Compositions with pesticide activity and related processes

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal activity against pests of the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca and Nematoda, processes for producing such molecules, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes for using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions can be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides and nematocides. The present disclosure discloses molecules and mixtures thereof having the formula: [Formula 1] TIFF2025517357000020.tif27170

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 343,182, filed May 18, 2022.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal activity against pests of the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca and Nematoda, processes for producing such molecules, pesticide compositions containing such molecules, and processes for using such pesticide compositions against such pests. These pesticide compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematocides. [Background technology]

[0003] The present disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal activity against pests of the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca and Nematoda, processes for making such molecules, intermediates used in such processes and processes for using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions can be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides and nematocides.

[0004] "Many of the most dangerous human diseases are transmitted by insect vectors" (Rivero et al., Insect Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When is Insect Resistance a Problem? Public Library of Science Pathogens, Vol. 6, No. 8, p. 1-9, 2010). "Historically, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, plague, filariasis, louse-borne typhus, trypanomiasis, leishmaniasis, and other vector-borne diseases caused more human illness and death than all other causes combined from the 17th century to the early 20th century" (Gubler, D., Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 442-450, 1998). Vector-borne diseases account for approximately 17% of all parasitic and infectious diseases worldwide. Malaria alone causes over 800,000 deaths annually, 85% of which occur in children under the age of 5. There are approximately 50 million to 100 million cases of dengue fever each year. Another 250,000 to 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever occur each year (Matthews.,Integrated Vector Management:Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases,Ch.1,p.1,2011). Vector control plays a major role in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, resistance to insecticides (including multiple resistance to insecticides) has emerged in all insect species that are major vectors of human diseases (Rivero et al.). In recent years, more than 550 species of arthropods have developed resistance to at least one pesticide (Whalon et al., Analysis of Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Ch. 1, p. 5-33, 2008).Moreover, examples of insect resistance continue to far exceed the number of examples of herbicide and fungicide resistance (Sparks et al., IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (2014) available online 4 December 2014).

[0005] Each year, more than 40% of all food production is lost due to insects, plant pathogens and weeds. This loss occurs despite the application of pesticides and the use of a variety of non-chemical controls, such as crop rotation and biological controls. If even a portion of this food could be saved, it could be used to feed the more than 3 billion undernourished people in the world (Pimental, D., Pest Control in World Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences-Vol.II,2009).

[0006] Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the most widespread pests and often the most difficult and costly to eradicate. Losses due to nematodes are estimated to be about 9% (in developed countries) to about 15% (in developing countries). However, in the United States, a survey of various crops in 35 states showed that losses due to nematodes could be as high as 25% (Nicol, et al., Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture, Genomic and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions, p.21-43, 2011).

[0007] It should be noted that although gastropods (slugs and snails) are considered pests of less economic importance than other arthropods or nematodes, in some regions they can substantially reduce yields, adversely affect crop quality, and transmit human, animal, and plant diseases. While only a few dozen gastropod species are pests locally, hundreds of species are important pests on a global scale. In particular, gastropods affect a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural crops, including arable, pasture, and fiber crops; vegetables; shrubs and fruit trees; medicinal plants; and ornamental plants (Speiser, B., Molluscicides, Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Ch. 219, p. 506-508, 2002).

[0008] Termites cause damage to all types of private and public structures, as well as agricultural and forest resources. In 2005, it was estimated that termites caused over US$50 billion in damages worldwide each year (Korb, J., Termites, Current Biology, Vol. 17, No. 23, 2007).

[0009] Thus, for many reasons, including those mentioned above, the continued development of new pesticides is necessary, which is costly (estimated to cost approximately US$286 million per pesticide in 2014), time-consuming (on average, approximately 11.3 years per pesticide), and difficult (Phillips McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 20005-8 and 2010-2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019, 2016).

[0010] Definitions used in this disclosure The examples provided herein are not exhaustive and should not be construed as limiting. It should be understood that the substituents should comply with the chemical bonding rules and steric compatibility restrictions with respect to the particular molecule to which they are attached. These definitions are used solely for the purposes of this disclosure.

[0011] The phrase "active ingredient" (sometimes referred to as "AI") means a substance having activity useful for controlling pests and / or useful for helping other substances have better activity for controlling pests. Examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, acaricides, algaecides, antifeedants, birdicides, bactericides, bird repellents, sterilizers, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating inhibitors, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, and virucides (see alanwood.net). Specific examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, those listed in Active Ingredient Group Alpha.

[0012] The phrase "Active Ingredients Group Alpha" (hereinafter "AIGA") collectively refers to the following substances: (3-ethoxypropyl)mercuric bromide, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, 1-naphthol, 2-(octylthio)ethanol, 2,2,3-TPA, 2,3,3-TPA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4 ,5-TB, 2,4,5-TP, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-DES, 2,4-DP, 2,4-MCPA, 2,4-MCPB, 2iP, 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, 4-aminopyridine, 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercuryoxyquinoline (phen ylmercurioxyquinoline), abamectin, abamectin-aminomethyl, abscisic acid, ACC, acephate, acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acetion, acetochlor, acetophenate, acetophos, acetoprole, acibenzolar, acifluorfen, aclonifen, ACN, acrep, acrinathrin, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acinonapyr, acipetax, afidopyrope afoxolaner, alachlor, alanap, alanycarb, albendazole, aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldimorph, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allicin, allidochlor, allosamidin, aloxydim, allyl alcohol, alixycarb, arorac, alpha-bromadiolone, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-endosulfan, alphamethrin, altretamine, aluminum phosphide, aluminum phosphide, amethoctrazine, ametrydione, ametryn, ametryne, amivudine, amicarbazone, amicarthiazole, amidithione,Amidochlor, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, aminopyrifen, aminotriazole, amiprophos-methyl, amiprophos, amiprophos-methyl, amisulbrom, amiton, amitraz, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, amovam, amorphous silica gel, amorphous silicon dioxide, ampropylphos, AMS, anabasine, ancymidol, anilazine, anilofos, anisrone, anthraquinone, potassium antimony tartrate, antu, afo ate, alamite, alprocarb, arsenic acid, asomethane, aspirin, ashram, atidathion, atraton, atrazine, aureofundin, avermectin B1, AVG, aviglycine, azaconazole, azadirachtin, azaphenidin, azamethiphos, azidithion, azimsulfuron, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, azinphos-methyl, aziprotryn, aziprotryne, azithiram, azobenzene, azocyclotine, azotoate, azoxystrobin Bin, bachmedesh, barban, barbanate, barium hexafluorosilicate, barium polysulfide, barium silicofluoride, bartholin, basic copper carbonate, basic copper chloride, basic copper sulfate, BCPC, beflubutamid, beflubutamid-M, benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benazolin, bencarbazone, benclothiaz, bendaqingbingzhi, bendiocarb, bendioxide, benefin, benfluralin, benfuracarb, benfu Reseth, benmihuangcaoan, benodanil, benomyl, benoxacor, benoxafos, benquinox, bensulfuron, bensulide, bensultap, bentallon, bentazon, bentazon, bentazon, bentthiavalicarb, benthiazole, bentiocarb, bentranil, benzadox, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacryl, benzamizole, benzamorph, benzenehexachloride, benzphendizone, benzimine, benzipram,Benzobicyclon, benzoepin, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzohydroxamic acid, benzomate, benzophosphate, benzothiadiazole, benzovindiflupyr, benzoximate, benzoylprop, benzopyrimoxane, benzthiazuron, benzocaotong, benzyl benzoate, benzyladenine, berberine, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bethoxadin, BHC, bialaphos, bicyclopyrone, bi Phenazate, bifenox, bifenthrin, bifujunzhi, bilanafos, binapacryl, binghuanzuo, bingqingxiao, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, biphenyl, bipyrazone, bisadyl, bismerthiazole, bismerthiazole-copper, methylenedi(x-naphthalene-y-sulfonate)bisphenylmercury methylenedi(x-naphthalene-y-sulphonate), bispyribac, bistrifluron, bisultap, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, bixlozone, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, BPCMS, BPPS, brassinolide, brassinolide-ethyl, brevicomin, brodifacoum, brofenprox, brofenvalerate, broflanilide, broflutrinate, bromacil, bromadiolone, bromoclofos, brometa Phosphorus, bromethrin, bromfenvinphos, bromoacetamide, bromobornyl, bromobutide, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromofenoxime, bromofos, bromomethane, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bromothalonil, bromoxynil, brompyrazone, bromuconazole, bronopol, bropropdifacoum, BRP, BTH, bucarpolate,bufencarb, buminafos, bupirimate, buprofezin, burgundy mixture, busulfan, busulphan, butacarb, butachlor, butafenacil, butam, butamifos, butane-fipronil, butathiophos, butenachlor, butene-fipronil, butethrin, butidazole, buthiobate, buthiuron, butifos, butocarboxim, butonate, butopyronoxyl, butoxycarboxim, butralin, butrizole, butroxydim, buturon, butylamine, butyrate, butylchlorophos, butylene-fipronil, cacodylic acid, cadusafos, cafenstrole, calciferol, calcium arsenate, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, Calcium cyanide, calcium polysulfide, carbinphos, camphendichlor, camphechlor, camphor, captafol, captan, carbam, carbamorph, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbaslam, carbathion, carbathion, carbendazim, carbendazole, carbetamide, carbophenothion, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbonyl sulfide, carbophenothion, carbophos, carbosulfan, carboxazole, carboxide, carboxin, carfentrazone, carpropamid, cartap, carvacrol, carvone, CAVP, CDAA, CDEA, CDEC, cerocidin, CEPC, ceralure, cerenox, cebadila, Cheshunt mixture mixture), quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinomethionate, quinomethionate, chiralaxyl, chitosan, clobenziazone, clomethoxyfen, chloralose, chloramben, chloramine phosphorus, chloramizole, chloramphenicol, chloraniformethane, chloranil, chloranocryl, chlorantraniliprole, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbencide, chlorbenzuron, chlorbicyclen, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform,Chlorenpentrin, chloretazate, chlorethefon, chlorethoxyphos, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenapyr, chlorphenazole, chlorphenetole, chlorfenidim, chlorfenprop, chlorfenson, chlorphenesulfide, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfenvinphos-methyl, chlorfluazuron, chlorflurazole, chlorflurecol, chlorflurane, chlorflureno chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlorinate, chlor-IPC, chlormephos, chlormequat, chlormesulone, chlormethoxynil, chlornidine, chlornitrofen, chloroacetic acid, chlorobenzilate, chlorodinitronaphthalenes, chlorophenisone, chloroform, chloromebuform, chloromethiron, chloroneb, chlorophacinone, chlorophos, chlorophthalim, chloropicrin, chloropon, chloroprallethrin, chloropropylate , chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, chloroxyphenidium, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorphonium, chlorphoxim, chlorphthalim, chlorprazophos, chlorprocarb, chlorpropham, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorquinox, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, chlorthiophos, chlortoluron, chlorzolinate, chltosan, cholecalciferol, choline chloride, chromafenozide, cycloheximide, cimectacarb, cimetacarb cimetacarb, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, synthofen, ciobutide, cisanilide, cismethrin, clasifos, clefoxydim, clenpirin, clenpyrin, clethodim, climbazole, clioginate, clodinafop, cloethocarb, clofencet, clofenotan, clofentezine, clofenvinphos, clofibric acid, clofop, clomazone,Clomeprop, clonitralid, cloprop, cloproxizim, clopyralid, cloquintocet, chloransulam, closantel, clothianidin, clotrimazole, cloxifonac, cloxylacon, clozylacon, zylacon, CMA, CMMP, CMP, CMU, codlelure, cholecalciferol, colophonate, copper 8-quinolenolate, copper acetate, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper carbonate, copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, copper oxychloride, copper silicate, copper sulfate, copper sulfate, copper zinc chromate, coumachlor, coumafen, coumaphos, coumafuryl, coumaphos, coumatetralyl, coumethoxystrobin, coumitoate, coumoxystrobin, CPMC, CPMF, C PPC, credazine, cresol, cresylic acid, crimidine, crotamiton, crotoxyfos, crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cue-lure, kufuraneb, cumileron, cumylron, cuprobam, cuprous oxide, curcumenol, CVMP, cyanamide, cyanatrin, cyanazine, cyanofenphos, cyanogen, cyanomethyl 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(7-fluoro-1H-indol-6-yl)pyridine-2-carboxamide boxylate, cyanophos, cyantoate, cyantraniliprole, cyanuric acid, cyazofamid, sibutrin, cyclafuramid, cyclanilide, cyclaniliprole, ciclethrin, cycloate, cyclobutrifluram, cycloheximide, cycloplate, cycloprothrin, cyclopyranyl, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxapride, cycloxydim, cicurulon, cyenopyrafen, cyetopyrafen, cyflufenamid, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalodiamide, cyhalofop, cyhalofop-butyl , cyhalothrin, cyhexatin, cymiazole, cymoxanil, siometrinil, cypendazole, cypermethrin, cyperquat, cyphenothrin, cyprazine, cyprazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyproflam, cypromide, cyprosulfamide, cypirafluon, cyromazine, cythioate, citrex, dymron, dalapon, daminozide, dayoutong, dazomet, DBCP, d-camphor, DCB, DCD, DCIP, DCPA (Japan), DCPA (USA), DCPTA,DCU, DDD, DDPP, DDT, DDVP, debacarb, decaphentin, decamethrin, decarbofuran, DEET, dehydroacetic acid, deiquat, delaclor, delnab, deltamethrin, demefion, demefion-O, demefion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methyl Sulfone, Demeton-S-methylsulfone, DEP, depallethrine, derris, desmedipham, desmetryn, desmetryne, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, DFDT, diafenthiuron, diarylfol, diarylfos, dialate, di-alate, diamidaphos, dianat, diatomaceous earth, diatomite, diazinon, dibrom, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl succinate, dicamba, dikapton, dicarbasulf, dicarbosulf, dichlobenil, dichlobenthiazox, dichlophenthion, dichlofluanid, diclone, dichloralurea, dichlorbenzuron, dichlorfenidim, di Chlorflurekol, dichlorflurenol, dichlormate, dichlormid, dichloromethane, dichlorophen, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, dichlorvos, dichlozolin, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclofop, diclomedine, dicloran, dichloromezothiaz, diclosulam, dicofol, dicophane, dicoumarol, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicryl, dicoumarol, dicyclanil, dicyclonone, dieldrin, dienochlor, diethamquat, diethathyl, diethion, diethion, diethion, dietholate, diethon, diethyl pyrocarbonate pyrocarbonate), diethyl toluamide, difenacoum, difenoconazole, difenopentene, difenoxuron,Difenzoquat, difethialone, diflovitadin, diflubenzuron, diflufenican, diflufenicanil, diflufenzopyr, diflumetrim, dikeglac, dilor, dimatif, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimefuron, dimehypo, dimepiperate, dimethsulfazet, dimethachlon, dimethane, dimethacarb, dimethachlon, dimethachlor, dimethamethrin, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipine, dimethirimol, dimethoate, dimethomorph, Dimethryn, dimethylcarbamate, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl phthalate, dimethylvinphos, dimethyllan, dimexano, dimidazon, dimoxystrobin, dinpropylidaz, dimpirate, dimron, dinex, dingjunezuo, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitramine, dinitrophenol, dinobuton, dinocap, dinocap-4, dinocap-6, dinoktone, dinofenate, dinopentone, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinosulfone, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterb dioxathione, diofenolan, dioxabenzophos, dioxacarb, dioxathione, dioxation, dyphacin, diphacinone, diphenadione, diphenamid, diphenamide, diphenylsulfone, diphenylamine, diphenylsulfide, diproglic acid, dipropalin, dipropetrine, dipterex, dipimethitron, dipyrithione, diquat, disodium tetraborate, disosultap, disparlure, disgran gran), disulfur, disulfiram, disulfoton, ditalimphos, dithianon, dithyclofos, dithioether, dithiometon, dithiopyr, diuron, dixanthogen, d-limonene, DMDS, DMPA, DNOC, dodemorph, dodicine, dodine, dofenapine, doguazine, dominicalure, doramectin, DPC, drazoxolone, DSMA, d-trans-allethrin, d-trans-resmethrin, dufurin, dymron, EBEP, EBP, ebfos, ecdysterone, eclomezol, EDB, EDC, EDDP, edifenphos,Eglinadin, emamectin, EMPC, empenthrin, enadenine, endosulfan, endothal, endothall, endothion, endrin, enestrobrin, enilconazole, enoxastrobin, efilsulfonate, EPN, epocoleon, epofenonane, epoxiconazole, eprinomectin, epronaz, epsilon-metofluthrin, epsilon-monfluorotrin, EPTC, ervon, ergocalciferol, alruticiancaoan (erlujixiancaoan), esdeparethrin, esfenvalerate, ESP, esloprocarb, etaceracil, etaconazole, etaphos, etem, ethaboxam, ethachlor, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethaprochlor, ethephon, etidimuron, ethiofencarb, ethiolate, ethion, ethiozin, ethiprole, ethirimol, ethoate methyl, etobenzanid, etofumesate, ethohexadiol , ethoprop, ethoprophos, ethoxyphene, ethoxyquin, ethoxysulfuron, ethychlozate, ethyl formate, ethyl pyrophosphate, ethylane, ethyl-DDD, ethylene, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, ethylysine, ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, ethinofen, ETM, etonipromide, etobenzanide, etofenprox, etoxazole, etridiazole, etrimfos, etrim etrimphos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadone, famfur, fenac, fenamidone, fenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, fenamiphos, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenashuram, fenazaflor, fenazaquin, fenbuconazole, fenbutatin oxide, fenchlorazole, fenchlorphos, fenclofos, fenclorim, fenetacarb, fenfluthrin, fenfuram, fenhexamid, phenidim, fenitropan, fenitrothion,Fenizon, fenjuntong, fenobucarb, fenolovo, fenoprop, fenothiocarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxanil, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop P, fenoxasulfone, fenoxycarb, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamide, fenpyrithrin, fenpropathrin, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fenpyroximate, fenquinotrione, fenridazon, fenson, fensulfothion, fente Lacol, fentiaprop, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fentiaprop, fentin, fentrazamide, fentrifanil, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, fenvalerate, ferbam, ferimzone, ferric phosphate, ferrous sulfate, fipronil, flampro, flampro M, flazasulfuron, flocoumafen, flometoquin, flonicamid, florasulam, florpyrauxifen, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, florylpicoxamide, floryl Luacrypyrim, fluazaindolizine, fluazifop, fluazifop P, fluazinam, fluazolate, fluazuron, flubendiamide, fluveneteram, flubenzimine, flubrocythrinate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, fludioxonil, fluenethyl, fluenetil, fluensulfone, flufenacet, flufenerim, flufenican, flufenoxuron, flufenoxystrobin, Flufenprox, flufenpyr, flufenzin, flufiprole, fluhexafon, fluindapyr, flumethrin, flumetober, flumetralin, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, flumipropine, flumorph, fluometuron, fluopicolide, fluopimomide, fluopyram, fluorbenside, fluoridamide, fluoroacetamide, fluoroacetic acid, fluorochloridone, fluoro-DDT, fluorodifen, fluorogesarol, fluoroglycofen,Fluorimide, fluoromide, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluoroxypyr, fluothiuron, fluotrimazole, fluoxapyrroline, fluoxastrobin, flupentiofenox, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropazine, flupropa, nate, flupyradifurone, flupirimine, flupyrsulfuron, fluquinconazole, fluralaner, flurazole, flurekol, flurenol, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluromidine, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr meptyl, flurprimidol, flusramide, flurtamone, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutensin, fluthiacet, fluthiamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluvalinate, fluxametamide, fluxapyroxad, fluxofenim, forper, folpet, fomesafen , fonofos, foramsulfuron, forchlorfenuron, formaldehyde, formetanate, formothion, formparanate, fosamine, fosetyl, fosmetilan, hospirate, hosthiazate, hosthietan, frontalin, phthalide, fuberidazole, fucaochin, fukaomi, fujunmanzhi, fulumi, fumarin, funaihecaoling, fuphenthiourea, fu Furalane, furalaxyl, furametrin, furametpyr, furan tebufenozide, furathiocarb, flucarbanil, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, freslin, furfural, furilazole, flumecyclox, furphanate, furiloxifene, gamma-BHC, gamma cyhalothrin, gamma HCH, genit, gibberellic acid, gibberellin A3, gibberellins, griftor, glitor, glitorl, glucochloralose, glufosinate, glufosinate-P, gliodi glyoxime, glyphosate, glyphosine, gossiplua, grandlua, griseofulvin, guanoctin, guazatine, halacrinate, haloxifen, haloxifen-methyl, halfenprox, halofenozide, halosafen, halosulfuron, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, haloxyfop-R, HCA, HCB, HCH, hemel, hemp, HEOD, heptachlor, heptafluthrin, heptamaloxyloglucan, heptenophos, heptopargyl, herbimycin, herbimycin A,Heterofos, hexachlor, hexachlorane, hexachloroacetone, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexaflumuron, hexafluoramine, hexaflurate, hexalure, hexamide, hexazinone, hexylthiophos, hexythiazox, HHDN, holosulf, homobrassinolide, huancaiwo, huanchongjing, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hydramethylnon, hydrargafen, slaked lime, hydrogen cyanamide cyanamide), hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hydroxyisoxazole, hymexazole, hykincarb, IAA, IBA, IBP, icaridin, imazalil, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, imibenconazole, imicyaphos, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, iminoctadine, imiprothrin, inabenfide, indanofan, indaziflam, indoxacarb, inedin, infusorial earth, inpirfluxam, iodobonyl, iodocarb, iodofenphos, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, iofensulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, IPBC, IPC, ipconazole, ipfencarb Zon, ipfentrifluconazole, ipflufenoquin, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, iprimidam, ipsdienol, ipsenol, IPSP, IPX, isamidophos, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbamid, isocarbamide, isocarbophos, isosyl, isocycloceram, isodrin, isofenphos, isofenphos methyl, isofetamide, isoflucipram, isorane, isomethiozine, isonorurone, isopamphos, isopolinate, isoprocarb, isoprosil, isoproparin, isopropazole, isoprothiolane, isoproturon, isopyrazam, isopirimol, isothioate, isotianil,Isouron, Isovaledion, Isoxaben, Isoxachlorthor, Isoxadifen, Isoxaflutole, Isoxapirifop, Isoxathion, Isuron, Ivermectin, Ixoxaben, Izopamfos, Izopamphos, Japonirua, Japothrin, Jasmolin I, Jasmolin II, Jasmonic acid, Jiahuangchongzong, Jiajizengxia olin), jiaxiangjunzhi, jiekaowan, jiecaoxi, jinggangmycin A, iodofenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kadethrin, kappa-bifenthrin, kappa-tefluthrin, carbutilate, kaletazan, kasugamycin, kejunlin, kereban, ketospiradox, kieserugur, kinetin, kinoprene, chiralaxyl, kresoxim methyl, kuicaoxi, Lactofen, lambda-cyhalothrin, lancotrione, latilure, lead arsenate, lenacil, lepimectin, leptophos, lianbenjingzhi, lime sulfur, lindane, lineatin, linuron, lilimphos, litreua, lupulua, lotilaner, lufenuron, lufuqingchongxianan, luxiancaolin, lvdingjunzhi, lvfumijvzhi, luvsian kaolin lvxiancaolin, ritidathion, M-74, M-81, MAA, magnesium phosphide, malathion, maldison, maleic hydrazide, malonoven, maltodextrin, MAMA, mancopper, mancozeb, mandestrobin, mandipropamide, maneb, matrine, magidox, MCC, MCP, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, MCPP, mebenil, mecarbam, mecarbindide, mecarbone, mecoprop, mecoprop P, medimeform, medinoterb, medulure, mefenacet,Mefenoxam, mefenpyr, mefentrifluconazole, mefluidide, megatomoic acid, melissyl alcohol, melitoxin, MEMC, menazone, MEP, mepanipyrim, meperfluthrin, mefenate, mephospholan, mepiquat, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercaptodimetur, mercaptophos, mercaptophos thiol, mercaptothione, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, merphos, merphos oxide (merphos oxide), mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, mesulfen, mesulfenphos, mesulfen, metacresol, metaflumizone, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metaldehyde, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metaphos, metaxone, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metazoxolone, metcamifen, metconazole, metepa, metofluran, methabenzthiazuron, methacrifos, metharproparin, metham, methamidophos, metasulfocarb, methazole, metofloxam, methybenzuron, methidathion, methiobencarb, methiocarb, methiopyrisulfuron, methiotepa, methiozoline, methiouron, metha Crotophos, metolcarb, methometon, methomyl, methoprene, metoprothrin, methoprotryne, methoquin-butyl, methothrin, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methoxyphenone, methyl afolate, methyl bromide, methyl eugenol, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl parathion, methylacetophos, methyl chloroform, methyl dithiocarbamate, methyl dymron, methylene chloride, methyl isofenphos, methyl mercaptophos, methyl mercaptophos oxide oxide), methylmercaptophos thiol, methylmercury benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide, methylneodecanamide, methylnitrophos,Methyltriazothion, methiozoline, metiram, metiram-zinc, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metofluthrin, metolachlor, metolcarb, metometuron, metominostrobin, metoslam, methoxadiazone, metoxron, metrafenone, metriam, metribuzin, metrifonate, metriphonate, methsulfovax, metsulfuron, methyltetraprole, mevinphos, mexacarbate , miechuwei, mieshuan, miewenjuzhi, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, milneb, mimanan, mipahox, MIPC, mirex, MNAF, moguchun, molinate, molosultap, monfluorotrin, monalid, monisouron, monisuron, monoamitraz, monochloroacetic acid, mono Tophos, monolinuron, monomehypo, monosulfiram, monosulfuron, monosultap, monuron, monuron-TCA, morphamcoat, moroxydine, morphothion, morzid, moxidectin, MPMC, MSMA, MTMC, muscalure, myclobutanil, mycozolin, myricyl alcohol, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, NAA, NAAm, naphthalophos, naled, naphthalene, naphthalene acetamide, naphthalic anhydride, naphthalophos, naphthoxyacetic acid, naphthylacetic acid, naphthylindan-1,3-dione, naphthyloxyacetic acid, naproanilide, nappropamide, nappropamide-M, naptalam, natamycin, NBPOS, nebula, nebulon, nendrin, neonicotine, nichlorphos, niclofen, niclosamide, nicobifen, nicosulfuron, nicotine, nifluridid, nikkomycins, ningnamycin, ningnanmycin, NIP, nipiraclofen,Nipyralofen, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitralin, nitrapyrin, nitrilacarb, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, nitrostyrene, nitrothal-isopropyl, NNM, nobormide, nonanol, norbormide, no, norea, norflurazon, nornicotine, norlon, novaluron, noviflumuron, NPA, nuarimol, nuranone, OCH, octachlorodipropyl ether, octhilinone, o-dichlorobenzene, ofurace, omethoate, o-phenylphenol, orbencarb, orfural, orthobencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, orictalure, orysastrobin, oryzalin, osthol, osthole, ostramon, ovatron, ovex, oxabetrinil, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxadixyl, oxamate, oxamyl, oxapyrazon, oxapyrazone, oxasulfuron, oxathiapiproline, oxaziclomefone, oxazosulfil, oxine-copper, oxine-Cu, oxolinic acid, oxpoconazole, oxycarboxin, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprophos, oxydisulfoton, oxyenadenine, oxyfluorfen , oxymatrine, oxytetracycline, oxythioquinox, PAC, paclobutrazol, paichongding, pallethrine, PAP, para-dichlorobenzene, parafluron, paraquat, parathion, parathion-methyl, parinol, Paris Green, PCNB, PCP, PCP-Na, p-dichlorobenzene, PDJ, pebulate, pedinex, pefurazoate, pelargonic acid, penconazole, pencycuron, pendimethalin, penphenate (pe nfenate), penflufen, penfluron, penoxalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorophenyl laurate, pentanochlor, penthiopyrad, pentomethrin, pentoxazone, perchlordecone, perfluidone, permethrin, petoxamid, PHC, fenamacril, fenamacril-ethyl, fenaminosulf, phenazine oxide, fenetacarb, phenisofam, fencaptone, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl,Phenobenzuron, fenothiol, fenothrin, phenproxide, phenthoate, phenylmercuriurea, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric chloride, phenylmercuric derivative of pyrocatechol, phenylmercuric nitrate, phenylmercuric salicylate, phorate, fosacetim, phosalone, fosamethine, phosazetim, phosazetin, phoscyclotin, phosdaifen, fosetyl, phosphorane, phosphorane- methyl, phosglycin, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamide, phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphinothricin, phosphocarb, phosphorus, phostin, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, phthalide, phthalophos, phthalthrin, picarbutrazox, picaridin, picloram, picolinafen, picoxystrobin, pimaricin, pindone, pinoxaden, piperaline, piperazine, piperonyl butoxide, piperonyl cyclonene, piperophos, piproctanly, piproctanil , piprotal, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pyriminyl, pirimioxyphos, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, pival, pivaldione, priphenate, PMA, PMP, polybutenes, polycarbamates, polychlorcamphene, polyethoxyquinoline, polyoxin D, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polythialan, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, potassium ethylxanthine, potassium naphthenate, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate rhenium, pp'-DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, pretilachlor, primidophos, primisulfuron, probenazole, prochloraz, proclonol, procyagin, procymidone, prodiamine, profenofos, profluazole, profluralin, profluthrin, profoxydim, profurite-aminium, proglinadin, prohexadione, prohydrojasmone, promacyl, promecarb, prometon, prometryn,Prometryne, bromurit, pronamide, pronitrizine, propachlor, propafos, propamidine, propamocarb, propanil, propaphos, propaquizafop, propargite, proparthrin, propazine, propetamphos, propham, propiconazole, propizine, propineb, propisochlor, propoxur, propoxycarbazone, propyl isom isome), propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, proquinazid, prosuler, prosulfarin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, prothidathion, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, prothiofos, protoate, protrifenbut, proxan, primidofos, prinachlor, psoralen, psoralene, pidanone, pydiflumetofen, piflubumid , pymetrozine, pyracarbollide, pyraclofos, pyraclonil, pyraclostrobin, pyraflufen, pyrafluprole, pyramat, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin, pyrapropoin, pyrasulfotole, pyraziflumide, pyrazolate, pyrazolinate, pyrazone, pyrazophos, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazothion, pyrazoxyfen, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins , pyribambenz-isopropyl, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribencarb, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyrichlor, pyridaben, pyridaclomethyl, pyridafol, pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyridaphenthione, pyridate, pyridinitrile, pyrifenox, pyrifluquinazon, pyriftalid, pyrimetaphos, pyrimethanil, pirimicarb, pyrimidifen, pyriminobac, pyriminostrobin, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrimitate, pyrinuron, pyriophenone, pyriprole, pyripropanol, pyriproxyfen, pyrisoxazole, pyrithiobac,pyrolan, pyroquilon, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, pyroxchlor, piroxyflur, qincaosuan, qingkuling, quassia, quinacetol, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinazamide, quinclorac, quinconazole, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinofumelin, quinomethionate, quinonamide, quinothione, quinoxyfen, quinthiophos, quintozene, quintrione, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, chi Quwenzhi, Quyingding, Rabenzazole, Lafoxanide, R-Diniconazole, Levemid, Regron, Renofluthrin, Renriduron, Lescalua, Resmethrin, Rhodetanil, Rhodojaponin III, Ribavirin, Rimsulfuron, Rizazol, R-Metalaxyl, Rhodetanil, Ronnel, Rotenone, Riania, Sabadila, Saflufenacil, Saijunmao, Saisentong, Sari Chilanilide, salifluofen, sanguinarine, santonin, Sanzuohuangcaotong, sarolaner, S-bioallethrin, shradan, sciriloside, sebuthylazine, secbumetone, sedaxane, selamectin, semiamitraz, sesamex, sesamolin, sesone, sethoxydim, sevin, shuangjiaancaolin, shuangjianancaolin, S-hydroprene, siduron, sifumijvzhi, siglul, silafluofen, silatran, silica aerogel, silica gel, silthiofam, silthiopham, silthiophan, silvex, simazine, simeconazole, simeton, simetryn, simetryne, synthofen, S-kinoprene, hydrated lime, SMA, S-methoprene, S-metolachlor, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate,Sodium cyanide, sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium naphthenate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, sodium silicofluoride, sodium tetrathiocarbonate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium o-phenylphenoxide, solan, sofamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropydione, spirotetramat, spiroxamine, styrophos, sto leptomycin, strychnine, sulcatol, sulcofuron, sulcotrione, sulfurate, sulfentrazone, sulfiram, sulfuramide, sulfodiazole, sulfometuron, sulfosate, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfotepp, sulfoxaflor, sulfoxide, sulfoxime, sulfur, sulfate, sulfuryl fluoride, sulglicapin, sulfosate, sulprofos, sultropen, swep, emetic, tau-fluvalinate, tavron, tazimcarb, T BTO, TBZ, TCA, TCBA, TCMTB, TCNB, TDE, tebuconazole, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebufloquine, tebupirimfos, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tecolum, tedion, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, temefos, temephos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxydim, teproloxydim, teralethrin, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbufos, terbumet terbutylazine, terbutol, terbutryn, terbutryne, terachlor, terramycin, tetocyclacis, tetflupyrrolimeth, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetraconazole, tetradifon, tetradisulf, tetrafluron, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramine, tetranactin, tetraniliprole, tetrapion, tetrasulf, thallium sulfate,Thallium sulfate (I), thenylchlor, theta-cypermethrin, thiabendazole, thiacloprid, thiadiazine, thiadifluor, thiamethoxam, thiamethuron, thiapronil, thiazafluron, thiazfluron, thiazone, thiazopyr, cyclophos, thithiofen, thidiadimine, thidiazuron, , thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, thifluzamide, thimerosal, thimet, thiobencarb, thiocarboxim, thiochlorfenphim, thiochlorphenphime, thiocyanatodinitrobenzenes, thiocyclam, thiodan, thiodiazole copper, thiodicarb, thiofanocarb, thiofanox, thiofluoximate, thiohempa, thiomersal, thiometon , thionazine, thiophanate, thiophanate-ethyl, thiophanate-methyl, thiophos, thioquinox, thiosemicarbazide, thiosultap, thiotepa, thioxamyl, thiram, thuringiensin, thiabendazole, thiadinil, thiaphenacyl, tiaothien, TIBA, tifatol, thiocarbazil, thioclorim, thioxazaphen, tioximide, tirpart, TMTD, tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolprocarb, Tolpyralate, tolifluanid, tolylfluanid, tolylmercuric acetate, tomarin, topramezone, toxaphene, TPN, tralkoxydim, tralocitrin, tralomethrin, tralopyril, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, tretamine, triacontanol, triadimefon, triadimenol, triafamone, triallate, tri-allate, triamiphos, triapentenol, triatene, triarimol, triasulfuron, triazamate, triazbutyl, triaziflam, triazophos, triazo Thione, triazoxide, tribasic copper chloride, tribasic copper sulfate, tribenuron, tribufos, tributyltin oxide, tricamba, triclamide, triclopyr, trichlorfon, trichlormethaphos-3, trichloronat, trichloronate, trichlorotrinitrobenzenes, trichlorfon, triclopyr, triclopyricarb, tricresol, tricyclazole, tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, tridemorph, tridiphan, trietazine, triphenmorph, triphenofos,Trifloxystrobin, trifloxysulfuron, trifludimoxazine, triflumezopyrim, triflumizole, triflumuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, triphop, trifopsim, triforine, trihydroxytriazine, trimedlure, trimethacarb, trimeturon, trinexapac, triphenyltin, triplen, tripropindan, triptolide, tripyrasulfone, tritac, trithialan, triticonazole, tritosulfuron, trunc-call, tuoyelin, cyclopyrazoflor, uniconazole, uniconazole P, urbacide, uredepa, valerin rate, validamycin, validamycin A, valifenalate, baron, vamidothion, vanguard, vaniliprole, vernalate, vinclozolin, vitamin D3, warfarin, xiaochongliulin, xinjunan, xiwojunan, xiwojunzhi, XMC, xylachlor, xylenols, xylylcarb, xymiazole, isizin, zaliramide, zeatin, zengxiaoan, zengxiaolin, zeta-cypermethrin, zinc naphthenate, zinc phosphide, zinc thiazole, zinc thiazole thiozole), zinc trichlorophenol, zinc trichlorophenoxide, zineb, ziram, zolaprophos, zucoumarin, zoxamide, zuoanjunzhi, zuocaoan, zuojunzhi, zuomihuanglong, α-chlorohydrin, α-ecdysone, α-multistriatin, α-naphthaleneacetic acid and β-ecdysone.

[0013] As used in this disclosure, each of the above is an active ingredient. For more information, see the substances listed in the "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names" (available at Alanwood.net and editions), e.g., the online edition of "The Pesticide Manual" (available at bcpcdata.com).

[0014] Particularly preferred choices of active ingredients are chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, cyantraniliprole, hexaflumuron, methomyl, methoxyfenozide, noviflumuron, oxamyl, spinetoram, spinosad, sulfoxaflor and triflumezopyrim (hereinafter "AIGA-2").

[0015] In addition, another particularly preferred selection of active ingredients is acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acetoprole, avermectin, azinphos-methyl, bifenazate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole. The following are listed in the AIGA-3 list: azoxymethane, etoxazole, fipronil, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, gamma-cyhalothrin, halofenozide, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, malathion, methomyl, novaluron, permethrin, pyridalyl, pyrimidifen, spirodiclofen, tebufenozide, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, tolfenpyrad, and zeta-cypermethrin (hereinafter referred to as "AIGA-3").

[0016] Seed treatments are used alone or in combination to combat or prevent many pests, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and to promote plant growth. These seed treatments may include fungicides, insecticides, inoculants, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and fertilizer enhancers. Currently, the following fungicides are available: (R)-flutriafol, (R)-hexaconazole, (S)-flutriafol, (S)-hexaconazole, 10,10'-oxybisphenoxarsine, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid methyl ester, 2,6-dichloro-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl-benzamide ... nzamide, 24-epibrassinolide, 2-aliphenol, 2-aminobutane, 2-methoxyethylmercuric acetate, 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline, acibenzolar-S-methyl, aldimorph, amethoctrazine, amisulbrom, ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, ampropylphos, anilazine, anthracene oil, asomate, azaconazole, adityram, azoxystrobin, barium polysulfide, benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M, benodanil, benomyl, benquinox, bentaluron, benthiavalicarb, benthiavalicarb isopropyl, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacryl, benzamacryl isobutyl, benzamorph, benzoic acid, benzovindiflupyr, bethoxadin, binapacryl, biphenyl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bismerthiazole, bis-trichloromethylsulfone, bitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, bromine Conazole, bronopol, bupirimate, buthiobate, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium cyanamide, calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate, captafol, captan, carbamorph, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, quinomethionate, clobenziazone, chloraniformethane, chloranil, chlordecone, chlorphenazole, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chloroxylenol, chlorquinox, clozolinate, cis-propiconazole,Climbazole, copper(1) oxide, copper abietic acid, copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate), copper(II) acetate, copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, COS-OGA, cumoxystrobin, cumoxystrobin, cufuraneb, cuprobam, cyazofamid, cycloheximide, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cypendazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyprofuram, dazomet, DD, debacarb, decafentin, dehydroacetic acid, diammonium ethylenediamine (dithiocarbamate), dibromochloropropane, diclobenthiazox, dichlorofluanid, dichlorone, dichlorophen, diclobutrazol, diclocymet, diclomedine, dicloran, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulfate, diflumetrim, dimethachlon, dimethirimol, dimethomorph, dimethyldisulfide, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinobuton, dinocap, dinokton, dinopenton , Dinosulfone, Diphenylamine, Dipimethitron, Dipyrithione, Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate, Disodium Phosphonate, Ditalimphos, Dithianone, DNOC, Dodemorph, Dodemorph Acetate, Dodine, Drazoxolone, Edifenphos, Enoxastrobin, Epoxiconazole, Etaconazole, Etem, Ethaboxam, Ethyrimol, Ethoxyquin, Ethylenebisisothiocyanate Sulfide, Ethylisin, Ethylmercuric Bromide, Etridiazole, Famoxadone, Fenamidone, Fenaminosulf, Fenamine Strobin, fenapanil, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenitropan, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamide, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, florylpicoxamide, fluazinam, fluveneteram, flubenzimine, fludioxonil, flufenoxystrobin, flumorph, flupicolide, fluopimomide, furopyram, fluoroimide, fluotrimazole,Fluoxapiproline, Fluoxastrobin, Fluquinconazole, Flusilazole, Flusulfamide, Flutianil, Flutolanil, Flutriafol, Fluxapyroxad, Folpet, Formaldehyde, Fosetyl, Fosetyl-aluminum, Fuberidazole, Furalaxyl, Furalaxyl-M, Furamethpyr, Fluconazole, Fluconazole-cis, Furfural, Flumesilox, Furyloxyfen, Gliotoxin, Glutaraldehyde, Gliodin, Griseofulvin, Guazatine, Halacrinate, Hexachlorobe Hexane, Hexachlorophene, Hexaconazole, Hexylthiophos, Huanjunzuo, Hydrogen peroxide, Hymexazole, Imazalil, Imibenconazole, Iminoctadine, Iminoctadine triacetate, Iminoctadine tris(albesilate), Inedin, Ipconazole, Ipfentrifluconazole, Ipflufenoquin, Iprobenfos, Iprodione, Iprovalicarb, Isobutyric acid, Isofetamide, Isoflucipram, Isopamphos, Isoprothiolane, Isopyrazam, I Sotianil, Izopamfos, Kresoxim-methyl, Lime sulfur, Mancopper, Mancozeb, Mandestrobin, Mandipropamid, Maneb, Mebenil, Mecarbinzide, Mefentrifluconazole, Mepanipyrim, Mepronil, Meptyldinocap, Mercuric oxide, Mercurous chloride, Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Metam-potassium, Metam-sodium, Metazoxolone, Metconazole, Metasulfocarb, Metofuroxam, Methylisothiocyanate, Methylarsenic sulfide, Methylenebisthio ocyanate, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, methsulfovax, methyltetraprole, mucochloric anhydride, myclobutanil, myclozolin, N-(3-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl)acetamide, nabam, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), niclosamide, nitrotarisopropyl, nuarimol, octhilinone, ofrace, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiproline, oxazosulfil, oxine-copper,Oxypoconazole fumarate, Oxycarboxin, Paclobutrazol, Paraffin oil (C11-C25) (4a), Paraffin oil (C11-C30) (4c), Paraffin oil (C15-C30) (4b), Parinol, Penconazole, Pencycuron, Penflufen, Pentachlorophenol, Penthiopyrad, Peroxyacetic acid, Phenylmercuric acetate, Phenylmercuric chloride, Phenylmercuric nitrate, Phosdifen, Phthalide, Picarburazox, Picoxystrobin, Piperalin, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium iodide, Potassium phosphonate, Thiocyanin potassium anhydride, probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamidine, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, propiconazole, propineb, propionic acid, proquinazid, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pydiflumetofen, pyracarbollide, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin, pyrapropoin, pyraziflumid, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyridaclomethyl, pyridinitrile, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyrimorph, pyriophenone, pyrisoxazole, pyroquilon, quinoline Humelin, quinoxyfen, quintozene, Saisenton, sedaxane, silthiofam, simeconazole, sodium arsenite, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hypochlorite, sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, spiropydione, spiroxamine, sulfuryl fluoride, sulfur, tebuconazole, tebufloquine, tecloftalam, tecnazene, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thithiofen, thifluzamide, thiomersal, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thioquinox, thiram, thiadinil, Tolclofos-methyl, tolfenpyrad, tolprocarb, tolylfluanid, trans-propiconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triamiphos, triazoxide, tributyltin oxide, triclamide, triclopyricarb, tricyclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, trioxymethylene, triticonazole, urea, valifenalate, vinclozolin, zaliramide, zinc borate, zinc oxide, zineb, ziram and zoxamide may be used together with molecule F1 (disclosed hereinafter),This group of fungicides is hereafter referred to as "FGK-1".

[0017] Another preferred group of fungicides for use with molecule F1 (disclosed hereinafter) in seed treatment are azoxystrobin, benomyl, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, diclobenthiazox, difenoconazole, ethaboxam, famoxadone, fenbuconazole, fluopyram, fluindapyr, fludioxonil, folpet, inpirfluxam, ipconazole, ipfentrif These are ruconazole, isoflucipram, mancozeb, maneb, mefentrifluconazole, meptyldinocap, metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), oxathiapiproline, penflufen, picoxystrobin, prochloraz, proquinazid, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, quinoxyfen, sedaxane, thiabendazole, thiram, tricyclazole and trifloxystrobin, and this group of fungicides is hereinafter referred to as "FGK-2".

[0018] The following two fungicide molecules are also preferably used together with molecule F1: [ka] (2S,3S)-3-(o-tolyl)butan-2-yl (4-methoxy-3-(propionyloxy)picolinoyl)-L-alaninate Hereafter, "FGK-3"; and [ka] 4-((6-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)oxy)benzonitrile From then on, "FGK-4"

[0019] FGK-3 is described in WO2019173665 as compound number 278, and FGK-4 is described in Example 2 of WO2016187201.

[0020] The term "biocides" refers to microbial biological pest control agents and are generally applied in a similar manner to chemical biocides. They are usually bacterial, such as Bacillus species, Burkholderia species, Pseudomonas species, Saccaropolyspora species, Wolbachie pipientis (Zap), but there are also examples of fungal control agents, such as Trichoderma species and Ampelomyces quisqualis. One well-known example of a biopesticide is the Bacillus species, which is a bacterial pest control agent for Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera orders. Biobiochemicals include products based on entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain Apopka 97, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria spp.), entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Steinernema feltiae), and entomopathogenic viruses (e.g., Cydia pomonella granulovirus (GV), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)). Other examples of entomopathogenic organisms include, but are not limited to, baculoviruses such as Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV; protozoa; and microsporidia.Some include plant essences such as synthetic, extracted and unrefined oils (e.g. Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides extract, fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, neem oil). For the avoidance of doubt, bio-biocides are the active ingredients. For further information see Kachhawa D, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2007,5,468-473.

[0021] The term "area" means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow or move about. For example, an area can be: an area where crops, trees, fruits, grains, forage seeds, vines, turf and / or ornamental plants are growing; an area where livestock are kept; interior or exterior surfaces of a building (such as where grain is stored); construction materials used in a building (such as impregnated wood); and the soil surrounding a building.

[0022] The term "MoA substance" means an active ingredient that has a mechanism of action ("MoA") as set out in the IRAC MoA classification v.9.3 (available at irac-online.org), which lists the following classes:

[0023] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos / DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate phthalate, dimethylvinphos, disulfon, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famfur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, isofenphos, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phosalone, phorate, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirinphos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, vamidothion, pirimiphos-methyl, imicyaphos and isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl)salicylate.

[0024] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers, such as the following active ingredients: chlordane, endosulfan, ethiprole, and fipronil.

[0025] (3) Sodium channel modifiers, such as the following active ingredients: acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans-allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], delta-cypermethrin, fluthrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, kadathrin, pyrethrins (pyrethrams), halfenprox, fenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], prallethrin, resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer], tralomethrin, transfluthrin, permethrin, DDT, and methoxychlor.

[0026] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators include the following active ingredients: (4A) acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, (4B) nicotine, (4C) sulfoxaflor, (4D) Flupyradifurone and (4E) Triflumezopyrim.

[0027] (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators - Site I, including the following active ingredients: spinetoram and spinosad.

[0028] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators, such as the following active ingredients: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin, and milbemectin.

[0029] (7) Juvenile hormone mimetics, such as the following active ingredients: hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen.

[0030] (8) Multiple nonspecific (multisite) inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: methyl bromide, chloropicrin, cryolite, sulfuryl fluoride, borax, boric acid, disodium octaborate, sodium borate, sodium metaborate, tartar emetic, diazomet, and metam.

[0031] (9) Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators, such as the following active ingredients: afidopiropen, pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazone.

[0032] (10) Mite proliferation inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: clofentezine, hexythiazox, diflovidazin, and etoxazole.

[0033] (11) Microbial disruptors of the insect midgut membrane, such as the following active ingredients: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. israelensis, Bt var. aizawai, Bt var. kurstaki, Bt var. tenebrionenis, and Bacillus sphaericus.

[0034] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: tetradifon, propargite, azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, and diafenthiuron.

[0035] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, such as the following active ingredients: chlorfenapyr, DNOC and sulfluramide.

[0036] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, such as the following active ingredients: bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam and thiosultap-sodium.

[0037] (15) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, type 0, such as the following active ingredients: bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron.

[0038] (16) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors type 1, such as the following active ingredient: buprofezin.

[0039] (17) Dipteran molting disruptors, such as the following active ingredient: cyromazine.

[0040] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, such as the following active ingredients: chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide.

[0041] (19) Octopamine receptor agonists, such as the following active ingredients: amitraz.

[0042] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, bifenazate and fluacrypyrim.

[0043] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad and rotenone.

[0044] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, such as the following active ingredients: indoxacarb and metaflumizone.

[0045] (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropydione and spirotetramat.

[0046] (24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, zinc phosphide, calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide.

[0047] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, such as the following active ingredients: cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen and piflubumid.

[0048] (28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, such as the following active ingredients: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, flubendiamide, tetraniliprole.

[0049] (29) Chordotonal organ modifiers (undefined target site), such as the following active ingredients: flonicamide.

[0050] (30) GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators, such as the following active ingredients: broflanilide and fluxamethamide.

[0051] (31) Baculoviruses, such as the following active ingredients: Cydia pomonella GV, Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV.

[0052] (32) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-Site II:GS-omega / kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide, such as the following active ingredients:

[0053] Groups 26 and 27 are not assigned in this version of the classification scheme. In addition, there is Group UN, which contains active ingredients whose mode of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: azadirachtin, benzoximate, bromopropylate, quinomethionate, dicofol, lime sulfur, pyridalyl, and sulfur. There is Group UNB (non-Bt), which contains microbial agents whose mode of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Burkholderia spp., Wolbachie pipientis (Zap). There is Group UNE, which contains plant essences such as synthetic, extracted, and unrefined oils whose mode of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides extract, fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, neem oil. There is group UNF, which includes fungal agents whose mechanism of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97. There is group UNM, which includes non-specific mechanical disrupters. This group includes the following active ingredients: diatomaceous earth.

[0054] The term "pest" means an organism that is harmful to humans or to matters of human concern (e.g., crops, food, livestock, etc.), said organism being from the phylum Arthropoda, Mollusca or Nematoda. Specific examples are ants, aphids, bedbugs, beetles, silverfish, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, grubs, wasps, jassids, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, maggots, mealybugs, mites, mosquitoes, moths, nematodes, mirid bugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scale insects, sea lice, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, comb bugs, termites, thrips, ticks, digger wasps, whiteflies and wireworms.

[0055] Further examples are the following pests: (1) Subphyla Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda and Crustacea. (2) The classes Arachnida, Symphyla, and Insecta. (3) Anoplura: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus spp., Hoplopleura spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Polyplax spp., Solenopotes spp., and Neohaematopinis spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus asini, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus ovillus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, and Pthirus pubis. (4) Order Coleoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, the following: Acanthoscelides spp., Agriotes spp., Anthonomus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Araecerus spp., Aulacophora spp., Bruchus spp., Cerosterna spp., and the like. ) species, Cerotoma species, Ceutorhynchus species, Chaetocnema species, Colaspis species, Ctenicera species, Curculio species, Cyclocephala species, Diabrotica species, Dinoderus species, Gnathocerus species, Hemicoerus Hemicoelus sp., Heterobostruchus sp., Hypera sp., Ips sp., Lyctus sp., Megascelis sp. Meligethes sp., Mezium sp., Niptus sp., Otiorhynchus sp., Pantomorus sp., Phyllo phaga species, Phyllotreta species, Ptinus species, Rhizotrogus species, Rhynchites species, Rhynchophorus species, Scolytus species, Sphenophorus species, Sitophilus species, Tenebrio species, and Tribolium species. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Acanthoscelides obtectus, Agrilus planipennis, Acanthoscelides spp., Agrilus planipennis, Agrilus spp. ...planipennis, Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Atauenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Atagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Conoderus scalaris, Conoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatusmarginatus, Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma sericorne serricorne, Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata, Limonius canus, Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzaeoryzae, Phyllophaga cuyabana, Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma granarium, Trogoderma variabile, Xestobium rufovillosum and Zabrus tenebrioides. (5) Dermaptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Forficula auricularia. (6) The order Blattaria. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Blattella germanica, Blattella asahinai, Blatta orientalis, Blatta lateralis, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Supella longipalpa. (7) Diptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp., Bactrocera spp., Ceratitis spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Culex spp., and Culicoides spp. Culicoides spp., Dasineura spp., Delia spp., Drosophila spp., Fannia spp., Hylemya spp., Liriomyz spp. a) Species, Musca sp., Phorbia sp., Pollenia sp., Psychoda sp., Simulium sp., Tabanus sp. and Tipula sp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, Fannia canicularis, Bactrocera nigricans ... canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalisintestinalis, Gracillia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae rosae, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana and Stomoxys calcitrans. (8) Hemiptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Adelges spp., Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chionaspis spp., Chrysomphalus spp., Coccus spp., Empoasca spp., Euschistus spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lagynotomus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Neospora ... Nephotettix species, Nezara species, Nilaparvata species, Philaenus species, Phytocoris species, Piezodorus species, Planococcus species, Pseudococcus species, Rhopalosiphum sp., Saissetia sp., Therioaphis sp., Toumeyella sp., Toxoptera sp., Trialeurodes sp., Triatoma sp. and Unaspis sp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Amrasca biguttula biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Acrosternum niger ...aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevennia lehi rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia, Diaphorina citri citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Erythroneura eleganselegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Helopeltis antonii, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitidulus, Jacobiasca formosana formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva fimbriolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Nephotettix cincticepscincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris californicus, Phytocoris relativus relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Saissetia oleae oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera, Trialeurodes vaporariorumvaporariorum, Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Unaspis yanonensis and Zulia entrerriana. (9) Hymenoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Acromyrmex spp., Atta spp., Camponotus spp., Diprion spp., Dolichovespula spp., Formica spp., Monomorium spp., Neodiprion spp., Paramecium spp., and the like. Paratrechina spp., Pheidole spp., Pogonomyrmex spp., Polistes spp., Solenopsis spp., Technomyrmex spp., Tetramorium spp., Vespula spp., Vespa spp. and Xylocopa spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Athalia rosae, Atta texana, Caliroa cerasi, Cimbex americana, Iridomyrmex humilis, Linepithema humile, Mellifera scutellata, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion sertifer, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis niger ... molesta, Solenopsis richtery, Solenopsis xyloni, Tapinoma sessile and Wasmannia auropunctata.(10) Isoptera: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes spp., Cryptotermes spp., Heterotermes spp., Kalotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Macrotermes spp., Marginitermes spp., Microcerotermes spp., Procornitermes spp., Reticulitermes spp., Schedorhinotermes spp., and Zootermopsis spp.A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Coptotermes acinaciformis, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes frenchi, Coptotermes formosanus, Coptotermes gestroi, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes aureus, Heterotermes tenuis, Incisitermes minor, Incisitermes snyderi, Microtermes obesi, Nasutitermes corniga, corniger, Odontotermes formosanus, Odontotermes obesus, Reticulitermes banyulensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes tibialis and Reticulitermes virginicus. (11) Lepidoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Adoxophyes spp., Agrotis spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia spp., Chilo spp., Chrysodeixis spp., Colias spp., Crambus spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea spp., Earias spp., Ephestia spp., Epimecis spp., Feltia spp., Gortyna spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Indarbela spp., Lithocolletis spp., Loxagrotis spp., Malacosoma spp. spp.), Nemapogon spp., Peridroma spp., Phyllonorycter spp., Pseudaletia spp., Plutella spp., Sesamia spp., Spodoptera spp., Synanthedon spp. and Yponomeuta spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, Anarsia lineatella, Anomis sublifera, Anomis nigricans ...sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana rosaceana, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna didacta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea graniosella grandiosella, Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Ephestia cautellacautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata, Helicoverpa armigera armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corbetti, Mamestra brassicae brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipuncta, Neoleucinodes elegantaliselegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga inselturus incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitens, Sitotroga serrellacerealella, Sparaganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae and Zeuzea pyrina. (12) Order Mallophaga: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Anaticola spp., Bovicola spp., Chelopistes spp., Goniodes spp., Menacanthus spp., and Trichodectes spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Bovicola bovis, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniodes dissimilis, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Trichodectes canis. (13) Orthoptera: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Melanoplus species and Pterophylla species. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Acheta domesticus, Anabrus simplex, Gryllotalpa africana, Gryllotalpa australis, Gryllotalpa brachyptera, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, Locusta migratoria, Microcentrum retinerve, Schistocerca gregaria, and Scudderia furcata. (14) Order Psocoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, Lachesilla quercus, and Trogium pulsatorium. (15) Order Siphonaptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus niger, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, and Pulex irritans. (16) Order Thysanoptera. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips spp., Frankliniella spp., Scirtothrips spp., and Thrips spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci. (17) Thysanura. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Lepisma species and Thermobia species. (18) Acarina: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Acarus spp., Aculops spp., Argus spp., Boophilus spp., Demodex spp., Dermacentor spp., Epitrimerus spp., Eriophyes spp., Ixodes spp., Oligonychus spp., Panonychus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., and Tetranychus spp.A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Acarapis woodi, Acarus siro, Aceria mangiferae, Aculops lycopersici, Aculus pelekassi, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma americanum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and the like. pteronyssinus, Eotetranychus carpini, Liponyssoides sanguineus, Notoedres cati, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus, Sarcoptes scabiei, Tegolophus perseaflorae, Tetranychus urticae, Tyrophagus longior and Varroa destructor. (19) Araneae. A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to: Loxosceles spp., Latrodectus spp., and Atrax spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Loxosceles reclusa, Latrodectus mactans, and Atrax robustus. (20) Symphyla. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Scutigerella immaculata. (21) Subclass Collembola. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Bourletiella hortensis, Onychiurus armatus, Onychiurus fimetarius, and Sminthurus viridis. (22) Phylum Nematoda: A non-exhaustive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, Aphelenchoides spp., Belonolaimus spp., Criconemella spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Hirschmanniella spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Radopholus spp. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Dirofilaria immitis, Globodera pallida, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Onchocerca volvulus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Radopholus similis, and Rotylenchulus reniformis. (23) Mollusca. A non-exhaustive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to: Arion vulgaris, Cornu aspersum, Deroceras reticulatum, Limax flavus, Milax gagates, and Pomacea canaliculata.

[0056] A particularly preferred group of pests to be controlled are sap-feeding pests. Sap-feeding pests generally have injection and / or sucking mouthparts and can feed on plant sap and internal plant tissues or host blood. Examples of sap-feeding pests of particular relevance to agriculture include, but are not limited to, aphids, leafhoppers, lice, scale insects, thrips, psyllids, planthoppers, mealybugs, mosquitoes, stink bugs and whiteflies. Specific examples of orders that include sap-feeding pests of agricultural relevance include, but are not limited to, the following: Diptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera and Thysanoptera. Specific examples of agriculturally relevant species of the order Hemiptera include, but are not limited to, Aulacaspis spp., Aphrophora spp., Aphis spp., Bemisia spp., Coccus spp., Euschistus spp., Lygus spp., Macrosiphum spp., Nezara spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Sogatella spp., Nilaparvata spp., Laodelphax spp., and Nephotettix spp.

[0057] Another group of pests that are particularly preferred for control are chewing pests. Chewing pests generally have mouthparts that allow them to chew plant tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, buds and reproductive tissues, including but not limited to flowers, fruits and seeds. Examples of chewing pests that are particularly relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers and locusts. Specific examples of orders that include chewing pests that are relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Specific examples of Coleoptera relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, Anthonomus spp., Cerotoma spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Cyclocephala spp., Diabrotica spp., Hypera spp., Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta spp., Sphenophorus spp., and Sitophilus spp.

[0058] The phrase "pesticidally effective amount" refers to the amount of pesticide required to achieve an observable effect on a pest (e.g., necrosis, death, suppression, prevention, removal, destruction, or otherwise reducing the occurrence and / or activity of a pest in an area). This effect may occur when a pest population is eliminated from an area, a pest is incapacitated in or around an area, and / or a pest is eradicated in or around an area. Of course, these effects may overlap. Generally, it is desirable to reduce the pest population, activity, or both by more than 50 percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent. A pesticidally effective amount for agricultural purposes is generally about 0.0001 grams / ha to about 5000 grams / ha, preferably about 0.0001 grams / ha to about 500 grams / ha, but even more preferably about 0.0001 grams / ha to about 50 grams / ha. Alternatively, about 150 grams / hectare to about 250 grams / hectare may be used against pests. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0059] The present specification discloses the following N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide molecule: [ka] Formula 1, also known as F1

[0060] Formula 1 may exist in different tautomeric forms, and the present disclosure covers all such tautomers.

[0061] The structures disclosed in this disclosure may be drawn in only one geometric configuration for clarity, but are intended to represent all geometric configurations of the molecule.

[0062] Synthesis of Formula 1 (F1) Starting materials, reagents, and solvents obtained from commercial sources were used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were purchased from Aldrich as Sure / Seal™ and used as received. Melting points were obtained on a Thomas Hoover Unimelt capillary melting point apparatus or an OptiMelt Automated Melting Point System from Stanford Research Systems and were uncorrected. Examples using the term "room temperature" were performed in a temperature and humidity controlled laboratory at temperatures ranging from about 20°C to about 24°C. Molecules are shown by known names, which are named according to naming programs within Symyx Draw, ChemDraw, or ACD Name Pro. When molecules cannot be named by such programs, conventional naming rules are used to name such molecules. Unless otherwise indicated, 1 H NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 300, 400, 500 or 600 MHz; 13 C NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 75, 100 or 150 MHz; 19 F NMR spectral data are in ppm (δ) and were recorded at 376 MHz.

[0063] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it may be possible to achieve the synthesis of the desired molecule by performing some of the steps of the synthetic routes in a different order than that described. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be possible to perform standard functional group interconversion or substitution reactions on the desired molecule in order to introduce or modify substituents.

[0064] Synthesis of Formula 1 (F1) Compounds of formula 1 (F1) may be synthesized by the methods disclosed in WO 2010 / 129497 A1 or via the routes described below. [ka]

[0065] Example 1: Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1) Step 1 - Preparation of tert-butyl (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C1): To a solution of commercially available tert-butyl (2-bromothiazol-5-yl)carbamate (2 grams (g), 7.16 millimoles (mmol)) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 14.3 milliliters (mL)) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 0.43 g, 10.8 mmol) in portions at 0° C. and the suspension was stirred for 1 hour (h). Iodoethane (0.63 mL, 7.88 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight with gradual warming to ambient temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added and the resulting biphasic mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed twice with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as a clear oil (2.0 g, 91%): 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 7.08(s,1H),3.78(d,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.54(s,10H),1.26(t,J=7.1Hz,3H); 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 130.36,83.17,28.20,12.49;ESIMS m / z 309([M+2] + ).

[0066] Step 2 - Preparation of tert-butyl ethyl (2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)carbamate (C2): To a solution of tert-butyl 2-bromothiazol-5-yl(ethyl)carbamate (C1; 7.0 g, 22.8 mmol) in toluene (88 mL) was added pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (3.36 g, 27.3 mmol), ethanol (44 mL) and 2.0 molar (M) potassium carbonate solution (22.8 mL, 45.6 mmol) in sequence. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.32 g, 1.14 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 110° C. and stirred for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0 to 100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as an orange solid (6.96 g, 80%): 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 9.12(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),8.60(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.17(dt,J=7.9,1.9Hz,1H),7.44(s,1 H),7.35(dd,J=8.0,4.8Hz,1H),3.87(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.57(s,9H),1.32(t,J=7.1Hz,3H); 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 152.48,150.01,147.02,140.87,132.69,130.11,123.63,82.85,44.18,28.22,12.71;ESIMS m / z 306([M+1] + ).

[0067] Step 3 - Preparation of tert-butyl (4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3): To a solution of tert-butyl ethyl (2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)carbamate (C2; 3.0 g, 9.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (58 mL) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (2.62 g, 19.6 mmol) in one portion and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. Purification of the residue by silica gel chromatography (0 to 100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) afforded the title compound as a red oil (2.24 g, 67%): 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 9.09(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.68(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.19(dd,J=5.9,4.2Hz,1H),7.3 9(dd,J=7.6,5.2Hz,1H),3.68(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.45(s,9H),1.22(t,J=7.0Hz,3H); 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 340([M+1] + ).

[0068] Step 4 - Preparation of 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-amine hydrochloride (C4): To a solution of tert-butyl (4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3; 2.03 g, 5.97 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) was added hydrogen chloride (4 M solution in dioxane; 7.47 mL, 29.9 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h. Diethyl ether (approximately 15 mL) was added to the vial; the mixture was stirred for 1 min; and the clear solution was removed by pipette. This procedure was repeated three times. The slurry was filtered and the red solid was washed three times with ether. The resulting solid was dried under high vacuum. The title compound was isolated as a brown solid (1.33 g, 4.82 mmol): 1 H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d 6 )δ 9.10(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=5.5,1.1Hz,1H),8.67 - 8.59(m,1H),7.95(dd,J=8.2,5.5Hz,1H),6.54(s,5H),3.20(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.24(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 241([M+2] + ).

[0069] Step 4 - Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5): N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine (2.42 g, 19.8 mmol) and 3-(methylthio)propanoyl chloride (2.99 g, 21.6 mmol) were added sequentially to a solution of 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-amine hydrochloride (C4; 4.97 g, 18 mmol) in dichloroethane (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hours. To this mixture was added N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2.42, 19.8 mmol), which immediately formed a white precipitate. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 100% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to give the title compound as a yellow oil (5.59 g, 91%): IR(KBr) 1680 cm-1 ; 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 9.11(s,1H),8.73(d,J=3.4Hz,1H),8.28 - 8.14(m,1H),7.43(dd,J=8.2,5.0Hz,1H),3.77(br s,2H),2.81(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.56(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.08(s,3H),1.21(t,J=7.2Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 342([M+1] + ).

[0070] Step 5 - Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1): To a solution of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5; 147 mg, 0.43 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (3.6 mL) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (139 mg, 0.90 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 65° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was carefully poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, resulting in gas evolution. Once gas evolution had ceased, dichloromethane was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane and the organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0-10% methanol-dichloromethane) to give the title compound as a yellow oil (110 mg, 69%): 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 )δ 9.12(dd,J=2.4,0.9Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.22(ddd,J=8.0,2.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.45(ddd,J=8.0, 4.8,0.9Hz,1H),3.79(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),3.43(s,2H),2.96(s,3H),2.80(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.23(t,J=7.2Hz,3H); 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3)δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,53.44,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 374([M+1] + ).

[0071] Biological assays The following bioassays were performed for good indicators of various agricultural pests: the peach aphid (Myzus persicae), the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), the western rust turtle (Lygus hesperus), the neotropical brown marmorated stink bug (Euschistus heros), the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). The results with these indicator organisms indicate the broad usefulness of various pesticides (also called active ingredients) mixed with Formula 1 in controlling pests.

[0072] Bioassay 1: Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, MYZUPE) ("GPA"). GPA is the most impactful aphid pest of peach trees, causing reduced growth, leaf withering and death of various tissues. It is also harmful because it acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leaf curl virus, to members of the nightshade / potato family Solanaceae, and for the transport of various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. GPA attacks plants such as broccoli, burdock, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, radish, eggplant, beans, lettuce, macadamia, papaya, pepper, sweet potato, tomato, watercress and zucchini, among other crops. GPA also attacks many ornamental crops, such as carnation, chrysanthemum, flowering white cabbage, poinsettia and rose. GPA has developed resistance to many pesticides. It is currently the pest with the third highest number of reported cases of insect resistance (Sparks et al.). Therefore, it is important to control this pest due to the factors mentioned above. Furthermore, molecules that control GPA, a sap-feeding pest, are useful for controlling other pests that feed on sap from plants.

[0073] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL using a 1:1 mixture of acetone:methanol as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared with Formula 1 and for each active ingredient individually. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions were prepared containing Formula 1, the individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions for Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 750 microliters (μL) of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 750 μL of 1:1 acetone:methanol solvent, followed by adding 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.0005% (weight / volume (w / v)) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 750 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 750 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, and then adding 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.0005% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.0005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form the desired doses of test solutions (0.0005% (w / v), 0.000125% (w / v), 0.00003125% (w / v), 0.0000078% (w / v), 0.00000195% (w / v) and 0.0000005% (w / v)).

[0074] The test solutions were tested against GPA using the following procedure: Cabbage seedlings with 2-3 small (3-5 centimeter (cm)) true leaves grown in 3-inch pots were used as test substrates. The seedlings were infested with 20-50 GPA (wingless adult and nymph stages) 1 day before chemical application. Four pots with individual seedlings were used for each treatment. The cabbage leaves were sprayed with the solution until runoff on both sides using a handheld aspirator-type sprayer. Reference plants (solvent test) were sprayed with diluent only (0.025% Tween® 20 and 10% acetone / methanol (1:1) in water). Treated plants were kept in a holding room at approximately 25° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH about 20% to about 45%) for 3 days before being graded. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of live aphids per plant under a microscope 3 days after treatment. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (WS Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving aphids on the solvent test plants and Y=number of surviving aphids on the treated plants). In Table B1, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B1 in the Tables section.

[0075] Bioassay 2: Sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, BEMITA) ("SPW"). Bemisia tabaci is a major destructive pest of cotton. It is also a serious pest of many vegetable crops such as melons, cole crops, tomatoes and salad greens, as well as ornamental plants. SPW causes damage both through direct feeding and virus transmission. SPW are sap-feeding insects that remove nutrients from the plant as they feed. This can result in stunted growth, defoliation, reduced yield and boll drop in cotton. SPW produce large amounts of nectar, which supports the growth of sooty mildew fungi on the leaves of the plant. SPW are also vectors for viruses such as cotton leaf crumple virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

[0076] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL using acetone as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared with Formula 1 and for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, each active ingredient, and a mixture of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.001% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.001% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.001% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form the desired doses of test solutions (0.001% (w / v), 0.0001% (w / v), 0.00001% (w / v), 0.000001% (w / v), 0.0000001% (w / v), and 0.00000001% (w / v)).

[0077] Test solutions were tested against SPW using the following procedure: Cotton seedlings grown in 3-inch pots and cut so that only one true leaf remained were used as test substrates. Adult B. tabaci were allowed to colonize the cotton plants and lay eggs for 24 hours, after which all adults were removed from the plants using compressed air. Plants were monitored for egg emergence, and once the emergence of three-clawed nymphs had progressed (>25% emergence based on visual inspection with a microscope), the plants were sprayed with the test solutions and methods described above for Green Peach Aphid (GPA). Treated plants were held in a holding room at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. Evaluations were made by counting the number of 2nd-3rd instar nymphs that emerged per plant under a microscope 7-9 days after treatment. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (WS Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae on the solvent test plants and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated plants). In Table B2, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B2 in the Tables section.

[0078] Bioassay 3: Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis, FRANOC) ("WFT"). Western flower thrips (F. occidentalis) is a major destructive pest of a wide variety of commercially relevant plant species (over 500 host plant species have been recorded), including many fruit, vegetable and ornamental plants. WFT is a sap-feeding insect that feeds on a variety of plant parts, destroying plant cells as it feeds. WFT is also known to act as a vector for plant diseases and is one of the primary vectors of the Tomato spotted wilt virus.

[0079] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and various active ingredients were first prepared using acetone as diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for the active ingredients, respectively. Stock solutions were prepared for Formula 1 and for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Test solutions of the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.04% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v) and 0.0000195% (w / v). For test solutions containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the active ingredient, the active ingredient was diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0080] The test solutions were tested against WFT using the following procedure: Leaf pieces (2.7 cm in diameter) were cut from the primary leaves of cotton plants. The leaf pieces were immersed in the test solution and shaken to ensure complete coverage of the leaf pieces before being placed in Millipore® PetriSlides containing filter paper discs. The treated leaf pieces were allowed to air dry for approximately 1 hour. Five WFT (9-10 day old nymph stage) were infested on each leaf piece by placing them on each leaf piece and the Petri slides were covered to prevent escape. Each treatment was replicated three times and the test treatments were graded after being held at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH). Reference discs (solvent tests) were treated with diluent only. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of surviving WFT under magnification 3 days after treatment. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (WS Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae on the solvent test leaf and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated leaf). In Table B3, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B3 in the Tables section.

[0081] Bioassay 4: Western rust turtle (Lygus hesperus, LYGUHE) ("WTPB"). The western rust bug, Trichoderma persicae, is a serious pest of cotton, fruits and vegetables. The WTPB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and parts while feeding and laying eggs.

[0082] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for the active ingredients, respectively. Stock solutions were prepared for Formula 1 and for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Test solutions of individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.04% (w / v) Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v) and 0.0000195% (w / v). For test solutions containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the active ingredient, the active ingredient was diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0083] The test solutions were tested against WTPB using the following procedure: Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four green bean pieces were placed into each 25 mL vial containing the test solution and allowed to soak for approximately 15 minutes. After soaking, one green bean piece was removed and placed into one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™) on top of a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was treated with diluent only. Each treatment was replicated four times and the test treatments were graded after being held at approximately 26° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH). The green bean pieces were allowed to air dry for approximately 30 minutes. Three WTPB larvae were placed into each well with a clear adhesive lid with a hole drilled in it. The total number of surviving WTPB larvae was recorded 3 days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of surviving larvae from all four replicates. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated bean pieces). In Table B4, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B4 in the Tables section.

[0084] Bioassay 5: Neotropical Brown Stink Bug (Euschistus heros, EUSCHE) ("BSB"). The Neotropical Brown Stink Bug is a major pest of soybeans, cotton, sunflowers and other economically important crops. BSB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and seeds while feeding. When plant seeds are eaten, seed viability is reduced and yields can be reduced.

[0085] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and 1 mg / mL for the active ingredients, respectively. Stock solutions were prepared for Formula 1 and for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions were prepared containing Formula 1, each active ingredient, and a mixture of Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions of Formula 1 were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.04% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.01% (w / v), 0.0025% (w / v), 0.000625% (w / v), 0.000156% (w / v), and 0.000039% (w / v)). For test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0086] The test solutions tested for BSB were similar to those described above for WTPB. Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four green bean pieces were added to each test solution and soaked for approximately 15 minutes. After soaking, one green bean piece was removed and placed into one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™) on top of a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was treated with diluent only. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the test treatments were graded after being held at approximately 26° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH). The green bean pieces were allowed to air dry for approximately 30 minutes. Three BSB larvae were placed into each well with a clear adhesive lid with a hole in it. The total number of surviving BSB larvae was recorded 3 days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of surviving larvae from all four replicates. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Adjusted % Control = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated snap bean pieces). In Table B5, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B5 in the Tables section.

[0087] Bioassay 6: beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua, LAPHEG) (BAW) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, PLUTMA) (DBM). The beet armyworm is a worldwide pest of many agriculturally important plant species including asparagus, beans, beets, celery, cole crops, lettuce, peas, potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, etc. The larvae of the BAW are biting pests that damage plants by feeding on leaves and fruits, thereby reducing yields and can even kill the host plant. Similarly, the diamondback moth is a common and destructive pest of host plants in the Brassicaceae family, including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and radish, among others. Both the BAW and DBM are good representatives of pests that damage the larvae of Lepidopteran pests.

[0088] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 4 mg / mL using a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared with Formula 1 as well as for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions were prepared containing Formula 1, the individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 with each active ingredient. Test solutions of Formula 1 were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1 to form test solutions containing 4000 ppm of Formula 1 and 0.4% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.4% (w / v), 0.04% (w / v), 0.004% (w / v), 0.0004% (w / v), 0.00004% (w / v), and 0.000004% (w / v)). For test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.4% (w / v)). The highest dose test solution (0.4% (w / v)) was discarded and the remaining five test solution concentrations were used for testing.

[0089] Test solutions were tested against BAW and DBM using the following procedure: An artificial lepidopteran diet (Multispecies Lepidopteran Diet, Southland Products) was dispensed into a 128-cell bioassay tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences™). 50 μL of test solution was pipetted into the cells of the bioassay tray. (Doses of test solution of 0.04% (w / v), 0.004% (w / v), 0.0004% (w / v), 0.00004% (w / v) and 0.000004% (w / v) were 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, and 0.0005 ug / cm of diet, respectively. 2 The concentrations were converted to 100 mg / kg / day.) Reference treatments (solvent tests) were treated with diluent only. Each treatment was replicated eight times for each species. Second instar BAW or DBM larvae were placed on the food in each cell and contained using a transparent sticky lid with holes. The test trays were kept at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. After 5 days, the number of surviving larvae was recorded from each cell and the percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (WS Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated diet). In Table B6, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B6 in the Tables section.

[0090] Bioassay 7: Cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii, APHIGO) ("CA"). CA is a global pest of economically important crops such as cotton, watermelon, cucumber, and melon. It damages the foliage of plants through its feeding activity on the undersides of leaves, reducing the photosynthetic capacity of the plant, which results in chlorosis. CA is also a problem for growers because it transmits mosaic viruses, which are major diseases in many crops. Control of CA is a high priority for farmers due to its unique biology and ability to develop resistance to insecticides.

[0091] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 1 mg / mL using a 1:1 mixture of acetone:methanol as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared separately for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions were prepared containing Formula 1, each active ingredient, and a mixture of Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared by adding 1.5 mL of the stock solution to a 30 mL glass vial, then adding 1.5 mL of 1:1 acetone:methanol solvent, followed by adding 27 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to generate a 0.0025% (weight / volume (w / v)) solution. Each test solution was serially diluted to generate the desired dose of test solution ranging from 0.000001 to 0.0025% (w / v). The test solutions were tested against CA using the following procedure: Cotton seedlings were grown in 3-inch pots, with one true leaf (2-5 cm diameter) used as the test substrate. The seedlings were infested with 20-50 CA (wingless adult and nymph stages) one day before chemical application. Four pots with individual seedlings were used for each treatment. The cabbage leaves were sprayed with the solution until runoff on both sides using a hand-held aspirator-type sprayer. Reference plants (solvent test) were sprayed with diluent only (0.025% Tween® 20 and 10% acetone / methanol (1:1) in water). Treated plants were graded after being held in a holding room at about 25° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH about 20% to about 45%) for 3 days. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of live aphids per plant under a microscope 3 days after treatment. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving aphids on the solvent test plants and Y=number of surviving aphids on the treated plants). In Table B1, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table C1 in the Tables section.

[0092] Bioassay 8: Sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, BEMITA) ("SPW"). Bemisia tabaci is a major destructive pest of cotton. It is also a serious pest of many vegetable crops such as melons, cole crops, tomatoes and salad greens, as well as ornamental plants. SPW causes damage both through direct feeding and virus transmission. SPW are sap-feeding insects whose feeding removes nutrients from the plant. This results in stunted growth, defoliation, reduced yield and can cause cotton boll drop. SPW produce large amounts of nectar, which supports the growth of sooty mildew fungi on the leaves of the plant. SPW are also vectors for viruses such as cotton leaf crumple virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

[0093] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL using acetone as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared with Formula 1 and for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, each active ingredient, and a mixture of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions for Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to produce a 0.001% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to generate test solutions containing 0.001% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.001% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to generate the desired doses of test solution (0.001% (w / v), 0.0001% (w / v), 0.00001% (w / v), 0.000001% (w / v), 0.0000001% (w / v), 0.0000001% (w / v), 0.000008% (w / v) and 0.00000001% (w / v)).

[0094] Test solutions were tested against SPW using the following procedure: Cotton seedlings were grown in 3-inch pots, pruned so that only one true leaf remained, and used as test substrates. Adult B. tabaci were allowed to colonize the cotton plants and lay eggs for 24 hours, after which all adults were removed from the plants using compressed air. Plants were monitored for egg emergence, and once three-clawed nymphs had progressed to emergence (>25% emergence based on visual inspection with a microscope), the plants were sprayed with the test solutions and methods described above for Green Peach Aphid (GPA). Treated plants were held in a holding room at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) and then graded. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of 2nd-3rd instar nymphs emerged per plant under a microscope 7-9 days after treatment. Percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (W.S. Abbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X=number of surviving larvae on the solvent test plants and Y=number of surviving larvae on the treated plants). In Table B2, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table C2 in the Tables section.

[0095] Bioassay 9: Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, PLUTMA) (DBM). The diamondback moth is a common and destructive pest of cruciferous host plants, including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and radish, among others. DBM is a good representative of damaging larval Lepidopteran pests.

[0096] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 4 mg / mL using a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water as the diluent. Stock solutions were prepared with Formula 1 as well as for each active ingredient separately. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions were prepared containing Formula 1, the individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 with each active ingredient. Test solutions of Formula 1 were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of a 9:1 mixture of acetone:water. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of Formula 1 to produce test solutions containing 4000 ppm of Formula 1 and 0.4% (w / v) active ingredient. Each test solution was serially diluted to generate test solutions of the desired doses (0.4% (w / v), 0.04% (w / v), 0.004% (w / v), 0.0004% (w / v), 0.00004% (w / v), and 0.000004% (w / v)). For test solutions containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the active ingredient, the active ingredient was diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.4% (w / v)). The highest dose test solution (0.4% (w / v)) was discarded and the remaining five test solution concentrations were used for testing.

[0097] Cabbage seedlings with 2-3 small (3-5 centimeter (cm)) true leaves grown in 3-inch pots were used as test substrates. Cabbage seedlings were sprayed with the desired concentrations of Formula 1 and active ingredient or mixtures thereof using a track sprayer. Reference seedlings (solvent test) were sprayed with diluent only (0.025% Tween® 20 and 10% acetone / methanol (1:1) in water). The sprayed cabbage seedlings were allowed to dry for 1 hour, after which leaves from each treatment were placed in cells in a plastic tray. One leaf per cell and eight replicates for each cell. The dose range tested was 0.000001% (w / v) to 0.0002% (w / v). One second-instar DBM larva was placed in each cell of the tray and allowed to feed on the cabbage leaves for several days, after which mortality and feeding damage were scored. The test trays were held at approximately 26° C. and ambient relative humidity (RH) prior to grading. The number of live larvae from each cell was recorded and the percent control was determined using Abbott's correction formula as follows (WS Abbott, J. Econ Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % Control Rate = (1-(Y / X))*100 (where X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated diet). In Table B6, the "expected % control" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table C3 in the Tables section.

[0098] Agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts, salt derivatives, solvates, ester derivatives, polymorphs, isotopes and radionuclides Formula 1 may be formulated into agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts. By way of non-limiting example, the amine functional group may form salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, hydroxylmethanesulfonic acid, and hydroxyethanesulfonic acid.

[0099] Formula 1 can be formulated into a salt derivative. By way of non-limiting example, the salt derivative can be prepared by contacting the free base with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt. The free base can be regenerated by treating the salt with a dilute aqueous solution of a suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate. As an example, pesticides such as 2,4-D are often made more water-soluble by converting them to their dimethylamine salts.

[0100] Formula 1 can be formulated into a stable complex with a solvent, such that the complex remains intact after the uncomplexed solvent is removed. These complexes are often called "solvates". However, it is particularly desirable to form a stable hydrate using water as the solvent.

[0101] Formula 1 can be produced in a variety of crystalline polymorphs. Polymorphism is important in agrochemical development because different crystalline polymorphs or structures of the same molecule can have dramatically different physical properties and biological performance.

[0102] Formula 1 can be produced with different isotopes. Of particular importance is 1 On behalf of H. 2 Molecules with H (also known as deuterium) or 3 H (also known as tritium). Formula 1 can be made with different radionuclides. Of particular interest are: 14 C (also known as radiocarbon) is a molecule that contains deuterium, tritium or 14 Formula 1, which contains C, can be used in biological studies to trace chemical and physiological processes, study half-lives, and study MoAs.

[0103] combination In another embodiment of the invention, Formula 1 may be used in combination with one or more active ingredients (eg, in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0104] In another embodiment of the invention, Formula 1 may be used in combination with one or more active ingredients (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application), each having an MoA identical, similar, or preferably different from the MoA of Formula 1.

[0105] In another embodiment, Formula 1 may be used in combination (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more molecules having acaricidal, algicidal, avicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, molluscicidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal and / or virucidal properties.

[0106] In another embodiment, Formula 1 may be used in combination (e.g., in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more molecules that are antifeedants, bird repellents, sterilizers, herbicide safeners, insect attractants, insect repellents, mammalian repellents, mating disruptants, plant activators, plant growth regulators, plant health stimulants or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, and / or synergists.

[0107] In another embodiment, Formula 1 may also be used in combination with one or more biopesticides (eg, in a compositional mixture or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0108] In another embodiment, the combination of the pesticide composition of formula 1 and the active ingredient may be used in a wide variety of weight ratios. For example, in a two-component mixture, the weight ratio of formula 1 to the active ingredient may be the weight ratio listed in Table 3.

[0109] [Table 1]

[0110] The weight ratio of the molecule of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can also be expressed as X:Y (where X is the parts by weight of Formula 1 and Y is the parts by weight of the active ingredient). The numerical range of the parts by weight of X is 0 < X ≤ 100, and the parts by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≤ 100, which is shown graphically in Table 4. By way of non-limiting example, the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 20:1.

[0111]

Table 2

[0112] The range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient is X 1 :Y 1 ~X 2 :Y 2 (where X and Y are defined as above) and can be expressed as such.

[0113] In one embodiment, the range of the weight ratio is X 1 :Y 1 ~X 2 :Y 2 (where X 1 >Y 1 and X 2 <Y 2 ). By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 3:1 to 1:3 (including both ends).

[0114] In another embodiment, the range of the weight ratio is X 1 :Y 1 ~X 2 :Y 2 (where X 1 >Y 1 and X 2 >Y 2 ). By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be 15:1 to 3:1 (including both ends).

[0115] In another embodiment, the range of the weight ratio is X 1 :Y 1 ~X 2 :Y 2 (where X 1<Y 1 and X 2 <Y 2 By way of non-limiting example, the weight ratio of Formula 1 to active ingredient may range from about 1:3 to about 1:20, inclusive.

[0116] Mixture Pesticides are often not suitable for application in their pure form.Usually need to add other substances, so that pesticides can be used at the required concentration and in the appropriate form, and can be applied, handled, transported, stored and maximized pesticide activity.Therefore, pesticides are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulated agents, seed treatments, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water-soluble liquids, water-dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettable powders and microsolutions.

[0117] Pesticides are most often applied as aqueous suspensions or emulsions prepared from concentrated formulations of such pesticides. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable or emulsifiable formulations can be solids, commonly known as wettable powders, water-dispersible granules, liquids, commonly known as emulsifiable powders, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable powders can be compressed to form water-dispersible granules and contain a homogenous mixture of pesticide, carrier, and surfactant. The concentration of pesticide is usually about 10% to about 90% by weight. The carrier is usually selected from attapulgite clay, montmorillonite clay, diatomaceous earth, or purified silicates. Effective surfactants, comprising about 0.5% to about 10% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignin, condensed naphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, and nonionic surfactants, such as ethylene oxide adducts of alkylphenols.

[0118] Emulsifiable concentrates of pesticides contain a convenient concentration of pesticide, for example, about 50 to about 500 grams per liter of liquid, dissolved in a carrier that is either a water-miscible solvent or a mixture of a water-immiscible organic solvent and an emulsifier. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, particularly the high-boiling naphthalene and olefinic portions of petroleum, such as xylenes and petroleum fractions, especially heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, such as terpene solvents including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol. Suitable emulsifiers for the emulsion concentrates are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants.

[0119] Aqueous suspensions include suspensions of water-insoluble pesticides dispersed in an aqueous carrier at concentrations ranging from about 5% to about 50% by weight. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it into a carrier composed of water and surfactants. Ingredients such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums can also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. In many cases, it is most efficient to simultaneously grind and mix the pesticide by preparing an aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in equipment such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston-type homogenizer. The pesticide in the suspension can be microencapsulated in a plastic polymer.

[0120] Oil dispersions (OD) comprise suspensions of organic solvent-insoluble pesticides finely dispersed in a mixture of organic solvent and emulsifier at concentrations ranging from about 2% to about 50% by weight. One or more pesticides may be dissolved in the organic solvent. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially xylenes, and petroleum fractions, especially the high-boiling naphthalene and olefinic portions of petroleum, such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils. Suitable emulsifiers for oil dispersions are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added in the oil dispersion formulation to modify the rheology or flow properties of the liquid and to prevent separation and settling of dispersed particles or droplets.

[0121] Pesticides may also be applied as granular compositions, which are particularly useful for application to soil. Granular compositions usually contain about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide dispersed in a carrier that includes clay or similar material. Such compositions are usually prepared by dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier that has been preformed to a suitable particle size, ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. Such compositions may also be formulated by making a dough or paste of the carrier and molecules, which is then crushed and dried to obtain the desired granule particle size. Another form of granule is the water-emulsifiable granule (EG). It is a formulation consisting of granules that, after disintegration and dissolution in water, are applied as an oil-in-water emulsion of conventional active ingredients dissolved or diluted in an organic solvent. Water-emulsifiable granules contain one or several active ingredients solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent, absorbed in a shell of a water-soluble polymer or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.

[0122] Dusts containing the pesticide are prepared by homogeneously mixing the pesticide in powder form with a suitable powdered agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay, crushed volcanic rock, etc. The dust may suitably contain from about 1% to about 10% pesticide. The dust may be applied as a seed dressing or as a foliar spray using a dust blower.

[0123] It is equally practical to apply the pesticide in the form of a solution, for example a spray oil, using a suitable organic solvent, usually petroleum, which is widely used in agricultural chemistry.

[0124] Pesticides can also be applied in the form of an aerosol composition. In such compositions, the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier that is a pressure-generating propellant mixture. The aerosol composition is placed in a container from which the mixture is dispensed via an atomizing valve.

[0125] Pesticide baits are formed when a pesticide is mixed with food or an attractant or both. When a pest eats the bait, it also ingests the pesticide. Baits can be in the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids or solids. Baits can be used in the pest's hiding place.

[0126] Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and can therefore exist as gases in soil or confined spaces in sufficient concentrations to kill pests. The toxicity of fumigants is proportional to their concentration and exposure time. They are characterized by good diffusion ability and act by penetration into the respiratory system of pests or absorption through the cuticle of pests. Fumigants are applied under gas-tight sheets, in airtight rooms or buildings, or in special chambers to control pests in stored products.

[0127] Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending particles or droplets of the pesticide in various polymers. By modifying the chemistry of the polymer or by varying factors in the processing, microcapsules of various sizes, solubilities, wall thicknesses and permeabilities can be formed. These factors control the rate at which the active ingredient therein is released, which in turn affects the residual performance, rate of action and odor of the product. Microcapsules can be formulated as suspension concentrates or water-dispersible granules.

[0128] Oil concentrates are made by dissolving the pesticide in a solvent that holds it in solution. Oil solutions of pesticides usually knock down and kill pests more quickly than other formulations, both because the solvent itself is pesticidal and because dissolving the waxy coating of the cuticle accelerates the uptake rate of the pesticide. Other advantages of oil solutions include good storage stability, good interstitial penetration, and good adhesion to oily surfaces.

[0129] Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion comprising oil droplets, each having a lamellar liquid crystalline coating, dispersed in an aqueous phase, each oil droplet comprising at least one agriculturally active molecule and individually coated with a layer or layers comprising: (1) at least one non-ionic lipophilic surfactant, (2) at least one non-ionic hydrophilic surfactant, and (3) at least one ionic surfactant, wherein the droplets have an average particle size of less than 800 nanometers.

[0130] Other formulation ingredients Generally, when formula 1 is used in a formulation, such formulation may also contain other ingredients. These ingredients include, but are not limited to, wetting agents, spreading agents, adhesives, penetrating agents, buffers, sequestering agents, drift reducing agents, compatibilizers, antifoaming agents, detergents, and emulsifiers (this is a non-exhaustive and non-mutually exclusive list). Some ingredients are described below.

[0131] Wetting agents are substances that, when added to a liquid, improve the spreading or penetration of the liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface it spreads on. Wetting agents are used in agrochemical formulations for two main functions: to increase the rate at which powders are wetted in water during processing and manufacturing to make soluble liquid concentrates or suspension concentrates; and to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders and improve the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules when the product is mixed with water in the spray tank. Examples of wetting agents used in wettable powder, suspension concentrate and water-dispersible granule formulations are sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkylphenol ethoxylates and fatty alcohol ethoxylates.

[0132] Dispersants are substances that adsorb to the surface of particles, help keep them dispersed, and prevent them from re-agglomerating. Dispersants are added to agricultural chemical formulations to facilitate dispersion and suspension during production and ensure that particles redisperse in water in the spray tank. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants used as dispersants have the ability to strongly adsorb to the particle surface and provide a charge barrier or steric barrier against particle re-agglomeration. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, nonionic, or a mixture of the two types. In wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersant is sodium lignosulfonate. In suspension concentrates, polyelectrolytes such as sodium-naphthalene-sulfonic acid-formaldehyde-condensates are used to obtain very good adsorption and stabilization. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionic substances such as alkylaryl ethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers are sometimes combined with anionic substances as dispersants in suspension concentrates. In recent years, new types of ultra-high molecular weight polymer surfactants have been developed as dispersants. They have a very long hydrophobic "backbone" and many ethylene oxide chains that form the "teeth" of the surfactant "comb". These high molecular weight polymers can provide excellent long-term stability to suspension concentrates because the hydrophobic backbone has many anchoring points to the particle surface. Examples of dispersants used in agrochemical formulations are: sodium lignosulfonate, sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate, tristyrylphenol-ethoxylate-phosphate-ester, fatty alcohol ethoxylate, alkyl ethoxylate, EO-PO block and graft copolymers.

[0133] An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes the suspension of droplets of one liquid phase in another. Without the emulsifier, the two liquids would separate into two immiscible liquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends contain an alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol having 12 or more ethylene oxide units and the calcium salt of oil-soluble dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. A hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ("HLB") value in the range of about 8 to about 18 usually results in a good stable emulsion. In some cases, emulsion stability can be improved by adding a small amount of an EO-PO block copolymer surfactant.

[0134] Solubilizers are surfactants that form micelles in water at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. These micelles are further capable of dissolving or solubilizing water-insoluble substances inside the hydrophobic portion of the micelle. The types of surfactants commonly used for solubilization are nonionic substances, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monooleate ethoxylate and methyl oleate ester.

[0135] Surfactants may also be used as adjuvants to spray tank mixtures, alone or with other additives such as mineral or vegetable oils, to enhance the biological performance of pesticides on their targets. The type of surfactant used for bioenhancement generally depends on the nature and mechanism of action of the pesticide. However, they are often non-ionic materials such as alkyl ethoxylates, linear fatty alcohol ethoxylates, and fatty amine ethoxylates.

[0136] Carriers or diluents in agricultural formulations are substances added to pesticides to obtain the required strength of the product. Carriers are usually substances with high absorption capacity, while diluents are usually substances with low absorption capacity. Carriers and diluents are used in dust, wettable powder, granule and water dispersible granule formulations.

[0137] Organic solvents are primarily used in the formulation of emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspoemulsions, oil dispersions and microformulations, and less frequently in granular formulations. Mixtures of solvents may also be used. The first main group of solvents are aliphatic paraffinic oils, such as kerosene or refined paraffin. The second main group (and the most common) includes aromatic solvents, such as xylene and the higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as co-solvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when the formulation is emulsified in water. Alcohols may also be used as co-solvents to improve solvent power. Other solvents may include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils.

[0138] Thickening or gelling agents are primarily used in the formulation of suspension concentrates, oil dispersions, emulsions and suspoemulsions to change the rheology or flow properties of liquids and prevent separation and settling of dispersed particles or droplets. Thickening, gelling and anti-settling agents are generally divided into two categories: water-insoluble particulates and water-soluble polymers. Clays and silicas can be used to make suspension concentrates and oil dispersions formulations. Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminum silicate and attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides in water-based suspension concentrates have been used as thickening and gelling agents for many years. The most commonly used types of polysaccharides are natural extracts of seeds and seaweeds or synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of materials include, but are not limited to, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginates, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starches, polyacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene oxide. Another good anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

[0139] Microorganisms can cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore, preservatives are used to eliminate or reduce their effects. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, propionic acid and its sodium salt, sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salt, benzoic acid and its sodium salt, p-hydroxybenzoic acid sodium salt, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).

[0140] The presence of surfactants often causes foaming of water-based formulations during mixing operations during manufacture and spray tank application. To reduce foaming tendency, antifoaming agents are often added during manufacture or before filling into bottles. In general, there are two types of antifoaming agents: silicone-based and non-silicone-based. Silicone-based agents are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethylpolysiloxane, while non-silicone-based antifoaming agents are water-insoluble oils such as octanol and nonanol or silica. In either case, the function of the antifoaming agent is to displace the surfactant from the air-water interface.

[0141] "Environmentally friendly" agents (e.g., adjuvants, surfactants, solvents) can reduce the total environmental footprint of crop protection formulations. Environmentally friendly agents are biodegradable and generally derived from natural and / or sustainable sources, such as plant and animal sources. Specific examples include vegetable oils, seed oils and their esters, as well as alkoxylated alkyl polyglucosides.

[0142] Purpose Formula 1 may be applied to any area. Specific areas to which such molecules may be applied include areas where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, corn, cotton, crucifers, flowers, forage seeds (ryegrass, sudangrass, tall fescue, longgrass and clover), berries, lettuce, oats, oilseed crops, oranges, peanuts, pears, peppers, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugar beets, sunflowers, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (e.g., hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, white winter wheat, hard red spring wheat and durum spring wheat), and other valuable crops are grown or will be planted.

[0143] Formula 1 may also be applied to areas where plants such as crops are grown and where there are low levels (even non-existent) of pests that may commercially damage such plants. By applying such molecules to such areas, the plants grown in such areas benefit. Such benefits include, but are not limited to, helping plants develop better root systems; helping plants better tolerate high-stress growing conditions; improving plant health; increasing plant yields (e.g., increased biomass and / or increased content of active ingredients); improving plant vigor (e.g., improved plant growth and / or greener leaves), improving plant quality (e.g., increased content or composition of certain ingredients); and improving plant resistance to abiotic and / or biotic stresses.

[0144] When growing a variety of plants, Formula 1 can be applied in conjunction with ammonium sulfate, which may provide additional benefits.

[0145] Formula 1 may be applied both above and below ground on, within, or around genetically modified plants to express unique traits, such as those expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (e.g., Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1 / Cry35Ab1), other insecticidal toxins, or herbicide resistance, or those with "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutritional enhancement, or any other beneficial trait. In further detail, the transgenic plants may include a stack of one or more insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein with one or more additional polynucleotides that result in the production or inhibition of multiple polypeptide sequences. Transgenic plants containing a stack of polynucleotide sequences can be obtained by either or both of conventional breeding or genetic engineering methods. These methods include, but are not limited to, breeding separate lines each containing a polynucleotide of interest, transforming a transgenic plant containing a gene disclosed herein with a subsequent gene, and co-transforming genes into a single plant cell. As used herein, the term "stacked" includes having multiple traits present in the same plant (i.e., both traits integrated into the nuclear genome, one trait integrated into the nuclear genome and one trait integrated into the plastid genome, or both traits integrated into the plastid genome). In one non-limiting example, "stacked traits" include molecular stacks in which the sequences are physically adjacent to each other. As used herein, trait refers to a phenotype derived from a particular sequence or group of sequences. Co-transformation of genes can be performed using a single transformation vector containing multiple genes, or can be performed using genes carried separately on multiple vectors. When sequences are stacked by genetically transforming plants, polynucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order.Traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol with the polynucleotide of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, when two sequences are introduced, the two sequences can be included in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or contained in the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that suppresses expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This can be combined with any combination of other suppression or overexpression cassettes to create a desired combination of traits in the plant. Additionally, it is recognized that polynucleotide sequences can be stacked into desired genomic locations using site-specific recombination systems. See, e.g., WO 1999 / 25821, WO 1999 / 25854, WO 1999 / 25840, WO 1999 / 25855 and WO 1999 / 25853, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0146] In some embodiments, one or more of the polynucleotides encoding the Cry toxin polypeptides disclosed herein, alone or stacked with one or more additional insect resistance traits, can be stacked with one or more additional input traits (e.g., herbicide resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, stress tolerance, disease resistance, male sterility, stalk strength, etc.) or output traits (e.g., increased yield, modified starch, improved oil profile, balanced amino acids, high lysine or methionine, improved digestibility, improved fiber quality, drought resistance, etc.). Thus, polynucleotide embodiments can be used to provide a complete agrochemical package with improved crop quality, capable of flexibly and cost-effectively controlling any number of crop pests.

[0147] Transgenes useful for stacking include, but are not limited to, transgenes that confer resistance to herbicides, transgenes that confer or contribute to altered crop characteristics; genes that control male sterility; genes that form sites for site-specific DNA integration; genes that affect abiotic stress tolerance; genes that increase yield, genes that confer plant digestibility; and transgenes that confer resistance to insects or diseases.

[0148] Examples of transgenes that confer resistance to insects include genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis proteins, derivatives thereof, or synthetic polypeptides modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser, et al., (1986) Gene 48:109, which discloses the cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Bt delta-endotoxin gene. Additionally, DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin genes can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD), e.g., under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998.Other non-limiting examples of genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes are provided in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,188,960, 5,689,052, 5,880,275, 5,986,177, 6,023,013, 6,060,594, 6,063,597, 6, Specification No. 077,824, Specification No. 6,620,988, Specification No. 6,642,030, Specification No. 6,713,259, Specification No. 6,893,826, Specification No. 7,105 ,332 specification, 7,179,965 specification, 7,208,474 specification, 7,227,056 specification, 7,288,643 specification, 7,323,55 Specification No. 6, Specification No. 7,329,736, Specification No. 7,449,552, Specification No. 7,468,278, Specification No. 7,510,878, Specification No. 7,521,235 Specification, Specification No. 7,544,862, Specification No. 7,605,304, Specification No. 7,696,412, Specification No. 7,629,504, Specification No. 7,705,216 , No. 7,772,465, No. 7,790,846, No. 7,858,849 and International Publication No. WO 1991 / 14778, WO 1999 / 31248, WO 2001 / 12731, WO 1999 / 24581 and WO 1997 / 40162.

[0149] Genes encoding insecticidal proteins may be stacked, including, but not limited to, from the genus Pseudomonas, e.g., PSEEN3174 (Monalysin, (2011) PLoS Pathogens, 7:1-13), Pseudomonas protegens strains CHA0 and Pf-5 (formerly fluorescens) (Pechy-Tarr, (2008) Environmental Microbiology 10:2368-2386: GenBank Accession No. EU400157); Pseudomonas taiwanensis (Liu, et al., (2010) J. Agric. Food and Drug Administration, 1:1-13); Chem. 58:12343-12349) and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes (Zhang, et al., (2009) Annals of Microbiology 59:45-50 and Li, et al., (2007) Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 89:159-168); insecticidal proteins from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus (Hinchliffe, et al., (2010) The Open Toxinology Journal 3:101-118 and Morgan, et al., (2001) Applied and Envir. Micro. 67:2062-2069), insecticidal proteins from U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,048,838, and 6,379,946; PIP-1 polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 9,688,730; AfIP-1A and / or AfIP-1B polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 9,475,847; PIP-47 polypeptides from U.S. Pat. No. 10,006,045; IPD045 polypeptides, IPD064 polypeptides, IPD074 polypeptides, IPD075 polypeptides, and IPD077 polypeptides from WO 2016 / 114973; IPD080 polypeptides from WO 2018 / 075350;IPD078 polypeptides, IPD084 polypeptides, IPD085 polypeptides, IPD086 polypeptides, IPD087 polypeptides, IPD088 polypeptides and IPD089 polypeptides of WO 2018 / 084936; PIP-72 polypeptides of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160366891; PtIP-50 polypeptides and PtIP-65 polypeptides of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170166921; IPD098 polypeptides, IPD059 polypeptides, IPD108 polypeptides and IPD109 polypeptides of WO 2018 / 232072; PIP-72 polypeptides of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160366891; PtIP-50 polypeptides and PtIP-65 polypeptides of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170166921; tIP-83 polypeptide;PtIP-96 polypeptide of US Patent Publication No. 20170233440;IPD079 polypeptide of WO 2017 / 23486;IPD082 polypeptide of WO 2017 / 105987;IPD090 polypeptide of WO 2017 / 192560;IPD093 polypeptide of WO 2018 / 111551;IPD103 polypeptide of WO 2018 / 005411;IPD101 polypeptide of WO 2018 / 118811;IPD121 polypeptide of WO 2018 / 208882;and delta-endotoxins, including but not limited to: Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, Cry7, Cry8, Cry9, Cry10, Cry11, Cry12, Cry13, Cry14, Cry15, Cry16, Cry17, Cry18, Cry19, Cry20, Cry21, Cry22, Cry23, Cry24, Cry25, Cry26, Cry27, Cry28, Cry29, Cry30, Cry31, Cry32, Cry33, Cry34, Cry35, Cry36, Cry37, Cry38, Cry39, Cr y40, Cry41, Cry42, Cry43, Cry44, Cry45, Cry46, Cry47, Cry49, Cry50, Cry51, Cry52, Cry53, Cry54, Cry55, Cry56, Cry57, Cry58, Cry59, Cry60, Cry61, Cry62, Cry63, Cry64, Cry65, Cry66, Cry67, Cry68, Cry69, Cry70, Cry71 and Cry72 class delta-endotoxin genes and B. thuringiensis cytolytic Cyt1 and Cyt2 genes;

[0150] Examples of δ-endotoxins include the Cry1A proteins of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,880,275 and 7,858,849; the DIG-3 or DIG-11 toxins (N-terminal deletions of α-helix 1 and / or α-helix 2 mutants of Cry proteins such as Cry1A) of U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,304,604 and 8,304,605; the α-helix 2 mutants of Cry proteins such as Cry1A of U.S. Pat. App. Nos. 10 / 525,325 and 10 / 526,325; No. 6,033,874; Cry1F of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960 and 6,218,188; Cry1A / F chimeras of U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,070,982, 6,962,705, and 6,713,063; Cry2 proteins such as the Cry2Ab protein of U.S. Pat. No. 7,064,249; proteins; Cry3A proteins, including but not limited to engineered hybrid insecticidal proteins (eHIPs), created by fusing unique combinations of variable regions with conserved blocks of at least two different Cry proteins (US Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0017914); Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, Cry8 proteins of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,329,736, 7,449,552, 7,803,943, 7,476,781, 7,105,332, 7,378,499, and 7,462,760; Cry9 proteins, such as members of the Cry9A, Cry9B, Cry9C, Cry9D, Cry9E, and Cry9F families; Naimov, et al.Nos. 6,127,180, 6,624,145, and 6,340,593; CryET33 and CryET34 proteins of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,535, 6,326,351, 6,399,330, 6,949,626, 7,385,107, and 7,504,229; and U.S. Pat. CryET33 and CryET34 homologs of US Patent Publication Nos. 2006 / 0191034, 2012 / 0278954 and WO 2012 / 139004; Cry35Ab1 proteins of US Patent Nos. 6,083,499, 6,548,291 and 6,340,593; Cry46 proteins, Cry51 proteins, Cry binary toxins; TIC901 or related toxins; TIC807 of US Patent Publication No. 2008 / 0295207; PCT Also included are, but are not limited to, ET29, ET37, TIC809, TIC810, TIC812, TIC127, TIC128 of US 2006 / 033867; Cry proteins such as Cry1A and Cry3A with engineered proteolytic sites of U.S. Pat. No. 8,319,019; and Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa and Cry1Ca toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis strain VBTS 2528 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0064710. Other Cry proteins are known to those of skill in the art (see Crickmore, et al., "Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature" (2011), which can be accessed on the World Wide Web using the "www" prefix at lifesci.sussex.ac.uk / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / ). The insecticidal activity of Cry proteins is well known to those of skill in the art (for a review, see van Frannkenhuyzen, (2009) J. Invert. Path.(See 101:1-16.) The use of Cry proteins as transgenic plant traits is well known to those of skill in the art, and Cry transgenic plants including, but not limited to, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab, Cry1Ab, Cry1A.105, Cry1F, Cry1Fa2, Cry1F+Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, mCry3A, Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry9c, and CBI-Bt have received regulatory approval (see Sanahuja, (2011) Plant Biotech Journal 9:283-300 and the CERA (2010) GM Crop Database Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA), ILSI Research Foundation, Washington, DC, at cera gmc.org / index.php?action=gm_crop_database, which may be accessed on the World Wide Web using the "www" prefix). DC). Several insecticidal proteins known to those skilled in the art can also be expressed in plants, such as Cry1F & CryCa (US Patent Publication No. 2012 / 0317681) and Cry1DA & Cry1Fa (US Patent Publication No. 2012 / 0331589). Insecticidal proteins also include insecticidal lipases, including the lipid acyl hydrolases of US Patent No. 7,491,869, and cholesterol oxidases, such as from Streptomyces (Purcell et al. (1993) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:1406-1413). Insecticidal proteins also include VIP (plant insecticidal protein) toxins, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,877,012, 6,107,279, 6,137,033, 7,244,820, 7,615,686, and 8,237,020. Other VIP proteins are known to those of skill in the art (see, for example, lifesci.sussex.ac.uk, which may be accessed on the World Wide Web using the "www" prefix).See uk / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / vip.html). Insecticidal proteins also include toxin complex (TC) proteins available from organisms such as Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus and Paenibacillus (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,491,698 and 8,084,418). Some TC proteins have "stand-alone" insecticidal activity, while others enhance the activity of a stand-alone toxin produced by the same given organism. The toxicity of a "stand-alone" TC protein (e.g. from Photorhabdus, Xenorhabdus or Paenibacillus) can be enhanced by one or more TC protein "potentiators" from a different genera of source organisms. There are three main types of TC proteins. As referred to herein, class A proteins ("protein A") are stand-alone toxins. Class B proteins ("protein B") and class C proteins ("protein C") enhance the toxicity of class A proteins. Examples of class A proteins are TcbA, TcdA, XptA1, and XptA2. Examples of class B proteins are TcaC, TcdB, XptB1Xb, and XptC1Wi. Examples of class C proteins are TccC, XptC1Xb, and XptB1Wi. Insecticidal proteins also include venom proteins from spiders, snakes, and scorpions. Examples of spider venom peptides include, but are not limited to, lycotoxin-1 peptide and mutants thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 8,334,366).

[0151] Additional transgenes that confer resistance to insects can downregulate the expression of target genes in insect pest species by interfering with ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules through RNA interference. RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA) (Fire, et al., (1998) Nature 391:806). RNAi transgenes can include, but are not limited to, the expression of dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, iRNA, antisense RNA or sense RNA molecules that downregulate the expression of target genes in pests. WO 2007 / 074405 describes a method of inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests, including the Colorado potato beetle. WO 2005 / 110068 describes a method of inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests, including the Western corn rootworm, in particular, as a means of controlling insect infestations. Furthermore, WO 2009 / 091864 describes compositions and methods for silencing target genes from pest species, including pests from the genus Lygus.

[0152] RNAi transgenes have been provided to target the vacuolar ATPase H subunit and are useful for controlling populations and infestations of coleopteran pests, as described in US Patent Publication No. 2012 / 0198586. WO 2012 / 055982 describes ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibit or down-regulate the expression of target genes encoding: insect ribosomal proteins, such as ribosomal protein L19, ribosomal protein L40, or ribosomal protein S27A; Rpn6 protein, Pros 25, insect proteasome subunits such as Rpn2 protein, proteasome beta 1 subunit protein or Pros beta 2 protein; insect β-coatomer of COPI vesicles, γ-coatomer of COPI vesicles, β'-coatomer protein or ζ-coatomer of COPI vesicles; insect tetraspanin 2A protein, a putative transmembrane domain protein; insect proteins belonging to the actin family, such as actin 5C; insect ubiquitin-5E protein; insect Sec23 protein, a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein trafficking; insect crinkle protein, a non-classical myosin involved in motor activity; insect crooked neck protein, involved in regulating alternative mRNA splicing in the nucleus; insect Tbp-1, such as insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G subunit protein and Tat binding protein. International Publication WO 2007 / 035650 describes ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibit or downregulate the expression of a target gene encoding Snf7. US Patent Publication No. 2011 / 0054007 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that target RPS10. WO 2016 / 205445 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that reduce fertility, with target polynucleotides including NCLB, MAEL, BOULE, and VgR.US Patent Publication Nos. 2014 / 0275208 and 2015 / 0257389 describe polynucleotide silencing factors that target RyanR (DvSSJ1) and PAT3. WO / 2016 / 138106, WO / 2016 / 060911, WO / 2016 / 060912, WO / 2016 / 060913, and WO / 2016 / 060914 describe polynucleotide silencing factors that target COPI coatomer subunit nucleic acid molecules that confer resistance to Coleopteran and Hemipteran pests. US Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 029750, US Patent Application Publication No. 20120297501 and US Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0322660 describe interfering ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that function upon uptake by an insect pest species to down-regulate expression of a target gene in said insect pest, where the RNA comprises at least one silencing element, which is a region of double-stranded RNA comprising annealed complementary strands, one strand of which comprises or consists of a nucleotide sequence that is at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence in the target gene.US 2012 / 0164205 describes potential targets for interfering with double-stranded ribonucleic acid to inhibit invertebrate pests, including: Chd3 homologous sequences, beta-tubulin homologous sequences, 40 kDa V-ATPase homologous sequences, EF1α homologous sequences, 26S proteosome subunit p28 homologous sequences, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homologous sequences, swelling-dependent chloride channel protein homologous sequences, glucose-6-phosphatase 1-dehydrogenase protein homologous sequences, Act42A protein homologous sequences, ADP-ribosylating factor 1 homologous sequences, transcription factor IIB protein homologous sequences, chitinase homologous sequences, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologous sequences, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologous sequences, ubiquitin B homologous sequences, juvenile hormone esterase homologous sequences, and alpha tubulin homologous sequences.

[0153] The molecule F1 can be used with seeds that have such traits and with seeds that do not have such traits.

[0154] Formula 1 may be applied to the leaves and / or fruits of plants to control pests, such molecules coming into direct contact with the pests or the pests ingesting such molecules when feeding on the plant or while uptake of sap or other nutrients from the plant.

[0155] Formula 1 may also be applied to the soil and, when so applied, may control root and stem feeding pests. The roots may absorb such molecules and thereby transport them to the plant foliage to control above ground chewing pests and sap feeding pests.

[0156] Systemic movement of pesticides in plants can be exploited to control pests in one part of a plant by applying a molecule of formula I to another part of the plant (e.g., by spraying an area). For example, control of foliar feeding insects can be achieved by drip irrigation or furrow application, by treating the soil, e.g., with a soil drench before or after planting, or by treating the seeds of the plant before planting.

[0157] Formula 1 can be used with baits and attractants. Generally, for baits, the baits are placed in the ground, where, for example, termites can come into contact with the bait and / or be attracted to the bait. The baits can also be applied to the surface (horizontal, vertical or inclined surface) of buildings, where, for example, ants, termites, cockroaches and flies can come into contact with the bait and / or be attracted to the bait.

[0158] Formula 1 may be encapsulated inside a capsule or disposed on the surface of the capsule. The size of the capsule may range from nanometer size (diameter about 100-900 nanometers) to micrometer size (diameter about 10-900 microns).

[0159] Formula 1 may be applied to pest eggs, and because some pest eggs have a unique ability to resist certain pesticides, it may be desirable to apply such molecules repeatedly to control newly emerging larvae.

[0160] Formula 1 may be applied as a seed treatment. The seed treatment may be applied to all types of seeds, including seeds from which plants genetically modified to express unique traits will germinate. Representative examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins, those expressing herbicide resistance, such as "Roundup Ready" seeds, or those with "stacked" foreign genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, nutritional enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial trait. Furthermore, such seed treatment with Formula 1 may further enhance the plant's ability to tolerate high stress growing conditions. The result is healthier and more vigorous plants, which may translate into higher yields at harvest. Generally, amounts of about 0.0025 mg of formula 1 per seed to about 2.0 mg of formula 1 per seed are useful, amounts of about 0.01 mg of formula 1 per seed to about 1.75 mg of formula 1 per seed are useful, amounts of 0.1 mg of formula 1 per seed to about 1.5 mg of formula 1 per seed are useful, and amounts of 0.25 mg of formula 1 per seed to about 0.75 mg of formula 1 per seed are useful. Generally, an amount of about 0.5 mg of formula 1 per seed is useful.

[0161] Formula 1 may be applied with one or more active ingredients in a soil conditioner.

[0162] Formula 1 can be used in the veterinary sector or in the field of non-human animal husbandry to control endoparasites and ectoparasites. Such molecules can be applied by oral administration, for example in the form of tablets, capsules, drinks, granules, etc., by dermal application, for example in the form of immersion, spray, injection, spot-on and dusting, and by parenteral administration, for example in the form of injection.

[0163] Formula 1 can also be advantageously used in livestock breeding, such as cattle, chickens, geese, goats, pigs, sheep and turkeys. They can also be advantageously used in pets, such as horses, dogs and cats. Particular pests to be controlled are flies, fleas and ticks, which are a nuisance to such animals. A suitable formulation is administered orally to the animal with drinking water or feed. The suitable dosage and formulation depend on the species.

[0164] Formula 1 may also be used to control parasites, particularly intestinal parasites, in the animals listed above.

[0165] Formula 1 can also be applied to invasive pests. Pests from all over the world are moving to new environments (for these pests) and become new invasive species in these new environments after moving. Such molecules can also be used on these new invasive species to control them in these new environments.

[0166] Plant viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion in crop yield losses worldwide each year. Many plant viruses need to be transmitted by vectors, most often insects, examples of which are leafhoppers and planthoppers. However, nematodes have also been shown to transmit viruses. Nematodes transmit plant viruses by feeding on the roots. Formula 1 can also be applied to plants to inhibit pests that carry plant viruses, thereby reducing the chances that such plant viruses will be transmitted from the pest to the plant.

[0167] Consequently, in light of the above, the following further, non-exhaustive details (D) are provided.

[0168] 1D. (a) Molecule of Formula 1(F1) [ka] Formula 1, also known as F1, (b) a second active ingredient ("2AI"); and A composition comprising: 2D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is abamectin. 3D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is acephate. 4D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is acetamiprid. 5D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is acequinocyl. 6D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is acrinathrin. 7D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is afidopiropen. 8D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is afoxolaner. 9D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is an allethrin. 10D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is allicin. 11D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is allosamidin. 12D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is alpha-cypermethrin. 13D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is amitraz. 14D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is anabasine. 15D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is azadirachtin. 16D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is azinphos-methyl. 17D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Bartholin's. 18D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is benclotiaz. 19D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is benfuracarb. 20D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bensultap. 21D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a benzoximate. 22D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is benzpyrimoxane. 23D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is beta-cyfluthrin. 24D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is beta-cypermethrin. 25D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bifenazate. 26D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bifenthrin. 27D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl. 28D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioallethrin. 29D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioethanometrin. 30D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is biopermethrin. 31D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bioresmethrin. 32D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bistrifluron. 33D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is brofenvalerate. 34D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is broflanilide. 35D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is broflutrinate. 36D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bromethrin. 37D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is bromopropylate. 38D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is buprofezin. 39D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is carbaryl. 40D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is carbofuran. 41D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is cartap. 42D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a quinomethionate. 43D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorantraniliprole. 44D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorbenzuron. 45D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlordimeform. 46D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorenpentrin. 47D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfenapyr. 48D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfenvinphos. 49D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorfluazuron. 50D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorpyrifos. 51D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is chlorpyrifos-methyl. 52D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is chromafenozide. 53D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cinerine. 54D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cismethrin. 55D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is clofentezine. 56D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is closantel. 57D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is clothianidin. 58D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is copper oleate. 59D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is crotamiton. 60D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cryolite. 61D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyantraniliprole. 62D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclaniliprole. 63D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is ciclethrin. 64D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclobutrifluram. 65D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cycloprothrin. 66D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cycloxapride. 67D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyenopyrafen. 68D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyflumetofen. 69D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyfluthrin. 70D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhalodiamide. 71D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhalothrin. 72D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhexatin. 73D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cypermethrin. 74D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyphenothrin. 75D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer]. 76D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyromazine. 77D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dayoutong. 78D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dazomet. 79D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DBCP. 80D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DCIP. 81D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-cis-trans allethrin. 82D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is deltamethrin. 83D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Demeton-S. 84D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DFDT. 85D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diafenthiuron. 86D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diazinon. 87D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dichlorvos. 88D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dichloromesothiaz. 89D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dicofol. 90D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dicyclanil. 91D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diflovidadin. 92D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diflubenzuron. 93D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimefluthrin. 94D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimethoate. 95D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dimpropyridaz. 96D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Dynex. 97D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dinoprop. 98D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ginosum. 99D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is dinotefuran. 100D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is diofenolan. 101D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-limonene. 102D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is DNOC. 103D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is doramectin. 104D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-trans-allethrin. 105D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ecdysterone. 106D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is emamectin benzoate. 107D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is emamectin. 108D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is empenthrin. 109D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer]. 110D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is endosulfan. 111D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is epofenonane. 112D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is eprinomectin. 113D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is epsilon-metofluthrin. 114D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is epsilon-monfluorothrin. 115D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is esfenvalerate. 116D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethione. 117D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethiprole. 118D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ethylene dibromide. 119D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is etofenprox. 120D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is etoxazole. 121D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is EXD. 122D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenamiphos. 123D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenazaquin. 124D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenbutatin oxide. 125D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenitrothion. 126D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenobucarb. 127D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenoxycarb. 128D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpyrithrin. 129D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpropathrin. 130D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenpyroximate. 131D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fenvalerate. 132D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fipronil. 133D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flometoquine. 134D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flonicamid. 135D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluacrypyrim. 136D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a fluoroazaindolizine. 137D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flubendiamide. 138D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucofuron. 139D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucycloxulon. 140D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flucythrinate. 141D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluensulfone. 142D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluphenerim. 143D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufenoxuron. 144D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufenprox. 145D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flufiprole. 146D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is full hexaphone. 147D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flumethrin. 148D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flupyradifurone. 149D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flupirimine. 150D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluralaner. 151D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is flusuramide. 152D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluvalinate. 153D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fluxametamide. 154D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is formetanate. 155D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is formparanate. 156D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fosthiazate. 157D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is furamethrin. 158D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is furan tebufenozide. 159D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is fretolin. 160D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is furfural. 161D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is gamma-cyhalothrin. 162D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is Halfenprox. 163D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is halofenozide. 164D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is heptafluthrin. 165D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is hexaflumuron. 166D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is hexythiazox. 167D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is hydramethylnon. 168D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is hydroprene. 169D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is imidyaphos. 170D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is imidacloprid. 171D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is imidaclothiz. 172D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is imiprothrin. 173D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is indoxacarb. 174D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is isamidophos. 175D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is isocycloceram. 176D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoprocarb. 177D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoprothiolane. 178D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is isoxathion. 179D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ivermectin. 180D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Jasmolin I. 181D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Jasmolin II. 182D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is jiahuangchongzong. 183D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is juvenile hormone I. 184D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is juvenile hormone II. 185D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is juvenile hormone III. 186D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is kadathrin. 187D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cadetrin. 188D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is kappa-bifenthrin. 189D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is kappa-tefluthrin. 190D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is kinoprene. 191D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is lambda-cyhalothrin. 192D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is lepimectin. 193D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is lotilaner. 194D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is lufenuron. 195D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is malathion. 196D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is maltodextrin. 197D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is matrine. 198D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is medimeform. 199D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is metaflumizone. 200D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is metaldehyde. 201D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is methamidophos. 202D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is methidathion. 203D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is methomyl. 204D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is methoxyfenozide. 205D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is methyl isothiocyanate. 206D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is metofluthrin. 207D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is methoxadiazone. 208D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is milbemectin. 209D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is milbemycin oxime. 210D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is monocrotophos. 211D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is moxidectin. 212D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is niclosamide. 213D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is nifluridide. 214D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is nitenpyram. 215D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is nithiazine. 216D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is nornicotine. 217D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is Novaluron. 218D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is noviflumuron. 219D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is omethoate. 220D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxamyl. 221D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxazosulfil. 222D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxydemeton-methyl. 223D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is parathion. 224D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is parathion-methyl. 225D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is permethrin. 226D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is folate. 227D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is phosphamidon. 228D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pirimicarb. 229D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pirimiphos-ethyl. 230D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pirimiphos-methyl. 231D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is precocene I. 232D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is precocene II. 233D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is precocene III. 234D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is profenofos. 235D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is propargite. 236D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is propoxur. 237D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is prothiofos. 238D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is piflubumid. 239D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pymetrozine. 240D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyraclofos. 241D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrethrin I. 242D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrethrin II. 243D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is a pyrethrin (pyrethrum). 244D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a pyrethrin. 245D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyridaben. 246D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyridalyl. 247D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrifluquinazone. 248D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrimidifen. 249D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyriprole. 250D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyriproxyfen. 251D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is quinalphos. 252D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is rafoxanide. 253D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is renofluthrin. 254D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is resmethrin. 255D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is rhodojaponin-III. 256D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is rotenone. 257D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is lyania. 258D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sabadilla. 259D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sanguinarine. 260D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is sarolaner. 261D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selamectin. 262D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is semiamitraz. 263D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is silafluofen. 264D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sodium thiocyanate. 265D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is spinetoram. 266D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is spinosad. 267D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is spirodiclofen. 268D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is spiromesifen. 269D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a spiropyridione. 270D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is spirotetramate. 271D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulcofuron. 272D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfluramide. 273D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfoxaflor. 274D. The composition of claim 1D, wherein the 2AI is a sulfoxime. 275D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tau-fluvalinate. 276D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tebufenozide. 277D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tebufenpyrad. 278D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is teflubenzuron. 279D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tefluthrin. 280D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is temephos. 281D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is terbufos. 282D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetrachlorantraniliprole. 283D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetradifon. 284D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin. 285D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer]. 286D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethylfulthrin. 287D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole. 288D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is theta-cypermethrin. 289D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiacloprid. 290D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiamethoxam. 291D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tiapronil. 292D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiocyclam. 293D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiodicarb. 294D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiometon. 295D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap. 296D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap-sodium. 297D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thuringiensin. 298D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is thioxazaphen. 299D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a chillpart. 300D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is tolfenpyrad. 301D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tralocitrine. 302D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is tralomethrin. 303D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is transfluthrin. 304D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is transpermethrin. 305D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a triaryl alcohol. 306D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is triazophos. 307D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is trichlorfon. 308D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is triflumezopyrim. 309D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is triflumuron. 310D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is triptolide. 311D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyclopyrazoflor. 312D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is valerate. 313D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is vaniliprole. 314D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is ishidin. 315D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is zeta-cypermethrin. 316D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is α-ecdysone. 317D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AIs are selected from AIGAs. 318D. The composition of claim 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from acaricides, algaecides, antifeedants, birdicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammalian repellents, mating disruptants, molluscicides, nematicides, plant activators, plant health stimulants or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists and virucides. 319D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from AIGA-2. 320D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from AIGA-3. 321D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a biopesticide. 322D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. 323D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from GABA-gated chloride channel blockers. 324D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from sodium channel modulators. 324D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators. 325D. A composition as described in any of the above, wherein the composition further comprises an AI selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators-Site I. 325D. The composition of claim 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators. 326D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from juvenile hormone mimetics. 327D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a variety of non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors. 328D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from TRPV channel modulators of chordotonal organs. 329D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mite growth inhibitors. 330D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from microbial disruptors of the insect midgut membrane. 331D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase. 332D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient. 333D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers. 334D. The combination described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0. 335D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1. 336D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from dipteran molting disruptors. 337D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from ecdysone receptor agonists. 338D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from octopamine receptor agonists. 339D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors. 340D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors. 341D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. 342D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor. 343D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors. 345D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors. 346D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from ryanodine receptor modulators. 347D. The composition of claim 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chordotonal organ modifiers-undefined target sites. 348D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators. 349D. The composition of 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a baculovirus. 350D. A composition as described in any of those detailed above, wherein the composition further comprises a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-Site II. 351D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from group UN. 352D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from group UNB. 353D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from group UNE. 354D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from group UNF. 355D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from group UNM. 356D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a fungicide. 357D. The composition described in 1D, wherein the 2AI is a herbicide. 358D. The seed treatment composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is azoxystrobin, and the composition may optionally comprise one or more AIs selected from AIGA. 359D. The seed treatment composition of 358D, wherein the one or more AIs are selected from fludioxonil, mefenoxam, sedaxane, fipronil, pyraclostrobin, thiophanate-methyl, fluazinam, metalaxyl-M, thiabendazole, fluopicolide, fluoxastrobin, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl and thiodicarb. 360D. Seeds treated with a seed treatment composition according to 358D or 359D, which may optionally be genetically modified seeds. 361D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000 or from about 100:1 to about 1:100. 362D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 50:1 to about 1:50. 363D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 20:1 to about 1:20. 364D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 10:1 to about 1:10. 365D. Any of the compositions detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 5:1 to about 1:5. 366D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 3:1 to about 1:3. 367D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 2:1 to about 1:2. 368D. A composition as detailed above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is about 1:1. 369D. The weight ratio of the molecule of formula 1 (F1) in (a) to the second active ingredient in (b) is X:Y, where X is the parts by weight of the molecule of formula 1 (F1) in (a) and Y is the parts by weight of the second active ingredient in (b); furthermore, the numerical range of the parts by weight of X is 0 < X ≤ 100, the parts by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≤ 100, and further X and Y are selected from Table 4 and are any of those described in detail above, and the composition according to any one of them. 370D. A method for controlling pests, comprising applying an agriculturally effective amount of the composition according to any one of 1D to 369D described in detail above to the area. 371.5D The method according to detail 370D, wherein the pest is Mahanarva fimbriolata or Nilaparvata lugens or both. 371D. The method according to detail 370D, wherein the pest is selected from the group consisting of ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, scale insects, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, soil insects, leafhoppers, lice, termites, locusts, lygus bugs, weevils, konakajigaramushi, mites, mosquitoes, nematodes, planthoppers, thrips, rootworms, wasps, scale insects, whitegrubs, and wireworms. 372D. The step according to detail 370D, wherein the pest is a pest that feeds on sap. 373D. The step according to detail 370D, wherein the pest is a chewing pest. 374D. The step according to detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to the soil. 375D. The step according to detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to the leaves of the plant. 376D. The method of detail 370D, wherein the area is growing rice, bananas, corn, coffee beans, soybeans, cotton, nuts, peanuts, potatoes, sorghum, sugarcane, canola, tea, grapes, grass, ornamentals, wheat, barley, alfalfa, tree fruits, tropical fruits, oil palm, plantation crops, or other fruits or vegetables. 377D. The composition of detail 360D, wherein the seed is a cotton seed, a sunflower seed, a rice seed, a sugar beet seed, a canola seed, a corn seed, a wheat seed, a barley seed, a millet seed, a sorghum seed, a buckwheat seed, an oat seed, a rye seed, a soybean seed or a quinoa seed. 378D. (a) Molecule of Formula 1(F1) [ka] Formula 1, also known as F1 and, (b) a second active ingredient or combination of second active ingredients ("2AIs"); and A seed treatment composition comprising: 379D. The composition according to 378D, wherein the 2AI is: (1) Abamectin; (2) Acibenzolar-S-methyl; (3) Azoxystrobin; (4) a combination of azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam and sedaxane; (5) a combination of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma virens; (6) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB600; (7) Bacillus firmus I-1582; (8) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838; (9) Bradyrhizobium japonicum; (10) Bradyrhizobium spp.; (11) Broflanilide; (12) Chlorantraniliprole; (13) Chlorantraniliprole in combination with fluopyram; (14) A combination of chlortraniliprole, oxathiapiproline, ipconazole and picoxystrobin; (15) Clothianidin; (16) combination of clothianidin and Bacillus firmus I-1582; (17) A combination of clothianidin, Bacillus firmus I-1582, and Bacillus thuringiensis; (18) A combination of clothianidin, fluopicolide and fluoxastrobin; (19) A combination of clothianidin, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and metalaxyl; (20) Cyantraniliprole; (21) cyantraniliprole in combination with thiamethoxam; (22) Difenoconazole; (23) Difenoconazole in combination with mefenoxam; (24) Dimethomorph; (25) Ethaboxam; (26) Fludioxonil; (27) fludioxonil and mefenoxam in combination; (28) A combination of fludioxonil, mefenoxam, azoxystrobin and thiabendazole; (29) A combination of fluopicolide and fluoxastrobin; (30) Fluopyram; (31) Flupyradifurone; (32) Fluxapyroxad; (33) Imazamox; (34) Imidacloprid; (35) A combination of imidacloprid, metalaxyl and tebuconazole; (36) A combination of imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl and fludioxonil; (37) A combination of imidacloprid and thiodicarb; (38) Ipconazole; (39) ipconazole in combination with metalaxyl; (40) A combination of ipconazole, metalaxyl and imidacloprid; (41) Mefenoxam; (42) A combination of mefenoxam, thiabendazole and fludioxonil; (43) Mefentrifluconazole; (44) Metalaxyl; (45) A combination of metalaxyl, fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin; (46) Methiocarb; (47) Methoxyfenozide; (48) Myclobutanil; (49) Oxathiapiproline; (50) A combination of oxathiapiproline, picoxystrobin and ipconazole; (51) Picoxystrobin; (52) Prothioconazole in combination with metalaxyl; (53) A combination of prothioconazole, penflufen and metalaxyl; (54) Pyraclostrobin; (55) A combination of pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxad, triticonazole and metalaxyl; (56) Sedaxane; (57) Spinetoram; (58) Spinosad; (59) Sulfoxaflor; (60) Tebuconazole; (61) A combination of tebuconazole, prothioconazole and metalaxyl; (62) Tefluthrin; (63) Thiamethoxam; (64) A combination of thiamethoxam, difenoconazole, mefenoxam, fludioxonil and sedaxane; (65) A combination of thiamethoxam, fludioxonil and mefenoxam; (66) A combination of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam and difenoconazole; (67) Chilam; (68) thioxazaphen; or (69) Triflumezopyrim. 380D. The composition according to 379D, wherein the 2AI is: (1) Fenpicoxamid; (2) Florylpicoxamide; (3) one or more members of FGK-1; (4) one or more members of FGK-2; (5) FGK-3; (6) FGK-4; or (7) Any combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0169] The headings herein are for convenience only and should not be used to interpret any part of this document.

[0170] The table sections are as follows, including Tables B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, C1, C2 and C3.

[0171] [Table 3]

[0172] [Table 4]

[0173]

Table 5

[0174]

Table 6

[0175]

Table 7

[0176]

Table 8

[0177]

Table 9

[0178]

Table 10

[0179]

Table 11

Claims

1. (a) A molecule of formula 1 (F1) 【Chemistry 1】 Formula 1, also known as F1, (b) a second active ingredient ("2AI") selected from the group consisting of anicifluprine, benquitrione, beta-cyfluthrin, chlorinconazid, cyprofuranilide, deltamethrin, dioxopyritrione, epirifenacil, phenmezodithiaz, fenpyrazone, fluchlordiniliprole, flufenoxadiazam, flumethylsulfolim, fluoxythioconazole, indazapiroxameth, methallylpicoxamide, nicofluprole, rimisoxafen, sebocthylamine, spidoxamat, spirobudifen, tetraniliprole, thiolanthraniliprole, and trifluenfuronate; A composition comprising:

2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is anicifluprine.

3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is benquitrione.

4. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is chlorinconazide.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is ciproflanilide.

6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is dioxopyritrione.

7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is epirifenacil.

8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is phenmezodithiaz.

9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is fenpyrazone.

10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is fluchlordiniliprole.

11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is flufenoxadiazam.

12. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is flumethylsulfolim.

13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is fluoxythioconazole.

14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is indazapiroxameth.

15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is methallyl picoxamide.

16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is nicofluprole.

17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is rimisoxafen.

18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is seboctylamine.

19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is spidoxamat.

20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is spirobudifen.

21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is thiolanthraniliprole.

22. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is trifluenfuronate.

23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is beta-cyfluthrin.

24. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 2AI is deltamethrin.

25. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole.

26. 26. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from 10000:1 to 1:10000.

27. 27. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is 1:1.

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