Method for constructing exterior wall having ventilation layer, and exterior wall

Abstract

To provide a method (ventilation method) for constructing an exterior wall having a ventilation layer, which can be constructed by easily and surely securing the ventilation layer by using an inexpensive material and without having a special skill, and to provide the exterior wall having the exterior wall ventilation layer, its construction method (ventilation method), and the exterior wall.SOLUTION: A method for constructing an exterior wall including a ventilation layer according to the present invention includes a first step of fixing vertical furring strips D or horizontal furring strips at predetermined intervals on a substrate E, a second step of stretching a waterproof sheet B made of resin having a plurality of protrusions C protruding toward the substrate side over at least the predetermined intervals, a third step of attaching a lath net G to the waterproof sheet B made of resin, and a fourth step of applying mortar I or concrete. And a fourth step of filling mortar I or concrete in the projection part C and embedding the lath net G in the mortar I or concrete.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a construction method (ventilation construction method) for an exterior wall with a ventilation layer that can be constructed easily and reliably using inexpensive materials and without the need for special skills, and to an exterior wall. [Background technology]

[0002] In the method and structure for creating a ventilation layer on an exterior wall, an air gap of 12 mm or more between the wall and the base is required for it to be recognized as a ventilation layer. One such structure uses furring strips as spacers. This structure includes Structure A, in which a lath net (ventilated lath) with a film or the like is fastened onto the furring strips, but Structure B is also known, in which a wooden panel is attached onto the furring strips and corrugated lath or the like is attached. Furthermore, Structure C is also known, in which a sheet with multiple projections or a sheet shaped like a wave is used.

[0003] The aforementioned Structure A is easy to construct, but it does cause deflection between the furring strips. Therefore, when mortar is applied, the lath deflects between the furring strips, narrowing the ventilation layer and causing unevenness in areas with and without furring strips. It is also necessary to place anti-twist furring strips around the foundation and openings. In the aforementioned structure B, although no deflection occurs between the furring strips, it was necessary to attach a panel-shaped piece of wood on top of the furring strips. The aforementioned structure C uses a sheet, which makes it easy to install, but the ventilation layer formed is thin, at around 1 to 5 mm (generally 15 to 18 mm, with a minimum of 9 to 12 mm or more being desirable).

[0004] Furthermore, Patent Document 1 proposes a metal fitting for lath netting that is fitted into a protrusion formed on the sheet and fixed in place. Patent Document 2 proposes a ventilation formwork sheet to which the lath net mounting fixtures of Patent Document 1 can be attached. Patent Document 3 proposes a metal fitting integrated lath net in which a metal fitting partially deformed into a protruding shape is integrated with the lath net, and an exterior wall construction method using the same. Furthermore, the present applicant has proposed a construction method in Patent Document 4, which involves a first step of attaching a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of tapered protrusions, the top or sides of which have holes for venting air, to a base, and a second step of applying mortar or concrete so that the protrusions are filled in. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent No. 4465037 [Patent Document 2] Patent No. 4611440 [Patent Document 3] Patent No. 6255131 [Patent Document 4] Patent No. 5880910 DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, while the structures described in Patent Documents 1 to 4 provide sufficient ventilation and a smooth wall surface, they require a large number of components (three-dimensional molded lath) and are expensive. For temporary fastening, the deep protrusions preclude the use of a simple hammer or hand stapler, necessitating the use of an air stapler or battery-powered stapler (which can be used because the protruding needles protrude). Furthermore, because the resin waterproof sheet with protrusions is applied to the entire wall surface, it can wrinkle or become difficult to align. Furthermore, with external insulation construction, the lath and the resin waterproof sheet with protrusions cannot be fixed to the base surface or temporarily fastened, so the lath and the resin waterproof sheet with protrusions must be positioned and then screwed to the pillars with power tools, resulting in complex construction and the need to carry a large number of tools, making the lath mesh time-consuming. Furthermore, the need to attach washers and other fasteners to the screw threads contributes to the high cost of the lath mesh.

[0007] Therefore, the present invention aims to provide a construction method (ventilation construction method) for an exterior wall with a ventilation layer that can be constructed easily and reliably while ensuring a ventilation layer using inexpensive materials and without the need for special skills, and to provide an exterior wall. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] The present invention has been proposed in view of the above, and relates to a construction method for exterior walls equipped with an air-permeable layer, which comprises the following steps: a first step of fixing vertical or horizontal furring strips to a base at a predetermined interval; a second step of stretching a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the base so that the stretched sheet covers at least the predetermined interval; a third step of laying a lath mesh along the resin waterproof sheet; and a fourth step of applying mortar or concrete, thereby filling the protrusions with the mortar or concrete and embedding the lath mesh in the mortar or concrete. The protruding portion protruding toward the base may have, for example, a semicircular, triangular or stepped cross section.

[0009] Furthermore, the present invention also proposes an exterior wall constructed using the above construction method, which is an exterior wall equipped with an air-permeable layer, characterized in that a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the substrate is stretched over at least the specified intervals on vertical or horizontal furring strips arranged at specified intervals on the substrate, and a lath mesh is installed along the resin waterproof sheet, with mortar or concrete filled into the protrusions and the lath mesh buried. [Effects of the Invention]

[0010] In the construction method for exterior walls with a ventilation layer of the present invention, the first step of fixing vertical or horizontal furring strips at a predetermined interval, the second step of stretching a resin waterproof sheet with multiple protrusions, the third step of laying a lath mesh over it, and the fourth step of applying mortar or concrete can all be carried out easily and reliably while ensuring a ventilation layer, using inexpensive materials and without special skills.Furthermore, because a lath base can be formed without deflection, mortar or concrete can be applied evenly and without unevenness.

[0011] Furthermore, the exterior wall provided with the ventilation layer of the present invention has an air layer that can reach 18 mm in thickness, and can be constructed using inexpensive materials and without special skills, easily and reliably ensuring the ventilation layer. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a front view showing the positional relationship between the resin waterproof sheet (two examples: mode A with five protrusions and mode B with four protrusions) used in the exterior wall of the present invention and the vertical furring strips. [Figure 2] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exterior wall of Example 1 using a waterproof resin sheet of embodiment B. FIG. [Figure 3] 10 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the construction procedure for an exterior wall of Example 1 using a resin waterproof sheet of aspect B on a base having angular portions. FIG. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an exterior wall of Example 2 using the waterproof resin sheet of aspect A. [Figure 5] This is a cross-sectional view of the exterior wall of Comparative Example A, in which auxiliary furring strips are arranged in the ventilation layer. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the construction procedure for the exterior wall of Comparative Example A. [Figure 7] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the outer wall of Comparative Example B. [Figure 8] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the construction procedure for the exterior wall of Comparative Example B. [Figure 9] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the outer wall of Comparative Example C. [Figure 10] A cross-sectional view showing the construction procedure for the exterior wall of Comparative Example C. [Figure 11] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the outer wall of Comparative Example D. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the construction procedure for the exterior wall of Comparative Example D. [Figure 13] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an exterior wall of Example 3 in which a waterproof resin sheet of aspect B is used on a base having angular portions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] The construction method for exterior walls equipped with a ventilation layer of the present invention is characterized by carrying out the following steps: a first step of fixing vertical or horizontal furring strips to the substrate at a predetermined interval; a second step of stretching a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the substrate so that it extends over at least the predetermined interval; a third step of laying a lath mesh along the resin waterproof sheet; and a fourth step of applying mortar or concrete, thereby filling the protrusions with the mortar or concrete and embedding the lath mesh in the mortar or concrete.

[0014] Furthermore, the present invention also proposes an exterior wall equipped with a ventilation layer formed by the above construction method, characterized in that a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the substrate is stretched over at least the specified intervals on vertical or horizontal furring strips arranged at specified intervals on the substrate, and a lath net is placed along the resin waterproof sheet, filling the protrusions and burying the lath net.

[0015] First, the construction method of the present invention and the materials used for the exterior wall will be described below. In this invention, the vertical and horizontal furring strips are made of wood or other materials (furring strip material) with a thickness of 12 to 20 mm to ensure the thickness of the ventilation layer (air layer) to be formed. These furring strips may be continuous, elongated pieces running vertically or horizontally, or furring strips of a predetermined length or longer may be arranged in a continuous fashion to form vertical or horizontal furring strips, allowing the use of inexpensive materials. Furthermore, furring strips with notches to allow air to pass through may also be used.

[0016] The waterproof resin sheet of the present invention is a resin sheet having multiple protrusions protruding toward the substrate. The protrusions may be, for example, semicircular, triangular, or stepped in cross section, as described above. There are no particular limitations on their size, shape, placement, or spacing. However, the size of the protrusions is preferably 12 to 20 mm in height, and more preferably 13 to 18 mm (13 mm or more but less than 18 mm). The most preferred shape of the protrusions is a truncated cone, which allows rainwater or condensation water to easily escape even if it penetrates the protrusions. The protrusions may be arranged in either a grid or a houndstooth pattern, but a grid pattern is preferred when considering airflow, as a houndstooth pattern can cause turbulence. The preferred spacing between the protrusions is 50 to 150 mm when the protrusion height is 13 to 18 mm.

[0017] This resin waterproof sheet can be made using relatively inexpensive plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, acrylic, and vinyl chloride. There are no particular limitations on the thickness, but it is recommended that the weight be 200 to 800 g / m. 2 It is desirable that the mass is 200 g / m 2 If the mass is less than 800g / m, the strength is too low and the shape of the protrusions cannot be maintained when mortar or concrete is applied. 2 If the weight exceeds this, the resin waterproof sheet itself will be too heavy, making installation labor-intensive and causing it to slip off when fixed to the base. Furthermore, when the protrusions are filled with mortar or concrete, they form leg-like parts that support the ventilation layer and serve to prevent the resin waterproof sheet and the mortar or concrete from sagging. If the protrusions are formed too densely, the flow of the ventilation layer will be poor, and conversely, if there are too few protrusions, the leg-like parts that support the ventilation layer will become unstable and the ventilation layer will be prone to collapse.

[0018] Furthermore, because this construction method and the resin waterproof sheet used in exterior walls have high waterproofing performance (waterproofing), the resulting breathable layer also functions as a drainage layer, allowing condensation water and moisture that has seeped in from the outside to flow down. Furthermore, because it does not allow moisture that has seeped in from the outside to pass through, the mortar and concrete absorb moisture and do not release it into the breathable layer, which helps to keep the breathable layer and structure dry. Although this impermeability will be impaired, air vent holes may be formed in the protrusions.

[0019] Furthermore, the lath netting in this invention is a wire mesh used as a base to prevent the spalling of mortar or concrete, and may have a structure in which vertical and horizontal reinforcement members are combined in a lattice pattern, or may be a punched metal type in which many holes are formed in a flat plate.In addition to the metal lath described in JIS A 5505, expanded metal and a wide variety of other products are available on the market, so relatively inexpensive materials can be easily applied.

[0020] Any known material can be used for the mortar or concrete that is filled into the protrusions and applied so that the lath mesh is embedded. The mortar or concrete is suitably selected to have a softness (composition) and aggregate (fineness) that allows it to be filled into the protrusions (protrusion height: 12 to 20 mm).

[0021] Next, the first to fourth steps forming the construction method of the present invention will be described below. The first step is to fix vertical or horizontal furring strips to the base at predetermined intervals. In the second step, a waterproof resin sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the substrate is stretched over at least the predetermined interval. The third step is to install a lath net along the resin waterproof sheet. The fourth step is to apply mortar or concrete, filling the protrusions with the applied mortar or concrete and forming a lath base with the lath mesh embedded therein.

[0022] In the first step, vertical or horizontal furring strips are fixed to the base at predetermined intervals. As mentioned above, the furring strip material used may be a long piece with a thickness of 12 to 20 mm, which corresponds to the ventilation layer (air layer), or a predetermined length, and may be attached using known methods.

[0023] In the second step, a plastic waterproof sheet having multiple protrusions that protrude toward the base is stretched across the furring strips, but it may be temporarily fixed by partially fixing it in place, and it does not necessarily have to be attached (= fixed).

[0024] In the third step, the lath net is laid along the resin waterproof sheet, and the lath net is fixed using staples or the like along the resin waterproof sheet that has been stretched so as to span between the furring strips.

[0025] In the fourth step, mortar or concrete is applied from the top (surface side) of the fixed lath mesh, filling the protrusions with the applied mortar or concrete and embedding the lath mesh in the applied mortar or concrete.

[0026] This construction method uses inexpensive materials and can be easily and reliably constructed without special skills, including the first step of fixing vertical or horizontal furring strips at a specified interval, the second step of stretching a resin waterproof sheet with multiple protrusions, the third step of laying a lath mesh over it, and the fourth step of applying mortar or concrete. Furthermore, because a lath base can be formed without deflection, mortar can be applied evenly and without unevenness.

[0027] Furthermore, the exterior wall formed has an air layer with a ventilation layer reaching 18 mm, and can be constructed using inexpensive materials and with an air layer easily and reliably secured even without special skills.

[0028] In the first step, a known method is used to fix the vertical or horizontal furring strips at predetermined intervals on the substrate, so the method used in the ventilation method described above may be applied as is.

[0029] In the second step, when the resin waterproof sheet is attached to the base, it is stretched across the spacing between adjacent vertical or horizontal furring strips, and is attached so that the multiple protrusions are located between the furring strips. At this time, the end of the resin waterproof sheet where no protrusions are formed is fixed onto the furring strips, but it is also possible to fix fixtures to the tops of the protrusions or the like between the furring strips (= base where no furring strips are arranged).

[0030] In the third step, the lath netting is laid along the resin waterproof sheet, and is secured using staples, etc., along the resin waterproof sheet stretched across the furring strips. At this time, the lath netting is arranged so as to hold down the resin waterproof sheet, so that when it is secured to the furring strips using staples, etc., the resin waterproof sheet is secured together with the lath netting.

[0031] If the protrusions are not sufficiently filled with mortar or concrete in the fourth step, voids (air) may form within the protrusions, causing the flat shape of the protrusions to appear raised on the applied surface. However, this can be smoothed out by smoothing the surface again with a trowel or similar tool after application. Alternatively, an air vent hole may be formed on the top or side of the protrusion. There are no particular restrictions on the shape or size of the air vent hole, but it is preferable that the hole be 2 mm or larger in diameter, and if formed on the side, there may be more than one hole, and it is preferable that the hole be drilled from the inside (= the top of the protrusion) to the outside. However, if the holes are too large or there are too many of them, the filled mortar or concrete will leak out of the holes and cause them to expand.

[0032] Although the resin waterproof sheet itself has low strength, the lath mesh to which it is attached and the mortar or concrete to which it is applied are strong, so the lath mesh, mortar or concrete protect the resin waterproof sheet, forming a high-strength lath base. [Example]

[0033] The resin waterproof sheets A and B shown in the top and middle rows of Figure 1 are made of PET resin with a mass of 400 g / m 2 The resin waterproof sheet A has five truncated cone-shaped protrusions c, while the resin waterproof sheet B has four protrusions C. The height of each protrusion c is 15 mm, and the protrusions C are spaced 75 mm apart. The sheet is made of a 1 m x 2 m plate. In addition, the vertical furring strips D shown in the bottom row of the same figure are arranged on the base E at a predetermined interval (455 mm).

[0034] In the exterior wall L1 of Example 1 shown in Figure 2, the resin waterproof sheet B is fixed to the vertical furring strips D, D on a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals with a hand stapler F with the tops of the four protrusions C in contact with the base E, and a lath mesh G is then fixed with staples H. Mortar I is filled inside each protrusion C and applied so that the lath mesh G is embedded in the mortar I, thereby forming a lath base J1 and forming an air-permeable layer M between the vertical furring strips D, D.

[0035] Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of the construction procedure for constructing the exterior wall L1 on a base E having angular portions and vertical furring strips D, D arranged at predetermined intervals. For example, the mortar I in which the lath mesh G is embedded is drawn separately, so the lath base J1 and ventilation layer M are not shown in the figure.

[0036] In the exterior wall L2 of Example 2 shown in Figure 4, the resin waterproof sheet A is fixed with a tacker F to a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals, with the tops of five protrusions C in contact with the base E, and a lath mesh G is further fixed with staples H. Mortar I is filled inside each protrusion C and applied so that the lath mesh G is embedded in the mortar I, thereby forming a lath base J2 and forming an air-permeable layer M between the vertical furring strips D, D.

[0037] In the exterior wall Ka having the ventilation layer M of the comparative example A shown in Figure 5, the ventilation layer M is formed by applying a lath mesh G and mortar I to a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals. Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of the construction procedure for constructing the exterior wall Ka on a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals. Auxiliary furring strips X are attached with double-sided tape to reduce the deflection of the lath mesh G, and mortar I is applied on top of them.

[0038] The exterior wall Kb having the ventilation layer M of the comparative example B shown in Figure 7 has a lath base board O, waterproof paper R, and lath S fixed to a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals, and mortar I is applied to form the ventilation layer M. Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of the construction procedure for constructing the exterior wall Kb. The construction involves fixing a lath base board O with nails Q onto a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals, attaching waterproof paper R with a hand cutter F, then fixing lath S with a hand tacker F, finally fastening with staples H, and then applying mortar I on top of that.

[0039] In the exterior wall Kc having a ventilation layer M of Comparative Example C shown in FIG. 9, a ventilation sheet P, lath S, and mortar I are formed on a base surface material T. Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of the construction procedure for constructing the exterior wall Kc. A ventilation sheet P is attached to the base surface material T using a hand stapler F, and then lath S is fixed using the hand stapler, staples H are used to secure the lath, and mortar I is then applied on top of that.

[0040] The exterior wall Kd having the ventilation layer M of Comparative Example D shown in FIG. 11 has a projection-equipped sheet U and a three-dimensional molded lath V superimposed on a base E. Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram of the construction procedure for constructing the exterior wall Kd, in which a protruding sheet U and a three-dimensional molded lath V are fixed to a base E with screws W, and mortar I is applied on top of them.

[0041] In the exterior wall L3 of Example 3 shown in Figure 13, the resin waterproof sheet A is fixed with a tacker F to a base E on which vertical furring strips D, D are arranged at predetermined intervals, with the tops of five protrusions C in contact with the base E, and a lath mesh G is further fixed with staples H. Mortar I is filled inside each protrusion C and applied so that the lath mesh G is embedded in the mortar I, thereby forming a lath base J2 and forming an air-permeable layer M between the vertical furring strips D, D.

[0042] [Table 1]

[0043] [Table 2]

[0044] Construction verification was carried out for the present example, and for comparative examples, structures A to C and the method of Patent Document 3. Tables 1 and 2 show the construction verification results. The examples and comparative examples in Table 1 show the results of experiments carried out on a wooden frame structure with a structural surface material base, and used 9mm thick structural plywood that allows lath mortar exterior walls to be attached to the structural surface material. The examples and comparative examples in Table 2 show the results of experiments using an external insulation base for a wooden frame structure, and structural plywood to which a mortar lath exterior wall can be attached was not used. Therefore, the mortar lath exterior wall material was fixed to the frame structure, such as a pillar, via furring strips or directly. 20mm thick Neoma Foam (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Building Materials) was used as the external insulation material. In both Tables 1 and 2, the thickness of the furring strip was 18 mm, and the thickness of the ventilation layer of the protruding sheet was also 18 mm. The ventilation sheet used in Comparative Example C had a ventilation layer of 3 mm. The smoothness of the mortar was evaluated based on the smoothness of the surface of the primer mortar applied to the lath mesh.

[0045] [Example 1] in Tables 1 and 2 has a structure in which a resin waterproof sheet B having four protrusions C is stretched across vertical furring strips D arranged at a predetermined interval (455 mm) on a base E as shown in Figure 2, and a lath mesh G is installed along the resin waterproof sheet B, and the lath mesh G is filled into the protrusions C and embedded in the resin waterproof sheet B.

[0046] Furthermore, [Example 2] in Tables 1 and 2 has a structure in which a resin waterproof sheet B having five protrusions C is stretched across vertical furring strips D arranged at a predetermined interval (455 mm) on a base E as shown in Figure 4, and a lath mesh G is installed along the resin waterproof sheet B, and the lath mesh G is filled into the protrusions C and embedded in the resin waterproof sheet B. In the cases of Examples 1 and 2, a mortar primer alone can be applied smoothly to a certain extent. Therefore, the top coat can be applied with a thin coating, or if a thick finish is applied, the mortar top coat can be omitted.

[0047] In [Comparative Example A], as shown in Figure 5, auxiliary furring strips X are attached with double-sided tape to reduce deflection of the lath mesh G, and mortar I is applied on top of them. However, the thickness of the ventilation layer M can be slightly reduced, resulting in unevenness and unevenness. While it is possible to minimize deflection between the furring strips by using thick, taut sheets or films attached to the lath mesh G, this increases the product weight and unit price. Thick, taut paper or sheets are difficult to cut with scissors, reducing workability. Furthermore, auxiliary furring strips X are difficult to adhere to when the substrate is wet with rain or condensation, or when the temperature is low, and even when attached, they can easily fall off. They can also fall off after the mortar has hardened, causing a rattling sound when wind blows through the ventilation layer. Falling off also blocks the ventilation layer.

[0048] In [Comparative Example B], as shown in Figure 7, lath base board O is fixed with nails Q, waterproof paper R is attached with hand cutter F, lath S is then fixed with hand tacker F, staples H are used to secure it, and mortar I is applied on top of that, so the cost of base material work may be higher.

[0049] Comparative Example C cannot be applied because it does not form a sufficient breathable layer, as shown in Figure 9. In this structure, the sheet often has protrusions or corrugated cardboard-like features, and is often rolled up. This increases the bulk when packaged, increasing transportation costs and making it difficult to secure storage space at the construction site.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 12, [Comparative Example D] is the method of Patent Document 3, which has simplified construction among the methods of Patent Documents 1 to 4 described above. As described above, it was confirmed that the overall cost is high and that it has the drawbacks shown in Tables 1 and 2. [Explanation of symbols]

[0051] A, B Resin waterproof sheet C protrusion D Vertical furring strip E Base F. Tucker G Lath Net H staple I Mortar J1, J2 Lath base Ka, Kb, Kc, Kd Exterior wall of comparative example L1, L2: Exterior wall of the example M Ventilation layer O Lath base board P Ventilation sheet Q Nail R waterproof paper S Las T Base material U-protrusion seat V Three-dimensional molded lath W Bis X auxiliary furring strip

Claims

1. A first step of fixing vertical furring strips or horizontal furring strips at predetermined intervals on a substrate; A second step of stretching a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the base so as to extend at least over the predetermined interval; A third step of installing a lath net along the resin waterproof sheet; a fourth step of applying mortar or concrete to fill the protrusions with the mortar or concrete and embed the lath mesh in the mortar or concrete; A construction method for an exterior wall with a ventilation layer, characterized by carrying out the following.

2. An exterior wall with an air-permeable layer, characterized in that a resin waterproof sheet having a plurality of protrusions protruding toward the base is stretched over at least the specified intervals on vertical or horizontal furring strips arranged at specified intervals on the base, and a lath net is placed along the resin waterproof sheet, with mortar or concrete filled into the protrusions and the lath net being buried.

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