Jet Stream Power Generation System

Abstract

The present invention relates to and provides a jet stream power generation system. Because jet stream forces are 30 to 50 times stronger than ground-based winds, generating electricity from jet stream forces presents unique challenges and physics-based problems. The system is configured to harness these jet stream forces as a power generation platform on a farm. The system includes an aerial element and a capstan drum configured to fly through the jet stream and be exposed to its lift forces simultaneously; a tether connected between the aerial element and the capstan drum; a bow-shaped guide track; a kite tracker movably mounted on the guide track and a converter connected to the capstan drum; a plurality of accumulators interconnected by hydraulic fluid with the converter; and a generator. The kite tracker is configured to rotate the capstan drum in a first direction with a force equal to the lift force to extend the tether, and to rotate the capstan drum in a second direction as the tether is wound onto the reel, thereby ensuring guiding of the tether. The converter is configured to be driven by the capstan drum when the capstan drum is rotated in a first direction to pressurize hydraulic fluid passing through the drum. Each accumulator is configured to receive, store, and discharge pressurized hydraulic fluid therein. The generator is configured to generate electricity when pressurized hydraulic fluid is input.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to power generation systems, and more particularly to jet stream power generation systems. Background of the invention technology

[0002] Background information relates to the present invention and is not necessarily related to prior art.

[0003] Renewable energy power generation systems, such as solar panels and tower wind turbines, generate sustainable, non-fossil fuel electricity from natural energy sources like sunlight and surface wind. Next, we explore the power of the seasonal jet stream (at an altitude of approximately 10,000 meters / 30,000 feet) as a next-generation, sustainable, natural energy source for power generation. Attempting to harness this airspace with individual systems is impractical; making jet stream power practical would require complex and sophisticated infrastructure, which this invention anticipates. Scale and speed are essential factors in addressing the interdependent crises of energy supply and climate change. Global demand for sustainable, non-thermal, non-polluting electricity is measured in thousands of terawatt-hours per year.

[0004] Because jet stream forces are 30 to 50 times stronger than land-based winds, generating such power presents unique and overwhelming physical challenges. Overcoming these challenges requires solving the distinct problems of high-altitude access, safety, efficient kinetic-to-ground energy transfer, control of the magnitude and dynamic range of the force, conversion techniques to smooth, uniform, and continuous harvested power, and establishing a system that makes jet stream power quantifiable, practical, and commercially viable while maintaining net energy balance. Once these mechanisms are realized, commercial applications and value are anticipated. In contrast to fossil-fuel burning, site-specific, custom-designed power plants, the advantages of a fully factory-manufactured power generation system lie in its use of historically proven components and widely available, inexpensive, non-exotic materials. Furthermore, a secondary application of this technology is the time-shifting of power generated by other power generation methods (e.g., solar photovoltaics). This constitutes a grid-scale, reverse-seasonal hydroelectric storage system, replacing chemical batteries. Previously proposed solutions consist of tethered air vehicles designed to capture the energy (force) of seasonal jet streams. Flying a generator attached to a conductive tether is completely impractical, so the primary priority is to generate power safely at ground level. Typically, the tethered vehicle is a kite capable of flying at the altitude range of the jet stream. Furthermore, transmitting the force of the jet stream through the tension (force and displacement) of the tether wire results in long alternating periods of power generation and consumption, resulting in highly discontinuous power output and large fluctuations in power even during generation. This discontinuity is contraindicated for generators designed for peak performance at a constant speed, and such uneven power output is unsuitable for user needs.

[0005] Furthermore, tethered aircraft form extremely large tensile structures controlled by a ground station. However, if the tension in the mooring wires falls below a threshold, the integrity of the tensile structure cannot be maintained, and the aircraft becomes uncontrollable. On the other hand, if the tension in the mooring wires exceeds a threshold, there is a risk of the structure being damaged. Another form of structural risk is the relationship between the tension management and durability of the mooring wires, i.e., extreme weather conditions can cause wear on the structure, equipment, and mooring wires, reducing their tensile strength and increasing the risk of collapse or failure of the structure. Therefore, dynamic impedance matching between the key components of jet stream power generation is necessary and beneficial.

[0006] Additionally, conventional electromechanical devices used to generate electricity from other energy sources, such as horizontal axis wind turbine transmission mechanisms and generators, are unable to provide the load impedance adjustment required for jet stream power generation, nor can they provide the power required to retrieve the mooring wire.

[0007] Similarly, conventional power grids cannot adjust the load impedance required for jet stream power generation, nor can they provide the power needed to retrieve the mooring wires.

[0008] Furthermore, the emergence of a practical means of generating electricity using the power of the jet stream means that inputs and outputs can now be quantified, including ranges of energy density per unit area for specific regions and seasons. Based on these calculations, informed considerations can be made regarding the adoption and deployment of this new technology. Useful comparisons include: geographic differences; economic, ecological, and societal benefits; cost-risk assessments of jet stream power systems; supply chains and infrastructure for deployment; economics relative to other power sources and methods; and life-cycle costs and benefits.

[0009] Therefore, there is a need for a power generation system that efficiently utilizes the jet stream and alleviates the aforementioned obstacles. Definition of Terms

[0010] The following definition of energy conversion will be used to describe the present invention: There are only nine forms of energy (the eight mentioned in this disclosure plus chemical energy). Any power generation system must recognize this reality and address conversion factors. [Table 1]

[0011] Table 1 Diagnosing Performance and Reliability, Hartshorne, David J, 2021

[0012] Energy: The term "energy" is a measure of the capacity to do work. Energy expended is the total work done plus losses. Energy exists in many forms and can be stored in any domain as potential energy or, more often, as kinetic energy. A variety of physical mechanisms exist to convert energy between domains and to store and release energy. Conversion between domains and within domains always involves what is known as a "reduction ratio" that is designed into the device. This ratio can be fixed or variable depending on the configuration of a particular design.

[0013] Power: The term "power" refers to the instantaneous rate of change of energy flowing with respect to time (i.e., mathematically, it is equivalent to the time derivative of energy). Energy is therefore the time integral of power. Energy and power cannot be measured directly in reality, but are measured as pairs of conjugate variables within a domain, as shown in Table 1. It is convenient to classify conjugate variables into four main generalized groups, each with similar properties. Hereafter, these four groups will be referred to as generalized action forces, generalized flow rates, generalized momentum, and generalized displacements. In every domain, momentum is the time integral of action forces, and action forces are the time derivative of momentum. In every domain, displacement is the time integral of flow rates, and flow rates are the time derivative of displacement (the rate of displacement per unit time).

[0014] Power output in all domains is calculated by multiplying the force and flow rate. Stored potential energy in any domain is characterized by the measured relationship between force and displacement in that domain. Stored kinetic energy in domains where kinetic energy is known to exist is characterized by the measured relationship between "flow" and "momentum" in that domain. Overall efficiency is measured as output energy divided by input energy, and instantaneous efficiency is output power divided by input power.

[0015] Installed Capacity Limit: The term "installed capacity limit" refers to the limit on energy capacity when considering storage devices, but the capacity of all conversion and transmission devices must be defined in terms of power.

[0016] Hydraulic Fluid: The term "hydraulic fluid" refers to a medium that can be pressurized for use in hydraulic machinery. Hydraulic fluids may be liquids, gases, or a combination of liquids and gases mixed in predetermined proportions. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0017] Object of the invention

[0018] Some of the objects of the present invention, of which it is sufficient to mention at least one example hereof, are as follows.

[0019] It is an object of the present invention to ameliorate one or more of the problems of the prior art, or at least to provide a useful alternative.

[0020] It is an object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system.

[0021] It is an object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that provides continuous power at a constant rate.

[0022] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows for dynamic impedance matching of generated power.

[0023] It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows for energy storage and recovery.

[0024] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that prevents power fluctuations.

[0025] Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that maintains a desired positive tether tension range.

[0026] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that minimizes tether wear.

[0027] A further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that enables tether retrieval without the need for an external power source.

[0028] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows a tethered vehicle vehicle to remain in place during periods when no power is being generated.

[0029] Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows for efficient transfer of energy from the tether to a winch or capstan arrangement.

[0030] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows the tether to be guided over any desired range of angles between the ground station and the air vehicle.

[0031] It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that allows the orientation of the tether to align with the direction of the wind and jet stream.

[0032] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that minimizes distortion and bending and straightening of the tether.

[0033] Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that prevents premature aging and keeps the undeployed length of the unextended tether free of stress.

[0034] Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that is economical and environmentally responsible.

[0035] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that produces power safely, consistently and reliably.

[0036] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that is easy to manufacture, transport, install, assemble, operate, maintain, and repair.

[0037] Another objective of the present invention is to integrate readily available materials, proven off-the-shelf manufactured components (COTS = Commercial-Off-the-Shelf) with calibrated and verified performance specifications for the jet stream power system.

[0038] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system that maximizes the use of abundant materials and minimizes the demand for scarce mineral and natural resources.

[0039] It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a jet stream power generation system in which the components are reusable.

[0040] Another object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that can be deployed in infrastructure farms.

[0041] Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a jet stream power generation system that makes valuable use of relatively limited access atmospheric space for power generation. [Means for solving the problem]

[0042] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention therein. summary

[0043] The present invention is directed to a jet stream power generation system. The jet stream power generation system includes an aerial element and a capstan drum configured to fly through a jet stream and be exposed to lift at the same time, a tether connected between the aerial element and the capstan drum, a bow-shaped guide track interlocking with the capstan drum, a kite tracker movably mounted on the guide track and a converter configured to connect to the capstan drum, and a plurality of accumulators and generators configured to be interconnected with the converter by hydraulic fluid. The aerial element is a pump-type kite.

[0044] The kite tracker is configured to rotate the capstan drum in a first direction with a force equal to the lift force to extend the tether, and to rotate the capstan drum in a second direction as the tether is wound onto the reel to positively guide the tether.

[0045] The converter is configured to be driven by the capstan drum when the capstan drum is rotated in a first direction to pressurize hydraulic fluid through the drum.

[0046] Each accumulator is configured to receive, store, and discharge pressurized hydraulic oil therein.

[0047] The generator is configured to generate electricity when pressurized hydraulic fluid is input.

[0048] In one embodiment, the conversion unit includes a shaft extending from the capstan drum, a planetary gear train, and a plurality of first hydraulic pumps. The planetary gear train is composed of a sun gear attached to a shaft driven by the capstan drum and a plurality of planetary gears meshing with the sun gear. Each first hydraulic pump is configured to operate in conjunction with a respective planetary gear. The hydraulic pumps are driven by the planetary gears and enable pressurization of the hydraulic oil passing through them.

[0049] In some embodiments, the first hydraulic pump is a piston pump.

[0050] In another embodiment, each piston pump includes a solenoid valve configured to control activation / deactivation of a piston chamber of the piston pump.

[0051] In another embodiment, the first hydraulic pump is a motor.

[0052] In an embodiment, the system includes a second hydraulic pump for receiving pressurized hydraulic fluid from the accumulator and for rotating the generator.

[0053] In an embodiment, the first hydraulic pump is configured to be reverse drivable, reversing the direction of operation of the gear train and enabling rotation of the capstan drum in a second direction.

[0054] In an embodiment, the accumulator is configured to deliver pressurized hydraulic fluid to the first hydraulic pump to drive the first hydraulic pump in a reverse direction.

[0055] In an embodiment, the conversion unit includes a dynamometer connected to a shaft extending from the capstan drum, the dynamometer being configured to be driven by the capstan drum and to dissipate energy therein.

[0056] In an embodiment, the system includes a control unit in communication with the first hydraulic pump, the control unit configured to synchronize operation of the first hydraulic pump to enable rotation of the capstan drum in the second direction.

[0057] In another embodiment, the control unit is configured to communicate with a remote device and receive input signals corresponding to unwinding and rewinding the tether from the aerial element.

[0058] In another embodiment, the aerial element is a tethered gyroglider.

[0059] In an embodiment, the kite tracker includes a frame configured to hold a first arm and a second arm. The first arm is configured to connect to a capstan drum. The second arm is configured to extend at an angle from the frame. The second arm is configured to securely hold a tether and facilitate its handling.

[0060] In an embodiment, the second arm is configured to extend from the frame at a predetermined angle in the range of 30° to 80°.

[0061] In one embodiment, the frame comprises legs and a pair of wheels mounted on the bottom of the legs via at least one axle, configured to allow the kite tracker to move on the guide track. In another embodiment, the frame includes a pair of axles.

[0062] In one embodiment, the central axis of operation of the sun gear is arranged to coincide with the central axis of operation of the capstan drum.

[0063] In an embodiment, the dynamometer is selected from the group of devices consisting of an eddy current dynamometer, a magnetic particle dynamometer, a hysteresis dynamometer, a generator type dynamometer, a fan dynamometer, a hydraulic dynamometer, a forced lubricant shear dynamometer, and a hydraulic dynamometer.

[0064] In an embodiment, the generator is a synchronous generator.

[0065] The jet stream power generation system of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0066] [Figure 1] Figure 1 shows the large fluctuations in instantaneous power flowing in and out of a ground-based pumping kite power plant operating in the jet stream over one cycle. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A shows the large tension structure of the tether connecting the vehicle and ground station, and the effects of tension loss resulting from failure to constrain the tether release rate within the limits imposed by the vehicle and tether control mechanisms. [Figure 2B] Figure 2B illustrates the large-scale tension structure of the tether connecting the vehicle to the ground station and the effects of tension loss resulting from failure to constrain the tether release rate within the limits imposed by the vehicle and tether control mechanisms, showing the angular range and associated forces acting on the tether tracker components. [Figure 2C] Figure 2C illustrates the large-scale tension structure of the tether connecting the vehicle to the ground station and the effects of tension loss resulting from failure to constrain the tether release rate within the limits imposed by the vehicle and tether control mechanisms, showing the angular range and associated forces acting on the tether tracker components. [Figure 2D]Figure 2D illustrates the large-scale tension structure of the tether connecting the vehicle to the ground station and the effects of tension loss resulting from failure to constrain the tether release rate within the limits imposed by the vehicle and tether control mechanisms, showing the angular range and associated forces acting on the tether tracker components. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a ground-mounted power generation system according to the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows an arrangement connecting a capstan, an absorption dynamometer and a plurality of first hydraulic pumps to distribute the capstan torque therebetween. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 shows an arrangement that distributes the residual torque of the sun gear evenly to the planetary gears, reducing and accelerating the torque on each gear shaft. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A shows the energy flow during the power generation phase of the cycle, thereby charging the energy storage device. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B shows the energy flow during the power generation phase of the cycle, thereby charging the energy storage device. [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A shows the main components of an embodiment of the energy storage means that uses a gas pressurized hydraulic energy storage mechanism. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B shows the main components of an embodiment of the energy storage means that uses a gas pressurized hydraulic energy storage mechanism. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 shows the characteristics of an energy storage system tuned to the operating range of tether tension generated by a tethered vehicle. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows the flow resistance characteristics appropriate when charging the energy storage system in a preferred embodiment using a hydraulic storage mechanism. [Figure 10] Figure 10 shows the variation of tether tension during a typical flight profile of a tethered kite and compares this variation with the reaction force due to energy storage in the hydraulic accumulator. [Figure 11]Figure 11 shows the behavior of tether delivery rate in a passive or non-modulated energy harvesting and storage system, illustrating how matched fluid resistance responds to the typical flight profile in Figure 10. The recovery rate is controlled by adjusting the fluid flow rate and pump displacement. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 shows the state of charge of the hydraulic accumulator in terms of energy storage corresponding to the speed profile of FIG. [Figure 13] Figure 13 shows the effect of tether delivery rate on the behavior of the system with reduced hydraulic circuit resistance of Figure 9, when modulating the torque delivered to the first hydraulic pump using an absorption dynamometer during the power generation phase, under the same flight profile conditions as Figure 10. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 shows the state of charge of the hydraulic accumulator in terms of energy storage corresponding to the speed profile of FIG. [Figure 15A] Figure 15A illustrates a representative embodiment showing two orientations of the kite tracker for two different wind directions. In these embodiments, the track angle can be between 60° and 360°. [Figure 15B] Figure 15B illustrates a representative embodiment showing two orientations of the kite tracker for two different wind directions. In these embodiments, the track angle can be between 60° and 360°. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a circular track (or tracks) that regulates the kite tracker. [Figure 17A] FIG. 17A shows two possible embodiments of the tether storage means, employing a carousel-type arrangement and a drum-type arrangement. [Figure 17B] FIG. 17B shows two possible embodiments of the tether storage means, employing a carousel-type arrangement and a drum-type arrangement. [Figure 18] Figure 18 shows a lumped parameter model of the power in the capstan / sun gear shaft. [Figure 19]FIG. 19 shows the linearization of the fluid resistance over the range in which the system operates for 99% of the operating cycle. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 shows a flow chart illustrating the main logic flow and operation for control decisions and modulation.

[0067] Detailed Description of the Invention Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0068] The embodiments described herein will enable those skilled in the art to fully and completely grasp the scope of the present invention. Numerous details relating to individual components may be described to fully grasp the embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the details described in the embodiments cannot be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. In some embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known techniques are not described in detail.

[0069] In the present invention, the terms used are used only to describe specific embodiments and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The nouns used in the present invention include plurals unless the context dictates otherwise. The terms "comprise" and "consist" are transitional terms that include other terms and thus define the presence of certain features, characteristics, elements, or components described herein, but do not exclude the presence or addition of other features, elements, components, or groups of components.

[0070] Figure 1 shows the large fluctuations in instantaneous power flowing in and out of a ground power plant of a pumping kite power system operating in the jet stream during a typical recovery cycle. To manage these power fluctuations and utilize available power, the present invention appropriately combines known techniques to safely, reliably, and economically capture, store, release, and modulate this energy, enabling stable power generation. The plotted behavior shown in Figure 1 is the output from a flight simulation, where power is equal to the product of tether tension and tether velocity as modulated by the ground power plant. The vehicle is configured to interact with a ground station and maximize the harvesting of available energy within a useful, reasonable, and economical range. The 6.3 MW line in Figure 1 represents constant power output, net of all losses and minus harvesting from stored energy. In other words, it comprehensively controls the dynamic forces captured from prior art, resulting in a constant power output from the system of the present invention. This is comparable to a standard-sized Modeling of a single generating unit is shown and is the subject of optimization. The intended jet stream farm would use thousands of such production units, totaling a nominal capacity of 20 GW and production of 100 TWh / year based on the available 5,000 h / year of jet stream power.

[0071] Figure 2 shows the large tension structure of the tether connecting the air vehicle to the ground station and the effects of under-tensioning, which occurs as a result of failing to limit the tether release rate within the limits dictated by wind conditions. The air vehicle loses lift, causing the tether to lose tension, leading to further loss of lift, creating a vicious cycle. Since control of the kite-like air vehicle is entirely dependent on maintaining proper tension in the tether, loss of tension means loss of control.

[0072] For this reason, a jet stream power generation system that can mitigate the aforementioned obstacles is needed.

[0073] The jet stream power generation system of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Figures 3 to 20. This jet stream power generation system utilizes and converts the power of the enormous jet stream (approximately 30 to 50 times the wind power on the ground), and is also capable of achieving dynamic impedance matching.

[0074] The present jet stream power generation system 100 (hereinafter referred to as "power generation system 100") is illustrated in FIG.

[0075] The power generation system 100 includes an aerial element (not shown) that receives lift when flying through a jet stream, a capstan drum 03, a tether 01 connected between the aerial element and the capstan drum 03, an arc-shaped guide track 04 that is linked to the capstan drum 03, a kite tracker 02 that is movably mounted on the guide track 04, a conversion unit connected to the capstan drum 03, multiple accumulators 09 that are in fluid communication with the conversion unit, and a generator 11.

[0076] In an embodiment, the aerial element is a pump kite.

[0077] In another embodiment, the aerial element is a tethered gyroglider.

[0078] In an embodiment, the kite tracker 02 is configured to reliably guide the tether 01, rotating the capstan drum 03 in a first direction with a force equal to the lift force to allow the tether 01 to be released, and rotating the capstan drum 03 in a second direction as the tether 01 is reeled in.

[0079] In an embodiment, the first direction is a direction that allows for power generation and the second direction is a direction that allows for harvesting.

[0080] The conversion unit is configured to be driven by the capstan drum 03 when the capstan drum 03 rotates in a first direction to pressurize hydraulic fluid passing through the drum.

[0081] Each accumulator 09 is configured to receive, store, and release pressurized hydraulic fluid therein.

[0082] The generator 11 is configured with a second hydraulic pump / motor that receives pressurized hydraulic fluid and generates rotation to enable electricity generation.

[0083] In this embodiment, the conversion unit includes a shaft 12 extending from the capstan drum 03, a planetary gear train, and a plurality of first hydraulic pumps 07. The planetary gear train is composed of a sun gear 05 attached to the shaft 12 driven by the capstan drum 03, and a plurality of planetary gears 06 engaged with the sun gear 05. Each first hydraulic pump 07 is configured to operate in conjunction with each planetary gear 06. The hydraulic pumps 07 are driven by the planetary gears 06 and are configured to enable pressurization of the hydraulic oil passing therethrough.

[0084] In an embodiment, the first hydraulic pump 07 is a piston pump.

[0085] In another embodiment, each piston pump includes a solenoid valve configured to activate / deactivate a piston chamber of the piston pump. In yet another embodiment, the piston pump can include one or more solenoid valves. The valves increase the number of discrete conversion ratios by a factor corresponding to the number of pistons per first hydraulic pump. For example, considering 15 first hydraulic pumps, each equipped with three pistons, the number of discrete conversion ratios increases from 15 to 45, allowing for finer control and significantly improving the efficiency of the overall power generation system.

[0086] In another embodiment, the first hydraulic pump 07 is a motor.

[0087] In an embodiment, the conversion unit includes a secondary gear 13 that is engaged and connected with the planet gears 06 and the first hydraulic pump 07.

[0088] In this embodiment, the capstan drum 03 preferably has a large diameter so that the capstan drum 03 is connected to the gear train. In one preferred embodiment, the capstan drum 03 is connected to the sun gear 05, and the axis of the capstan drum 03 coincides with the axis of the sun gear 05. The torque generated by the tension in the tether when the pumping kite moves is distributed between the planet gears 06.

[0089] In an embodiment, the system comprises a second hydraulic pump 10 for receiving pressurized hydraulic fluid from the accumulator and for rotating a generator 11 .

[0090] In an embodiment, the first hydraulic pump 07 is configured to be reversible, reversing the direction of operation of the gear train and enabling rotation of the capstan drum 03 in a second direction.

[0091] In an embodiment, a portion of the pressurized hydraulic fluid is stored in an accumulator 09 and is used during the recovery phase to reverse drive the capstan 03 via the first hydraulic pump 07 and gear mechanism. In one embodiment, the accumulator 09 is configured to deliver pressurized hydraulic fluid to the first hydraulic pump 07 to drive the first hydraulic pump in the reverse direction when required.

[0092] In an embodiment, the conversion unit includes a dynamometer 15 connected to the shaft 12. The dynamometer 15 is driven by the capstan drum 03 and is configured to convert and dissipate energy into heat, acting as a brake upon command of a control unit (not shown).

[0093] In an embodiment, the stem 100 includes a control unit (not shown) configured to communicate with the first hydraulic pump 07. The control unit is configured to synchronize the operation of the first hydraulic pump 07 to enable rotation of the capstan drum 03 in the second direction.

[0094] In another embodiment, the control unit is configured to communicate with a remote device and receive input signals from the remote device corresponding to the paying out and retracting of the tether.

[0095] In an embodiment, the accumulator is configured to be in fluid communication with the piping via a valve network 08.

[0096] In one embodiment, the first hydraulic pump and the second hydraulic pump are positive displacement hydraulic motors.In one embodiment, the generator is a synchronous generator.

[0097] 4 shows an arrangement for connecting the capstan 03 to an absorption dynamometer 15 and a plurality of first hydraulic pumps 07. The dynamometer 15 and the plurality of first hydraulic pumps 07 are configured to divide the torque of the capstan between them. In one embodiment, the dynamometer 15 is activated if the deployment of the tether exceeds a safety margin parameter.

[0098] In an embodiment, the dynamometer 15 is selected 15 from a group of devices consisting of an eddy current dynamometer, a magnetic particle dynamometer, a hysteresis dynamometer, a generator type dynamometer, a fan dynamometer, a hydraulic dynamometer, a forced lubricant shear dynamometer, and a hydraulic dynamometer.

[0099] In another embodiment, for large power systems (greater than 10 megawatts), the preferred type of absorption dynamometer is a forced lubricant oil shear absorption dynamometer or a water absorption dynamometer.

[0100] In an embodiment, the planetary gear train 06 includes at most 15 planetary gears 06.

[0101] In this embodiment, the sun gear 05 and the planetary gears 06 are double helical gears.

[0102] Its double helix or herringbone configuration relieves thrust loads, provides high tooth engagement and smoother operation, which is important as torque levels fluctuate.

[0103] In this embodiment, a dynamometer 15 is connected to the shaft by a bevel gear mechanism 14 .

[0104] In some embodiments, the gear torque can be increased or the angular velocity between the absorption dynamometer drive shaft and the primary drum shaft can be decreased. To achieve a variable torque-speed ratio, the sun gear 05 is engaged with multiple smaller-diameter planetary gears 06, allowing the torque generated by the tether 01 and capstan drum 03 joint to be evenly divided among the planetary gears 06. Because the planetary gears 06 are smaller than the sun gear 05, torque is reduced and angular velocity is increased. In other embodiments, the downsizing is kept below 4:1 to extend the service life of the gears 05, 06 and improve reliability. In yet other embodiments, at least one additional reduction stage 13 is required between the planetary gears 06 and the first hydraulic pump 07 to achieve the torque and angular velocity required by the first hydraulic pump 07.

[0105] In an embodiment, the gear train is lubricated and enclosed within a rigid housing arrangement 17 and is configured to support various shaft bearings 16 coupled to the secondary gear 13 .

[0106] Figure 5 shows an arrangement that divides the residual torque of the sun gear 05 equally among the planetary gears 06 while simultaneously reducing the torque of each gear shaft to accelerate it. Because the reduction ratio of each stage is limited to ensure product life and reliability, the maximum torque that can be divided is limited to 15 equal parts, which is made possible by the 15 planetary gears 06. Arranging a large number of planetary gears 06 supports the rigidity of the system and eliminates the need for a ring gear.

[0107] The advantages of employing a torque splitting mechanism and multiple first hydraulic pumps are numerous, including the ability to isolate any of the first hydraulic pumps for easy maintenance or replacement, and the ability to select an appropriately sized first hydraulic pump commercially available, simplifying installation.

[0108] Figures 6A and 6B show the energy flow during the power generation phase of the cycle, which charges the energy storage device 09. Each arrow represents energy flow or power, defined by a pair of conjugate variables whose product equals the power represented by the arrow. For each horizontal arrow, the upper variable represents the effort or tension difference between the connecting blocks, and the lower variable represents the resulting flow rate or displacement per unit time. For vertical arrows, the effort is shown on the left and the flow rate on the right. At transmission junctions, the effort is either divided and the flow rate is common in each branch (series transmission) or the flow rate is divided and the effort rate is common in each branch (parallel transmission). Conversion blocks allow power tracking even when gear mechanisms are used or when converting between energy forms.

[0109] Similar to Figures 6A and 6B, this is a lossless transformation; losses are accounted for at the transfer junction. The single-port blocks at the branch ends represent the properties that drive the impedance of the system, including dissipative resistance, which causes energy to be lost from the network; inertia, which holds and releases kinetic energy; and compliance, which holds and releases potential energy.

[0110] Powered by Tether 01 (F T ) tension and its linear velocity (

number

[0111] The dynamic variables shown in Figure 6A are:

[0112] F T represents the instantaneous tension when the tether 01 contacts the outer periphery of the capstan drum 03.

[0113]

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[0114]

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[0115] As a result, the following relationship holds:

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[0116] Here, K I is the conversion factor of the capstan drum 03, which in this case corresponds to the radius of the drum 03.

[0117]

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[0118] The relationship between angular velocity and linear velocity is:

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[0119]

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[0120]

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[0121]

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[0122] From the above:

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[0123] Here, n is the number of planetary gears 06 into which the residual capstan torque is divided between the sun gear 05 and the planetary gears 06.

[0124]

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number

[0125] Here, K V is the conversion factor of the gear train, in this case the reduction ratio between the capstan shaft and the input shaft of the first hydraulic pump.

[0126]

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[0127]

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[0128]

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[0129] e C represents the instantaneous output effort, e.g., pressure, from one of the first hydraulic pumps.

number

[0130] Here, K VIII is the conversion factor of the first hydraulic pump, e.g., angular displacement per unit volume delivered by the pump.

[0131]

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[0132]

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[0133]

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[0134]

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[0135] Here, n is the number of planetary gears into which the residual capstan torque is diverted when repeated.

[0136] e Store is the instantaneous reactive force in energy storage, which varies depending on the state of charge at that moment.

[0137] e R(Storage) is the amount of instantaneous effort available to pump more flow into the storage. e R(Storage) = e C -e Store

[0138] The force and flow rate of any tributary in the network can be calculated using known parameters and coefficients n and K I , K. V , K. VIII It is clear that by simple multiplication or division of , and using known values ​​of resistance, inertia, and compliance of the network, it is possible to reduce the initial input common variables. Since the values ​​of lift or hydraulic forces during the flight characteristics of the vehicle are known, it is quite easy to calculate the reaction forces of the ground station during that flight characteristic for a range of controls that are likely to be design parameters for the ground station.

[0139] Referring to Block I of Figure 6B, the linear force is converted into a rotational force. The tension force F in the tether O1 T Multiply by the radius of the capstan drum 03 to get the shaft torque

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[0140] The conversion of rotational energy into other forms of power, which occurs in Block VIII, is physically performed in the first hydraulic pump 03, and can be converted into a variety of useful forms. For this reason, in describing the subsequent steps leading to stored energy, the conjugate power variables will first be described in general terms, followed by specific embodiments. Instead of referring to force, torque, voltage, or pressure, the generalized term of action force, represented by the symbol e, is used. At the same time, instead of referring to linear or angular velocity, current, or volumetric flow rate, the generalized term of flow rate is used, and the symbol ℓ is used to indicate that it is the time derivative of displacement.

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[0141] Referring again to FIG. 6B, the output of each first hydraulic pump before the loss is calculated as a function of the working force eC and the flow rate.

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[0142] In Block XI, a plurality of first hydraulic pumps are connected in parallel, and the flow rates are summed (added).

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[0143] The effort on the energy storage device depends on its current state of charge and compliance (Block XIV). Compliance refers to the generalized relationship between effort e and displacement q when energy is stored in any form. The effort on the energy storage device is denoted eStore. The difference between eC and eStore is denoted eR(Storage), and when it is positive, it means that energy is flowing into the storage device 09 (regardless of the energy form). However, the rate of flow depends on the value of RStorage in Block XIII, more specifically the relationship between effort and flow, which does not necessarily have to be linear; for example, in the case of an electrical resistance, the current is simply the voltage difference between the battery string and the generator divided by RStorage. Block XII takes into account that the effort from the first hydraulic pump is divided between resistance and energy storage.

[0144] Regardless of form, a power source is either a force source or a flow source, but not both. The power source in this example is the vehicle pulling the tether, which is the force source. When a power source is a force source, the force is determined by its source, and the resulting flow rate is determined by the difference between the force at the source and the reaction force at the load. During the generation phase of the cycle, the ground station is the load, which is a combination of unavoidable power losses to different resistances in the transmission and power losses after modulation when a variable resistance dynamometer is used. Without modulation, the flow rate, which ultimately results in the tether delivery rate, is determined by eR(Storage) = eC - eStore and the flow resistance, RStorage.

[0145] This is particularly important for tethered vehicle power recovery from natural energy sources, where tether tension can be maintained by limiting the tether release rate. Therefore, the energy storage compliance CStorage, which determines eStore, is important, as is the ground power system parameter RStorage. As seen in the energy flow traces in Figures 6A and 6B, the variable eC can be modulated by controlling the resistance of the absorption dynamometer; however, when doing so, the energy flowing to Block IV is converted to thermal energy and dissipated and lost unless advanced energy recovery mechanisms are employed. Such mechanisms can be beneficial when significantly higher capital costs can be justified.

[0146] The power transmission mechanism between the capstan and the energy storage mechanism and the characteristics of the energy storage mechanism can be designed to optimally balance the tether tension and minimize the amount of limiting modulation of the delivery rate required to maintain that tension.

[0147] These characteristics are illustrated using a particular embodiment in which the energy storage device is a bank of hydraulic accumulators with a characteristic compliance CStorage and the first hydraulic pump 07 for power conversion, shown in block VIII of Figures 6A and 6B, is in particular a positive displacement pump for conversion from rotary to hydraulic form. The power transmission is carried out between the pump and the accumulators via a circuit made up of pipes and control valves, the characteristic of which defines the parameter RStorage.

[0148] During tether retrieval after the power generation phase, the vehicle is controlled to reduce lift (and therefore tether tension) to return to its starting point, requiring less power. The tether velocity (now in the reverse or negative direction, since it is being retrieved) must be modulated to maintain a low level of tether tension and ensure the safety, integrity, and economy of the entire system. During retrieval, this can be achieved by adjusting the conversion factor (essentially changing the gear ratio) without the use of wasteful dissipative means. For example, this can be easily achieved with Block VIII, as explained below.

[0149] The energy flow rate for tether retrieval is exactly the reverse of that shown in Figures 6A and 6B, and the power variable legends are retained for convenience. Each conversion function also works in reverse. For the specific embodiment described above as in Block VIII of Figure 6B, the conversion is between hydraulic pressure eC and volumetric flow rate 07 via the same first hydraulic pump 07.

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[0150] In an embodiment employing a first hydraulic pump 07 that converts rotational force to hydraulic force as a positive displacement pump, it is intended that the conversion ratio (pump displacement) be dynamically adjusted by valves that close the fluid paths to individual cylinders. By arranging multiple pumps, multiple displacement stages are provided, essentially functioning as a continuously variable transmission.

[0151] In a typical operating cycle for this hydraulic embodiment, the majority of the stored energy is constantly released from the accumulator throughout the cycle as pressurized fluid from accumulator 09. This power is converted from hydraulic to rotary form by another hydraulic pump 10, and a simple synchronous generator 11 converts the rotary power into electrical power to feed the electrical grid.

[0152] Figures 7A and 7B show the main components of an embodiment of an energy storage means using a gas-pressurized hydraulic energy storage mechanism. This is particularly suitable for incorporation into the embodiment shown in Block VIII of Figure 6B, which converts power from rotary to hydraulic form. In this type of device, a piston 20 acts as a separator between the fluid and gas 19. As pressurized fluid enters through a valve in the base 21, the volume of the gas 19 is compressed, pressurizing both sides of the piston and storing hydraulic energy. To improve the energy storage characteristics, an additional backup gas bottle 22 can be connected via cap 18, allowing the gas volume to be significantly greater than the volume of the stored fluid. When fluid is available to escape to the low-pressure side, the gas 19 expands, causing the piston 20 to move toward the fluid side, pushing the fluid back into the circuit and releasing hydraulic energy. There are three basic piston configurations. Figure 7A shows an accumulator precharged with gas to a specified pressure, P0. At this stage, the liquid side is empty and at atmospheric pressure. The gas backup capacity is designed to provide the desired energy storage characteristics, and the total gas volume at this stage is V0.

[0153] Figure 7B shows the two extreme operating conditions. On the left, the piston is at minimum operating pressure P1 and there is a small amount of fluid in the accumulator. At this pressure, the gas volume is V1. On the right, the piston position is shown at minimum operating pressure P2, and the gas volume is V2. ΔV = V1 - V2 is the effective volume that can be stored and released between P1 and P2.

[0154] The size and number of parallel accumulators and backup gas bottles, along with the gas pre-charge pressure, determine the characteristics and capacity of the hydraulic energy storage.

[0155] Figure 8 shows an energy storage characteristic that is tailored to the operating range of tether tension generated by the tethered vehicle. For any energy storage device, the conjugate variables that define the amount of stored energy at any given time are generalized force and generalized displacement. In preferred embodiments employing hydraulic storage mechanisms, the force is specifically pressure, and the displacement is hydraulic volume at that pressure.

[0156] This behavior is consistent with the well-known characteristic equation:

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[0157] Here, P and V are the instantaneous pressure and volume values, and P0 and V0 are the gas pre-fill pressure and volume, as already defined in the description of Figure 7A. V0 could be designed as, for example, 2 × ΔV.

[0158] In this equation, the exponent k is derived from the ratio of specific heats under adiabatic conditions and takes the value 1 under isothermal conditions. A value of k = 0.9 can be adopted for the conditions relating to the energy storage system of, for example, a pump kite ground power system.

[0159] Different types of energy storage devices can be compared in terms of their energy storage capacity. For example, a hydraulic accumulator can store 5.6 kWh per cubic meter of fluid at a pressure P2 of 200 bar (2,900 PSI). 3 per 1,000 gallons, which equates to 21 kWh per 1,000 gallons.

[0160] The pressure is calculated using the conversion factors or K I , K. V , K. VIII , i.e., the force opposing the tether tension, using the direct relationship between pressure and tether tension, which is determined by the capstan radius, the gear train reduction ratio, and the pump displacement combined with the planetary division denominator n.

[0161] The relation is: F Store = e Store / (K I × K V ×K VIII × n)

[0162] Also, here, e Storeis the instantaneous pressure of the accumulator in this particular embodiment.

[0163] The energy storage state of charge can be read as 0% at V1 and 100% at V2.

[0164] FIG. 9 illustrates the matched flow resistance characteristics of the preferred embodiment employing a hydraulic storage mechanism during charging of the energy storage device, along with the low flow resistance state that allows for significantly increased net total energy capture when coupled with an absorption dynamometer.

[0165] The flow driving pressure at any time is the difference between the pump-generated pressure due to line tension and the pressure in the accumulator at that time. The characteristic relationship between pressure and volumetric flow yields the resulting flow rate for any given pressure. A similar relationship exists between the volumetric flow rate into the accumulator and the tether delivery rate as between pressure and tether tension. In effect, the flow rate determines the delivery rate. This relationship is expressed using the same conversion factor, K I , K. V , K. VIII , and the inverse of the force-pressure relationship using the planetary division number n, expressed as:

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[0166] Also, here,

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[0167] The volumetric flow rate is therefore e R(Store) If the velocity of the airflow exceeds the limit determined by the wind speed hitting the projectile because the velocity is too high, the absorption dynamometer will R(Store) is used as a means of modulating the volume flow rate.

[0168] This presents a minor challenge to those skilled in designing a hydraulic circuit having the desired characteristics of FIG.

[0169] It is worth noting that energy lost due to gas compression / expansion and hydraulic circuit resistance are the largest efficiency losses in ground systems. These parameters, as well as tether dynamics and aeroelasticity (assessed as part of the vehicle control authority), are explicitly evaluated when studying system behavior. Other losses (e.g., gear trains, pumps, etc.) are considered based on known performance criteria for each type of equipment.

[0170] Figure 10 shows the variation of tether tension FT during typical flight characteristics of a tethered kite and compares it to the reaction force due to energy storage in the hydraulic accumulator. The variation in tether tension is due to crosswind maneuvers and lift adjustments made during the outbound stroke. This force can be compared to the reaction force resulting from the accumulator pressure eStore, referenced back to the point where the tether contacts the capstan drum using the following relationship: F Store = e Store / (K I × K V ×K VIII × n).

[0171] This reaction force increases during the energy generation phase, according to the characteristics of the energy storage device shown in Figure 8. At the end of the power generation phase, discharge follows, as energy is released for both continued power conversion and tether recovery. The tether can be sent out, and thus the energy is released as F T is the force F from the accumulator storage device Store It can be supplemented when it is larger. F T F Store Tether recovery is possible when the Store The overall position of the line indicating the gas prefill pressure, P0, and of course, K I , K. V , K. VIII , determined by the value of n.

[0172] Figure 11 shows the tether delivery rate in a passive / non-modulated energy capture and storage system with matched fluid resistance.

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[0173] Figure 12 shows the state of charge of the hydraulic accumulator in terms of the amount of stored energy corresponding to the speed profile in Figure 11. The state of charge increases as captured energy is accumulated, but this occurs despite the constant release of hydraulic energy being used to drive the generator.

[0174] The inertia of the entire ground system has a significant positive effect on the acceleration and deceleration rates of the tether delivery, with the mass of the capstan, sun gear, and first stage planetary gear contributing the most to inertia.

[0175] Since the flight was unmodulated, no absorption dynamometer was used, meaning that the total kinetic energy of the mobile vehicle, minus transmission and storage losses, was captured for power distribution and tether recovery.

[0176] FIG. 13 shows the tether delivery rate in the system with reduced hydraulic circuit resistance of FIG.

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[0177] Energy capture ceases while the vehicle recovers. Therefore, the overspeed avoidance line does not actually occur, but rather indicates the amount of power that must be dissipated by the absorption dynamometer to maintain optimal delivery speed. The recovery phase takes longer because a longer tether is delivered due to the instantaneous acceleration.

[0178] The net captured energy in Figure 13 is about 20% higher than the net regenerated energy recovered in Figure 11 because the energy dissipated in the absorption dynamometer to prevent overspeed is less than the energy lost to the inefficiency of the load resistance and energy storage mechanism (a characteristic similar to capacitance) when powering the vehicle.

[0179] During the retrieval phase in both Figures 11 and 13, the pump displacement is reduced to approximately 25% of the total, and is reduced even further during the portion of the retrieval phase where the tether tension is lowest.

[0180] Optimization of torque load and operation control from the absorption dynamometer, as well as adjustment of pump displacement, are achieved in conjunction with the flight control system.

[0181] Figure 14 shows the state of charge of the hydraulic accumulator in terms of the amount of stored energy corresponding to the speed profile in Figure 13. The overall increase in captured energy requires a larger portion of the available storage capacity.

[0182] Figures 15A and 15B show two orientations of the kite tracker for two different wind directions. The angles formed by the tracks range from 60° to 360°. The kite tracker must guide the tether 01 so that it rests on the capstan drum 03 while maintaining it perpendicular to the drum's axis of rotation and tangential to the drum's circumference. This applies regardless of the tether's orientation or angle relative to the ground. Achieving this requires proper sheave placement, which must be anchored to the ground to eliminate adverse vertical and horizontal displacements. The circular track 04 guides and restrains the kite tracker 02.

[0183] FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a circular track or tracks that constrain a tracker. In one embodiment, the tracker includes a frame configured to hold a first arm and a second arm. The first arm is configured to connect with a capstan drum. The second arm is configured to extend at an angle from the frame. The second arm is configured to securely hold a tether and facilitate its handling.

[0184] In an embodiment, the second arm is configured to extend from the frame at a predetermined angle in the range of 30° to 80°.

[0185] In an embodiment, the frame includes legs 26 and a pair of wheels 24, 25 attached to the working bottom of the legs 26 via at least one axle 31, 33 for moving the kite tracker 02 on the guide track 04. In another embodiment, the frame includes a pair of axles 31, 33.

[0186] At least one circular track is employed to restrain the kite tracker and simultaneously allow it to pivot at any angle relative to the capstan drum. The restraining leg 26 of the kite tracker 02 has two perpendicular axles 31, 32 with freely rotating wheels 24, 25 fixed to cross struts 33, which support forces acting vertically and radially against the inside of the track 04.

[0187] Figures 17A and 17B show two possible embodiments of the tether storage means: a carousel-type arrangement and a drum-type arrangement. Significant lengths of large-diameter tether 34 can be stored on the low-tension side of the capstan drum using different alternative storage configurations. For example, Figure 15A shows a carousel-type arrangement, which wraps the low-tension tether in layers between the central core 35 and the outer circumferential limit 36 ​​of the catheter during the retrieval phase, allowing for smooth, twist-free deployment as the tether is released during the power generation phase of the cycle. The carousel 28 is rotatable both clockwise and counterclockwise, and the tether guide 27 is radially displaceable relative to the carousel. In an alternative embodiment, a drum-type arrangement, as shown in Figure 15B, can be employed. The drum 30 is rotatable both clockwise and counterclockwise, and the tether guide 29 is axially displaceable relative to the drum. A 100-millimeter diameter tether can easily be stored in a 20-30-kilometer drum with a diameter of 6 meters and a length of 20 meters.

[0188] Table 2 shows key design parameters and values ​​that can be set to achieve the performance illustrated in Figures 1, 11, 12, 13, and 14. A capstan radius of 2.5 m is appropriate for the wire thickness required for the tether. The two-stage gear train, with an overall reduction ratio of 7.5, is configured so that the pressure and volumetric flow of the 15 primary hydraulic pumps are equal to the energy storage required when each pump has a displacement of 0.0028 m3 (0.74 gal) per radian and 0.0176 m3 (4.64 gal) per revolution. [Table 2]

[0189] The transfer of power between the capstan and the energy storage mechanism also involves a change in the form of energy. This tends to be called conversion, but technically, changing the form of energy is called induction conversion or form conversion. Strictly speaking, power conversion also includes, for example, torque reduction / acceleration through gears, or voltage drop / current increase through a transformer.

[0190] In this example, due to gear ratio limitations, a maximum of 15 independent first hydraulic pump planets can be placed per sun gear. Multiple sun gears per capstan shaft are possible, although this may increase complexity and result in increased vertical space and maintenance issues. The number of discrete steps at the first hydraulic pump control level is equal to the number of first pump planets. Discrete control at the first hydraulic pump level is possible by intermittently connecting and disconnecting the power source or by opening and closing the circuit to the energy storage load.

[0191] In some embodiments, the first hydraulic pump is configured to function as both a pump and a motor. In the case of piston pumps / motors, each pump has multiple independent pistons that can be discretely controlled on a cycle-by-cycle basis, and in principle even within a cycle if the valves operate fast enough (which in itself consumes energy, but only in large systems). Thus, discrete steps of control are possible at the piston level, and can be even smaller, and are nearly continuously variable.

[0192] It is always important to remember that the system between the capstan and the energy storage mechanism is a transmission system that converts power between rotational and hydraulic forms of energy. As such, the discrete steps represent a change in gear ratio. Changing gears to reduce input speed increases input torque, and vice versa. On the output side, the opposite occurs, regardless of drive direction (deployment or retraction). In hydraulic embodiments, it's simply torque and speed on the one hand, and pressure and volumetric flow on the other. The unit of conversion is m3 / radian (57° of rotation), which is the total displacement of the pump / motor that is operating (in the discrete steps). Technological advances

[0193] The present invention as described above has several technological advances, including but not limited to the realization of the following jet stream power generation system: Harnessing the power of seasonal jet streams to generate electricity as a quantifiable, practical, and manufacturable technology ■Enables continuous power supply at a constant speed ■ Dynamic matching of generated power and impedance is possible ■ Allows for the matching of nominal to highly dynamic power curves Interoperable with terrestrial base stations, it can capture the maximum amount of available energy in a useful, discreet and profitable manner. ■Safe, consistent and reliable power generation ■Energy storage is possible ■ Avoiding power fluctuations ■ Maintain positive tether tension in the desired range ■Minimize tether wear ■ Facilitates tether retrieval without the need for an external power source ■ Capable of keeping a tethered aircraft stationary for a desired period of time without generating electricity ■Enables efficient energy transfer from the tether to the winch / capstan device ■ Enables tether guidance within any angle range between the ground base station and the aircraft ■ Facilitates tether alignment with wind direction and jet stream direction ■Minimizes twisting of the tether, ensuring bending and stretching ■ Avoids premature fatigue and maintains stress-free tether length when undeployed ■ Economical and environmentally friendly ■Easy to manufacture, transport, install, assemble, operate, maintain and repair ■ Integrates existing, proven manufacturing components and has calibrated and validated performance metrics ■ Maximize the use of abundant materials and minimize demand for rare minerals and natural resources ■Providing component recyclability ■ Meets limited airspace access and land use requirements, making it useful and valuable as a base ■Can be deployed as an infrastructure farm for power generation system units ■High energy density and capacity relative to the surface area can be generated ■ It is possible to generate electricity by effectively utilizing airspace with relatively limited access.

[0194] To this end, the present invention envisions the installation of thousands of generating units across dozens of energy farm plots of dual-use land. Fortunately, the jet stream is Earth's largest natural solar energy collector, a distributed, untapped natural resource existing on the scale of oil. Each currently envisioned jet stream energy farm would typically produce 100 terawatt (TW) hours per year from a ground footprint of 1,000 square kilometers (km2). Important to infrastructure planning is that the surface area energy density is at least 10 times (an order of magnitude) greater than that of horizontal axis wind turbines.

[0195] Unlike other power generation methods, this system makes it practical and possible to quantify inputs, outputs, costs, and risks (including the capacity, production volume, and surface area energy density of the power generation system).

[0196] The embodiments disclosed herein and their various features and advantages are described in the following description with reference to non-limiting embodiments. Descriptions of well-established existing components and processing techniques are omitted to avoid obscuring the embodiments of the present invention. The experiments used in the present invention are solely intended to facilitate understanding of how the embodiments of the present invention can be implemented and to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments of the present invention.

[0197] The above description of the specific embodiments sufficiently clarifies the general nature of the embodiments of the present invention, and by applying current knowledge, the specific embodiments can be modified and / or adapted for different applications without departing from the general concept, and therefore, it is intended that the adaptations and modifications be understood in the sense and scope of equivalents to the embodiments of the present invention. The phrases and terms used in this specification are for illustrative purposes only and not for limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments described herein are described based on preferred embodiments, it is recognized that those skilled in the art can practice the embodiments described herein with modifications within the spirit and scope of the embodiments described herein.

[0198] Although considerable emphasis has been placed on the different components and component parts of the preferred embodiment, many embodiments are possible, and many changes can be made to the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention or the preferred embodiment, as well as other embodiments, can be modified in their nature, and it should be clearly understood that the above descriptive matter is merely for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting.

Claims

1. an aerial element configured to receive lift while flying in a jet stream, the aerial element being a pump kite; ■Captain drum and a tether connected between the aerial element and the capstan drum; a bow-shaped guide track linked to the capstan drum; ■ A kite tracker movably mounted on the guide track, the kite tracker configured to rotate the capstan drum in a first direction with a force equivalent to the lift force to enable the tether to be let out, and to rotate the capstan drum in a second direction when the tether is being reeled in to reliably guide the tether; a conversion unit configured to be coupled to the capstan drum, the conversion unit being driven by the capstan drum when the capstan drum rotates in the first direction, and configured to pressurize the hydraulic oil passing through the conversion unit; a plurality of accumulators configured to be in fluid communication with the conversion unit, each accumulator configured to receive and store the pressurized hydraulic fluid; (iii) A generator configured to receive the pressurized hydraulic oil and generate electricity is provided. Jet stream power generation system.

2. The conversion unit ■ a shaft extending from the capstan drum; a planetary gear train defined by a sun gear configured to be attached to the shaft so as to be driven by the capstan drum, and a plurality of planetary gears configured to engage with the sun gear; (ii) a plurality of first hydraulic pumps, each configured to mesh with a respective one of the planetary gears and driven by the planetary gears to promote pressurization of hydraulic oil passing therethrough; The system of claim 1 , comprising:

3. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first hydraulic pump is a piston pump.

4. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein each piston pump includes a solenoid valve configured to control activation or deactivation of a piston chamber of the piston pump.

5. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first hydraulic pump is a motor.

6. The system of claim 1 , comprising a second hydraulic pump in fluid communication with the accumulator and configured to receive stored pressurized fluid and rotate the generator.

7. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the first hydraulic pump is configured to be reversible, thereby reversing the direction of operation of the gear train and further enabling rotation of the capstan drum in the second direction.

8. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the accumulator is configured to direct pressurized hydraulic fluid to the first hydraulic pump to drive the first hydraulic pump in the reverse direction.

9. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the conversion unit includes a dynamometer connected to the shaft, the dynamometer being driven by the capstan drum and configured to dissipate energy.

10. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control unit configured to communicate with the first hydraulic pump, the control unit configured to synchronize operation of the first hydraulic pump to enable rotation of the capstan drum in the second direction.

11. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured to communicate with a remote device and receive input signals from the remote device corresponding to the paying out and retracting of the tether.

12. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the aerial element is a tethered gyro glider.

13. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the kite tracker comprises a frame configured to hold a first arm configured to connect to the capstan drum and a second arm extending from the frame at an angle and configured to securely hold the tether for ease of handling.

14. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the frame includes legs and a pair of wheels attached to the working bottoms of the legs via at least one axle, and configured to move the kite tracker on the guide track.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein a central axis of operation of the sun gear is configured to coincide with a central axis of operation of the capstan drum.

16. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the dynamometer is selected from the group of devices consisting of an eddy current dynamometer, a magnetic particle dynamometer, a hysteresis dynamometer, a generator type dynamometer, a fan dynamometer, a hydraulic dynamometer, a forced lubricant shear dynamometer, and a hydraulic dynamometer.

17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the generator is a synchronous generator.

18. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the accumulator is designed, configured, and sized to store enough energy to recover the entire length of the tether without relying on an external power source.

19. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system enables rapid manufacturing, deployment, operation, and maintenance of infrastructure-scale power farms.

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