Quantum gravity device

Abstract

Quantum gravity electro-optical logic gates have been implemented using quantum eraser circuits to minimize mass-energy in superposition. The gates describe two or more incompatible spacetimes that spontaneously collapse at times specified by the Diosi-Penrose model. Gravitationally coupled gates can be used to build information processing, signaling, and sensor systems. Superposition antennas controlled by the gates create radiation patterns that form sharp cell boundaries at the Diosi-Penrose collapse points. Superposition antennas in receive mode have higher sensitivity than classical systems. Quantum gravity transmission systems tune the collapse time by varying the masses involved in two detectors, allowing signals to be transmitted. Sensors use the collapse time to probe beam absorption, enabling characterization of objects without reflected energy or imaging via multiple parallel or scanned beams. These systems provide a comprehensive framework for investigating quantum gravity.

Description

Related Applications

[0001] Priority is claimed from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 390,560, filed July 19, 2022, entitled "Quantum Gravity Device," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. References and Prior Art

[0002] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. In the event of conflicting information, this specification controls over the referenced materials. Relativistic quantum computer / quantum gravity computer WO2020 / 086362 Howl, R., Penrose, R. & Fuentes, I. "Searching for the unification of quantum theory and general relativity with Bose-Einstein condensates." New J. Phys. 21, 043047 (2019) 'HPF Paper' (HPF) Incidentally, a Bose-Einstein condensate is not required for the operation of our device. Abrams, DS & Lloyd, S. "Nonlinear quantum mechanics implies polynomial-time solutions of NP-complete and #P problems." Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3992-3995 (1998) Garrelt Quandt-Wiese, "Solid-state Diosi-Penrose criterion and single-photon detectors in quantum superposition" - arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.00353, 2017 - arxiv.org [Technical Field]

[0003] The quantum gravity device implements electro-optical logic gates configured to describe two mutually contradictory space-times. The time it takes for the collapse is specified by Penrose's objective collapse (OR). Because the device is sensitive to both quantum mechanics and general relativity, it can be used to test unified theories and build new types of computers, communication systems, and sensors. Preferred embodiments for each application are described. [Background technology]

[0004] Erwin Schroedinger suggested that quantum mechanics is flawed because it is possible to place a cat in a state of superposition. In his original paper, a cat is placed in a metal box with gauge counters positioned to detect the decay of a radioactive sample that breaks a flask of poison. This sample has a 50% chance of decaying over the course of an hour. After one hour, the wave function of the system should describe a mixture of living and dead cats. To Schroedinger, extending quantum superposition to an object as large as a cat seemed absurd, and so the paradox was born.

[0005] There are several ways to deal with his paradox. Subjective models like the Copenhagen interpretation say that the act of observing the cat causes a collapse of the state, but this itself creates another paradox. Everett's many-worlds interpretation asserts that the wave function never collapses: in the world of my conscious experience the cat is alive, but in other worlds it is not.

[0006] Another way to resolve Schrödinger's paradox is to follow his original intent. This paradox is a clue to a flaw in our current understanding of quantum mechanics. This kind of theory is called "objective"—it doesn't require an observer and should be experimentally verifiable.

[0007] Lajos Diosi and Roger Penrose proposed one such objective theory. They argue that superposition of wave functions contradicts general relativity because it gives rise to two incompatible spacetimes. In Schrödinger's thought experiment, one can imagine a dead cat falling to the floor while a living cat remains standing. This results in different curvatures of spacetime. This contradiction must end when we overcome the time-energy version of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Penrose and Diosi derived the decay equations in two different ways, differing only by a factor of two in the self-energy gamma constant, and so their interpretation is called the Diosi-Penrose model.

[0008] We propose a device that explicitly implements a quantum gate sensitive to Diosci-Penrose decay. In this model, the Heisenberg time-energy uncertainty equation determines the time it takes to decay: the greater the energy, the faster the decay proceeds.

[0009]

number

[0010] Here, ▲E g ▼ is the gravitational self-energy, ▲h▼ is the reduced Planck constant, and γ is a constant originally estimated by Penrose to be 1 / (8π).

[0011] This energy is the same energy released when dust clouds gather and "fall" into gravity wells to form planets. If we try to put planets into superposition, we must work against this enormous energy. It should be made clear here that Penrose does not claim that we need to find this energy; that would contradict conservation laws. Instead, the wave function collapses when we are certain that we need to find this energy.

[0012] The wave function separated by the proton radius is 10 6 years, and the dust particles decay in 10 -8 It collapses in seconds, while the cat -28 It decays in seconds: we cannot see the superposition of a live cat and a dead cat because those superpositions are too short-lived to register in our visual perception.

[0013] In the Howl, Penrose, and Fuentes (HPF) paper, energies are calculated for two cases: large separation and small separation. Lambda (λ), the ratio of the separation distance (s) to the size of the separated masses (R), determines which case occurs.

[0014]

number

[0015] For small masses separated by a large distance, i.e., (λ ≥ 1), the self-energy is given by:

[0016]

number

[0017] where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass in the superposition, and R is the radius of that mass (assumed to be a sphere).

[0018] On the other hand, when large masses are separated by a small distance, i.e., (0≦λ≦1), the self-energy is given by:

[0019]

number

[0020] For small λ, the decay time is found to depend on the square of the separation, so mesoscopic masses can be used if they are moved only very short distances. Mesoscopic masses can be large, up to 1 gram, with movement distances on the order of roughly 1 Angstrom, and measurement times within 1 microsecond are achievable.

[0021] Quantum gravity gates and computation Quantum gates are used to manipulate qubits. In the "train track" model of quantum computing, a series of qubits are manipulated by gate primitives such as controlled NOT (CNOT) and specific rotations, enabling universal quantum computation. Various methods are used to realize this form of quantum computer, including superconducting rings, photonic gates, and trapped ions. The primary difficulty with conventional quantum computers is noise. Noise is random vibrations from the environment that decoherence the phase information in a quantum system. Computation is achieved by applying gates to the qubits while preserving the qubits' phase information against decoherence from the environment. At the end of the computation, a measurement reads the information from the quantum system and yields a result. This measurement collapses the wave function into classical observables. While it is commonly believed that decoherence also collapses the wave function, this is incorrect. Collapse and decoherence are two distinct phenomena, and this patent proposes a method to separate them. Such a method can be used for computation and operations.

[0022] Quantum gravity gates and communication antennas Antennas are used to radiate power and receive signals. Their behavior is modeled using classical laws governed by Maxwell's equations. When modeling, the wave-particle duality of light must be taken into account. Some modeling packages use ray tracing, assuming photons are ballistic particles, while more sophisticated models use approximations of Maxwell's equations to model wave behavior, especially diffraction and dispersion.

[0023] Wave behavior results in constructive and destructive interference, both of which are common in today's beamforming antennas. One or more radiators are fed with similar signals. At distances from the radiators, the similar signals combine constructively to form a strong signal or destructively to form a null. Constructive interference reduces interference by improving the signal strength received by the User Equipment (UE) at the constructive interference peak and decreasing it for other devices.

[0024] The main problem limiting the propagation range of a signal is a lack of power. This is usually expressed as effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP). EIRP is the power a receiver would detect if the signal had to be transmitted isotropically (in all directions). The ratio of EIRP to the power input to the antenna indicates the antenna gain and can be used to calculate the effective portion of the sphere in which this signal strength is visible. For example, an antenna gain of +28dB has a corresponding beam angle of 7.5 degrees.

[0025] The simplest way to increase EIRP is to operate two transmitters together. Relative to a single transmitter, this results in a four-fold (6 dB) improvement: 3 dB from adding a second power source and 3 dB from constructively interfering beams. However, there are two problems with this scheme: first, the power source has been doubled, and second, the EIRP has been quadrupled for all receivers in the beam. Both can be limiting factors. Power source often has practical limitations, and EIRP can be limited by standards, license conditions, and legislation. Even if there are no limitations due to regulatory oversight, there is always a need to avoid interference with other devices. Avoiding adverse interference is a fundamental principle of wireless standards. The proposed invention provides a novel solution to these practical antenna problems.

[0026] Quantum Gravity Transmitter A normal transmitter cannot tell if its signal has been detected and received, but a quantum system can determine if its own signal has been eavesdropped, which does not provide a way to transmit information normally.

[0027] quantum gravity sensor Sensors work by transmitting a signal and detecting its reflection or response. A new sensing method can be implemented using quantum gravity gates, where the detection of the signal by an observer causes an accelerating decay of the sensing waveform. Objective of the invention

[0028] The objective of this invention is to implement a quantum gravity device that can be used for computation, communication, and sensing. This device consists of the following elements: 1. A method of superposing two or more spatially separated quantum states. 2. A method for amplifying spatially separated states without causing wave function collapse. 3. How to manipulate the pre-collapse state. 4. How to increase or decrease the mass-energy of a superposition state. 5. A method for amplifying spatially separated states to cause wave function collapse in a measurable time. 6. A method for sensing each superposition state individually or by cross-reference. Summary of the Invention

[0029] Implementing quantum gravity gates using electro-optical devices and quantum erasers has been proposed. Such devices have the advantage that they can be implemented at virtually room temperature, with the primary exception being single-photon detectors, which are optimally cooled to reduce malfunctions due to thermal noise. Gates spontaneously collapse with a time constant set by the mass-energy displacement of their key mechanical components. While mass is typically used to form the collapse, the problem is the superposition of two inconsistent spacetime metrics, and thus energy may also be used instead of mass. Energy superposition can be created by firing two powerful lasers superimposed with a control signal or by switching powerful laser beams with a mirror. Sensing the interference of the two superposition states allows for the measurement of the collapse time. In the case of sensors or transceivers, the collapse time may be further tuned by a mass-energy device. The presence of these devices can be inferred by measuring the collapse time of the first device without a signal from the second device. Before the collapse, two electromagnetic or gravitational wave signals may constructively and destructively interfere, resulting in beneficial effects for the transmission of information in the electromagnetic or gravitational spectrum.

[0030] The following describes a preferred embodiment, and specific details are exemplary and not limiting.

[0031] In the accompanying drawings, like reference numbers may refer to identical or functionally similar elements and are used in the detailed description to illustrate embodiments and to explain aspects and advantages of the present disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0032] [Figure 1] We present a complete single quantum gravity lightning gate setup. [Figure 1a] A close-up of the mirror piezo assembly. [Figure 2] Here is the classic Schrodinger's cat setup: [Figure 3]A controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer is shown. [Figure 3a] Demonstrates quantum computing processing in a controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer. [Figure 4] Detector signal processing for a single CNOT gate Mach-Zehnder interferometer is shown. [Figure 5] An oscilloscope trace from the detector is shown. [Figure 6] This shows the bias circuit for controlling a SPAD (single photon detector). [Figure 7] Demonstrates quantum gravity CNOT lightning computer gate. [Figure 8] Shown is a two-element quantum gravity antenna. [Figure 8a] Shows quantum gravity catastrophe cell boundaries. [Figure 8b] A phased array quantum gravity transceiver is shown. [Figure 9] Shows a quantum gravitational wave transceiver. [Figure 10] Shows counterfactual sensors. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0033] The following detailed description is intended to provide an exemplary implementation for those of ordinary skill in the art and is not intended to limit the invention to the explicit disclosure. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that variations may be substituted within the scope of the invention.

[0034] In the following description, various embodiments are described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. It is also apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without the specific details. Additionally, well-known features have been omitted or simplified so as not to obscure the embodiments described herein.

[0035] Figure 1 shows the setup of a quantum gravity gate device. This device implements a quantum-controlled NOT (CNOT) gate with a decay time set by the masses of two small mirrors. A laser 101 directs photons toward a neutral density (ND) filter 102, which is connected to a non-polarizing beam splitter 103. In practice, ND filters are configured as a stack of two or more filters to achieve the desired attenuation. Two single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 104 are located at the output of the beam splitter. This assembly is contained in a cooling chamber 105, but the SPADs 104 are the only components that require cooling, thereby reducing dark counts. In some devices, the SPADs include an integrated cooling mechanism using one or more Peltier device stages. The SPADs are connected to a control circuit 106, which is described in detail in Figure 6. This control circuit is controlled by a CPU 107. The CPU controls three signals: quench 108, reset 109, and laser ON / OFF 110. The timing of these signals is shown in Figure 5. The laser ON / OFF control circuitry is not shown, but simply switches a higher current than most microcontrollers can safely provide, using a Darlington pair. The quench and reset circuit switches the appropriate high voltage via relays. The prototype setup uses bench equipment, including a high-voltage power supply unit 112, a low-voltage power supply unit 111, and a programmable storage oscilloscope 113. In production, these will be replaced with appropriate solid-state electronics. The storage oscilloscope is connected to a computer for data capture and analysis via a network interface (not shown). As discussed below, certain precautions are taken with the equipment performing the measurements. In this setup, each SPAD switches a DC voltage; however, it is possible to add an AC supply in parallel with the DC bias and couple it with a capacitor. This is further explained in Figures 8 and 9.

[0036] The details of operation are as follows: Single photons are generated by a solid-state laser mounted on a heat sink 101. The output of this laser is attenuated by an anti-reflection coated 6.0 neutral density (ND) filter in series with an uncoated 6.0 ND filter 102. This reduces the photon output from the laser to approximately 12,000 counts per second. Strictly speaking, this setup is not a true single-photon generator; each photon is entangled with other photons in the laser cavity. However, for our purposes, a simple attenuated laser is sufficient. Two single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) 104 are placed at the output of the beam splitter in a reverse-biased Geiger mode 103. SPADs respond to photons by generating an avalanche of charge carriers, making them electrically conductive. However, SPADs suffer from dark counts, which are random firings of SPADs due to thermal noise. For this reason the detectors are cooled to -10°C, which reduces the dark counts by a factor of 1000 to a rate of about 3000 counts per second. The reverse bias voltage for the SPADs is 143 volts, the bias being nominally 12 volts but variable by power supply unit 111 or suitable control circuitry.

[0037] When a SPAD 104 "fires," a single photon triggers a charge carrier avalanche, lowering the junction impedance. A bias voltage is applied to the piezoelectric element via two connectors. These connections are made via two coaxial cables 128 connected to the positive and negative terminals of the piezoelectric element. The voltage across the SPAD drops to zero, and the SPAD returns to an open circuit. If both SPADs fire, a dual-rail quantum superposition electrical pulse is generated, controlling the two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The interferometer is mounted on an optical table 119 and includes a beam splitter 123 and a beam combiner 124. The arm lengths are controlled by piezoelectric mirror assemblies attached to a linear translator 120. This translator is labeled 121 as part of the HP-Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer (HSPMI). In this configuration, the HSPMI's role is to move the beam laterally, using only one polarization. The entire system generates an interference pattern on optical detectors D1 125 and D2 126, whose output electrical amplitude can be measured with an oscilloscope or other measuring device to obtain the differential position of the mirrors. Because we are using differential mode only, the only function of the HSPMI cube 121 is to move the laser beam laterally by 12.5 mm and pick it off with the "pick-off" mirror 122, completing the Mach-Zehnder square.

[0038] The system is theoretically sensitive to a 1 / 2000 change in arm length of a polarized helium-neon (HeNe) laser 126 at 633 nm, allowing for a detection of approximately 3 Å of change. A 2 nm optical bandpass filter 127 is placed in front of the optical detector to filter out the HeNe laser's sidebands and ambient noise. The benefit of this filter is that the instrument can operate in daylight. While one detector is required for operation, two detectors are installed and can be operated differentially to reject common-mode noise.

[0039] The highest frequency piezo available for controlling a 7 mm diameter mirror, piezo 114, has a self-resonant frequency of 5 MHz. However, when this piezo is coupled to the mass of the mirror 115, the resonant frequency drops to 3 MHz, resulting in a mechanical rise time of approximately 100 nanoseconds. This places a lower limit on the time that can be explored without resorting to special materials or custom fabrication. The dominant delay in the system comes from the rise time of the mirror and piezo assembly 114, 115.

[0040] Electronic control system 106 is implemented with a microcontroller and relay circuit, which provides the bias voltage (2-30 volts) for the SPAD. This device can be activated every microsecond, with the SPAD extinguished between each activation. The firing time of the SPAD is the limiting factor, being approximately 4 nanoseconds. The reset time is also set by the impedance of the circuit, which can be adjusted to much better than 1 microsecond. PSUs 111 and 112 provide a nominal bias and breakdown voltage of 143 volts. The exact breakdown voltage is part lot dependent and can be determined with a little experimentation by observing oscilloscope traces while varying the breakdown and bias voltage of the PSU.

[0041] The signal is recorded on a storage oscilloscope with 200MHz bandwidth and a sample rate of 1GS / s, resulting in a final timing resolution of 1ns.

[0042] Main components SPAD 104: Hamamatsu S12053-02 avalanche photodiodes (APDs), minimum quantum efficiency of 85% for 633 nm photons. Mirror 115: 7mm diameter protective silver, Thorlabs part number PF03-03-P01. Piezo 114: Stem SMD7T04S111. PSU 112: High voltage power supply unit TTi PLH250-P 0-250V / 0-0.375A. PSU 111: Siglent SPD3303X-E bench power supply. Oscilloscope 113: Siglent SDS1204X-E. Microcontroller: Arduino. Interferometer 121: HP-Agilent High Stability Plane Mirror Interferometer (HSPMI), used in this configuration only as a beam diverter. Laser 1 101: Compact laser module, 635nm, 0.9mW (Typ.) Thorlabs PL202. Laser 2 126: Class IIIa / 3R self-contained unstabilized polarized HeNe laser, Thorlabs HNLS008L or Pacific Lasertec, frequency stabilized polarized HeNe laser. Physical Implementation: The optical interferometer is mounted in a Faraday cage and placed on air table isolation. A cooling chamber (commercial refrigerator) is provided containing the single-photon generator. The control circuitry provides precision power supplies for power supply, extinguishing, reset, laser control, and all required voltages. Due to the small size of the mirror piezo assembly, only one beam from the HSPMI is modulated, while the other beams are reflected by a fixed mirror. The control circuitry is mounted in another Faraday cage, and all wiring is coaxial cable.

[0043] Figure 1a provides a close-up view of the mirror assembly. A smaller mirror 115 is attached to a larger mirror 116, sandwiching a piezo actuator 114 between them. Connections to the piezos are made via copper tape 117, 118 with conductive adhesive, which ensures the stack remains parallel during operation.

[0044] Figure 2 illustrates the superposition of quantum objects on a large scale. For example, Schrödinger's live cat 201 and dead cat 202 give rise to different space-time configurations, with the illustrated space curvatures 203, 204, and 205 resulting from the standing live cat and 206, 207, and 208 resulting from the lying dead cat. Of course, the curvature is a bit more complicated than this illustration. When these space-time differences become important, the wave function collapses, resolving the paradox. The challenge is devising a way to sense the existence of these two superposition states. In our device, this is achieved by shining light onto two mirrors, each representing one of the two cats, producing different interference patterns before and after the wave function collapses.

[0045] Figure 3 depicts a controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer implementing a quantum gravity gate, next to which an illustration of quantum computing is shown in Figure 3a. The input line 301 in Figure 3 is implemented by a laser 307 and represents the quantum state |0>. The Hadamar gate H 302 splits the quantum state into two spatially separated superposition photons 314 and 315. The state probabilities must sum to 1 according to the following formula:

[0046]

number

[0047] However, this probability normalization only applies after measurement, and the state in the superposition is undefined. In a sense, we can imagine the photon going in both directions 317 and 318, and then "determine" its actual path based on the equation above. The photon, or at least its state, is in fact going in both directions, and since the interference pattern is detectable in 316, it is in fact going in both directions.

[0048] In our quantum circuit description, a single connection 320 represents a quantum state. However, in the physical world, this connection is delocalized, with the |0> state 314 and the |1> state 315 taking different paths east and north, respectively. Varying the positions of mirrors 309 and 310 affects the path lengths around squares 317 and 318, and therefore the phase θ between the |0> and |1> states 303 in the combiner. Finally, the paths are recombined by beam combiner 311, which in quantum computing terms is simply another Hadamar gate 304. This phase can be measured with measurement devices M305, 312 by observing the intensity of the interference pattern 313 at a specific point 314.

[0049] The phase information is very delicate, and the room temperature decoherence time of the aforementioned dust particles is about 10 -30 Even with ultra-high vacuum and cooling, this time is on the order of 10 -20 It can only be reduced to seconds. Many scientists believe that decoherence and collapse are synonymous, but this is a misconception. Decoherence effects usually overwhelm attempts to observe gravitational collapse, but they can be observed independently in two-mirror systems. This phenomenon can be explained mathematically.

[0050] The density matrix of a two mirror system, where a single photon is split by a half silver mirror, is:

[0051]

number

[0052] The system is in 50:50 superposition, and the phase information resides in the off-diagonal terms. As the air molecules perturb the mirror, the off-diagonal terms approach zero. This results in a density matrix transition as follows:

[0053]

number

[0054] Mathematically, this matrix describes a state that is neither quantum nor classical. There is no wave function corresponding to this density matrix, and it is not a classical state either. For the collapse to occur, the density matrix must break a symmetry and transition to one of the following:

[0055]

number

[0056] The decoupling of two quantum properties—in our case, decoherence and collapse—is not unprecedented. In the Cheshire Cat experiment, polarization and position measurements are made independently. We believe something similar is happening here, separating decoherence (a noise-like process that affects phase information and requires cryogenic cooling to suppress) and gravitational collapse (a symmetry-breaking process that affects position and is temperature-independent). Quantum gravity logic is constructed in such a way that it is insensitive to decoherence, only to collapse, which dramatically increases computational time.

[0057] Figure 4 shows a schematic of the instrument, with the center showing the intensity of the interference pattern generated by the movement of each mirror in the CNOT quantum gravity gate implementation using the Mach-Zehnder interferometer of Figures 1 and 3. We explain the need to implement a quantum eraser. The Mach-Zehnder laser 401 interferometer has two piezo-controlled mirrors 405 that change its path length 415 and 416. A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) 411, connected to the output of the beam splitter 403, moves these mirrors. A corner cube reflector 404 moves the beam 12.5 mm to the side, closing the square. The interference pattern is generated by recombining the beam 413 and is monitored by detector D 406, which has an optical intensity equal to the differential displacement of the mirrors. Control laser 2 402 can be switched off, and dark counts—random firing of the SPAD due to thermal noise—are always triggered, but these are always non-superposition events. The difference in the shape of the curves between the laser-off non-superposition case and the laser-on superposition case allows us to witness the Diosi-Penrose collapse.

[0058] Mach-Zehnder interferometers form the basic building blocks of modern optical quantum computers, and have the important advantage of being able to operate at room temperature. The only exception is the benefit of cooling single-photon detectors to reduce dark counts. For this reason, many optical quantum computers operate at a few Kelvin, which is significantly easier to achieve than superconducting quantum computers, which operate at milliKelvin. We have cooled them to -10°C and still shown a reduction in dark counts of three orders of magnitude.

[0059] The qubit is encoded by splitting a single photon 412 emitted by a laser 401 into two physical paths. North 414 represents the state <1|, and East 415 represents the state <0|. The phase difference between these paths is controlled by another qubit generated by a beam splitter. Together, these form a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate. Our device tests whether the gate self-measures and collapses, breaking symmetry. This process occurs in a time consistent with Diosci-Penrose. The phase decoheres almost instantly, making it impossible to measure in isolation, but the decoherence is symmetric and identical for both paths.

[0060] The main problem to overcome is the possibility of noise-gravity coupling between many noise sources and the environment, which can cause premature collapse. Consider power supplies, for example. Desktop power supplies contain feedback circuits that attempt to stabilize the voltage when they have a current draw. If the device draws significant current, these circuits form a measuring device and we must take into account the mass that contributes to the collapse time. In our device, we have gone to great lengths to make everything operate symmetrically. By connecting the SPADs to a common power rail 408, the current draw will be the same regardless of which leg is firing.

[0061] Interferometer operation and control Many factors can cause noise. To address these, the control laser 402 is turned off between measurements to provide a reference. This allows modulating the superposition without changing other parameters. This is achieved by exploiting the failure condition of the SPAD - its dark counts. Thermal noise causes the SPAD to generate random avalanches, called dark counts. Although these events appear identical to normal avalanches, they cannot be the result of superposition.

[0062] quantum eraser It is important that no part of the device (except the mirror) acquires "which way" information. According to the Diosci-Penrose interpretation, only the mirror mass is superconducting. A device without a quantum eraser 409 presents a problem. Interferometric measurements show different motions for northbound photons 417 and eastbound photons 416—upward for one and downward for the other. This implicates the mass of items connected to the mirror, including the oscilloscope and ultimately the observer who witnessed the trace. And, because of delayed selection, all subsequent measurements will interfere with this measurement. This information must be erased. We accomplish this by reversing the motion of one mirror based on 10 volts 409 rather than zero 410. This swaps the curves so that the initial motion of the interference pattern indicates a superposition. We further implement an additional eraser by using a sum junction to trigger an oscilloscope using the output from two single-photon detectors. This connection is connected to the quench line 407 and bias control 406.

[0063] In Figure 5, before each experiment, the phase of the detector 406 (Figure 4) is manually set to maximize the signal by adjusting the linear translator 120 (Figure 1). This maximizes the positive fluctuation 505 relative to the movement of the mirror piezo assembly 405. The experiment begins at 501, when the microcontroller switches diode laser 2 402 between laser on and laser off 502. This modulates the superposition between successive experiments. With the laser on, approximately 75% of photons superpose, resulting in some dark counts. With the laser off, no superposition is observed, although rare double firings may occur. Therefore, the experiment alternates between superposition in the laser on state (high) 501 and non-superposition in the laser on state (low) 501. The quench line is released at 503, and the microcontroller pulls the signal high 501, indicating the start of the experiment. This turns on the reverse bias current, causing the SPAD to avalanche with the next arriving photon, resulting in a current-switching state.

[0064] The first photon is detected at 504, causing the SPAD to avalanche and enter a low impedance state. The mirror position 505 moves. When viewed over a long time period, measured at 100 milliseconds, the SPAD fires repeatedly and self-quenches. Using a very short time period, only a single firing is observed. This single firing is used to operate the device.

[0065] The mirror continues to move in the superposition state 506, and after a time between 1.1 μs and 1.5 μs, the effect decays and the trace returns to zero. This trace represents the difference between the two path lengths within the interferometer. The effect is larger in the superposition state (laser on) 506 than in the laser off control state 507. In practice, noise is observed that must be filtered using standard digital signal processing techniques. Cooling the entire system reduces thermal noise, drawing a vacuum reduces the effects of convection and acoustic noise, and using a Faraday cage reduces RF interference. All of this can be achieved using techniques similar to those used in modern conventional hard disk drives.

[0066] Figure 6 shows the control circuitry for a SPAD (single-photon avalanche diode). An equivalent circuit 621 is shown for one SPAD device, which can be modeled using programs like SPICE (Program for Integrated Circuit Simulation). A quantum "eraser" 612 in this circuit reverses the motion of one mirror relative to 10 volts rather than ground. This cancellation results in the accelerated motion corresponding to the superposition. It's also possible to make this circuit completely symmetrical, but this would require an electronic quantum eraser, such as an absolute value function. Many oscilloscopes include this in their processing chain, but because this circuit contains "which way" information, its mass must be considered in the Diosci-Penrose mass calculation. The circuit operates as follows: Power supply unit 601 sets the circuit just below its breakdown voltage. For the SPAD under test, this is nominally 143 volts. An additional voltage is switched in to bias the SPADs 602 and 603, nominally 12 volts. This power rail supplies both SPADs. The SPAD is essentially a reverse-biased photodiode that breaks down and conducts when a single photon 605 is detected after the experiment start 604 is set high. One SPAD is shown as the equivalent circuit 621 and can be modeled in SPICE using the photon simulation input 622. It uses a one-shot timer control 618. Because this breakdown is very sudden, typically switching over 150 volts, a ring reducer 609 is placed in the circuit to avoid electrical oscillations and absorb some of the energy. This circuit has no DC path to ground—611, 607, and 608 are all capacitor equivalents, allowing the charge to flow away (quench). Therefore, an active quench 619 is implemented, using a microcontroller-driven timing circuit to switch two relays to ground 620, which pulls the circuit back to ground and resets it.

[0067] Figure 7 shows an electronic implementation of a dual-rail electronic CNOT gate that can be implemented with standard chip technologies (e.g., CMOS). Two beam splitter and SPAD assemblies (not shown) from Figure 1 generate two superposed dual-rail signals 701, 702 and 703, 704. Each of these dual rails forms a qubit that functions as 10, 01, or any quantum combination of the two states. Typically, this is constrained to the equal superposition state 1 / 2, 1 / 2. The control lines 701, 702 are unmodified by the process and are output as is at 706, 707. The controlled qubit 703, 704 is flipped in response to the control bits 701, 702 and output at 709, 709 according to truth table 710. This flipping is controlled by switches SW1-4 711. Any quantum gate can be implemented with this dual-rail scheme. Additionally, arbitrary rotations can be implemented by introducing a phase delay at 701, 702, 703, and 704 before the control switching.

[0068] Figure 8 shows how a radio signal generated by a vector synthesizer 801 or a radio chipset, such as a cellular or Wi-Fi chip, is split in two and placed in delocalized quantum superposition by a SPAD switch 104. The SPAD output may be routed to the interferometer device shown in Figures 1 and 3 to measure or control the decay time, but this is not necessary during operation. The decay time can be controlled by changing the mass of the two measurement mirrors or by adding additional components that affect the decay time, as proposed by Garrelt Quandt-Wiese. The radio signals 802 and 803 are switched by two SPADs 104 and sent to two antennas 813 and 814 via two wires 811 and 812. The radio signals can be identical, as shown in the figure, but two signal generators with different modulations can also be used, and a phase delay can be introduced between the two signals. The two signals do not need to be identical; however, they should be somewhat similar, which will allow for some constructive interference benefits. In the preferred embodiment, different modulation schemes provide different phases to the signals, and the addition of two radio frequency fields 815 and 816 sweeps the point of constructive interference at 817, creating a constructive interference lobe. This can be thought of as a phased array with only two elements. It is possible to use more elements and additional beam splitters to drive them. The apparatus for creating super-superposition photons is taken from Figure 1. Thus, the quantum beamforming antenna uses a Diosi-Penrose collapse window to transmit a high-power +3 dB and directional +3 dB beam to the receiver within the measurement / decoherence window, resulting in a total gain of +6 dB. After this window, the gain collapses, returning to single-antenna propagation. Components not yet described have similar functionality to those in Figure 1.

[0069] In Figure 8a, the graph shows signal strength versus distance and time. Time is also taken into account because these signals travel at the speed of light. After reception817, the 6 dB gain quickly decays826. The decay time is approximately 2 μS. If the symbol time is longer than 2 μS, as in Wi-Fi and 4G, the pattern in Figure 8a quickly repeats, with each repetition having a similar decay pattern.

[0070] In the phased array approach, a multi-element phased array is controlled by many superimposed control signals. The control signals are configured using a cascade of beam splitters to generate any number of superimposed control signals. The signal to each element of the phased array is adjusted to form a swept beam. Alternatively, one or more beams may be formed using conventional techniques found in cellular beam splitters. If the decay time is longer than the symbol length, multiple superimposed collapse events may occur within one symbol time, in which case the modulation scheme must use conventional signal recovery techniques to resolve the signal loss.

[0071] Figure 8b shows a multi-element phased array, which can have multiple superimposed scan patterns. A set of superimposed states is created by cascaded beam splitters 818. The optical routing and SPADs are not shown but are similar to those shown in Figures 1 and 3. Superimposed control signals switch delay lines, routing the RF signal to each element through a number of optional delays. The two-position switch shown can actually have multiple positions. In this way, multiple superimposed waveforms are presented to each phased array element 821. Phased arrays can be constructed from conventional array configurations that can be fed by individual sources. This collection of superimposed delays generates superimposed radiation patterns 822, 823, 824, and 825.

[0072] Figure 9 shows a quantum gravitational wave transceiver. By adding another measurement device to Figure 8, here the DC-modulated mirror 405 from Figures 1 and 4 is shown as 901 and 902. This allows us to determine how quickly detection by 817 occurs. The receiver 817 can modulate the detection time by adding or subtracting mass 904 from the detector, so that the superposition of mirrors 901 and 902 decays quickly for larger masses and slowly for smaller masses. The modulated mass would be approximately ±0.1 grams. In this way, based on the mass selection, the signal propagates from secondary detector 903 to primary detectors 901 and 902. More antennas can be added to form a phased array, and the beam angle can be further modulated by introducing phase delays into the individual phase patterns. Phased arrays can transmit multiple focused beams simultaneously. The encrypted transmission can only be demodulated by a privileged observer with the decryption method; this decay means that more distant observers cannot receive the signal because the signal's amplitude rapidly decreases as it passes through the first privileged observer. Furthermore, the correlated transmission of twin entangled radio photons with alternating horizontal and vertical polarizations can be used with a privileged observer to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The system can also be operated in reverse, allowing the two receiving channels to observe in superposition.

[0073] Figure 10 illustrates the delocalization of a control signal. The control signal is delocalized by beam splitters and SPADs 804, 805. A portion of the delocalized beam 1001 is sent to detect an object 1002. This beam is entangled in a cat state with another portion of the superimposed electrical signal 1003. The amplified signal 1004, 1005 controls the previously described Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and its decay time is monitored. The sensing beam 1006 can be swept to form an image or detect an object of unknown location. The object 1002 to be detected absorbs or detects the beam, resulting in a shortened decay time. Detection is signal amplification beyond the Diosi-Penrose limit. If the signal is encrypted or spread spectrum, the object 1002 may include active detection means, such as digital circuitry, that can decode the probe signal. It may also transfer substantial mass and energy. Detection is due to the anomalously shortened decay time of the interferometer. This is not due to classical reflection, but rather to signal absorption / detection. For this reason, we call this a "counterfactual detector," since no classical signal is detected. This counterfactual technique can be applied to all types of measurements where absorption is an important measurement factor, such as absorption and response to light in biological systems. It is particularly useful when materials scatter and absorb light but do not reflect it. This implementation can be done at dramatically different scales, such as scanning microscopes and scanning macro radars using the same principle. In another implementation, scanning electron beams could provide a counterfactual scanning electron microscope, and even tunneling currents could be used with thin probes to provide a counterfactual scanning tunneling microscope. Finally, naturally occurring beam splitters, such as gravitational lenses, exist whose decay times can be adjusted by the absorption of entangled beam components. The detector could then adjust the detection times of other detectors observing the same macroscopic quantum state.

Claims

1. a source of single photons; one or more hierarchically arranged beam splitters; a single photon detector at the output of one or more beam splitters that switches the electrical signals in superposition; Electrical signals that control mesoscopic superposition quantum states below the Diosi-Penrose limit, one or more quantum erasure circuits that provide power and control to minimize the mass-energy of the superposition states; Mesoscopic superposition quantum states that control further states, The collapse time of superposition that processes information, Quantum gravity gate with

2. 10. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein the mesoscopic superposition state is provided by a quantum mechanism such as a superconducting ring, trapped ions, or a dual-rail photonic system.

3. 2. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein the mesoscopic superposition quantum state is an electrical signal.

4. 2. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein the decay time of the symmetry breaking of the superposition quantum state does not depend on the coherence of the state.

5. 10. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein multiple quantum gravity gates and quantum gates are combined to form an information processing system that can solve problems in a time faster than a Turing machine.

6. 6. The quantum gravity computer of claim 5, wherein the mass-energy of the superposition state is modified to program the calculation.

7. 6. The quantum gravity computer of claim 5, wherein the mass-energy superposition of one gate modifies the decay time of the other gate.

8. 6. The quantum gravity computer of claim 5, wherein spontaneous collapse of the superposition indicates the end of the computation.

9. 10. A quantum gravity gate as claimed in claim 1, arranged to switch radio frequency signals for two or more superimposed antennas, providing an improvement in one or more of the performance parameters (power, directivity, signal to noise ratio).

10. 10. A quantum gravity gate as claimed in claim 9, arranged to switch two or more signals to provide an array of superimposed antennas in a superimposed complementary array pattern.

11. 10. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein the controlled complementary array is arranged as a radar comprised of one or more transceivers switching radio frequency signals whose superposition decay time indicates the presence of an object within the radar beam.

12. 12. A quantum gravity gate as claimed in claim 11, wherein the signals are arranged to form an image.

13. 10. A quantum gravity gate as recited in claim 1, wherein the mass-energy involved in the superposition is modulated by a first element, the decay time is measured by a second element, and the resulting modulation of the decay time is used to transmit information.

14. 10. The quantum gravity gate of claim 1, wherein a signal is propagated through a superposition state, the decay time of the state is monitored, variations in the decay time indicate reception and amplification of the signal, and modulation of the reception transmits information to the monitor of the superposition state.

15. creating a superposition state using one or more hierarchically arranged Hadamard gates; Separating the superposition states while maximizing symmetry; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic mass energy below the Diosi-Penrose limit; erasing quantum information to minimize mass-energy in superposition; using the mesoscopic state to control further gates and process information; A method for information processing comprising:

16. creating a superposition state using one or more hierarchically arranged Hadamard gates; controlling switches connecting one or more antennas to the transceiver circuitry to permit superposition connections between the transceiver circuitry and the antennas; 20. A method for improving the operation of a transceiver having:

17. creating a superposition state using one or more hierarchically arranged Hadamard gates; Separating the superposition states while maximizing symmetry; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic mass energy below the Diosi-Penrose limit and erasing the quantum information to minimize the mass energy in the superposition; Using mesoscopic states as transceivers, the first transceiver is configured to modulate and transmit a decay time of the superposition state; a second transceiver configured to detect and receive the decay time of the superposition state, the information being transmitted via one or more of the spectra (electromagnetic, quantum electrodynamics, gravitational); 23. A method for transmitting information having:

18. 18. The method for transmitting information according to claim 17, characterized in that the transmission is encrypted and the first receiver induces a collapse, preventing the superimposed signal from propagating to further receivers and producing sharper cell boundaries than classical antenna arrays.

19. 20. The method for transmitting information of claim 17, wherein reception of a signal causes a premature collapse, indicating to the sender that the signal has been intercepted.

20. creating a superposition state using one or more hierarchically arranged Hadamard gates; amplifying the state to a mesoscopic level below the Diosi-Penrose limit; modulating signals of one or more transceivers with mesoscopic superposition; imaging an area of potential objects using a transceiver; sensing the decay time of the superposition of mesoscopic states to provide an indication of detection of a signal by the potential object; A method for sensing one or more objects having:

Images