Vehicle seats

Abstract

The present invention provides a vehicle seat that can increase the rigidity and strength of the seat back when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator is applied to the seat back. [Solution] The seat cushion 12 has a cushion frame 20, a seat back 14 has a back frame 24 and is rotatable relative to the seat cushion, and an actuator unit 18 is connected to a fixing member 17 and a support member 29, both fixed to the back frame, so as to be rotatable around rotation axes 18E and 29B extending in the seat width direction, and expands and contracts to change the distance between the fixing member and the support member by the driving force generated by the actuator 18C, and the cushion frame has a load receiving portion 23 that can contact the fixing member when an external force other than the driving force is applied to the seat back.

Description

Technical Field

[0006] , , ,

[0001] The present invention relates to a vehicle seat.

Background Art

[0002] Patent Document 1 below discloses a vehicle seat including a seat cushion, a seat back capable of rotating (reclining) with respect to the seat cushion, and an air spring provided between the seat cushion and the seat back. When the air spring is in a non-operating state, the reclining movement of the seat back with respect to the seat cushion is restricted by the air spring.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0003]

Patent Document 1

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] In the vehicle seat of Patent Document 1 above, there is a risk that the seat back may deform when a frontal or rear collision occurs in the vehicle.

[0005] In consideration of the above fact, an object of the present invention is to obtain a vehicle seat capable of increasing the rigidity and strength of the seat back when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator is input to the seat back.

Means for Solving the Problems

[0006] A vehicle seat according to the first embodiment comprises a seat cushion having a cushion frame that supports the occupant's buttocks from below the seat, a seat back having a back frame that supports the occupant's back from behind the seat and is rotatable relative to the seat cushion, and an actuator unit that is rotatably connected to a fixing member and a support member, both fixed to the back frame, around a rotation axis extending in the seat width direction, and expands and contracts to change the distance between the fixing member and the support member by a driving force generated by an actuator, wherein the cushion frame has a load-receiving portion that can contact the fixing member when an external force other than the driving force is applied to the seat back.

[0007] In the first embodiment of the vehicle seat, the cushion frame has a load-receiving portion that can contact a fixing member fixed to the back frame when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator is applied to the seat back. For example, when a rear-end collision occurs in a vehicle, a large rearward external force may be applied to the seat back by the occupant. In this case, a large external force is applied from the seat back to the actuator unit, and the fixing member that receives this external force may deform and come into contact with the load-receiving portion. By having the fixing member come into contact with the load-receiving portion in this way, the rigidity and strength of the seat back can be increased when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator is applied to the seat back.

[0008] A second embodiment of a vehicle seat is a vehicle seat of the first embodiment in which the actuator unit comprises an actuator, a gearbox that converts the direction of the driving force generated by the actuator and is connected to one of the fixed member and the support member so as to be rotatable around the rotation axis, and a lead screw that receives the driving force from the gearbox, moves back and forth in its own axial direction relative to the gearbox, and is connected to the other of the fixed member and the support member so as to be rotatable around the rotation axis.

[0009] In the second embodiment of the vehicle seat, the actuator unit can be realized with a simple configuration.

[0010] A third embodiment of a vehicle seat is a vehicle seat of the first or second embodiment in which the load-receiving portion is a connecting pipe that connects the left and right side frames of the cushion frame, and a part of the connecting pipe is located in a recess formed in the fixing member.

[0011] In the third embodiment of the vehicle seat, the rigidity and strength of the seat back can be increased regardless of whether the vehicle is subjected to a frontal or rearward collision. [Effects of the Invention]

[0012] The vehicle seat according to the present invention has the excellent effect of increasing the rigidity and strength of the seat back when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator is input to the seat back. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0013] [Figure 1] This is a side view of the vehicle seat of this embodiment, as seen from the left side. [Figure 2] This is a side view of a vehicle seat, seen from the right side. [Figure 3] This is a schematic perspective view of a part of a vehicle seat. [Figure 4] This is a schematic exploded perspective view of some components of a vehicle seat. [Figure 5] This is a schematic side view showing the linkage mechanism, etc., when the seat back is in the first position. [Figure 6] This is a schematic side view showing the linkage mechanism and other components when the seatback is in the second position. [Figure 7] This is a schematic side view of the actuator unit. [Figure 8] This is a schematic side view of the lower end of the actuator unit, fixing member, rear frame, and lower frame of a vehicle equipped with a vehicle seat when no collision has occurred. [Figure 9]This is a schematic side view of the lower end of the actuator unit, the fixing member, the rear frame, and the lower frame when a rear-end collision occurs with a vehicle. [Figure 10] This is a schematic side view of the lower end of the actuator unit, the fixing member, the rear frame, and the lower frame when a frontal collision occurs with the vehicle. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0014] A vehicle seat 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. The arrows FR, UP, and LH in the drawings indicate the front, top, and left sides of the seat, respectively, as viewed from the perspective of an occupant 100 seated in the vehicle seat 10. Hereafter, when simply referring to the front-to-back, up-and-down, and left-to-right directions, unless otherwise specified, these refer to the front-to-back direction of the seat, the up-and-down direction of the seat, and the left-to-right direction of the seat. The left-to-right direction of the seat coincides with the seat width direction.

[0015] As shown in Figure 1, the vehicle seat 10 installed in the vehicle includes a seat cushion 12 that supports the buttocks 101 of the occupant 100 from below, and a seat back 14 that supports the back 102 of the occupant 100 from the rear. The vehicle seat 10 also includes a link mechanism 16 and an actuator unit 18 (see Figures 3 and 4) that reclines the seat back 14 when activated.

[0016] The seat cushion 12 is composed of a metallic cushion frame 20 that constitutes the framework of the seat cushion 12, and a cushion pad (not shown) attached to the cushion frame 20. In FIG. 1, a part of the cushion frame 20 is drawn with a two-dot chain line. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the cushion frame 20 includes a pair of left and right side frame portions 22 that are arranged at intervals in the seat width direction and extend in the front-rear direction, a front frame (not shown) that connects the front portions of the left and right side frame portions 22, and a first rear frame (load receiving portion) (connection pipe) 23 that connects the rear end portions of the left and right side frame portions 22. The first rear frame 23 is a hollow metallic pipe material having a circular cross-sectional shape.

[0017] The seat back 14 is composed of a metallic back frame 24 that constitutes the framework of the seat back 14, and a back pad (not shown) attached to the back frame 24. In FIG. 1, a part of the back frame 24 is drawn with a two-dot chain line. The back frame 24 includes a pair of left and right side frame portions 26L, 26R that are arranged at intervals in the seat width direction and extend in the vertical direction, an upper frame (not shown) that connects the upper portions of the left and right side frame portions 26L, 26R, a second rear frame 27, an intermediate frame 28 that connects the intermediate portions in the vertical direction of the left and right side frame portions 26L, 26R, and a support protrusion 22C fixed to the lower end portion of the right side frame portion 26R. As shown in FIGS. 1, 3, and 4, the left side frame portion 26L includes a main body portion 26L1 that extends in the vertical direction and a lower end portion 26L2 separated from the main body portion 26L1. The second rear frame 27 is a hollow metallic pipe material having a circular cross-sectional shape. The left end portion of the second rear frame 27 is fixed to the lower end portion 26L2, and the right end portion of the second rear frame 27 is fixed to the support protrusion 22C. The lower end portion 26L2 is fixed to the rear end portion of the left side frame portion 22.

[0018] The intermediate frame 28 is a flat plate-like member. The left end portion of the intermediate frame 28 is fixed to the main body portion 26L1.

[0019] As shown in Figure 3, a support member 29 is fixed to the left side of the front surface of the intermediate frame 28. The support member 29 comprises a pair of left and right support pieces 29A.

[0020] As shown in Figure 3, a metal fixing member 17 is fixed near the left end of the second rear frame 27. The fixing member 17 comprises a flat lower wall portion 17A and a pair of left and right side wall portions 17B extending upward from both left and right edges of the lower wall portion 17A. That is, the cross-sectional shape of the fixing member 17 is approximately U-shaped. Furthermore, a rear recess 17C with a side shape of approximately semicircular is formed at the rear edges of the left and right side wall portions 17B. The vicinity of the left end of the second rear frame 27 is fitted into the left and right rear recesses 17C, and the rear edges of the left and right side wall portions 17B and the second rear frame 27 are fixed by welding or the like. Furthermore, a recess 17D with a side shape of approximately semicircular (arc-shaped) is formed at the front edges of the left and right side wall portions 17B. The radius of curvature of the recess 17D is larger than the radius of curvature of the outer surface of the first rear frame 23. As shown in Figures 3 and 8, the rear portion near the left end of the first rear frame 23 is positioned within the left and right recesses 17D, forming a gap.

[0021] The main body 26L1 and the lower end 26L2 of the left side frame section 26L are connected via a link mechanism 16, which will be described later. In Figure 1, a cover member 21 that covers a part of the link mechanism 16 from the outside in the seat width direction is depicted as transparent.

[0022] The link mechanism 16 connecting the main body portion 26L1 and the lower end portion 26L2 of the left side frame portion 26L of the back frame 24 comprises a first link member 30, a second link member 32, a third link member 34, and a fourth link member 36, as shown in Figure 5.

[0023] Figures 1 and 2 show the vehicle seat 10 and link mechanism 16, respectively, with the seat back 14 in the first position. With the seat back 14 in the first position, the occupant 100 can sit in the vehicle seat 10 in a posture that allows them to see forward. The following descriptions of the first link member 30, second link member 32, third link member 34, and fourth link member 36 will be based on the assumption that the seat back 14 is in the first position.

[0024] As shown in Figures 3 to 5, the first link member 30 is formed in a plate shape with its thickness extending in the left-right direction, and is also formed in a long shape that slopes towards the rear as it moves upward when viewed from the left side. The lower end of the first link member 30 is the first connecting portion 30A. The upper end of the first link member 30 is the second connecting portion 30B. Furthermore, the middle portion of the first link member 30 in the vertical direction is the third connecting portion 30C. The first connecting portion 30A is rotatably connected to the lower end 26L2 of the left side frame portion 26L via the first link shaft C1 which extends in the sheet width direction.

[0025] The second link member 32 is formed in a plate shape with its thickness extending in the left-right direction, and is also formed in a long shape that slopes towards the rear as it moves upward when viewed from the left side. The lower end of this second link member 32 is the fourth connecting portion 32A. The upper end of the second link member 32 is the fifth connecting portion 32B. The fourth connecting portion 32A is rotatably connected to the lower end 26L2 of the cushion frame 20 via the second link shaft C2, which extends in the seat width direction. The rotatable fourth connecting portion 32A is located behind the first connecting portion 30A of the first link member 30.

[0026] The third link member 34 is formed in a plate shape with its thickness in the left-right direction and is also formed in an elongated shape with its longitudinal direction when viewed from the left side. The front end of this third link member 34 is the sixth connecting portion 34A. The rear end of the third link member 34 is the seventh connecting portion 34B. The sixth connecting portion 34A is rotatably connected to the main body portion 26L1 of the left side frame portion 26L via the sixth link shaft C6 which extends in the sheet width direction. The seventh connecting portion 34B is rotatably connected to the second connecting portion 30B of the first link member 30 via the fifth link shaft C5 which extends in the sheet width direction.

[0027] The fourth link member 36 is formed in a plate shape with its thickness in the left-right direction, and is also formed in an elongated shape with its longitudinal direction when viewed from the left. The front end of this fourth link member 36 is the eighth connecting portion 36A. The rear end of the fourth link member 36 is the ninth connecting portion 36B. Furthermore, the middle part of the fourth link member 36 in the front-rear direction is the tenth connecting portion 36C. The eighth connecting portion 36A is rotatably connected to the main body portion 26L1 of the left side frame portion 26L via the seventh link shaft C7 which extends in the seat width direction. The eighth connecting portion 36A is located in front of and below the sixth connecting portion 34A of the third link member 34, and above the first connecting portion 30A of the first link member 30. Furthermore, the ninth connecting portion 36B is rotatably connected to the fifth connecting portion 32B of the second link member 32 via a third link shaft C3 that extends in the sheet width direction. In addition, the tenth connecting portion 36C is rotatably connected to the third connecting portion 30C of the first link member 30 via a fourth link shaft C4 that extends in the sheet width direction.

[0028] Furthermore, the first link 30 and the second link 32 described above are located on the outside (left side) in the seat width direction relative to the third link 34 and the fourth link 36.

[0029] When viewed from the left, the length of line L1 connecting the first link axis C1 and the fourth link axis C4 is the same as the length of line L2 connecting the second link axis C2 and the third link axis C3, and lines L1 and L2 are parallel to each other. Also, when viewed from the left, the length of line L3 connecting the first link axis C1 and the second link axis C2 is the same as the length of line L4 connecting the fourth link axis C4 and the third link axis C3, and lines L3 and L4 are parallel to each other. Furthermore, the lengths of lines L1 and L2 are longer than the lengths of lines L3 and L4. As a result, when viewed from the left, a parallelogram is formed by lines L1, L2, L3, and L4. Note that the lengths of lines L1 and L2 may be set to be the same as the lengths of lines L3 and L4. Alternatively, the lengths of lines L1 and L2 may be set to be shorter than the lengths of lines L3 and L4.

[0030] Furthermore, when viewed from the left, the length of line L5 connecting the 7th link axis C7 and the 6th link axis C6 is the same as the length of line L6 connecting the 4th link axis C4 and the 5th link axis C5, and lines L5 and L6 are parallel to each other. Furthermore, when viewed from the left, the length of line L7 connecting the 7th link axis C7 and the 4th link axis C4 is the same as the length of line L8 connecting the 6th link axis C6 and the 5th link axis C5, and lines L7 and L8 are parallel to each other. In addition, the lengths of lines L5 and L6 are longer than the lengths of lines L7 and L8, and shorter than the lengths of lines L1 and L2. Also, the lengths of lines L7 and L8 are shorter than the lengths of lines L3 and L4. Note that the lengths of lines L5 and L6 may be set to be the same as the lengths of lines L7 and L8. Alternatively, the lengths of lines L5 and L6 may be set to be shorter than the lengths of lines L7 and L8.

[0031] As shown in Figure 2, the rear end 22B of the right side frame portion 22 of the cushion frame 20 of the vehicle seat 10 and the lower end 26B of the right side frame portion 26R of the back frame 24 are rotatably connected by a rotational axis (rotational center) 39 that extends in the seat width direction.

[0032] As shown in Figure 1, the first link member 30, second link member 32, third link member 34, and fourth link member 36 constituting the link mechanism 16 are set as described above, so that the left rotation center 38 of the seat back 14 is located forward of the lower end portion 26L2 of the side frame portion 26L of the back frame 24. In a side view, this rotation center 38 and the rotation center axis 39 are coaxial with each other.

[0033] As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the actuator unit 18 provided between the seat back 14 and the seat cushion 12 is of a type having a lead screw 18A that displaces linearly in one direction. This actuator unit 18 comprises a lead screw 18A, a gearbox 18B, an actuator 18C, a rotating connector 18D, a rotating shaft 18E, and a rotating shaft 29B. A male screw groove is formed on the outer circumferential surface of the metal lead screw 18A. A pair of left and right mounting pieces 18B1 are provided at the upper end of the gearbox 18B. The left and right mounting pieces 18B1 are located outside the left and right support pieces 29A of the support member 29. Furthermore, the left and right mounting pieces 18B1 are rotatably connected to the left and right support pieces 29A by a rotating shaft 29B that extends in the left and right direction. In addition, a gear mechanism (not shown) having multiple gears is provided inside the gearbox 18B. The upper end of the lead screw 18A is inserted into the gearbox 18B, and the male screw groove is linked to the output gear of the gear mechanism. Furthermore, an actuator 18C is fixed to the right side of the gearbox 18B. The actuator 18C is an electric motor that operates using power from a battery (not shown) mounted on the vehicle. The actuator 18C has a rotating output shaft (not shown) that extends to the left into the gearbox 18B. This rotating output shaft is fixed to the input gear of the gear mechanism. The actuator 18C (rotating output shaft) can rotate in both forward and reverse directions. That is, when the operation switch (not shown) provided on the vehicle seat 10 is moved from the initial position to the forward rotation position, the actuator 18C is rotated in the forward direction by the power of the battery. When the actuator 18C rotates in the forward direction, the gear mechanism of the gearbox 18B operates, and the lead screw 18A moves downward relative to the gearbox 18B. On the other hand, when the operating switch is moved from the initial position to the reverse operation position, the actuator 18C is reversed by the battery power. When the actuator 18C reverses, the gear mechanism of the gearbox 18B operates, and the lead screw 18A moves upward relative to the gearbox 18B. In other words, the gearbox 18B transmits the driving force generated by the actuator 18C to the lead screw 18A while converting its direction.

[0034] As shown in Figure 4, an annular rotating connector 18D is fixed to the lower end of the lead screw 18A. The rotating connector 18D is located between the left and right side walls 17B of the fixing member 17. Furthermore, the left and right ends of the rotating shaft 18E, which penetrates the internal space of the rotating connector 18D and extends in the left-right direction, are fixed to the left and right side walls 17B, respectively. Therefore, the rotating connector 18D (lead screw 18A) is rotatably connected to the fixing member 17 around the rotating shaft 18E.

[0035] When the seat back 14 is in the first position, the axial direction of the lead screw 18A of the actuator unit 18 is oriented along the vertical direction. In addition, a portion of the actuator unit 18 overlaps with the link mechanism 16 in the seat width direction when viewed from the side of the seat.

[0036] (Operation and effects of this embodiment) Next, the operation and effects of this embodiment will be described.

[0037] When the operating switch is moved from the initial position to the forward rotation position, the lead screw 18A rotates relative to the fixed member 17 and the support member 29 while moving downward relative to the gearbox 18B. As a result, the distance between the fixed member 17 and the support member 29 increases, and the angle (reclining angle) that the seat back 14 makes with respect to the seat cushion 12 decreases. In other words, the seat back 14 rotates forward relative to the seat cushion 12 around the rotation center 38 and the rotation center axis 39. On the other hand, when the operating switch is moved from the initial position to the reverse rotation position, the lead screw 18A rotates relative to the fixed member 17 and the support member 29 while moving upward relative to the gearbox 18B. As a result, the distance between the fixed member 17 and the support member 29 decreases, and the angle that the seat back 14 makes with respect to the seat cushion 12 increases. In other words, the seat back 14 rotates backward relative to the seat cushion 12 around the rotation center 38 and the rotation center axis 39.

[0038] Figure 6 shows the link mechanism 16 when the seat back 14 is in the second position (a position reclined further rearward than the first position). When the seat back 14 is in the second position, for example, the occupant 100 can take a nap in a posture supported from the rear and below by the seat back 14.

[0039] When the actuator 18C is not powered and is in a non-operating state, the relative position of the lead screw 18A and the gearbox 18B is fixed. Therefore, when the actuator 18C is in a non-operating state, the angle between the seat cushion 12 and the seat back 14 is fixed.

[0040] Incidentally, if the actuator 18C is in a non-operating state, as shown in Figure 8, a gap is formed between the inner surfaces of the left and right recesses 17D of the fixing member 17 and the outer surface of the first rear frame 23. In this state, if a rear-end collision occurs to a vehicle equipped with a vehicle seat 10, the seat back 14 is rotated backward around the rotation center 38 and rotation center axis 39 relative to the seat cushion 12 by the back 102 of the occupant 100, which is subjected to a rearward inertial force. As a result, as shown in Figure 9, a large downward external force is applied from the seat back 14 (intermediate frame 28, support member 29) to the lead screw 18A and gearbox 18B, and the fixing member 17, which receives a downward force from the lead screw 18A, rotation connection part 18D and rotation axis 18E, undergoes elastic deformation, and the upper parts of the left and right recesses 17D (inner surfaces) come into contact with the upper end of the outer surface of the first rear frame 23.

[0041] Furthermore, if a frontal collision occurs to a vehicle equipped with a vehicle seat 10 while the actuator 18C is inactive, the seat back 14, subjected to a forward inertial force, is rotated forward around the rotation center 38 and rotation axis 39 relative to the seat cushion 12. As a result, as shown in Figure 10, a large upward external force is applied from the seat back 14 (intermediate frame 28, support member 29) to the lead screw 18A and gearbox 18B, causing the fixing member 17, which receives upward forces from the lead screw 18A, rotation connection part 18D and rotation axis 18E, to undergo elastic deformation, and the lower parts of the left and right recesses 17D (and their inner surfaces) come into contact with the lower ends of the outer surface of the first rear frame 23.

[0042] In this way, the fixing member 17 contacts the first rear frame 23, thereby increasing the rigidity and strength of the seat back 14 when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator 18C is input to the seat back 14.

[0043] Furthermore, since the fixing member 17 is not fixed to the first rear frame 23 by welding or the like, the fixing member 17 is easy to assemble to the vehicle seat 10.

[0044] Furthermore, the actuator unit 18, fixing member 17, and support member 29, which are configured to perform such functions, have a simple structure. In other words, in this embodiment, a mechanism to increase the rigidity and strength of the seat back 14 when an external force other than the driving force generated by the actuator 18C is input to the seat back 14 can be realized with a simple structure.

[0045] Furthermore, in this embodiment, because the first link member 30, second link member 32, third link member 34, and fourth link member 36 constituting the link mechanism 16 are set as described above, the rotation center 38 of the seat back 14 is located forward of the lower end and lower end 26L2 of the main body portion 26L1 of the side frame portion 26L of the back frame 24. By setting the rotation center 38 (rotation center axis 39) of the seat back 14 (rotation center axis 39) toward the buttocks 101 of the occupant 100 in this way, it is possible to suppress changes in the support position of the back 102 of the occupant 100 by the seat back 14 when the vehicle seat 10 is reclining. In other words, it is possible to suppress the seat back 14 from shifting relative to the back 102 of the occupant 100 when reclining.

[0046] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described above, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above.

[0047] For example, a link mechanism 16, a main body 26L1, and a lower end portion 26L2 may be provided on both the left and right sides of the vehicle seat 10. In this case, the seat back 14 can rotate around the left and right rotation centers 38 relative to the seat cushion 12.

[0048] The actuator unit 18 of this embodiment has a lead screw 18A that is displaced linearly in one direction. However, for example, a cylinder of an extendable and retractable air cylinder (actuator unit) may be rotatably connected to one of the support member 29 and the fixing member 17, and a rod that can move forward and backward relative to the cylinder may be rotatably connected to the other.

[0049] The rotating connection part 18D may be rotatably connected to the support member 29, and the gearbox 18B may be rotatably connected to the fixing member 17.

[0050] The vehicle seat 10 may also be equipped with a lifting mechanism. In this case, the first rear frame 23 may be rotatable around its own axis, and the sector gear of the lifting mechanism may be fixed to the first rear frame 23. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0051] 10 Vehicle seats 12 seat cushions 14 Seatback 17 Fixing member 17D recess 18 Actuator Unit 18A Lead Screw 18B Gearbox 18C Actuator 18E Rotation axis 20 Cushion Frames 23 Rear frame (load-bearing section) (connecting pipe) 24 Backframe 29 Support member 29B Rotation axis 38 Center of rotation 39. Center of rotation (center of rotation) 100 crew members 101 Buttocks 102 Back

Claims

1. A seat cushion that supports the occupant's buttocks from below the seat and has a cushion frame, The seat back supports the occupant's back from the rear side of the seat and has a back frame, and is rotatable relative to the seat cushion, An actuator unit is connected to a fixed member and a support member, both fixed to the back frame, so as to be rotatable around a rotation axis extending in the seat width direction, and extends and retracts to change the distance between the fixed member and the support member by the driving force generated by the actuator, Equipped with, A vehicle seat having a cushion frame having a load-receiving portion that can contact the fixing member when an external force other than the driving force is applied to the seat back.

2. The actuator unit, The actuator and, A gearbox is connected to one of the fixed member and the support member, which converts the direction of the driving force generated by the actuator and makes it rotatable around the rotation axis. A lead screw, which receives the driving force from the gearbox, moves back and forth in its own axial direction relative to the gearbox and is rotatable around the rotation axis, is connected to the other of the fixed member and the support member, A vehicle seat according to claim 1, comprising:

3. The load-receiving portion is a connecting pipe that connects the left and right side frames of the cushion frame. The vehicle seat according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein a part of the connecting pipe is positioned in a recess formed in the fixing member.

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