Solar panel mounting rack

Abstract

To provide a mounting frame capable of mounting solar panels of various sizes.SOLUTION: A mounting frame 1 is used for mounting a solar panel P on a flat roof 2 having a horizontal roof surface 2A. A solar panel mounting structure includes a plurality of first long materials 10 fixed to a roof surface 2A and extending in a first horizontal direction, a plurality of second long materials 20 arranged over the plurality of first long materials 10 and extending in a second horizontal direction B orthogonal to the first horizontal direction, a panel mounting metal fitting 30 provided on the second long materials 20 and for mounting a solar panel P, and a fixing part 40 for fixing the second long materials 20 to the first long materials 10. The position of the fixing part 40 is adjustable in a first horizontal direction with respect to the first long material 10.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a mounting frame for a solar panel. [Background technology]

[0002] A flat roof of a house has a horizontal roof surface. For example, Patent Document 1 below proposes a mounting system for installing solar panels on such a roof surface. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2023-114839 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] The size of solar panels may vary depending on the manufacturer, and therefore there has been a demand for a solar panel mounting frame that can accommodate solar panels of various sizes.

[0005] The present invention has been devised in view of the above-mentioned circumstances, and has as its main object to provide a mounting frame capable of mounting solar panels of various sizes. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The present invention provides a mounting frame for attaching solar panels to a flat roof having a horizontal roof surface, comprising a plurality of first elongated members fixed to the roof surface and extending in a first horizontal direction, a plurality of second elongated members arranged across the plurality of first elongated members and extending in a second horizontal direction perpendicular to the first horizontal direction, panel mounting hardware provided on the second elongated members for attaching solar panels, and a fixing portion for fixing the second elongated members to the first elongated members, wherein the fixing portion is adjustable in position in the first horizontal direction relative to the first elongated members. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] By adopting the above-described configuration, the solar panel mounting frame of the present invention makes it possible to mount solar panels of various sizes on a flat roof. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is an overall perspective view of the solar panel mounting frame of the present embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a partial side view of FIG. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of a fastening part set on a first elongated member. [Figure 4] FIG. [Figure 5] 10A to 10C are partial cross-sectional views showing a procedure for fastening a second elongated material to a fastening portion. [Figure 6] FIG. 2 is a side view showing the panel mounting hardware (first hardware). [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the panel mounting hardware (first hardware). [Figure 8] FIG. 10 is a side view showing the panel mounting hardware (second hardware). [Figure 9] FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing the panel mounting hardware (second hardware). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described. The specific configurations shown in the following embodiments and drawings are for understanding the contents of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the specific configurations shown. Furthermore, throughout the specification, the same or common elements are designated by the same reference numerals, and redundant explanations are omitted. Furthermore, some aspects of the embodiments can be substituted or combined with each other.

[0010] Fig. 1 is an overall perspective view of a mounting frame 1 for a solar panel P of this embodiment, and Fig. 2 is a partial side view thereof. The mounting frame 1 of this embodiment is a device for mounting one or more solar panels P on a flat roof 2.

[0011] The mounting frame 1 of this embodiment can support the solar panels P so that their light-receiving surfaces are inclined. In this case, the mounting frame 1 of this embodiment provides a so-called flat stacking method in which the light-receiving surfaces of the solar panels P are arranged so that each panel is separated in the inclined direction. This type of flat stacking is desirable because it can keep the overall height of the solar panel unit small, compared to so-called tiered stacking, in which the light-receiving surfaces of multiple solar panels P are continuous in the inclined direction and form a single plane. On the other hand, in the case of tiered stacking, the overall height of the solar panel unit tends to increase, and there is a risk that the panel arrangement efficiency will actually decrease, for example, when considering a narrow lot with a diagonal line on the north side.

[0012] The solar panel P of this embodiment has, for example, a general shape of a rectangle in a plan view, and includes, for example, a first edge E1 and a second edge E2 located on the opposite side. The first edge E1 and the second edge E2 form the long sides of the rectangle. In this embodiment, the solar panel P is disposed at an incline with respect to the horizontal plane so that the second edge E2 is higher than the first edge E1. The angle of inclination may be determined appropriately depending on the installation orientation of the solar panel P, etc., so as to maximize the amount of light received.

[0013] The flat roof 2 has a horizontal roof surface 2A. In this specification, a horizontal roof surface 2A is sufficient if it is substantially horizontal, and for example, a roof surface with a water gradient of about 1 / 100 to 1 / 200 should be understood to be a substantially horizontal roof surface.

[0014] [Overall configuration of the mounting bracket] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the mounting frame 1 of this embodiment includes a plurality of first long members 10 fixed to the roof surface 2A, a plurality of second long members 20 arranged across the plurality of first long members 10, a panel mounting hardware 30 provided on the second long members 20, and a fixing portion 40 (see Figure 2) for fixing the second long members 20 to the first long members 10.

[0015] [1st long material] The first elongated material 10 is, for example, a elongated material made of a metal material, and its longitudinal direction extends along the first horizontal direction A. The first elongated material 10 of this embodiment is, for example, made of a hollow stamped material, and is preferably made of aluminum or an alloy thereof. In this embodiment, two first elongated materials 10 are arranged parallel to each other at a distance from each other. Furthermore, these first elongated materials 10 have the same height from the roof surface 2A. The arrangement pitch and number of the first elongated materials 10 may be set appropriately depending on the number of solar panels P to be arranged, etc.

[0016] In this embodiment, the first long member 10 is fixed to the roof surface 2A, for example, via a support 3. A U-shaped cross-section metal bracket 4 is fixed to the upper end of the support 3, and the first long member 10 is fixed to this metal bracket 4 with bolts. The lower end of the support 3 is fastened to a frame 6 (e.g., a beam or a pillar) located below the roof surface 2A via a mounting metal bracket 5. In this way, the first long member 10 is firmly fixed to the roof surface 2A of the building.

[0017] [Second long material] The second elongated member 20 is, for example, a long member made of a metal material, and its longitudinal direction extends along a second horizontal direction B perpendicular to the first horizontal direction A. In this embodiment, the second elongated member 20 includes, for example, a channel steel, and includes a web 21, an upper flange 22, and a lower flange 23. In a preferred embodiment, the second elongated member 20 is arranged so that the web 21 forms a vertical plane to improve the section modulus. The second elongated member 20 is also arranged across a plurality of first elongated members 10 so as to be supported thereon, and is fastened to them via fastening portions 40 (described below). Thus, the plurality of second elongated members 20 are combined with the plurality of first elongated members 10 in a grid pattern.

[0018] As shown in FIG. 1 , in the mounting frame 1, solar panels P are mounted on second elongated members 20. In this embodiment, each solar panel P is arranged so as to straddle a pair of adjacent second elongated members 20, 20 in the first horizontal direction A. More specifically, each solar panel P is mounted on the second elongated member 20 with its first edge E1 and second edge E2 oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the second elongated member 20. The mounting frame 1 of this embodiment is exemplified as being configured to be able to mount three solar panels P in the first horizontal direction A and four solar panels P in the second horizontal direction B. However, if the size of the solar panels P, particularly the size in the first horizontal direction A, changes, it becomes necessary to appropriately adjust the mounting pitch d of the second elongated members 20, etc., in order to arrange the solar panels P stably and with higher density.

[0019] [Fixed part] FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged perspective view of the vicinity of the fastening portion 40 of the first long member 10, and FIG. 3 shows the first long member 10 in a state before the second long member 20 is attached. In this embodiment, the above-mentioned problem is solved by providing the fastening portion 40, the position of which is adjustable in the first horizontal direction A relative to the first long member 10. That is, in the mounting frame 1 of this embodiment, by changing the position of the fastening portion 40 in the first horizontal direction A, the mounting pitch d (see FIG. 1 ) of the second long member 20 in the first horizontal direction A can be adjusted to an optimal position depending on the size of the solar panel P. Therefore, the mounting frame 1 of this embodiment can stably and densely arrange solar panels P of various sizes.

[0020] In this embodiment, a groove 50 extending in the first horizontal direction A is formed on the top surface of the first elongated material 10. The groove 50 is formed continuously, for example, from one end to the other end of the first elongated material 10. The fastening portion 40 is provided so as to be movable within the groove 50 along the first horizontal direction A. This allows the fastening portion 40 to be guided by the groove 50, enabling smooth movement.

[0021] [Preferred form of the fastening part] Fig. 4 is a perspective view showing the fixing part 40 removed from the recessed groove 50. As shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the fixing part 40 of this embodiment preferably includes a first fastener 41, a second fastener 42, and a slider 43.

[0022] Slider The slider 43 is formed, for example, of a rectangular metal plate in a plan view. The slider 43 is inserted into a first groove portion 51 in the recessed groove 50 so as to be movable in a first horizontal direction A. The first groove portion 51 has a groove width and a groove depth that restricts the movement of the slider 43 in the up and down direction while allowing movement in the first horizontal direction A. Therefore, the slider 43 can move in the first horizontal direction A while being prevented from coming out of the recessed groove 50.

[0023] A first through hole 43A and a second through hole 43B are formed in the slider 43. A first fastener 41 is attached to the first through hole 43A of the slider 43, and a second fastener 42 is attached to the second through hole 43B.

[0024] [First fastener] The first fastener 41 includes a bolt 44 and a nut 45. The first fastener 41 may include a washer or the like as needed.

[0025] The bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 is inserted into the first through-hole 43A of the slider 43. The first fastener 41 of this embodiment is attached so that the head 44A of the bolt 44 is located at the bottom of the slider 43 and the threaded portion 44B of the bolt 44 protrudes from the top of the slider 43.

[0026] The head 44A of the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 is located in the second groove portion 52 below the slider 43 within the groove 50. The second groove portion 52 has a groove width that allows movement of the head 44A of the bolt 44 along the first horizontal direction A but does not allow rotation of the head 44A. The second groove portion 52 of the groove 50 also has a bottom portion 52a that determines the downward position of the head 44A of the bolt 44. This prevents the bolt 44 from falling out downward. Furthermore, the upward position of the head 44A of the bolt 44 is restricted by abutment with the underside of the slider 43, whose vertical movement is restricted within the first groove portion 51. Therefore, while the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 can move within the groove 50 in the first horizontal direction A, it is prevented from rotating and from falling out by the groove 50.

[0027] 3, the threaded portion 44B of the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 extends beyond the upper surface of the slider 43 and protrudes further upward from the upper surface of the first elongated member 10. A nut 45 can be fastened to the threaded portion 44B.

[0028] [Second fastener] The second fastener 42 is configured to include a bolt 46 and a nut 47. These bolts 46 and nuts 47 preferably have the same standard size as the bolts 44 and nuts 45 of the first fastener 41. The second fastener 42 may also include a washer or the like as necessary.

[0029] The bolt 46 of the second fastener 42 is inserted into the second through-hole 43B of the slider 43. The second fastener 42 of this embodiment is also attached so that the head 46A of the bolt 46 is located at the bottom of the slider 43 and the threaded portion 46B of the bolt 46 protrudes from the top of the slider 43. A nut 47 can be fastened to the threaded portion 46B.

[0030] The head 46A of the bolt 46 of the second fastener 42 is located in the second groove portion 52 below the slider 43 within the groove 50. The second groove portion 52 has a groove width that allows the head 46A of the bolt 46 to move along the first horizontal direction A but does not allow the head 46A to rotate. The bottom 52a of the second groove portion 52 of the groove 50 defines the downward position of the head 46A. This prevents the bolt 46 from falling out downward. Furthermore, the upward position of the head 46A of the bolt 46 is restricted by abutting against the underside of the slider 43, whose vertical movement is restricted within the first groove portion 51. Therefore, while the bolt 46 of the second fastener 42 can move within the groove 50 in the first horizontal direction A, it is prevented from rotating and from falling out by the groove 50.

[0031] The fixing part 40 configured as described above functions as follows. First, by loosening the first fastener 41 and the second fastener 42, the slider 43 can freely move in the first horizontal direction A within the groove 50 of the first elongated member 10. Generally, when constructing the mounting frame 1, the size of the solar panel P is known in advance. Therefore, the installer can move the slider 43 (and thus the fixing part 40) to the optimal position of the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41, which is determined in advance according to the size of the solar panel P, or to the optimal position of the second fastener 42 for fixing the slider 43 to the first elongated member 10 (slider movement process).

[0032] Next, the installer tightens the bolt 46 of the second fastener 42, and the slider 43 is firmly fixed to the first elongated member 10 between the head 46A of the bolt 46 and the anti-rotation nut 47. This fixes the slider 43 (and thus the fastening portion 40) to the first elongated member 10, and thus the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 is positioned and fixed in the optimal position (slider fixing process). It is desirable that the processes up to this point be performed in advance in a factory or the like. This eliminates the need for positioning the fastening portion 40 at the construction site, making the construction of the mounting frame 1 more efficient.

[0033] 5, the through-hole 24 of the second elongated member 20 is passed through the threaded portion 44B of the bolt 44 of the first fastener 41 of the fixing part 40, and then the nut 45 is tightened. This firmly fastens the second elongated member 20 to a predetermined position on the first elongated member 10. In the above embodiment, the heads 44A, 46A of the bolts 44, 46 of the first fastener 41 and the second fastener 42 are located below the slider 43. However, the heads 44A, 46A may be located above the slider 43, and the corresponding nuts 45, 47 may be disposed in the second groove 52 below the slider 43.

[0034] [Panel mounting hardware] Once the second elongated member 20 has been positioned and fixed to the first elongated member 10 via the fixing portion 40, the solar panel P is then attached to the second elongated member 20. The solar panel P is fixed onto the second elongated member 20 via the panel mounting hardware 30.

[0035] As shown in FIG. 2 , the panel mounting hardware 30 of this embodiment includes a set of a first metal fitting 31 and a second metal fitting 32. It is desirable that these panel mounting hardware 30 be temporarily fixed on the second elongated member 20 before being transported to the construction site, for example. The first metal fitting 31 secures the first edge E1 of the solar panel P to the second elongated member 20. The second metal fitting 32 secures the second edge E2 of the solar panel P to the second elongated member 20. A plurality of sets of the first metal fitting 31 and the second metal fitting 32 are provided on the second elongated member 20. The first metal fitting 31 and the second metal fitting 32 are not particularly limited as long as they can secure the solar panel P to the second elongated member 20, and various types can be used depending on the specifications of the solar panel P. The following is an example.

[0036] [First metal fitting] FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the first edge E1 of the solar panel P and the vicinity of the mounting portion of the first metal fitting 31. FIG. 7 is a perspective view of FIG. 6. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the solar panel P includes a panel body P1 and a frame portion P2 that surrounds the periphery of the panel body P1. The frame portion P2 is formed with a flange portion P3 that extends outward from the panel. In this embodiment, the outer edge of the flange portion P3 is formed with a raised portion that rises upward. The first metal fitting 31 can fix the first edge E1 side of the solar panel P to the second elongated material 20 by clamping the flange portion P3 of the solar panel P between it and the second elongated material 20.

[0037] The first metal member 31 of this embodiment includes, for example, a first pressing piece 31A, a bolt 31B, and a nut 31C.

[0038] The first pressing piece 31A is, for example, a metal piece having a channel-shaped cross section, with flanges on both sides facing the second elongated member 20. One flange of the first pressing piece 31A is placed on the flange portion P3 of the solar panel P. A bolt 31B is inserted from below, for example, so as to penetrate the upper flange 22 of the second elongated member 20 and the first pressing piece 31A. A nut 31C is fixed to the threaded portion of the bolt 31B that penetrates the first pressing piece 31A. By tightening the nut 31C, the flange portion P3 on the first edge E1 side of the solar panel P can be firmly held between the first pressing piece 31A and the second elongated member 20.

[0039] Depending on the specifications of the solar panel P, a shape different from that described above may be adopted for the first metal fitting 31. For example, if a through hole (not shown) is formed in the flange portion P3 of the solar panel P, the first metal fitting 31 may be configured as a fastener such as a bolt and nut for directly fixing the flange portion P3 to the upper flange 22 of the second elongated member 20, without including the first pressing piece 31A.

[0040] [Second metal fitting] Fig. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the second edge E2 of the solar panel P and the vicinity of the mounting portion of the second metal fitting 32. Fig. 9 is a perspective view of Fig. 8. As shown in Figs. 8 and 9, the second metal fitting 32 may also be configured to include, for example, a second pressing piece 32A, a bolt 32B, and a nut 32C, similar to the first metal fitting 31. These components are similar to those of the first metal fitting 31, and therefore a repeated explanation will be omitted.

[0041] The second metal fitting 32 of this embodiment may further include a height-raising metal fitting 32D. The height-raising metal fitting 32D is a member for holding the second edge E2 side of the solar panel P higher than the first edge E1 side to create an inclination. The height-raising metal fitting 32D is fixed onto the upper flange 22 of the second elongated material 20. The height-raising metal fitting 32D of this embodiment has, for example, a hat-shaped cross section and is fixed to the second elongated material 20 with bolts and nuts. The flange portion P3 on the second edge E2 side of the solar panel P of this embodiment is firmly held between the height-raising metal fitting 32D and the second pressing piece 32A.

[0042] Depending on the specifications of the solar panel P, the second metal fitting 32 may also take various forms different from those described above. For example, if a through hole (not shown) is formed in the flange portion P3 of the solar panel P, the second metal fitting 32 may be composed of a bulkhead metal fitting 32D, a bolt, and a nut, without including the second pressing piece 32A.

[0043] [Slope adjustment bracket] The panel mounting hardware 30 of this embodiment includes a gradient adjustment metal fitting 60 for tilting the light receiving surface of the solar panel P. In this embodiment, the gradient adjustment metal fitting 60 is disposed between the first pressing piece 31A and the second elongated member 20, and between the second pressing piece 32A and the height-raising metal fitting 32D.

[0044] The slope-adjusting fitting 60 includes, for example, a first portion 61 disposed between the solar panel P and the second elongated member 20. The first portion 61 has a sloped cross section whose thickness decreases toward the lower side of the slope of the solar panel P. Therefore, when the first portion 61 is placed on the upper flange 22 of the second elongated member 20 directly or via a bulkhead fitting 32D, it has an upper surface 61A that is inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. This upper surface 61A may have a slope angle of, for example, approximately 2 to 10 degrees. Therefore, the solar panel P placed on the first portion 61 can be positioned at a slope approximately equal to the slope angle of the first portion 61.

[0045] The gradient-adjusting fitting 60 of this embodiment also includes a second portion 62 that protrudes from the solar panel P in the second horizontal direction B. This second portion 62 is bolted to the second elongated member 20 directly or via a bulkhead 32D. The second portion 62 of this embodiment extends between the upper flange 22 of the second elongated member 20 and the first pressing piece 31A or the second pressing piece 32A. A through-hole is formed in the second portion 62, through which the bolt 31B or 32B of the panel mounting fitting 30 is inserted. In contrast to the first portion 61, the second portion 62 has a substantially horizontal upper surface 62A. Therefore, when nuts for fixing the gradient-adjusting fitting 60 to the second elongated member 20 are fastened to the bolts 31B and 32B, uniform surface contact with the fastening surfaces of the nuts is possible.

[0046] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the above specific disclosure, and can be implemented in various modified forms within the scope of the technical idea described in the claims.

[0047] [Note] The present invention includes the following aspects.

[0048] [Invention 1] A mounting frame for mounting solar panels on a flat roof having a horizontal roof surface, a plurality of first elongated members fixed to the roof surface and extending in a first horizontal direction; a plurality of second elongated members arranged across the plurality of first elongated members and extending in a second horizontal direction perpendicular to the first horizontal direction; a panel mounting hardware provided on the second elongated member for mounting a solar panel; a fastening portion for fastening the second elongated member to the first elongated member, The fixing portion is adjustable in position in the first horizontal direction relative to the first elongated material. Solar panel mounting bracket. [Invention 2] a recessed groove extending in the first horizontal direction is formed on an upper surface of the first elongated member; The solar panel mounting frame according to aspect 1, wherein the fixing portion is movable in the recessed groove in the first horizontal direction. [Invention 3] The solar panel mounting frame according to the first or second aspect of the present invention, wherein the fixing portion includes a first fastener including a bolt and a nut for fixing the second elongated member to the first elongated member. [Invention 4] The solar panel mounting frame according to Invention 3, wherein at least one of the bolt and the nut is prevented from rotating within the recessed groove. [Invention 5] 5. The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the bolt has a threaded portion extending upward from the top surface of the first elongated member. [Invention 6] the fixing portion includes a slider that is movable in the groove in the first horizontal direction, and a second fastener for positioning and fixing the slider to the first elongated member; 6. The solar panel mounting frame according to any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the bolt of the first fastener passes through the slider. [Invention 7] The solar panel mounting frame according to any one of the first to sixth aspects of the present invention, wherein the panel mounting hardware includes a slope adjustment hardware for tilting the light receiving surface of the solar panel. [Invention 8] The slope adjustment fitting includes a first portion disposed between the solar panel and the second elongated member, A solar panel mounting frame according to invention 7, wherein the first portion has a sloped cross section whose thickness decreases toward the lower side of the slope. [Invention 9] the slope adjustment fitting includes a second portion that protrudes from the solar panel in the second horizontal direction, A mounting frame for a solar panel according to invention 7 or 8, wherein the second portion is bolted to the second elongated member directly or via a bulkhead. [Explanation of symbols]

[0049] 1 Mounting stand 2 Flat roof 2A Roof surface 5 Mounting hardware 10 First long material 20 Second long material 30 Panel mounting hardware 40 Fixing part 41 First fastener 42 Second fastener 43 Slider 50 groove 60 Slope adjustment fittings 61 Part 1 62 Part 2 A 1st horizontal direction B 2nd horizontal direction P Solar panel

Claims

1. A mounting frame for mounting solar panels on a flat roof having a horizontal roof surface, a plurality of first elongated members fixed to the roof surface and extending in a first horizontal direction; a plurality of second elongated members arranged across the plurality of first elongated members and extending in a second horizontal direction perpendicular to the first horizontal direction; a panel mounting hardware provided on the second elongated member for mounting a solar panel; a fastening portion for fastening the second elongated member to the first elongated member, The fixing portion is adjustable in position in the first horizontal direction relative to the first elongated material. Solar panel mounting bracket.

2. a recessed groove extending in the first horizontal direction is formed on an upper surface of the first elongated member; The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 1 , wherein the fixing portion is movable in the first horizontal direction within the groove.

3. The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 1 , wherein the fastening portion includes a first fastener including a bolt and a nut for fastening the second elongated member to the first elongated member.

4. The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 3 , wherein at least one of the bolt and the nut is prevented from rotating within the recessed groove.

5. The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the bolt has a threaded portion that extends upward from an upper surface of the first elongated member.

6. the fastening portion includes a slider that is movable in the groove in the first horizontal direction, and a second fastener for positioning and fastening the slider to the first elongated member, The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the bolt of the first fastener passes through the slider.

7. The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 1 , wherein the panel mounting hardware includes a slope adjustment hardware for tilting the light receiving surface of the solar panel.

8. The slope adjustment fitting includes a first portion disposed between the solar panel and the second elongated member, The solar panel mounting bracket according to claim 7 , wherein the first portion has a sloped cross section that decreases in thickness toward a lower side of the slope.

9. the slope adjustment fitting includes a second portion that protrudes from the solar panel in the second horizontal direction, The solar panel mounting frame according to claim 8 , wherein the second portion is bolted to the second elongated member directly or via a bulkhead.

Images