Ablation tag connector wire and ablation count

Abstract

To provide a system and method for generating, visualizing, and displaying ablation electrode (tag) connector wires and ablation count information. [Solution] The method may include: a processor receiving the three-dimensional (3D) position of each of multiple electrodes of a catheter during an ablation session from one or more sensors; a processor generating a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the multiple electrodes using a first display; and a processor connecting adjacent pairs of the first displays using a second display within a constellation-like 3D graphic representation. The second display may indicate the position between electrodes to which energy was delivered. The method may include a processor displaying the 3D graphic representation, including the first and second displays, on a display device. The method may include identifying adjacent pairs of the first displays that are not connected by the second display using a third display that may indicate the position between electrodes to which energy was not delivered.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] (Cross - reference to related applications) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 687,963, filed on August 28, 2025, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] (Field of the Invention) This application relates to generating displays of information for ablation sessions. More specifically, systems and methods for generating, visualizing, and displaying ablation electrode (tag) connector wires and ablation count information are disclosed.

Background Art

[0003] In cardiac ablation using an electrophysiology (EP) mapping system, a large number of ablation tags are generated in close proximity within a three - dimensional (3D) space by using a multi - electrode catheter such as a bipolar pulsed - field ablation (PFA) catheter.

Summary of the Invention

Means for Solving the Problems

[0004] Implementations of the systems and methods described herein are intended to improve the display of information during an ablation session. The method may include a processor receiving three-dimensional (3D) positional information of each of several electrodes of a catheter during an ablation session from one or more sensors. The method may include a processor generating a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the several electrodes using a first representation. The method may include a processor connecting adjacent pairs of first representations in the 3D graphic representation using a second representation. The second representation may indicate the positions between electrodes to which ablation energy was delivered. The method may include a processor displaying the 3D graphic representation, including the first and second representations, on a display device. The method may include connecting adjacent pairs of first representations not connected by the second representation with a third representation. The third representation may indicate the positions between electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The method may include a processor displaying the 3D graphic representation, including the first, second, and third representations, on a display device. The first representation may be represented by at least a first identifying feature. The first identifying feature may be, for example, a first color, a first shape, and / or a first shading or shading. The second representation may be represented by at least a second identifying feature. The second identifying feature may be, for example, a second color, a second shape, and / or a second shading or shading. The third representation may be represented by at least a third identifying feature. The third identifying feature may be, for example, a third color, a third shape, and / or a third shading or shading. The first, second, and third identifying features may be different. The 3D graphic representation may include the gap between a pair of electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The pair of electrodes may not have a second representation connecting the pair of electrodes. The catheter may be a non-focal multi-electrode catheter. The catheter may be a bipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter. The first representation may be a sphere, and the second representation may be a line. The method may include generating additional information.The method may include displaying additional information along with the 3D graphic representation. The additional information may include at least one of the following: the ablation session count, the order of the ablation sessions, the timing of the ablation sessions, or the distance between a pair of electrodes. The method may include receiving information from the user indicating which of several generated 3D graphic representations to display. The method may include selectively displaying the indicated 3D graphic representation.

[0005] According to one or more embodiments, exemplary embodiments of the method may be implemented as an apparatus, system, and / or computer program product. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0006] This patent or application document includes at least one drawing made in color. A copy of this patent or patent application publication containing a color drawing will be provided by the Patent Office upon request and payment of the required fee.

[0007] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following explanation, which is given as an example in conjunction with the attached drawings, where similar reference numbers in the drawings indicate similar elements. [Figure 1] This document illustrates one or more exemplary catheter-based electrophysiological mapping and ablation systems according to their respective embodiments. [Figure 2] This is a block diagram of an exemplary system for remotely monitoring and communicating patient biometric data, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 3] This is a system diagram of an example computing environment that communicates with a network, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4] An example of a therapeutic catheter with a complex (nonlinear) topology is shown. [Figure 5A] This shows an exemplary 3D visualization of electrodes (e.g., tags) representing the positions of ablation electrodes for multiple ablation sessions. [Figure 5B]This image shows a screenshot of a 3D visualization of electrodes (e.g., tags) representing the positions of ablation electrodes for multiple ablation sessions. [Figure 5C] This section shows an exemplary 3D visualization illustrating the connections between electrodes (e.g., tags) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. [Figure 5D] The image shows a screenshot of a 3D visualization illustrating the connections between electrodes (e.g., tags) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. [Figure 5E] This shows an exemplary 3D visualization that identifies the areas between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 5F] This image shows a screenshot of a 3D visualization identifying the areas between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 5G] An exemplary 3D visualization is shown to identify the ablation session. [Figure 5H] A screenshot of a 3D visualization identifying the ablation session is shown. [Figure 6A] An exemplary 3D visualization is shown to identify the ablation session. [Figure 6B] A screenshot of a 3D visualization identifying the ablation session is shown. [Figure 6C] Figure 6A shows an exemplary 3D visualization illustrating additional information. [Figure 6D] A screenshot of the example in Figure 6B, which contains additional information, is shown. [Figure 6E] Figure 6A shows an example of identifying the region between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 6F] Figure 6B shows a screenshot of an example that identifies the region between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 6G] This shows an exemplary 3D visualization of an ablation session, identifying the areas between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 6H]This screenshot shows a 3D visualization of the ablation session, identifying the areas between electrodes where ablation was not performed. [Figure 7] An exemplary method for generating and displaying information about ablation sessions is shown. [Figure 8] An exemplary method for generating and displaying information about ablation sessions is shown. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0008] During cardiac ablation procedures, such as pulsed-field ablation (PFA), the electrodes of a multi-electrode catheter (e.g., VARIPULSE® catheter) are activated, potentially disrupting electrical pathways within tissue by forming non-conductive damaged areas. During a PFA ablation procedure, a series of bipolar activations between electrodes (e.g., 1-2, 2-3, 1-3, etc.) constitute a single ablation session. Ablation electrodes may refer to electrodes activated during a PFA ablation session to provide visual feedback to healthcare providers (e.g., physicians). Some systems track the electrode position during each ablation session and provide visualization of a dot or mark, sometimes referred to as a tag or ablation tag (CARTO VISITAG® module tag), in a three-dimensional (3D) environment (e.g., representing tissue, blood vessels, or other environments in which the catheter is positioned).

[0009] Due to the number of electrodes in multi-electrode catheters and the number of ablation sessions, visual clutter of tags may exist, making it difficult for physicians to understand the relationships between tags and correlate them to specific ablation sessions. It may also be difficult for physicians to understand which areas have been ablated and which areas need to be ablated. The lack of clear visualization and organization hinders the ability to analyze multiple ablation sessions holistically.

[0010] Disclosed herein is, for example, a system and method for providing clear visualization and organization by generating and displaying a 3D map visualization of ablation sites. The visualization connects tags created during each ablation session with lines to form a 3D representation. Additional displays or information, such as numbering, timestamping, or other indicators, may be included on or near the connecting lines to provide information about the order and timing of each session.

[0011] Refer to FIG. 1, which shows an exemplary system, shown as system 10, that can implement one or more features of the subject matter of this specification according to one or more embodiments (e.g., medical device equipment and / or catheter-based electrophysiological mapping and ablation). As shown, system 10 includes a recorder 11, a heart 12, a catheter 14, a model or anatomical map 20, an electrogram 21, a spline 22, a patient 23, a physician 24 (or medical professional, healthcare provider, or clinician), a position pad 25, an electrode 26, a display device 27, a distal tip 28, a sensor 29, a coil 32, a patient interface unit (PIU) 30, an electrode skin patch 38, an ablation energy generator 50, and a workstation 55. It should be further noted that each element and / or item of system 10 represents one or more of that element and / or that item. The example of system 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be modified to implement the embodiments disclosed herein. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be similarly applied using other system components and settings. Further, system 10 may include additional components such as elements for sensing electrical activity, wired or wireless connectors, processing devices, and display devices.

[0012] System 10 includes a plurality of catheters 14 that are percutaneously inserted by physician 24 through a patient's vasculature into a cardiac chamber or vascular structure of heart 12. Typically, a delivery sheath catheter is inserted into the left atrium or right atrium near a desired location within heart 12. Thereafter, the plurality of catheters can be inserted into the delivery sheath catheter and advanced to the desired location. The plurality of catheters 14 can include a catheter dedicated to sensing intracardiac electrogram (IEGM) signals, a catheter dedicated to ablation, and / or a catheter dedicated to both sensing and ablation. Exemplary catheters 14 configured to sense IEGM are shown herein. Physician 24 contacts the distal tip 28 of catheter 14 with the heart wall to sense a target site of heart 12. For ablation, physician 24 similarly advances the distal end of the ablation catheter to the target site for ablation.

[0013] Catheter 14 is an exemplary catheter that includes one or preferably a plurality of electrodes 26 that are optionally distributed across a plurality of splines 22 at distal tip 28 and are configured to sense IEGM signals. Catheter 14 can further include a sensor 29 embedded within or near distal tip 28 to track the position and orientation of distal tip 28. Optionally and preferably, position sensor 29 is a magnetic-based position sensor that includes three magnetic coils for sensing three-dimensional (3D) position and orientation. Catheter 14 can be a pulse field ablation (PFA) catheter. Catheter 14 can be a VARIPULSE (trademark) catheter.

[0014] A sensor 29 (e.g., a position-based or magnetic-based position sensor) may work in conjunction with a position pad 25 which includes a plurality of magnetic coils 32 configured to generate a magnetic field within a given working volume. The real-time position of the distal tip 28 of the catheter 14 may be tracked based on the magnetic field generated by the position pad 25 and sensed by the sensor 29. Details of magnetic-based position sensing technology are described in U.S. Patents 5,5391,199, 5,443,489, 5,558,091, 6,172,499, 6,239,724, 6,332,089, 6,484,118, 6,618,612, 6,690,963, 6,788,967, and 6,892,091.

[0015] System 10 includes one or more electrode patches 38 positioned on the patient 23 for skin contact to establish positional reference of the position pad 25 and impedance-based tracking of the electrodes 26. For impedance-based tracking, a current is directed to the electrodes 26 and sensed in the patch 38 (e.g., an electrode skin patch), thereby allowing the position of each electrode to be triangulated through the patch 38. Details of the impedance-based position tracking technique are described in U.S. Patents 7,536,218, 7,756,576, 7,848,787, 7,869,865 and 8,456,182, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0016] The recorder 11 displays the electrocardiogram 21 captured by the electrode 18 (e.g., an electrocardiogram (ECG) electrode) and the intracardiac electrocardiogram (IEGM) captured by the electrode 26 of the catheter 14. The recorder 11 may include pacing capabilities for pacing the heart rhythm and / or may be electrically connected to a standalone pacer.

[0017] System 10 may include an ablation energy generator 50 adapted to transmit ablation energy to one or more electrodes 26 located at the distal tip 28 of a catheter 14 configured for ablation. The energy generated by the ablation energy generator 50 may include, but is not limited to, radio frequency (RF) energy, pulsed-field ablation (PFA) energy including unipolar or bipolar high-voltage DC pulses that can be used to induce irreversible electroporation (IRE), or a combination thereof.

[0018] The PIU 30 is an interface configured to establish electrical communication between the catheter, the electrophysiological equipment, the power supply, and the workstation 55 that controls the operation of the system 10. The electrophysiological equipment of the system 10 may include, for example, multiple catheters 14, position pads 25, surface ECG electrodes 18, electrode patches 38, an ablation energy generator 50, and a recorder 11. Optionally, and preferably, the PIU 30 further includes processing capabilities for performing real-time calculations of the catheter position and performing ECG calculations.

[0019] The workstation 55 includes memory, a processor unit having memory or storage device loaded with appropriate operating software, and user interface functions. The workstation 55 may optionally provide several functions, including: (1) modeling the endocardial anatomical structure in three dimensions (3D) and rendering the model or anatomical map 20 for display on a display device 27; (2) displaying activation sequences (or other data) compiled from recorded electrophoresis diagrams 21 on the display device 27 as representative visual indicators or images superimposed on the rendered anatomical map 20; (3) displaying the real-time position and orientation of multiple catheters within the cardiac chambers; and (5) displaying sites of interest on the display device 27, such as the locations where ablation energy is applied. One commercially available product embodying the elements of system 10 is available as the CARTO® 3 system, commercially available from Biosense Webster, Inc. (31A Technology Drive, Irvine, CA 92618).

[0020] For example, system 10 can be part of a surgical system (e.g., the CARTO® system sold by Biosense Webster) configured to acquire biometric data (e.g., anatomical and electrical measurements of a patient's organs, such as the heart 12, as described herein) and perform cardiac ablation procedures. More specifically, in the treatment of cardiac conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias, it is often necessary to obtain detailed mapping of cardiac tissue, chambers, veins, arteries, and / or electrical pathways. For example, a prerequisite for successfully performing catheter ablation (as described herein) is that the cause of the cardiac arrhythmia is precisely located in the chambers of the heart 12. Such localization can be performed by electrophysiological examination, during which spatially resolved potentials are detected by a mapping catheter (e.g., catheter 14) introduced into the chambers of the heart 12. Thus, this electrophysiological examination, so-called electroanatomical mapping, provides 3D mapping data that can be displayed on a display device 27. In many cases, mapping and therapeutic functions (e.g., ablation) are provided by a single catheter or a group of catheters, and as a result, the mapping catheter also functions as a therapeutic (e.g., ablation) catheter.

[0021] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary system 100 for remotely monitoring and communicating patient biometrics (i.e., patient data). In the example shown in Figure 2, system 100 includes a patient biometric monitoring and processing unit 102 associated with patient 104, a local computing device 106, a remote computing system 108, a first network 110, a patient biometric sensor 112, a processor 114, a user input (UI) sensor 116, a memory 118, a second network 120, and a transmitter-receiver (i.e., transceiver) 122.

[0022] According to one embodiment, the patient biometric measurement and monitoring device 102 may be a device located inside the patient's body (e.g., subcutaneously implantable), such as the catheter 14 in Figure 1. The patient biometric measurement and monitoring device 102 may be inserted into the patient via any applicable method, including oral infusion, surgical insertion via vein or artery, endoscopic procedure, or laparoscopic procedure.

[0023] According to one embodiment, the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 may be an external device to the patient, such as the electrode patch 38 in Figure 1. For example, as will be described in more detail below, the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 may include an attachable patch (e.g., one attached to the patient's skin). The monitoring and processing device 102 may also include a catheter, probe, blood pressure cuff, scale, bracelet or smartwatch biometric tracker having one or more electrodes, a glucose monitor, a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine, or substantially any device capable of providing input regarding the patient's health or biometric values.

[0024] According to one embodiment, the patient biometric measurement monitoring and processing device 102 may include both components located inside the patient and components located outside the patient.

[0025] A single patient biometric monitoring and processing unit 102 is shown in Figure 2. However, the exemplary system may include multiple patient biometric monitoring and processing units. A patient biometric monitoring and processing unit may communicate with one or more other patient biometric monitoring and processing units. Additionally or alternatively, a patient biometric monitoring and processing unit may communicate with a network 110.

[0026] One or more patient biometric monitoring and processing devices 102 can acquire patient biometric data (e.g., electrical signals, blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose levels, or other biometric data) and can receive at least a portion of the patient biometric data representing the acquired patient biometric values, as well as additional information associated with the patient biometric values ​​acquired from one or more other patient biometric monitoring and processing devices 102. The additional information may be, for example, diagnostic information and / or additional information obtained from additional devices such as wearable devices. Each patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 can process data including its own acquired patient biometric values ​​and data received from one or more other patient biometric monitoring and processing devices 102.

[0027] Biometric data (e.g., patient biometrics, patient data, or patient biometric data) may include one or more of the following: local activation time (LAT), electrical activity, topology, bipolar mapping, baseline activity, ventricular activity, dominant frequency, impedance, etc. LAT may be the time of threshold activity corresponding to local excitation, calculated based on a normalized initial start point. Electrical activity may be any applicable electrical signal that can be measured based on one or more thresholds and can be sensed and / or augmented based on the signal-to-noise ratio and / or other filters. Topology may correspond to the physical structure of a body part or a part of a body part, and may correspond to changes in the physical structure of a body part relative to or from different parts of a body part. Dominant frequency may be a frequency or range of frequencies commonly found in a part of a body part and may differ in different parts of the same body part. For example, the dominant frequency of the PV of the heart may differ from the dominant frequency of the right atrium of the same heart. Impedance may be a resistance measurement in a given region of a body part.

[0028] Examples of biometric data include, but are not limited to, patient identification data, intracardiac electrocardiogram (IC ECG) data, bipolar intracardiac reference signals, anatomical and electrical measurements, trajectory information, body surface (BS) ECG data, historical data, brain biometrics, blood pressure data, ultrasound signals, radio signals, voice signals, two-dimensional or three-dimensional image data, blood glucose data, and temperature data. Biometric data can generally be used to monitor, diagnose, and treat any number of different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (e.g., arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and coronary artery disease) and autoimmune diseases (e.g., type 1 and type 2 diabetes). It should be noted that BS ECG data may include data and signals collected from electrodes on the patient's surface, IC ECG data may include data and signals collected from electrodes inside the patient's body, and ablation data may include data and signals collected from the tissue being ablated. Furthermore, BS ECG data, IC ECG data, and ablation data can be derived from one or more procedure records, along with catheter electrode position data.

[0029] In Figure 2, network 110 is an example of a short-range network (e.g., a local area network (LAN) or a personal area network (PAN)). Information can be transmitted between the patient vital signs monitoring and processing device 102 and the local computing device 106 via network 110 using one of various short-range wireless communication protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Z-Wave, near-field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband wireless, Zigbee, or infrared (IR).

[0030] Network 120 may be a wired network, a wireless network, or may include one or more wired and wireless networks. For example, network 120 may be a long-range network (e.g., a wide area network (WAN), the Internet, or a cellular network). Information may be transmitted over network 120 using any one of various long-range wireless communication protocols (e.g., TCP / IP, HTTP, 3G, 4G / LTE, or 5G / New Radio).

[0031] The patient biometric measurement monitoring and processing device 102 may include a patient biometric sensor 112, a processor 114, a UI sensor 116, a memory 118, and a transceiver 122. The patient biometric measurement monitoring and processing device 102 may continuously or periodically monitor, store, process, and communicate any number of different patient biometric measurements via the network 110. Examples of patient biometric measurements include electrical signals (e.g., ECG signals and brain biometric measurements), blood pressure data, blood glucose data, and body temperature data. Patient biometric measurements may be monitored and communicated for therapeutic purposes across any number of different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (e.g., arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and coronary artery disease), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., type 1 and type 2 diabetes).

[0032] The patient biometric sensor 112 may include, for example, one or more sensors configured to sense the type of biometric value of a biometric patient. For example, the patient biometric sensor 112 may include electrodes configured to acquire electrical signals (e.g., cardiac signals, brain signals, or other bioelectrical signals), a body temperature sensor, a blood pressure sensor, a blood glucose sensor, a blood oxygen sensor, a pH sensor, an accelerometer, or a microphone.

[0033] As will be described in more detail below, the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 may be an ECG monitor for monitoring the ECG signal of the heart (e.g., heart 12). The patient biometric sensor 112 of the ECG monitor may include one or more electrodes for acquiring the ECG signal. The ECG signal can be used for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases.

[0034] In another example, the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 may be a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for continuously monitoring a patient's blood glucose levels to treat various diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The CGM may include subcutaneously placed electrodes that can monitor blood glucose levels from the patient's interstitial fluid. The CGM may be a component of a closed-loop system in which blood glucose data is sent to an insulin pump for, for example, calculated insulin delivery without user intervention.

[0035] The transceiver 122 may include separate transmitters and receivers. Alternatively, the transceiver 122 may include a transmitter and receiver integrated into a single device.

[0036] The processor 114 may be configured to store patient data, such as patient biometric data acquired by the patient biometric sensor 112, in the memory 118 and to communicate the patient data over the network 110 via the transmitter of the transceiver 122. Data from one or more other patient biometric monitoring and processing devices 102 may also be received by the receiver of the transceiver 122, as will be described in more detail below.

[0037] According to one embodiment, the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102 includes a UI sensor 116, which may be a piezoelectric or capacitive sensor configured to receive user input such as a tap or touch. For example, the UI sensor 116 may be controlled to perform capacitive coupling in response to a patient 104 tapping or touching the surface of the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102. Gesture recognition may be performed via any one of various capacitive types, such as resistive capacitive, surface capacitive, projected capacitive, surface acoustic wave, piezoelectric, and infrared touch. The capacitive sensor may be positioned over a small area or length on the surface so that a tap or touch on the surface activates the monitoring device.

[0038] As will be described in more detail below, the processor 114 may be configured to selectively respond to different tapping patterns (e.g., single tap or double tap) of a capacitive sensor, which may be a UI sensor 116, and as a result, different tasks of the patch (e.g., data acquisition, storage, or transmission) may be triggered based on the detected pattern. In some embodiments, when a gesture is detected, audible feedback may be provided to the user from the patient biometric monitoring and processing device 102.

[0039] The local computing device 106 of system 100 may be configured to communicate with the patient biometrics monitoring and processing device 102 and to function as a gateway to the remote computing system 108 via the second network 120. The local computing device 106 may be, for example, a smartphone, smartwatch, tablet, or other portable smart device configured to communicate with other devices via the network 120. Alternatively, the local computing device 106 may be a fixed or standalone device, such as a fixed base station including modem and / or router capabilities, a desktop or laptop computer using an executable program to communicate information between the patient biometrics monitoring and processing device 102 and the remote computing system 108 via a wireless module of a PC, or a USB dongle. Patient biometrics may be communicated between the local computing device 106 and the patient biometrics monitoring and processing device 102 via a short-range wireless network 110, such as a local area network (LAN) (e.g., a personal area network (PAN)), using short-range wireless technology standards (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Z-wave, and other short-range wireless standards). In some embodiments, the local computing device 106 may also be configured to display acquired patient electrical signals and information associated with those signals, as will be described in more detail below.

[0040] In some embodiments, the remote computing system 108 may be configured to receive at least one of monitored patient biometrics and information associated with the monitored patient via a long-range network, which is a network 120. For example, if the local computing device 106 is a mobile phone, the network 120 may be a wireless cellular network, and information may be communicated between the local computing device 106 and the remote computing system 108 via a wireless technology standard, such as one of the wireless technologies described above. As will be described in more detail below, the remote computing system 108 may be configured to provide (e.g., visually and / or audibly) at least one of the patient's biometrics and associated information to a medical professional (e.g., a physician).

[0041] Figure 3 is a system diagram of an example computing environment 200 communicating with network 120. In some examples, the computing environment 200 is integrated into a public cloud computing platform (such as Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure), a hybrid cloud computing platform (such as HP Enterprise OneSphere), or a private cloud computing platform.

[0042] As shown in Figure 3, the computing environment 200 includes a remote computing system 108 (hereinafter referred to as the computer system), which is one example of a computing system in which embodiments described herein may be implemented.

[0043] The remote computing system 108 can perform a variety of functions via a processor 220 which may include one or more processors. These functions may include analyzing the biometric measurements and associated information of a monitored patient, and providing warnings, additional information, or instructions (e.g., via a display 266) according to thresholds and parameters determined by a physician or algorithmically driven. As will be described in more detail below, the remote computing system 108 can be used to provide a patient information dashboard (e.g., via a display 266) to a healthcare professional (e.g., a physician), which may enable the healthcare professional to identify and prioritize patients with more critical needs than other patients.

[0044] As shown in Figure 3, the computer system 210 may include a communication mechanism such as a bus 221, or other communication mechanisms for communicating information within the computer system 210. The computer system 210 further includes one or more processors 220 coupled to the bus 221 for processing information. The processors 220 may include one or more CPUs, GPUs, or any other processors known in the art.

[0045] The computer system 210 also includes a system memory 230 coupled to a bus 221 for storing information and instructions executed by the processor 220. The system memory 230 may include computer-readable storage media in the form of volatile and / or non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM) 231 and / or random access memory (RAM) 232. The system memory RAM 232 may include other dynamic storage devices (e.g., dynamic RAM, static RAM, and synchronous DRAM). The system memory ROM 231 may include other static storage devices (e.g., programmable ROM, erasable PROM, and electrically erasable PROM). In addition, the system memory 230 can be used to store temporary variables or other intermediate information during the execution of instructions by the processor 220. A basic input / output system (BIOS) 233 may include routines for transferring information that can be stored in the system memory ROM 231 between elements within the computer system 210, such as at startup. RAM 232 may contain data and / or program modules that are immediately accessible to the processor 220 and / or currently being manipulated by the processor 220. System memory 230 may further include, for example, an operating system 234, an application program 235, other program modules 236, and program data 237.

[0046] The illustrated computer system 210 also includes a disk controller 240 coupled to a bus 221 for controlling one or more storage devices for storing information and instructions, such as a magnetic hard disk 241 and a removable media drive 242 (e.g., a floppy disk drive, a compact disk drive, a tape drive, and / or a solid-state drive). Storage devices may be added to the computer system 210 using a suitable device interface (e.g., small computer system interface, SCSI, integrated device electronics, IDE, Universal Serial Bus, USB, or FireWire).

[0047] The computer system 210 may also include a display controller 265 coupled to a bus 221 for controlling a monitor or display 266, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD), for displaying information to a computer user. The illustrated computer system 210 includes a user input interface 260 and one or more input devices, such as a keyboard 262 and a pointing device 261, for interacting with a computer user and providing information to a processor 220. The pointing device 261 may be, for example, a mouse, trackball, or pointing stick for communicating instruction information and command selections to the processor 220 and controlling cursor movement on the display 266. The display 266 may provide a touchscreen interface, which may allow input that complements or replaces the communication of instruction information and command selections by the pointing device 261 and / or the keyboard 262.

[0048] The computer system 210 may perform some or all of the functions and methods described herein in response to a processor 220 that executes one or more sequences of one or more instructions contained in memory, such as system memory 230. Such instructions may be read into system memory 230 from another computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk 241 or a removable media drive 242. The hard disk 241 may include one or more data stores and data files used by embodiments described herein. The data store contents and data files may be encrypted to improve security. The processor 220 may also be employed in multiple processing configurations to execute one or more sequences of instructions contained in system memory 230. In alternative embodiments, hardwired circuitry may be used instead of or in combination with software instructions. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any particular combination of hardware circuitry and software.

[0049] As described above, the computer system 210 may include at least one computer-readable medium or memory for holding instructions programmed according to the embodiments described herein and for containing data structures, tables, records, or other data described herein. As used herein, the term computer-readable medium refers to any non-temporary tangible medium involved in providing instructions to the processor 220 for execution. Computer-readable mediums can take many forms, including but not limited to non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-limited examples of non-volatile media include optical disks, solid-state drives, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, such as the hard disk 241 or removable media drive 242. Non-limited examples of volatile media include dynamic memory, such as the system memory 230. Non-limited examples of transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wires, and optical fibers, such as the wires that make up the bus 221. Transmission media can also take the form of acoustic waves or light waves, such as those generated during radio and infrared data communications.

[0050] The computing environment 200 may further include a computer system 210 operating in a networked environment using logical connections to a local computing device 106 and to one or more other devices such as a personal computer (laptop or desktop), a mobile device (e.g., a patient mobile device), a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device, or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above with respect to the computer system 210. When used in a network environment, the computer system 210 may include a modem 272 for establishing communication over a network 120 such as the Internet. The modem 272 may be connected to the system bus 221 via a network interface 270 or via another suitable mechanism.

[0051] Network 120, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, may be any network or system commonly known in the art, including the Internet, an intranet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a direct connection or a series of connections, a cellular telephone network, or any other network or medium that can facilitate communication between computer system 210 and other computers (e.g., local computing device 106).

[0052] Catheter ablation-based therapies may include mapping the electrical properties of cardiac tissue, particularly the endocardium and cardiac volume, and selectively ablating cardiac tissue by applying energy. Cardiac mapping can create, for example, a map of the potentials of wave propagation along cardiac tissue (voltage map), or a map of the time it takes to reach points where various tissues are located (local excitation time (LAT) map), which can be used to detect localized dysfunction in cardiac tissue. Ablation, such as cardiac mapping-based ablation, can stop or modify the propagation of unwanted electrical signals from one part of the heart to another.

[0053] Ablation is a method that destroys unwanted electrical pathways by forming non-conductive damaged areas. Cardiac ablation may rely on the use of a three-dimensional (3D) mapping system, such as the CARTO® 3 3D mapping system manufactured by Biosense Webster, Inc. (Diamond Bar, Calif.). The 3D map can provide a variety of information, including the visualization (e.g., on a display or monitor) of tags representing the positions of electrodes in a multi-electrode catheter for the ablation session.

[0054] Figure 4 shows an example of a therapeutic catheter 410 having a complex (nonlinear) topology. The catheter 410 may be a non-focal catheter. The catheter 410 may have, for example, a lasso or loop shape with multiple electrodes. The catheter may have bipolar electrodes. The VARIPULSE® catheter is an example of a non-focal multi-electrode PFA catheter having a lasso or loop shape and may include multiple, for example, 10 ablation electrodes. The catheter 410 includes multiple electrodes, for example, 420, 430, and 440, which may be used to map cardiac regions. The catheter 410 may be fully or partially elastic so that it can twist, bend, and / or change its shape in other ways based on a received signal and / or based on the application of an external force to the catheter 410 (e.g., cardiac tissue). The distance between electrodes may be known.

[0055] Some systems may indicate or display the results of ablation sessions via a point cloud of marks or tags (CARTO VISITAG® module tags) in 3D position, representing the position of each electrode during ablation across multiple ablation sessions. Ablation or ablation sessions as discussed herein may be performed using, for example, a variable lasso or loop-shaped PFA ablation catheter having multiple electrodes, such as the VARIPULSE® PFA catheter.

[0056] Figure 5A shows an exemplary 3D visualization of electrodes (e.g., tags or ablation tags) representing the locations of ablation electrodes for multiple ablation sessions. Figure 5A shows a chaotic 3D point cloud of tags 510 generated from multiple ablation sessions. Each tag 510 may be variously referred to as a point, location, electrode location, mark, tag, ablation tag (e.g., CARTO VISITAG® module tag), or any other similar term, and in Figure 5A, it is represented by a sphere or circle. However, the sphere or circle shown in Figure 5A is just an example, and tags 510 may be represented by any identifying features such as geometric shape, shading or shading, and / or color. The tags 510 indicate the location of the ablation electrodes (e.g., bipolar electrodes of a non-focal catheter) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. In implementations using point clouds as shown in the example, it may be difficult for a physician to understand the effect of one or more ablation sessions or to distinguish one ablation from another. For example, it can be difficult for physicians to understand the relationships between tags (e.g., CARTO VISITAG™ module tags) and correlate them to one or more specific ablation sessions. It can also be difficult for physicians to understand which areas have been ablated and which areas need to be ablated. There is no indication of which tags were created during the same ablation session. The lack of clear visualization and organization hinders the ability to analyze multiple ablation sessions holistically.

[0057] Figure 5B is a screenshot of a 3D visualization of electrodes (e.g., tags or ablation tags) representing the locations of ablation electrodes in multiple ablation sessions. Figure 5B shows a cluttered 3D point cloud of tags generated from multiple ablation sessions. Each tag 510 may be referred to in various ways, such as point, location, electrode location, mark, tag, ablation tag (e.g., CARTO VISITAG® module tag), or any other similar term, and is represented in the screenshot of Figure 5B by purple spheres, circles, or dots. However, the purple spheres shown in Figure 5B are just an example, and tags 510 may be represented by any identifying features such as geometric shape, shading or shading, and / or color. The tags indicate the location of the ablation electrodes (e.g., bipolar electrodes of a non-focal catheter) that were part of the ablation application in each ablation session. In implementations using point clouds as shown in the example, it may be difficult for a physician to understand the effect of one or more ablation sessions or to distinguish one ablation from another. For example, it can be difficult for physicians to understand the relationships between tags (e.g., CARTO VISITAG™ module tags) and correlate them to one or more specific ablation sessions. It can also be difficult for physicians to understand which areas have been ablated and which areas need to be ablated. There is no indication of which tags were created during the same ablation session. The lack of clear visualization and organization hinders the ability to analyze multiple ablation sessions holistically.

[0058] Figure 5C is an exemplary 3D visualization showing connections between electrodes (e.g., tags or ablation tags) that were part of the ablation application of an ablation session. Figure 5C shows a 3D point cloud of tags that may be generated from multiple ablation sessions according to one or more embodiments. In the case of an ablation session, tags 510 (i.e., spheres or circles) representing the locations of ablation electrodes that were part of the ablation application of each ablation session are connected by, for example, lines or rectangles 520. Lines 520 can be any shape, color or color shading, or any shading. Lines are just one example, but any identifying features such as shape, shading, or color can be used to indicate connections between electrodes (i.e., areas of ablation). Features representing lines 520 (e.g., shape, color, color shading, or shading) may differ from features representing tags 510 (e.g., shape, color, color shading, or shading). Features representing a tag 510 (e.g., shape, color, color shading, or shading) and / or features representing a line 520 (e.g., shape, color, color shading, or shading) for one ablation session may differ from features representing different ablation sessions. Connecting multiple tags together via line 520 forms what may be called a bracelet shape in this example using a PFA non-focused lasso-shaped catheter. However, if ablations are performed by different catheters, the connection of the tags may form different shapes and may be described differently. Connecting tags representing the positions of bipolar electrodes and indicating that PFA bipolar ablation applications were performed between them helps to organize information, remove clutter on the screen, and visually separate ablation sessions from one another. This helps physicians identify which tags belong to the same ablation session. By performing ablation at and between electrodes using a catheter with bipolar electrodes (e.g., VARIPULSE® catheter), the resulting bracelet visualizes the areas in the vicinity of the ablation target where ablation energy was delivered (e.g., energy was delivered or transferred between electrodes).The gap 530 indicates a region where no energy was applied or transferred between the pair of electrodes.

[0059] As shown in Figure 5C, not all tags 510 in an ablation session are connected by wires 520 (i.e., there is a gap 530 between the two electrodes of the bracelet (for example, between the distal and proximal electrodes of a ring link catheter such as VARIPULSE®)). This can occur in the case of a bipolar PFA application in a PFA ablation session where the pair of electrodes were not part of the bipolar PFA application (for example, no energy was applied or transferred between the pair of electrodes).

[0060] Figure 5D is a screenshot showing the connections between electrodes (e.g., tags or ablation tags) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. Figure 5D shows a 3D point cloud of tags that may be generated from multiple ablation sessions according to one or more embodiments. For an ablation session, tags 510 (i.e., purple spheres or circles) representing the locations of ablation electrodes that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session are connected by, for example, blue lines or rectangles 520. The lines 520 may have any shape, color or color shading, or any shading. Lines are just one example, but any distinguishing features such as shape, shading, or color can be used to indicate connections between electrodes (i.e., areas of ablation). The color (and / or color shading) 520 of the lines may be different from the color (and / or color shading) of the tags 510. The tag color (and / or shading) and / or line color (and / or shading) of one ablation session may differ from the tag color (and / or shading) and / or line color (and / or shading) of different ablation sessions. Connecting multiple tags together via line 520 forms what may be called a bracelet shape in this example using a PFA non-focused lasso-shaped catheter. However, if ablations are performed by different catheters, the tag connections may form different shapes and may be referred to differently. Connecting tags representing the bipolar electrode locations and indicating that PFA bipolar ablation applications were performed between them helps to organize information, remove clutter on the screen, and visually separate ablation sessions from one another. This helps physicians identify which tags belong to the same ablation session.By performing ablation at and between electrodes using a catheter with bipolar electrodes (e.g., VARIPULSE® catheter), the resulting bracelet visualizes the areas in the vicinity of the ablation target where ablation energy was delivered (e.g., energy was delivered or transferred between electrodes).

[0061] As shown in Figure 5D, not all tags 510 in an ablation session are connected by lines 520 (i.e., there are gaps 530 between the two electrodes of a bracelet, and between the distal and proximal electrodes of a ring link catheter such as VARIPULSE®). This can occur in the case of a bipolar PFA application in a PFA ablation session where the pair of electrodes were not part of the bipolar PFA application (e.g., no energy was applied or transferred between the pair of electrodes). The gap 530 indicates the region where no energy was applied or transferred between the pair of electrodes.

[0062] Figure 5E is an exemplary 3D visualization that identifies regions between electrodes where ablation application was not performed. Figure 5E shows a 3D point cloud of tags that may be generated from multiple ablation sessions according to one or more embodiments. In Figure 5E, features (e.g., those filled with lines or rectangles 535) are fabricated / generated / created / displayed within the gaps 530 between tags / electrodes 510 (e.g., circles) of an ablation session (i.e., a bracelet), and these tags represent electrodes that were not part of the bipolar PFA application within the ablation electrodes of the catheter (i.e., ablation was not performed between those electrodes, or ablation energy was not delivered in the vicinity of the ablation target). In other words, features (e.g., those filled with lines / rectangles) 535 indicate gaps within the bracelet. The feature 535 indicating a gap may be a different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading from the line or open (unfilled) rectangle 520 indicating the connection of the tag 510 where ablation occurred (i.e., where bipolar PFA application was performed / energy was applied / ablation energy was delivered near the ablation target). While lines and rectangles are examples of features, features indicating areas / gaps where ablation did not occur may be any identifying features such as shape, color, shading, or shading. For example, additional information (not shown in Figure 5E) may be displayed, which may indicate the distance between electrodes (e.g., proximal and distal electrodes), electrode stability, or the number of PFA applications. Feature 535 may indicate the most distal electrode at one end of the feature of the catheter ablation electrodes in the bracelet and the most proximal electrode at the other end of the feature. Feature 535 may indicate or identify any pair of electrodes visualized in the bracelet visualization of the ablation session, rather than being part of the bipolar PFA application in the catheter ablation electrodes. The display of feature 535 provides a valuable clinical benefit by helping physicians identify areas where additional ablation is or may be required to close the gaps in the bracelet and ensure area isolation.This helps the doctor determine how to manipulate (e.g., rotate) the catheter to ablate areas that have not been ablated previously.

[0063] Figure 5F is a screenshot of a 3D visualization identifying areas between electrodes where ablation application was not performed. Figure 5F shows a 3D point cloud of tags that may be generated from multiple ablation sessions according to one or more embodiments. In Figure 5F, features (e.g., red lines or rectangles 535) are created / generated / produced / displayed in the gaps 530 between tags / electrodes (e.g., purple spheres or circles) 510 of an ablation session (i.e., a bracelet), and these tags represent electrodes that were not part of the bipolar PFA application within the ablation electrodes of the catheter (i.e., ablation was not performed between those electrodes, or ablation energy was delivered near the ablation target). In other words, features (e.g., red lines or rectangles) 535 indicate gaps within the bracelet (i.e., indicate areas where ablation was not performed). The feature 535 indicating the gap may be a different shape, color, color shading, or shading from the feature (e.g., blue line or rectangle) 520 indicating the connection of the tag / electrode (e.g., purple sphere or circle) 510 where ablation occurred (i.e., bipolar PFA application was performed / energy was applied / ablation energy was delivered in the vicinity of the ablation target). While lines and rectangles are examples of features, the features may be any identifying features such as shape, color, color shading, or shading. Additional information 540 (e.g., 6.72, 7.10, 7.61, 12.03, etc.) may be displayed, for example, indicating the distance between electrodes (e.g., proximal and distal electrodes), electrode stability, or the number of PFA applications. The feature (e.g., red line or rectangle) 535 may indicate the connection between the nearest and farthest electrodes of the ablation electrodes of the catheter in the bracelet. Features (e.g., red lines or rectangles) 535 may indicate areas between any pair of electrodes visualized in a bracelet visualization of an ablation session, rather than being part of the bipolar PFA application in the catheter ablation electrodes. Features (e.g., red lines or rectangles) 535 provide a valuable clinical benefit by helping physicians identify areas where additional ablation is or may be required to close the gaps in the bracelet and ensure area isolation.This helps the doctor determine how to manipulate (e.g., rotate) the catheter to ablate areas that have not been ablated previously.

[0064] Figure 5G shows an exemplary 3D visualization for identifying an ablation session (e.g., visualized as a bracelet shape). For example, a user (e.g., a physician or medical professional) can select one or more specific rings or bracelets (i.e., ablation sessions) to display. For example, in Figure 5G, one ablation session (bracelet) 550 is displayed, showing features 520 (e.g., lines or hollow rectangles) connecting features 510 (e.g., circles or spheres). Features 520 indicate the region between features 510 (i.e., electrodes) where ablation was performed, or energy was delivered, or ablation energy was delivered, in the vicinity of the ablation target. Figure 5G also shows features 535 (e.g., filled with lines or rectangles) indicating the region between electrodes where ablation was not performed, or energy was not delivered, or ablation energy was not delivered, in the vicinity of the ablation target. Feature 510 (e.g., circles or spheres) in Figure 5G may include different colors or different levels of shading or cross-hatching. Different colors or levels of shading or cross-hatching may indicate the level of PFA completion. Different colors or levels of shading may also indicate the number of completed applications, spatial stability, or touch proximity index (TPI) based on impedance, which may vary depending on the settings within the system (e.g., CARTO® 3 system).

[0065] Figure 5H shows a screenshot of a 3D visualization of an ablation session (e.g., a bracelet). For example, a user (e.g., a physician or healthcare provider) can select one or more specific rings or bracelets (i.e., ablation sessions) to display. For example, in Figure 5H, one ablation session (bracelet) 550 is displayed, showing features 520 (e.g., blue lines or rectangles) connecting features 510 (e.g., purple spheres or circles). Feature 520 indicates the region between features 510 (i.e., electrodes) where ablation occurred, or energy was delivered, or ablation energy was delivered, in the vicinity of the ablation target. Figure 5H also shows features 535 (e.g., red lines or rectangles) indicating the region between electrodes where ablation did not occur, or energy was not delivered, or ablation energy was not delivered, in the vicinity of the ablation target. Feature 510 (e.g., spheres or circles) in Figure 5H include different colors or different levels of shading. Different colors or different levels of shading may indicate the level of PFA completion. Different colors or levels of shading may indicate the number of completed applications, spatial stability, or touch proximity index (TPI) based on impedance, which may vary depending on the settings within the system (e.g., CARTO® 3 system).

[0066] Figure 6A is an example of a 3D visualization of multiple ablation sessions (visualized, for example, as bracelet shapes). Figure 6A shows four bracelets (630, 640, 650, and 660). Each bracelet represents a single ablation session. An ablation session may be performed using, for example, a variable lasso or loop-shaped PFA nonfocal multi-electrode ablation catheter, such as the VARIPULSE® catheter. However, other nonfocal catheters may be used. Each ablation session is represented by multiple features (tags / electrodes) 610 (e.g., spheres or circles) connected via features 620 (e.g., lines or hollow (unfilled) rectangles) that form the bracelets (e.g., 630, 640, 650, 660). Features 610 indicate the location of the ablation electrodes (e.g., bipolar electrodes of the nonfocal catheter) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. The bracelet indicates a gap between two features 610 (tags) (i.e., where there is no connecting feature 620), for example, 665 within bracelet 660, indicating that no ablation occurred between those electrodes represented by the two tags (e.g., no energy was delivered or transferred). The bracelet indicates a single ablation session, showing the location of the electrodes (e.g., spheres or circles 610) and the area where ablation was performed (e.g., the area indicated by lines / rectangles 620). This provides valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare providers identify ablated areas and areas requiring additional ablation. Features 610 and 620 may be represented by identifying features such as shape, color, color shading, and / or shading.

[0067] Figure 6B is a screenshot of a 3D visualization of multiple ablation sessions (e.g., bracelets). Figure 6B shows four bracelets (630, 640, 650, and 660). Each bracelet represents a single ablation session. An ablation session may be performed using, for example, a variable lasso or loop-shaped PFA nonfocal multi-electrode ablation catheter, such as the VARIPULSE® catheter. However, other nonfocal catheters may be used. Each ablation session is represented by multiple features (tags / electrodes) 610 (e.g., purple spheres or circles) connected via features 620 (e.g., blue lines or rectangles) that form the bracelets (e.g., 630, 640, 650, 660). Features 610 indicate the location of the ablation electrodes (e.g., bipolar electrodes of the nonfocal catheter) that were part of the ablation application for each ablation session. The bracelet indicates a gap between two features 610 (tags) (i.e., the absence of a connecting feature 620 (i.e., a blue line)), for example, 665 within bracelet 660, indicating that no ablation occurred between those electrodes represented by the two tags (e.g., no energy was delivered or transferred). The bracelet indicates a single ablation session, showing the electrode locations (e.g., purple spheres or circles) and the areas where ablation was performed (e.g., areas indicated by blue lines or rectangles 620). This provides valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare providers identify ablated areas and areas requiring additional ablation. Features 610 and 620 may be represented by identifying features such as shape, color, color shading, and / or shading.

[0068] Figure 6C is an example of Figure 6A with additional information. The additional information may be displayed on or near the feature 610 representing an electrode, the feature 620 representing an ablation area, and / or the feature 635 representing an area without ablation. The additional information may, for example, indicate the count, order, and / or timing of ablation sessions, and / or information regarding the identification of a particular electrode. The additional information may be of any shape, color, size, and / or arrangement. The additional information may, for example, indicate ablation sessions and electrode numbers. For example, bracelet 660 shows 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, 14-7, and 14-8. 14-1 may indicate that the tag (circle or sphere) representing the electrode is the first electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). 14-2 may indicate that the tag (circle, sphere) representing the electrode is the second electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet), and so on. Additional information may include any ablation-related parameters (e.g., completed application, spatial stability, TPI, count, sequence, timing, or electrode identification). This additional information may be color-coded on the indicator type number to facilitate physician understanding.

[0069] Figure 6D is a screenshot of an example of Figure 6B with additional information. The additional information may be above or near the feature 610 representing the electrode, the feature 610 representing the ablation area, and / or the feature 635 representing the area without ablation. The additional information may, for example, show information regarding the ablation session count, order, and / or timing, and / or identification of a particular electrode. The additional information is shown in white text in Figure 6D, but may be of any color, size, and / or placement. The additional information may, for example, show the ablation session and electrode number. For example, bracelet 660 displays 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, 14-7, and 14-8. 14-1 may indicate that the tag (purple sphere or circle) representing the electrode is the first electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). For example, 14-2 may indicate that the tag representing the electrode (purple sphere or circle) is the second electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). Additional information may include any ablation-related parameters (e.g., completed application, spatial stability, TPI, count, sequence, timing, or electrode identification). Additional information may be color-coded on the indicator type number to facilitate physician understanding.

[0070] Figure 6E is an example of Figure 6A including an identification mark for gaps within the bracelet (i.e., areas where ablation is not occurring or energy is not being delivered or transferred between electrodes) (e.g., during an ablation session represented by a bracelet of ring-shaped VARIPULSE® catheters). Features 670 (filled with dark lines or rectangles) within bracelets 640, 650, and 660 indicate areas (gaps) between two tags 610 (i.e., circles) representing electrodes within the bracelet. However, any identification feature (e.g., shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) representing areas without ablation may be used in such a way that it is clearly different and / or identifiable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 620 (i.e., unfilled lines or rectangles) indicating ablation, and clearly different and / or identifiable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 610 (i.e., spheres or circles) representing electrodes. Feature 670 (i.e., filled with lines or rectangles) provides valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare providers identify areas where ablation did not occur (i.e., energy was not delivered) and areas requiring additional ablation. As shown in Figure 6E, additional information (e.g., "9.16", "3.34", "13.08") may be provided next to feature 670. For example, the additional information may be the distance between two tags (electrodes). For example, in the case of bracelet 660, "13.08" may indicate the distance (e.g., in millimeters) between two electrodes 610 connected by feature 670. The additional information may be of any shape, color, size, and / or arrangement.

[0071] Figure 6F is a screenshot of an example of Figure 6B that includes an identification mark for gaps within the bracelet (i.e., areas where ablation is not occurring or energy is not being delivered or transferred between electrodes) (e.g., during an ablation session represented by a bracelet of ring-shaped VARIPULSE® catheters). Feature 670 (red lines or rectangles) within bracelets 640, 650, and 660 indicates the region (gap) between the two tags 610 (i.e., purple spheres or circles) representing electrodes within the bracelet. However, any identification feature (e.g., shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) representing areas without ablation may be used in such a way that it is clearly different and / or identifiable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from the feature 620 (i.e., blue lines) indicating ablation, and clearly different and / or identifiable from the feature 610 (i.e., purple spheres or circles) representing electrodes. Feature 670 (i.e., the red line or rectangle) provides valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare providers identify areas where ablation did not occur (i.e., energy was not delivered) and areas requiring additional ablation. Additional information (e.g., "9.16", "3.34", "13.08") can be provided next to the red line / rectangle, as shown in Figure 6F. For example, the additional information may be the distance between two tags (electrodes). For example, in the case of bracelet 660, "13.08" may indicate the distance (e.g., in millimeters) between the two electrodes 610 connected by the red line 670. The additional information is shown in white text in Figure 6F, but may be of any shape, color, size, and / or placement.

[0072] Figure 6G is an exemplary 3D visualization of an ablation session, including an indicator that identifies the gaps between tags / electrodes within a bracelet (i.e., locations where ablation has not occurred or energy has not been delivered or transferred between electrodes). Each ablation session is represented, for example, by multiple tags 610 (e.g., spheres or circles) connected via features 620 (e.g., lines or unfilled rectangles) that form a bracelet (e.g., 680, 690). Feature 670 (e.g., filled with black lines or rectangles) indicates the region (gap) between two tags 610 within the bracelet (i.e., where energy was not delivered between electrodes). This feature 670 indicates that energy was not delivered between electrodes (tags) (i.e., ablation did not occur). However, any distinguishing features (e.g., shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) representing areas 670 without ablation may be used in such a way that they are clearly different and / or distinguishable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 620 indicating ablation (i.e., unfilled lines or rectangles) and clearly different and / or distinguishable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 610 representing electrodes (i.e., spheres or circles). Features 670 provide valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare professionals identify areas where ablation did not occur and areas where additional ablation is or may be required. Feature 610 (e.g., circles or spheres) in Figure 6G includes different colors or different levels of shading or cross-hatching. Different colors or different levels of shading or cross-hatching may indicate the level of PFA completion. Different colors or levels of shading may indicate the number of completed applications, spatial stability, or touch proximity index (TPI) based on impedance, which may vary depending on the settings within the system (e.g., CARTO® 3 system).

[0073] Figure 6H is a screenshot of a 3D visualization of an ablation session, including an indicator that identifies the gaps between tags / electrodes within a bracelet (i.e., areas where ablation is not occurring or energy is not delivered or transferred between electrodes). Each ablation session is represented, for example, by multiple tags 610 (e.g., spheres or circles) connected via features 620 (e.g., blue lines or rectangles) that form a bracelet (e.g., 680, 690). Feature 670 (e.g., orange lines or rectangles) indicates the region (gap) between two tags 610 within the bracelet (i.e., where energy was not delivered between electrodes). This feature 670 indicates that energy was not delivered between electrodes (tags) (i.e., ablation did not occur). However, any distinguishing features (e.g., shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) representing areas 670 without ablation may be used in such a way that they are clearly different and / or distinguishable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 620 indicating ablation (i.e., blue lines or rectangles) and clearly different and / or distinguishable (e.g., different shape, color, color shading, and / or shading) from features 610 representing electrodes (i.e., spheres or circles). Features 670 provide valuable clinical information that helps physicians or healthcare professionals identify areas where ablation did not occur and areas where additional ablation is or may be required. Feature 610 (e.g., circles or spheres) in Figure 6H includes different colors or different levels of shading or cross-hatching. Different colors or different levels of shading or cross-hatching may indicate the level of PFA completion. Different colors or levels of shading may indicate the number of completed applications, spatial stability, or touch proximity index (TPI) based on impedance, which may vary depending on the settings within the system (e.g., CARTO® 3 system).

[0074] Figure 7 shows an exemplary method 700 for generating a display of information for an ablation session. An ablation session may be a bipolar ablation in which energy is delivered between electrodes. The processor may be configured to receive the three-dimensional (3D) position of each of the multiple electrodes of a therapeutic catheter during an ablation session 710 from one or more sensors. The catheter may be a bipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter. The catheter may be a non-focal catheter. The catheter may have a complex topology. For example, the catheter may have a lasso or loop shape. For example, the catheter may have a flower or basket shape. The catheter may have bipolar electrodes. The catheter may be a VARIPULSE® catheter. The processor may be configured to receive the three-dimensional (3D) position of each of the multiple electrodes of the catheter for multiple ablation sessions.

[0075] The processor may be configured to generate a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of a plurality of electrodes using a first representation (720). The first representation may be a tag (e.g., a CARTO VISITAG® module tag). The first representation may be represented by at least a first identifying feature such as a first graphic shape (e.g., a sphere, dot, circle, square, rectangle), a first shading or shading, and / or a first color. For example, the first representation may be a purple sphere or circle (510, 610) as shown in Figures 5B, 5D, 5F, 5H, 6B, 6D, 6F, and 6H.

[0076] The processor may be configured to connect adjacent pairs of first displays in a 3D graphic representation using a second display (730). The second display may indicate the position between electrodes to which energy has been delivered (i.e., to which ablation has been performed or ablation energy has been delivered near an ablation target). The second display may be represented by at least a second identifying feature, such as a second graphic (e.g., a solid line, dotted line, dashed line, rectangle, or any other shape), a second shading or shading, and / or a second color. The second identifying feature used for the second display (e.g., a second color) may differ from the first identifying feature used for the first display (e.g., a first color). For example, the second display may be a solid blue line (520, 620) as shown in Figures 5D, 5F, 5H, 6B, 6D, and 6F, or a solid orange line as shown in Figure 6H. The 3D graphic representation may be in the shape of a ring or a bracelet and may be referred to as a bracelet. The 3D graphic representation may have different shapes depending on the type of catheter used. The bracelet may include gaps between a pair of first indicators (i.e., tags / electrodes) where there is no second indicator and no energy was delivered between them (i.e., no ablation occurred or ablation energy was not delivered near the ablation target). If no energy was delivered between the pair of electrodes, no ablation occurred.

[0077] The processor may be configured to display a bracelet including a first display and a second display on a display device or monitor (740).

[0078] Steps 710–730 may be performed for each of the multiple ablation sessions of the ablation procedure. The processor may be configured to display a 3D graphic representation (i.e., bracelets) for each ablation session, such that the display shows multiple bracelets. The display of bracelets helps the physician to identify which tags (i.e., electrodes) belong to the same ablation session, and to identify the location of the electrodes, the ablated area, and the area that needs to be ablated. For example, the processor may be configured to display bracelets for all ablation sessions. For example, if there are 10 ablation sessions, the processor may be configured to display 10 bracelets corresponding to 10 ablation sessions. The processor may be configured to selectively display one or more specific bracelets. For example, a user (e.g., a physician) may select one or more bracelets they want to be displayed, and the processor may be configured to display the selected one or more bracelets. For example, the processor may decide which one or more bracelets to display. Bracelets may be uniquely identified by alphanumeric characters, color, shading, visual or other identifiers.

[0079] The processor may be configured to generate additional information. This additional information may include any ablation-related parameters (e.g., completed application, spatial stability, TPI, count, sequence, timing, electrode identification, etc.). The processor may be configured to add the additional information to one or more bracelets. The processor may be configured to display the additional information on a display device or monitor. The additional information may be on or near the first and / or second display. The additional information may be displayed in white text, for example, as shown in Figure 6B. The additional information may be of any color, size, and / or placement. The additional information may indicate, for example, the ablation session and electrode number. For example, bracelet 660 in Figure 6D shows 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, 14-7, and 14-8. 14-1 may indicate that the tag (purple sphere) representing the electrode is the first electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). For example, 14-2 might indicate that the tag representing the electrode (purple sphere) is the second electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). The physician can use additional information to individually turn each set of connector lines in the 3D graphic representation on and off, for example. This may allow the physician to review the order and timing of specific ablation sessions within the overall procedure.

[0080] Figure 8 shows an exemplary method 800 for generating a display of information about an ablation session. An ablation session may be a bipolar ablation in which energy is delivered between electrodes. The processor may be configured to receive the three-dimensional (3D) position of each of the multiple electrodes of a therapeutic catheter during an ablation session from one or more sensors (810). The catheter may be a bipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter. The catheter may be a non-focal catheter. The catheter may have a complex topology. For example, the catheter may have a lasso or loop shape. For example, the catheter may have a flower or basket shape. The catheter may have bipolar electrodes. The catheter may be a VARIPULSE® catheter. The processor may be configured to receive the three-dimensional (3D) position of each of the multiple electrodes of the catheter for multiple ablation sessions.

[0081] The processor may be configured to generate a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of a plurality of electrodes using a first representation (820). The first representation may be a tag (e.g., a CARTO VISITAG® module tag). The first representation may be represented by at least a first identifying feature such as a first graphic shape (e.g., a sphere, dot, circle, square, rectangle, or any shape), a first shading, shading, and / or a first color. For example, the first representation may be a purple sphere or circle (510, 610) as shown in Figures 5B, 5D, 5F, 5F, 6B, 6D, 6F, and 6H.

[0082] The processor may be configured to connect adjacent pairs of first displays in a 3D graphic representation using a second display (830). The second display may indicate the position between electrodes to which energy has been delivered (i.e., to which ablation has been performed or ablation energy has been delivered near an ablation target). The second display may be represented by at least a second identifying feature, such as a second graphic shape (e.g., a solid line, dotted line, dashed line, rectangle, or any other graphic), a second shading, shading, and / or a second color. The second identifying feature used for the second display (e.g., a second color) may differ from the first identifying feature used for the first display (e.g., a first color). For example, the second display may be a solid blue line (520, 620) as shown in Figures 5D, 5F, 5G, 6B, 6D, and 6F, or a solid orange line as shown in Figure 6H. The 3D graphic representation may be in the shape of a ring or a bracelet and may be referred to as a bracelet. The 3D graphic representation may have different shapes depending on the type of catheter used. The bracelet may include gaps between a pair of first indicators (i.e., tags / electrodes) where there is no second indicator and no energy was delivered between them (i.e., no ablation occurred or ablation energy was not delivered near the ablation target). If no energy was delivered between the pair of electrodes, no ablation occurred.

[0083] The processor may be configured to identify or visualize a pair of adjacent first displays that are not connected to a second display (i.e., a gap) using a third display (840). The third display may indicate locations where ablation has not occurred (i.e., where energy has not been delivered between electrodes represented by the pair of first displays). The third display may be represented by at least a third identifying feature, such as a third graphic shape (e.g., a solid line, dotted line, dashed line, rectangle, or any other graphic), a third shading, shading, and / or a third color. The third identifying feature (e.g., a third color) may be different from the first color used for the first display and different from the second color used for the second display. The third display may be the same size or thickness as the second display. The third display may be different from the second display in size or thickness. For example, the third indicator may be a solid red line (535) as shown in Figure 5F, a solid red line (670) as shown in Figure 6F, or a solid orange line (670) as shown in Figure 6H.

[0084] The processor may be configured to display a bracelet including a first display, a second display, and a third display on a display device or monitor (850).

[0085] Steps 810–840 may be performed for each of the multiple ablation sessions of the ablation procedure. The processor may be configured to display a 3D graphic representation (i.e., bracelets) for each ablation session, such that the display shows multiple bracelets. The display of bracelets helps the physician to identify which tags (i.e., electrodes) belong to the same ablation session, and to identify the location of the electrodes, the ablated area, and the area that needs to be ablated. For example, the processor may be configured to display bracelets for all ablation sessions. For example, if there are 10 ablation sessions, the processor may be configured to display 10 bracelets corresponding to 10 ablation sessions. The processor may be configured to selectively display one or more specific bracelets. For example, a user (e.g., a physician) may select one or more bracelets they want to be displayed, and the processor may be configured to display the selected one or more bracelets. For example, the processor may decide which one or more bracelets to display.

[0086] The processor may be configured to generate additional information. This additional information may include, for example, information regarding the count, order, timing, and / or distance between tags (i.e., electrodes) of ablation sessions. The processor may be configured to add the additional information to one or more bracelets. The processor may be configured to display the additional information on a display device or monitor. The additional information may be on or near a first display, a second display, and / or a third display. The additional information may be of any color, size, and / or arrangement.

[0087] Additional information may be displayed as white text, for example, as shown in Figures 6B and 6C. This additional information may indicate, for example, the ablation session and electrode number. For example, bracelet 660 in Figure 6DB indicates 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, 14-7, and 14-8. 14-1 may indicate that the tag (purple sphere) representing the electrode is the first electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet). 14-2 may indicate that the tag (purple sphere) representing the electrode is the second electrode in the 14th ablation session (bracelet), and so on. Additional information may indicate the distance between pairs of tags (i.e., electrodes). The physician can use this additional information to individually turn on and off each set of connector lines in the 3D graphic representation, for example. This may allow the physician to review the order and timing of specific ablation sessions within the overall procedure.

[0088] While features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in computer programs, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution on a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable mediums include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A software-related processor can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0089] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the structure, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in a flowchart or block diagram may represent a module, segment, or portion of an instruction containing one or more executable instructions for performing a specified logical function. In some alternative implementations, the functions described in a block may be performed in an order other than that shown in the figure. For example, two consecutively shown blocks may actually be executed substantially simultaneously, or they may, depending on the relevant functionality, be executed in reverse order. It should also be noted that each block in a block diagram and / or flowchart, and combinations of blocks in a block diagram and / or flowchart, may be performed by a dedicated hardware-based system that performs a specified function or operation, or by a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions.

[0090] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in computer programs, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution on a computer or processor. The computer-readable medium as used herein should not be interpreted as being a transient signal in itself, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through waveguides or other transmission media (e.g., optical pulses passing through fiber optic cables), or electrical signals transmitted through wires.

[0091] Examples of computer-readable media include electrical signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, optical media such as compact disks (CDs) and digital versatile disks (DVDs), random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), static random access memory (SRAM), and memory sticks. A radio frequency transceiver can be implemented using a software-related processor for use in terminals, base stations, or any host computer.

[0092] The terms used herein are intended solely to describe specific embodiments and not to limit them. Where used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are also used unless otherwise specified in the context. It will be further understood that the terms "comprise" and / or "comprising," where used herein, specify the presence of a described feature, integer, step, operation, element, and / or component, but do not exclude the presence or addition of another feature, integer, step, operation, element, component, and / or group thereof.

[0093] The descriptions of the various embodiments in this specification are illustrative and not intended to be exhaustive or limitful to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations that do not deviate from the scope and spirit of the embodiments described will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The terms used herein have been selected to best describe the principles, practical applications, or technical improvements to the technologies available on the market of the embodiments, or to enable those skilled in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0094] [Implementation Method] (1) A method for generating a display of ablation session information, wherein the method is The processor receives three-dimensional (3D) positional information of each of the multiple electrodes of the catheter during the ablation session from one or more sensors, The processor generates a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the plurality of electrodes using a first display, The processor connects adjacent pairs of first displays in the 3D graphic representation using a second display, wherein the second display indicates the position between electrodes to which ablation energy has been delivered. A method comprising: using the processor to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display and the second display, on a display device. (2) Identifying adjacent pairs of first indicators that are not connected by a second indicator using a third indicator, wherein the third indicator indicates the position between electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The method according to Embodiment 1, further comprising the processor displaying the 3D graphic representation, including the first display, the second display, and the third display, on the display device. (3) The method according to Embodiment 2, wherein the first marking is represented by at least a first identifying feature, the second marking is represented by at least a second identifying feature, the third marking is represented by at least a third identifying feature, the first identifying feature is a first color, the second identifying feature is a second color, the third identifying feature is a third color, and the first color, the second color, and the third color are different. (4) The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the 3D graphic representation includes the gap between a pair of electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered, and the pair of electrodes does not have a second representation connecting the pair of electrodes. (5) The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the catheter is a non-focal multi-electrode catheter, and the catheter is a bipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter.

[0095] (6) The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the electrode is a bipolar electrode and the ablation is bipolar. (7) The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the first representation is a sphere and the second representation is a line. (8) To generate additional information, The method according to Embodiment 1, further comprising displaying the additional information together with the 3D graphic representation. (9) The method according to Embodiment 8, wherein the additional information includes at least one of the following: the count of ablation sessions, the order of ablation sessions, the timing of ablation sessions, or the distance between a pair of electrodes. (10) Receiving information from the user indicating which of the multiple generated 3D graphic representations to display, The method according to Embodiment 1, further comprising selectively displaying the indicated 3D graphic representation.

[0096] (11) A system for generating a display of ablation session information, wherein the system is A device including a processor that communicates with one or more sensors, and a catheter that includes multiple electrodes, The processor is configured to receive three-dimensional (3D) positional information of each of the multiple electrodes of the catheter from one or more sensors during the ablation session. The processor is further configured to generate a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the plurality of electrodes using a first display, The processor is further configured to connect adjacent pairs of first displays in the 3D graphic representation using a second display, the second display indicating the position between electrodes to which ablation energy has been delivered. The system further comprises a processor configured to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display and the second display, on a display device. (12) The processor is further configured to identify adjacent pairs of first indicators that are not connected by a second indicator using a third indicator, the third indicator indicating the position between electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The system according to embodiment 11, wherein the processor is further configured to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display, the second display, and the third display, on the display device. (13) The system according to Embodiment 12, wherein the first representation is represented by at least a first identifying feature, the second representation is represented by at least a second identifying feature, the third representation is represented by at least a third identifying feature, the first identifying feature is a first color, the second identifying feature is a second color, the third identifying feature is a third color, and the first color, the second color, and the third color are different. (14) The system according to Embodiment 11, wherein the 3D graphic representation includes the gap between a pair of electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered, and the pair of electrodes does not have a second representation connecting the pair of electrodes. (15) The system according to Embodiment 11, wherein the catheter is a non-focal multi-electrode catheter, and the catheter is a bipolar pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter.

[0097] (16) The system according to embodiment 11, wherein the electrode is a bipolar electrode and the ablation is bipolar. (17) The system according to embodiment 11, wherein the first representation is a sphere and the second representation is a line. (18) The processor is further configured to generate additional information, The system according to embodiment 11, wherein the processor is further configured to display the additional information along with the 3D graphic representation. (19) The system according to Embodiment 18, wherein the additional information includes at least one of the following: the count of ablation sessions, the order of ablation sessions, the timing of ablation sessions, or the distance between a pair of electrodes. (20) The processor is further configured to receive information from the user indicating which of the multiple generated 3D graphic representations to display, The system according to embodiment 11, wherein the processor is further configured to selectively display the instructed 3D graphic representation.

Claims

1. A system for generating a display of ablation session information, wherein the system is The device includes a processor that communicates with one or more sensors, and a catheter (410) that includes multiple electrodes (420, 430, 440), The processor is configured to receive three-dimensional (3D) positional information of each of the multiple electrodes of the catheter from one or more sensors during the ablation session. The processor is further configured to generate a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the plurality of electrodes using a first display (510, 610), The processor is further configured to connect adjacent pairs of first displays in the 3D graphic representation using a second display (520, 620), the second display indicating the position between electrodes to which ablation energy has been delivered. The system further comprises a processor configured to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display and the second display, on a display device.

2. The processor is further configured to connect adjacent pairs of first indicators that are not connected by a second indicator using a third indicator (535, 670), the third indicator indicating the position between electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display, the second display, and the third display, on the display device.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the first representation is represented by at least a first identifying feature, the second representation is represented by at least a second identifying feature, the third representation is represented by at least a third identifying feature, the first identifying feature is a first color, the second identifying feature is a second color, the third identifying feature is a third color, and the first color, the second color, and the third color are different.

4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the 3D graphic representation includes the gap between a pair of electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered, and the pair of electrodes does not have a second indication connecting the pair of electrodes.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the catheter is a non-focal multi-electrode catheter, the catheter is a pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter, the first indicator is a sphere, and the second indicator is a line.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the electrode is a bipolar electrode.

7. The processor is further configured to generate additional information, The processor is further configured to display the additional information along with the 3D graphics representation. The system according to claim 1, wherein the additional information includes at least one of the following: the count of ablation sessions, the order of ablation sessions, the timing of ablation sessions, or the distance between a pair of electrodes.

8. The processor is further configured to receive information from the user indicating which of the multiple generated 3D graphic representations to display. The system according to claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to selectively display the instructed 3D graphic representation.

9. A method for generating a display of information about an ablation session, wherein the method is The processor receives three-dimensional (3D) positional information of each of the multiple electrodes (420, 430, 440) of the catheter (410) from one or more sensors during the ablation session, The processor generates a 3D graphic representation that identifies the position of each of the plurality of electrodes using a first display (510, 610), The processor connects adjacent pairs of first displays in the 3D graphic representation using a second display (520, 620), wherein the second display indicates the position between electrodes to which ablation energy has been delivered. A method comprising: using the processor to display the 3D graphic representation, including the first display and the second display, on a display device.

10. Connecting an adjacent pair of first indicators that are not connected by a second indicator using a third indicator (535, 670), wherein the third indicator indicates the position between electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the processor displaying the 3D graphic representation, including the first display, the second display, and the third display, on the display device.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the first representation is represented by at least a first identifying feature, the second representation is represented by at least a second identifying feature, the third representation is represented by at least a third identifying feature, the first identifying feature is a first color, the second identifying feature is a second color, the third identifying feature is a third color, and the first color, the second color, and the third color are different.

12. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the 3D graphic representation includes the gap between a pair of electrodes to which ablation energy was not delivered, and the pair of electrodes does not have a second indication connecting the pair of electrodes.

13. The method according to claim 9, wherein the catheter is a non-focal multi-electrode catheter, the catheter is a pulsed-field ablation (PFA) catheter, the first representation is a sphere, and the second representation is a line.

14. The method according to claim 9, wherein the electrode is a bipolar electrode.

15. To generate additional information, The method further includes displaying the additional information along with the 3D graphic representation, The method according to claim 9, wherein the additional information includes at least one of the following: the count of ablation sessions, the order of ablation sessions, the timing of ablation sessions, or the distance between a pair of electrodes.

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