an upright position as shown in FIG. The cartridge 40 is placed horizontally and both are exposed to the atmosphere to achieve atmospheric pressure. Slide the ridge 40 into the pressure vessel 10 and rotate the breech lock ring 25 to insert the head 20 into the pressure vessel 10. The cartridge 40 can be locked into the primary vessel 12 and into the pressure vessel 10. Since the force vessel 10 and cartridge 40 are oriented horizontally, the granular material 15 is still of biogenic origin. The heat from the granular material 15 is not mixed with the material 210 and therefore does not immediately dissipate the heat from the granular material 15. This is because the pressure vessel 12 is not susceptible to oxidation / burning when the head 20 is locked to the primary vessel 12. This is despite the presence of atmospheric oxygen trapped within. In step 104, the atmosphere in the interior 10a of the pressure vessel is purged by pumping in a purge gas. It is also possible to purge the pressure vessel 10 with a purge gas. Referring to FIG. The water is fed into the feeders 19 and 24, travels along the pipes 19a and 24a, and flows in annular and circular It travels along the cylindrical space 44 and passes through an annular filter 45 (shown only in FIG. 3 for clarity). ) into the interior 10a. The purge gas forces atmospheric air through inlets 22 and 20b. The purpose is to effectively remove atmospheric air and its oxygen. The removal of air and its oxygen by the purge gas inhibits combustion, so the It will be appreciated that combustion of solid matter is undesirable. The purge gas is preferably an inert gas. , for example nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Step 104 is performed simultaneously with step 103, The pressure vessel may be purged of oxygen during insertion of the cartridge into the vessel. Before the cartridge is inserted into the pressure vessel, a purge gas is injected into the pressure vessel to purge the oxygen. It is also possible. Once the oxygen has been purged from the pressure vessel 10 and the cartridge 40 has been locked within the pressure vessel, the The pressure vessel is rotated by the cup 105 to mix the granular material 15 with the biogenic material 210, thereby producing The biogenic material 210 is rapidly heated to increase the temperature of the biogenic material and remove moisture from the biogenic material. The pressure vessel 10 is driven by a motor 30a ( 3) and FIG. 9 shows the pressure vessel 10 when rotated to an inverted position by a pressure adjusting mechanism 16 (see FIG. 3). 1 shows pressure vessel 10 when 10 is rotated to an upright position. Prime mover 30a is The pressure vessel is repeatedly rotated 180 degrees between the positions, and the granules 15 and The prime mover 30a moves the pressure vessel from an upright position to an inverted position. rotate 180 degrees clockwise from the inverted position to the upright position, then rotate 180 degrees counterclockwise from the inverted position to the upright position. This can be repeated. This results in a 360 degree rotation in one direction (clockwise or counterclockwise). Mixing may be improved compared to rotating, and the various inlets and In addition, the burden on the piping (not shown) connected to the ring header is also reduced. In an embodiment using baffles 50 (see FIG. 3), the mixture of particulate material 15 and biogenic material 210 is , which is broken down by the baffle 50 as it moves from one end of the pressure vessel 10 to the other during rotation of the pressure vessel 10. 50 and falls over the baffle 50 to improve mixing of the granular material 15 with the biogenic material 210. . When mixing occurs, the granular material raises the temperature of the biological material to nearly 700°C, The gas produced is then gradually gasified to raise the pressure in the pressure vessel to 22.0, which is the pressure required for supercritical water gasification. Steadily increase the pressure to above 64MPa. Supply additional water for the water-gas shift reaction to occur. To do this, steam can be pumped into the pressure vessel via ring headers 19 or 24. Also, if additional heat is required to reach and maintain the required temperature, e.g. hot diacid It is also possible to feed heated gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen to maintain the gasification temperature. It is also possible to feed oxygen into the fuel to burn some of the hydrogen. Gas is pumped into the mixture to agitate the material mixture, improve mixing and heat transfer, and promote gasification. It is also possible to do so. Once the gasification reaction is complete, the pressure vessel is held in an upright position and all of the granular material 15 is poured into the bottom 20 Then, in step 106, the hydrogen gas is discharged from the inlet 22 and Other components of the synthesis gas are also emitted and the process is Return to step 101 to perform another gasification cycle. The granular material reacts with the carbon dioxide produced during gasification in step 105. If the calcium carbonate is converted from calcium oxide by the gasification cycle, The step of heating the granular material in a furnace 101 converts calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and Thus, step 101 may include, for example, venting the carbon dioxide from the pressure vessel and storing the carbon dioxide. Thus, the use of calcium oxide in granular materials provides a large energy Carbon capture can be achieved at no cost. If the biological material 210 contains contaminants such as metals, they will be washed away by the granular material 15. or joins the granular material 15 for subsequent cycles until removed for replacement. Many other variations of the described embodiments that fall within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the gas inlet pipe is connected to the end of the pressure vessel in the illustrated embodiment. However, in alternative embodiments, the pivot is adjacent to or within the pivot. , it is also possible to place it more centrally.
Claims
1. A method for producing hydrogen gas from biological materials in a pressure vessel, comprising heating granular materials to 500°C or higher. and placing the batch of biological material together with the heated granular material in a pressure vessel at atmospheric pressure. a step of adding the heated granular material to the pressure vessel; closing the pressure vessel; and and mixing the material with the biological material to increase the temperature of the biological material and initiate gasification. Gasification produces a gas that increases the pressure inside the pressure vessel. The gas produced is hydrogen gas. The present invention is characterized in that it is made of
2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the granular material comprises heating the granular material generated from a previous batch of biological material. This involves burning hydrogen gas.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein mixing the granular material with the biological material is performed by rotating a pressure vessel. This includes turning the device over.
4. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the biological material is composed of particles, the particles having different sizes from each other. Optionally, each of the fibers may have different levels of moisture content.
5. The method of any preceding claim, comprising adding a batch of biological material to a pressure vessel at atmospheric pressure. However, the biological material is loaded into the cartridge and the cartridge is slid into the end of the pressure vessel. and discharging the granular material into the pressure vessel at an end opposite the cartridge. Something that happens.
6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pressure vessel has a longitudinal axis along a length of the pressure vessel, Sliding the trough onto the end of the pressure vessel causes the pressure vessel to be inserted with its longitudinal axis extending horizontally. and sliding the cartridge in a direction along the longitudinal axis of the pressure vessel. and sliding the end portion of the
7. In the method of any preceding claim, prior to mixing the heated granular material with the biological material, an acid This involves pumping gas into the pressure vessel to purge the source.
8. In the method of any of the preceding claims, after mixing or after mixing of the heated granular material with the biological material. During the reaction, water or steam is pumped into the pressure vessel to induce the water-gas shift reaction. Something that eats.
9. In the method according to any one of the preceding claims, the hydrogen gas is discharged under pressure from the pressure vessel after gasification. and preferably the hydrogen is introduced into the pressure vessel at an end opposite the end where the particulate material is present. Discharged from the end of the pressure vessel.
10. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the granular material comprises calcium oxide and is gasified by gasification. The gas produced contains carbon dioxide, which reacts with calcium oxide to produce calcium carbonate. Something that generates um.
11. In the method according to claim 10 added to claim 9, after the hydrogen is discharged from the pressure vessel, carbon dioxide is Heating the calcium carbonate releases carbon dioxide, which is then captured. This includes:
12. An apparatus for producing hydrogen gas from biological materials, comprising particles heated to at least 500°C. a pressure vessel configured to store a material in a heated state while the pressure vessel is at atmospheric pressure; Can be opened and closed to add batches of biological material to the end of the pressure vessel opposite the added granular material. The head is designed to rotate the pressure vessel to mix the granular material and the biological material together. and a prime mover configured as above.
13. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the pressure vessel is cylindrical and includes a pivot, and the prime mover is connected to the pivot. The pressure vessel is rotated about a pivot, the pivot being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical shape. Characterized in that it allows pivoting of the pressure vessel about a straight axis.
14. 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the pressure vessel is adjacent to or adjacent to the pivot. Equipped with an entrance provided within.
15. 15. The apparatus of claim 12, 13 or 14, wherein the pressure is increased when the head is released from the pressure vessel. A cartridge configured to slide into the container, the cartridge comprising: It is configured to hold a batch of biological material.
16. 16. The apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the pressure vessel comprises an outer skin, an inner skin, and a pressure vessel including an inner skin and an outer skin. It consists of insulation between the skin.
17. The device according to claim 16 added to claim 15, wherein the cartridge comprises a cartridge and an inner skin. a head configured to slide within the endothelium while leaving an annular and cylindrical space between the head and the endothelium; Annular and cylindrical space injection for injecting fluids or gases into the pressure vessel during gasification Something with a mouth.
18. The device according to claim 17, wherein the end of the cartridge is heated into the annular and cylindrical space. and an annular filter configured to block the ingress of particulate material and biological matter. thing.
19. The apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein the pressure vessel is provided with a stirring device therein. and the agitation device is configured to agitate the mixture of particulate material and biological material. of.
20. 20. The device according to any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the device contains granular material, and the granular material The material comprises calcium oxide.
21. 20. The device according to any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the pressure vessel is a bioreactor for producing gas. Gasification of materials, water-gas shift of produced gas, and carbon capture all take place within a pressure vessel. What it is configured to do.