Actuator with contraction member

Abstract

The actuator can include an outer body. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can include a contraction member, such as a shape memory material member. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which a dimension, such as a height of the actuator, increases.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Field The subject matter described herein relates generally to actuators, and more particularly to actuators that include a contractile member. [Background technology]

[0002] background Shape memory alloys change shape when an actuation input is applied to the material. When the actuation input is discontinued, the material returns to its original shape. Shape memory alloys are used in several actuator designs. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003] overview In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include an outer body. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can include a contraction member. The contraction member can be operably connected to opposing ends of the actuator. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract such that the opposing ends of the actuator move toward each other. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which a dimension of the actuator increases.

[0004] In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include an outer body. The outer body can include a first outer body portion and a second outer body portion arranged in a sandwiched configuration. The actuator can include a contraction member. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

[0005] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include an outer body. The outer body can include a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another. The actuator can include a contraction member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator can include a track. The first portion and the second portion can be operably engaged with the track. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

[0006] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include an outer body. The outer body can include a first portion, a second portion, and a cross body member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator can include a contraction member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion. The actuator can include a track. The first portion and the second portion can be operably engaged with the track. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

[0007] In a further aspect, the present disclosure relates to a system. The system can include an actuator. The actuator can include an outer body. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can include a contraction member. The system can include one or more processors operably connected to selectively actuate the contraction member. When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which a dimension of the actuator increases.

[0008] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include a first outer body member including a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another by one or more hinges. The actuator can include one or more first biasing members operably positioned to bias the first outer body member toward the actuator's unactuated configuration. The actuator can include a push plate operably connected to the first outer body member. The actuator can include a second outer body member including a first portion, a second portion, and a base. The first portion and the second portion can be pivotally connected to the base. The actuator can include one or more second biasing members operably positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member toward the unactuated configuration. The actuator can include one or more shape memory alloy wires. The actuator can include a first end cap and a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap. The one or more shape memory alloy wires can be operably connected to the first end cap and the second end cap. When an actuation input is provided to the one or more shape memory alloy wires, the one or more shape memory alloy wires can contract, resulting in the actuator being transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

[0009] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include a first outer body member and a second outer body member. The first outer body member can include a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to each other. The actuator can include one or more shape memory material members. When an actuation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members can contract, thereby moving the actuator in a direction different from the contraction direction.

[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an actuator. The actuator can include a first body member. The first outer body member can include a first portion and a second portion, the first portion and the second portion operatively connected to each other such that the first portion and the second portion can move relative to each other. The actuator can include a second body member. The actuator can include one or more shape memory material members. When an actuation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

[0011] In yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system. The system can include an actuator. The actuator can include a first body member including a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another. The actuator can include a second body member. The actuator can include one or more shape memory material members. The system can include one or more processors operably connected to selectively actuate the one or more shape memory material members. When an actuation input is provided to the one or more shape memory material members, the one or more shape memory material members can contract. As a result, the actuator can be transformed into an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an actuator. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a diagram of the actuator of FIG. 1 showing an unactuated condition. [Figure 3] 2 is a diagram of the actuator of FIG. 1 showing the operating conditions. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example of a system including the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5A]2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5B] 2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5C] 2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5D] 2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5E] 2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 5F] 2A-2C are different views of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 6] 2A and 2B are diagrams of an example of a first or second portion of a first outer body member of the actuator of FIG. 1. [Figure 7] 2 is a diagram of an example of a base of a second outer body member of the actuator of FIG. 1. FIG. [Figure 8] 2 is an example of a push plate for the actuator of FIG. 1; [Figure 9] 2 is a diagram of an example of a first or second portion of a second outer body member of the actuator of FIG. 1. FIG. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram of another example of an actuator. [Figure 11A] 11A-11C are different views of an end cap portion for the actuator of FIG. 10. [Figure 11B] 11A-11C are different views of an end cap portion for the actuator of FIG. 10. [Figure 11C] 11A-11C are different views of an end cap portion for the actuator of FIG. 10. [Figure 11D] 11A-11C are different views of an end cap portion for the actuator of FIG. 10. [Figure 11E]11A-11C are different views of an end cap portion for the actuator of FIG. 10. [Figure 12] FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example end cap for the actuator of FIG. 10 showing two end cap portions connected together. [Figure 13] 13A-13D are diagrams of an exemplary method for routing shape memory material members on the end caps shown in FIGS. 10-12. [Figure 14] FIG. 11 is a diagram of an example of a wire guide for use with the actuator of FIG. 1 or FIG. 10. [Figure 15] FIG. 10 is a diagram of another example of an actuator. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a diagram of the actuator of FIG. [Figure 17A] FIG. 16 is a diagram of the example actuator of FIG. 15 showing an unactuated configuration. [Figure 17B] 16A and 16B are diagrams of the example actuator of FIG. 15 showing an actuation configuration. [Figure 18A] 16A-16C are different views of an example second outer body member for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 18B] 16A-16C are different views of an example second outer body member for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 18C] 16A-16C are different views of an example second outer body member for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 19A] 16A-16C are different views of an example of a first outer body member for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 19B] 16A-16C are different views of an example of a first outer body member for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 20] FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of a first portion of an end cap for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 21] FIG. 16 is a diagram of an example of a second portion of an end cap for the actuator of FIG. 15. [Figure 22]16 is a diagram of another example of a second portion of an end cap for the actuator of FIG. 15. FIG. [Figure 23] 16 is a diagram of an example of a base of a second outer body member of the actuator of FIG. 15. FIG. [Figure 24] FIG. 10 is a diagram of another example of an actuator, showing an unactuated configuration. [Figure 25] FIG. 25 is a diagram of the actuator of FIG. 24 showing an actuated configuration. [Figure 26] FIG. 25 is a diagram of an example of the plurality of actuators of FIG. 24 showing an unactuated condition. [Figure 27] 27 is a diagram of the actuators of FIG. 26 showing actuation conditions. [Figure 28] FIG. 10 is a diagram of another example of an actuator, showing an unactuated configuration. [Figure 29] FIG. 29 is a diagram of the actuator of FIG. 28 showing an actuated configuration. [Figure 30] 16 is a view of another example of the actuator of FIG. 15 showing a central biasing member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Detailed Description Accordingly, the configurations described herein are directed, among other things, to an actuator. The actuator can include one or more contraction members. The actuator can include an outer body member. At least a portion of the outer body can be configured to pivot. The actuator can have a variety of configurations.

[0014] When an actuation input (e.g., energy, heat, electrical energy, electrical current, etc.) is provided to the one or more contraction members, the one or more contraction members can contract, resulting in the actuator being transformed into an actuated configuration in which a dimension (e.g., height) of the actuator increases.

[0015] Detailed embodiments are disclosed herein. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments are intended as examples only. Therefore, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein should not be construed as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and for teaching those skilled in the art how to variously employ the aspects herein in substantially any appropriately detailed structure. Furthermore, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting, but rather to provide an understandable description of possible implementations. While various embodiments are illustrated in Figures 1-30, the embodiments are not limited to the illustrated structures or applications.

[0016] It will be understood that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the different figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. Additionally, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details.

[0017] The configurations described herein are directed to actuators. Generally, actuators can include one or more shape memory material members. The actuators can have any suitable form. One example of an actuator is described herein. However, it will be understood that this example is not intended to be limiting. Indeed, there are numerous actuator designs that include one or more shape memory material members that can operate according to the configurations described herein.

[0018] 1-3, an example of an actuator 100 is shown. The actuator 100 can have any suitable configuration. The actuator 100 can include a first outer body member 110, a second outer body member 130, a first end cap 160, a second end cap 170, and a shape memory material member 180. These and other components are now described below.

[0019] The first outer body member 110 can include a first portion 112 and a second portion 114. The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be substantially identical to one another but can be oriented differently. In other configurations, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can differ from one another in one or more respects. An example of the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 is shown in FIG. 6. The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0020] The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be operably connected to one another such that the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can move relative to one another. In one or more configurations, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to one another. For example, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more barrel hinges 122. In one or more configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first portion 112 and the second portion 114. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion 112 and the second portion 114.

[0021] The first portion 112 can include a first interface end 116 and a second interface end 117. The second portion 114 can include a first interface end 118 and a second interface end 119. The first interface end 116 of the first portion 112 and the first interface end 118 of the second portion 114 can be configured to interface with each other. For example, the first interface end 116 of the first portion 112 can include a knuckle 120, and the first interface end 118 of the second portion 114 can include a knuckle 121. The knuckles 120, 121 can include openings that can be substantially aligned with each other to form a partial hinge. A pin 123 can pass through the aligned openings. In such a configuration, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can define leaves of a hinge.

[0022] The second interface end 117 of the first portion 112 can be configured to interface with the first end cap 160. For example, the second interface end 117 of the first portion 112 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 117 of the first portion 112 while allowing the first portion 112 to pivot therein. The second interface end 119 of the second portion 114 can be configured to interface with the second end cap 170. For example, the second interface end 119 of the second portion 114 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 170. The second end cap 170 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 119 of the second portion 114 while allowing the second portion 114 to pivot therein.

[0023] The first portion 112 and the second portion 114 can be angled relative to one another. As a result, the first outer body member 110 can have a generally V-shape. The first outer body member 110 can have an outer side 124 and an inner side 126.

[0024] Actuator 100 may include a biasing member 128. Biasing member 128 may be associated with first outer body member 110. Biasing member 128 may be operably positioned to bias first outer body member 110 toward the unactuated configuration of actuator 100. More particularly, biasing member 128 may apply a force to first portion 112 and second portion 114 to bias them toward the unactuated configuration.

[0025] Biasing member 128 may be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force to first outer body member 110. In one or more configurations, biasing member 128 may be a spring. More particularly, biasing member 128 may be a torsion spring.

[0026] In some configurations, the first outer body member 110 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 128. For example, the first portion 112 can include a retaining member 127, and the second portion 114 can include a retaining member 129. The retaining members 127, 129 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 127, 129 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 6, to name just a few possibilities. The retaining members 127, 129 can be formed as a unitary structure with the first portion 112 and the second portion 114, respectively. In some configurations, the retaining members 127, 129 can be formed separately from the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0027] The actuator 100 may include a push plate 171. One example of the push plate 171 is shown in FIGS. 2-3 and 8. The push plate 171 may be configured to engage with another structure or object. The push plate 171 may focus the force of the actuator 100 onto an intended target object. The push plate 171 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the push plate 171 may be substantially T-shaped. In some configurations, the push plate 171 may include a platform 172 and a stem 174. In some configurations, the platform 172 may be substantially rectangular in configuration, as shown. In other configurations, the platform 172 may be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

[0028] The platform 172 can have an engagement surface 173. The engagement surface 173 can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on an intended target. In some configurations, the engagement surface 173 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 173 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 173 can be configured to generate a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator 100.

[0029] In some configurations, the engagement surface 173 can be substantially parallel to the first dimension 200 of the shape memory material member 180 and / or actuator 100 located within the cavity 158. In some configurations, the engagement surface 173 can be angled relative to the first dimension 200 of the shape memory material member 180 and / or actuator 100 located within the cavity 158. The engagement surface 173 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired driving force effect.

[0030] The push plate 171 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 110. For example, a portion of the stem 174 can be configured to include one or more openings 175 that can substantially align with the openings 125 in the knuckles 120, 121 of the first and second portions 112, 114 to form a partial hinge. The pin 123 can pass through the aligned openings 125, 175. The first and second portions 112, 114 can pivot relative to one another, while the push plate 171 can substantially maintain its orientation. In some configurations, the push plate 171 can be substantially centered on the first outer body member 110.

[0031] The second outer body member 130 may include a first portion 132, a second portion 134, and a base 136. The first portion 132, the second portion 134, and the base 136 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may be substantially identical to one another but may be oriented differently. However, in other embodiments, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may differ from one another in one or more respects.

[0032] One example of first portion 132 and second portion 134 is shown in FIG. 9 . First portion 132 and second portion 134 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In some configurations, first portion 132 and second portion 134 of second outer body member 130 can be substantially mirror images of first portion 112 and second portion 114 of first outer body member 110. First portion 132 can include first interface end 140 and second interface end 141. Second portion 134 can include first interface end 142 and second interface end 143.

[0033] The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be operably connected to another element such that the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can move relative to one another. In one or more configurations, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be operably connected to one another. In one or more configurations, both the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be operably connected to another structure. For example, each of the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to another structure. In one or more configurations, each of the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136. For example, the first portion 132 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 by one or more hinges, and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first portion 132 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 by one or more barrel hinges 138, and the second portion 134 can be pivotally connected to the base 136 by one or more barrel hinges 139. The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 can be located on opposite sides of the base 136.

[0034] In some configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first portion 132 and the base 136 and the second portion 134 and the base 136. Alternatively, in some configurations, the one or more hinges can be at least partially formed by the first portion 132, the second portion 134, and / or the base 136.

[0035] The base 136 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. One example of the base 136 is shown in FIG. 7 . The base 136 can have a first interface end 148 and a second interface end 149. The base 136 can be configured to interface with the first portion 132 and the second portion 134. The first interface end 140 of the first portion 132 and the first interface end 142 of the second portion 134 can be configured to interface with the base 136. For example, the first interface end 140 of the first portion 132 can include one or more knuckles 145, and the first interface end 142 of the second portion 134 can include one or more knuckles 146. The knuckles 145, 146 can define an opening 144. Additionally, the first interface end 148 of the base 136 can include one or more knuckles 150, and the second interface end 149 of the base 136 can include one or more knuckles 151. The knuckles 150, 151 can define openings 159. The openings 144 of the knuckles 145 of the first portion 132 and the openings 159 of the knuckles 150 of the base 136 can be substantially aligned with one another. A pin 152 can be received within the aligned openings 144, 159. In such a configuration, the first portion 132 and the base 136 can be hinge leaf-like. The openings 144 of the knuckles 146 of the second portion 134 and the openings 159 of the knuckles 151 of the base 136 can be substantially aligned with one another. A pin 153 can be received within the aligned openings 144, 159. In such a configuration, the second portion 134 and the base 136 may be like the leaves of a hinge.

[0036] The second interface end 141 of the first portion 132 can be configured to interface with the first end cap 160. For example, the second interface end 141 of the first portion 132 can include a lip 168, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 141 of the first portion 132 while allowing the first portion 132 to pivot therein. The second interface end 143 of the second portion 134 can be configured to interface with the second end cap 170. For example, the second interface end 143 of the second portion 134 can include a lip 168, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 170. The second end cap 170 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 143 of the second portion 134 while allowing the second portion 134 to pivot therein.

[0037] The first portion 132 and the second portion 134 may be angled relative to one another. The second outer body member 130 may have an outer side 131 and an inner side 133.

[0038] One or more biasing members may be associated with the second outer body member 130. For example, biasing member 154 may be associated with the first portion 132 and the base 136, and biasing member 155 may be associated with the second portion 134 and the base 136. The biasing members 154, 155 may be operably positioned to bias the second outer body member 130 toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator 100. More specifically, the biasing member 154 may apply a force to the first portion 132 and the base 136 to bias at least the first portion 132 toward the unactuated configuration. Additionally, the biasing member 155 may apply a force to the second portion 134 and the base 136 to bias at least the second portion 134 toward the unactuated configuration.

[0039] The biasing members 154, 155 may be any suitable elements for applying a biasing force to the second outer body member 130. In one or more configurations, the biasing members 154, 155 may be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 154, 155 may be torsion springs.

[0040] In some configurations, biasing members 128, 154, 155 can be substantially identical to one another, while in some configurations, one or more of biasing members 128, 154, 155 can differ from the other biasing members in terms of size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, to name just a few possibilities.

[0041] In some configurations, the second outer body member 130 can be configured to engage or retain portions of the biasing members 154, 155. For example, the first portion 132 can include a retaining member 156, and the second portion 134 can include a retaining member 157. The retaining members 156, 157 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 156, 157 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, as shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 9, to name just a few possibilities. The retaining members 156, 157 can be formed as a unitary structure with the first portion 132 and the second portion 134, respectively. In some configurations, the retaining members 156, 157 can be formed separately from the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0042] The first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130 can be oriented with their inner sides 126, 133 facing each other. The first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130 can define a cavity 158.

[0043] Base 136 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, base 136 can be substantially rectangular. Base 136 can be made from any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. Base 136 can be made from the same material as first outer body member 110 and / or second outer body member 130, or base 136 can be made from a different material.

[0044] The base 136 can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base 136 can include an engagement surface 137. The engagement surface 137 can be configured to substantially matingly engage the surface on which the base 136 is supported. In some configurations, the engagement surface 137 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 137 can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some configurations, the base 136 can be configured to connect to another surface. For example, the base 136 can include one or more openings 135 for receiving fasteners for attachment to another surface or structure.

[0045] The actuator 100 may include a first end cap 160 and a second end cap 170. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be spaced apart. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may face each other. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be substantially aligned with each other.

[0046] The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be substantially identical to one another. However, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be oriented differently. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can differ from one another in one or more respects.

[0047] One example of an end cap is shown in Figures 5A-5F. For convenience, the end cap will be referred to as first end cap 160, although it will be understood that this description is equally applicable to second end cap 170.

[0048] First end cap 160 can be configured to engage first outer body member 110 and second outer body member 130. For example, first end cap 160 can include first engagement cavity 161 and second engagement cavity 162. First engagement cavity 161 and second engagement cavity 162 can be angled relative to a plane 163 of first end cap 160, as shown in FIG. 5B. For example, in one or more configurations, first engagement cavity 161 and second engagement cavity 162 can be at an angle α of about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees relative to plane 163. First end cap 160 can be substantially symmetrical with respect to plane 163.

[0049] The first engagement cavity 161 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to operably connect to the first outer body member 110. More particularly, the first engagement cavity 161 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 117 of the first portion 112. Additionally, the first engagement cavity 161 of the second end cap 170 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 119 of the second portion 114.

[0050] Any suitable form of operable connection may exist between the first outer body member 110 and the first engagement cavity 161. For example, the first outer body member 110 may be operably connected to the first engagement cavity 161 by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazing or welding, to name just a few. By way of example, the first outer body member 110 may include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature that may engage with a respective end cap in the first engagement cavity 161, such as by an interlocking engagement. The first outer body member 110 may be retainably engaged by the first engagement cavity 161. The first engagement cavity 161 may provide end containment for pivoting of the first portion 112 or the second portion 114 when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated.

[0051] The second engagement cavity 162 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to operably connect to the second outer body member 130. More specifically, the second engagement cavity 162 of the first end cap 160 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 119 of the first portion 132. Additionally, the second engagement cavity 162 of the second end cap 170 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 119 of the second portion 134. The above discussion regarding the operable connection between the first outer body member 110 and the first engagement cavity 161 equally applies to the connection between the second outer body member 130 and the second engagement cavity 162. The first portion 132 and / or the second portion 134 of the second outer body member 130 can include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature that can engage with the respective end caps in the second engagement cavity 162, such as by an interlocking engagement. The second outer body member 130 can be retainably engaged by the second engagement cavity 162. The second engagement cavity 162 can provide end containment for the first portion 132 or the second portion 134 to pivot when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated.

[0052] The first end cap 160 can include multiple features that enable engagement with the shape memory material member 180. For example, the first end cap 160 can include one or more features that enable the shape memory material member 180 to turn around and extend toward the opposite end cap. For example, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can each include a first groove 164, a second groove 165, and a post 166. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can wrap around the post 166. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can extend along the first groove 164 and / or the second groove 165.

[0053] The first groove 164 and the second groove 165 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first groove 164 and the second groove 165 can be substantially identical to one another. In other configurations, the first groove 164 and the second groove 165 can differ from one another in one or more respects. In one or more configurations, the first groove 164 and the second groove 165 can be substantially U-shaped. The post 166 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. For example, the post 166 can be substantially semi-cylindrical.

[0054] The first end cap 160 may include one or more inlet / outlet passages 177 extending between the first groove 164 and the exterior of the first end cap 160. The first end cap 160 may include one or more inlet / outlet passages 178 extending between the second groove 165 and the exterior of the first end cap 160. The inlet / outlet passages 177, 178 may provide entry or exit points for the shape memory material member 180 from the first end cap 160 or the second end cap 170.

[0055] In some configurations, at least a portion of the shape memory material member 180 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, the portions of the shape memory material member 180 that interact with the first groove 164, the second groove 165, and the post 166 can be coated or covered with an insulating material 167. In some configurations, the insulating material 167 can be a sleeve or a wrap.

[0056] The shape memory material member 180 can extend between the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 in any suitable manner. One non-limiting example of routing of the shape memory material member 180 is now described. From the exterior of the first end cap 160, the shape memory material member 180 can enter the inlet / outlet passage 177 and extend substantially straight into a portion of the first groove 164. The shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially straight out of the first groove 164 into the cavity 158. The shape memory material member 180 can extend across the cavity 158 into the first groove 164 of the second end cap 170. The shape memory material member 180 can turn within the first groove 164 of the second end cap 170. From there, the shape memory material member 180 can extend back across the cavity 158 and wrap around the post 166 of the first end cap 160. The shape memory material member 180 can then extend back across the cavity 158 and wrap around the post 166 of the second end cap 170. The shape memory material member 180 can extend across the cavity 158 into the second groove 165 of the first end cap 160. The shape memory material member 180 can extend into the second groove 165 and extend back across the cavity 158 into the second groove 165 of the second end cap 170. The shape memory material member 180 can exit the second groove 165 through one of the inlet / outlet passages 178 of the second end cap 170.

[0057] It will be appreciated that other configurations of the shape memory material member 180 are possible. For example, the shape memory material member 180 can extend between the posts 166 of the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. As another example, the shape memory material member 180 can extend between the first groove 164 of the first end cap 160 and the first groove 164 of the second end cap 170. As yet another example, the shape memory material member 180 can extend between the second groove 165 of the first end cap 160 and the second groove 165 of the second end cap 170. Still further, the shape memory material member 180 can extend between the first groove 164 of the first end cap 160 and the second groove 165 of the second end cap 170. As another possibility, the shape memory material member 180 can extend between the second groove 165 of the first end cap 160 and the first groove 164 of the second end cap 170. Of course, it will be understood that the shape memory material member 180 can be routed in any combination of the above and other examples.

[0058] It should be noted that when extending across the cavity 158, the shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially straight from one end cap to the other. Alternatively, the shape memory material member 180 can extend from one side of one end cap to the opposite side of the other end cap. Thus, the shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially diagonally across the cavity 158. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped around the post 166 multiple times. For example, in one or more configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped around the post 166 two times.

[0059] The first end cap 160 can include a flange 169. The flange 169 can provide a connection point for an end of the shape memory material member 180. At this location, the shape memory material member 180 can be operably connected to another conductor to a power source or other element. In some cases, the shape memory material member 180 can be operably connected to the flange 169 by one or more fasteners 179 ( FIG. 1 ), one or more adhesives, one or more mechanical engagement forms, one or more other connection forms, and / or any combination thereof, etc.

[0060] The actuator 100 can include one or more shape memory material members 180. The shape memory material members 180 can be operably connected to the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. Any suitable operably connected manner can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, or any combination thereof. When passing from one end cap to the other, the shape memory material members 180 can extend across the cavity 158.

[0061] In some configurations, there can be a single shape memory material member 180. In such cases, the shape memory material member 180 can extend, for example, straight across the cavity from the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. In another example, the shape memory material member 180 can extend in a serpentine pattern between the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. In some configurations, the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 can be configured to allow the shape memory material member 180 to turn around and extend in opposite directions, as described above.

[0062] In some configurations, there can be multiple shape memory material members 180. In such cases, the multiple shape memory material members 180 can be distributed, arranged, and / or oriented in any suitable manner. For example, the shape memory material members 180 can extend substantially parallel to one another. In other configurations, one or more of the shape memory material members 180 can extend non-parallel to the other shape memory material members 180. In some cases, some of the multiple shape memory material members 180 may intersect one another. When actuated, the shape memory material members 180 can be configured to overcome the biasing forces applied by the biasing members 128, 154, 155.

[0063] The phrase "shape memory material" includes materials that change shape when an actuation input is provided to the shape memory material, and when the actuation input is discontinued, the material returns to substantially its original shape. Examples of shape memory materials include shape memory alloys (SMAs) and shape memory polymers (SMPs).

[0064] In one or more configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be a shape memory material wire. As an example, the shape memory material member 180 can be a shape memory alloy wire. Thus, when an actuation input (i.e., heat) is provided to the shape memory alloy wire, the wire can contract. The shape memory alloy wire can be heated in any suitable manner now known or later developed. For example, the shape memory alloy wire can be heated by the Joule effect by passing an electric current through the wire. In some cases, configurations can be provided to provide cooling for the shape memory alloy wire to facilitate the wire returning to the unactuated configuration, if desired.

[0065] The wire can have any suitable properties. For example, the wire can be a high temperature wire having an austenite finish temperature of about 80°C to about 110°C. The wire can have any suitable diameter. For example, the wire diameter can be about 0.2 millimeters (mm) to about 0.7 mm, about 0.3 mm to about 0.5 mm, or about 0.375 mm to about 0.5 mm. In some configurations, the wire can have a stiffness of up to about 70 gigapascals. The tensile strength of SMA wire can be about 150 MPa The wire can be configured to provide an initial moment of about 300 to about 600 N·mm, or greater than about 500 N·mm, where the unit Newton-millimeter (N·mm) is the unit of torque (also called moment) in the SI system. One Newton-meter is equal to the torque resulting from a force of 1 Newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm 1 meter long. In various embodiments, the wire can be configured to undergo a phase transformation and move the shape memory material member 180 from the unactuated position to the actuated position in about 3 seconds or less, about 2 seconds or less, about 1 second or less, or about 0.5 seconds or less.

[0066] The wire can be made from any suitable shape memory material now known or later developed. Different materials can be used to achieve various balances, characteristics, properties, and / or qualities. As an example, the SMA wire can include nickel titanium (Ni-Ti, or Nitinol). One example of a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy is FLEXINOL, available from Dynaolloy, Inc. of Irvine, California. As a further example, the SMA wire can be made from Cu-Al-Ni, Fe-Mn-Si, or Cu-Zn-Al.

[0067] SMA wires have a phase transition temperature T SMAThe SMA wire can be configured to change phase by being heated to a temperature at which it increases or decreases in length. Utilizing the unique properties of SMA wire can be achieved by using heat, for example, via passing an electric current through the SMA wire to provide heat generated by electrical resistance, to change phase or crystal structure transitions (i.e., twinned martensite, detwinned martensite, and austenite) to lengthen or shorten the SMA wire. In some embodiments, during a phase change, the SMA wire changes from T SMA From temperatures lower than T SMA When heated to temperatures above 100°C, the polymer may experience a loss in length of about 2 to about 8 percent, or about 3 to about 6 percent, and in certain embodiments, about 3.5%.

[0068] Other active materials may be used in conjunction with the configurations described herein. For example, other shape memory materials may be employed. Shape memory materials, a class of active materials sometimes referred to as smart materials, include materials or compositions that have the ability to remember their original shape, which can then be regained by applying an external stimulus, such as an actuation signal.

[0069] While shape memory material member 180 is described as being a wire in some embodiments, it will be understood that shape memory material member 180 is not limited to being a wire. Indeed, it is contemplated that various other forms of suitable shape memory material may be employed, such as sheets, plates, panels, strips, cables, tubes, or combinations thereof. In some configurations, shape memory material member 180 may include an insulating coating or sleeve over at least a portion of their length.

[0070] It should be noted that the shape memory material member 180 can be located substantially entirely within the overall envelope of the actuator 100. A substantial majority of the shape memory material member 180 can be located within the cavity 158. By "substantial majority" it is meant about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more. A portion of the shape memory material member 180 can be routed within the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. A portion of the shape memory material member 180 can extend outside the respective end caps 160, 170 for connection to the flange 169 and / or another conductor and / or power source. Thus, the actuator 100 can be a self-contained unit.

[0071] The actuator 100 may include a first dimension 200 and a second dimension 210. The first dimension 200 may represent a width of the actuator 100, and the second dimension 210 may represent a height of the actuator 100. The first dimension 200 and the second dimension 210 may be substantially perpendicular to one another.

[0072] FIG. 2 shows an example of the actuator 100 in an unactuated configuration, in which the shape memory material member 180 is not actuated. FIG. 3 shows an example of the actuator 100 in an actuated configuration. When an actuation input (e.g., electrical energy) is provided to the shape memory material member 180, the shape memory material member 180 can contract. This contraction causes the shape memory material member 180 to pull the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 200. As a result, the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130 can extend outwardly from each other in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 210. It will be understood that when transitioning from an unactuated state to an actuated state, the first dimension 200 (i.e., width) of the actuator 100 can decrease and / or the second dimension 210 (i.e., height) of the actuator 100 can increase. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the actuator 100 may be out-of-plane or otherwise deliver a force in a direction other than the direction of contraction of the shape memory material member 180 .

[0073] As actuator 100 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, push plate 171 may be positioned at a higher elevation. Also, as actuator 100 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between first portion 112 and second portion 114 of first outer body member 110 may decrease. Similarly, as actuator 100 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between first portion 132 and second portion 134 of second outer body member 130 may decrease. It will be appreciated that first end cap 160 and second end cap 170 may be configured to accommodate movement of first outer body member 110 and second outer body member 130 while maintaining operative connection thereto.

[0074] It should be noted that in some configurations, the push plate 171 can deliver a driving force symmetrically, i.e., substantially aligned with the direction of the actuator 100's force (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 210). However, in other configurations, the actuator 100 can be configured to deliver a driving force that is asymmetrical, i.e., not aligned with the direction of the actuator 100's force. Delivery of an asymmetric driving force can be achieved in various manners. As one example, the first portion 112 and the second portion 114 of the first outer body member 110 can have different lengths. Thus, one of the portions is longer than the other. As a result, the push plate 171 may no longer be substantially centered. Alternatively or additionally, the first portion 132 and the second portion 134 of the second outer body member 130 can have different lengths. As yet a further example, the push plate 171 can be configured such that the engagement surface 173 or other portion of the push plate 171 is angled relative to the first dimension 200. As yet another example, push plate 171 can be operably connected to first outer body member 110 such that push plate 171 extends at an acute angle from first outer body member 110. As another example, the biasing forces of biasing members 154, 155 can be different from one another. Of course, it will be understood that delivery of asymmetric driving forces can be achieved by any combination of the above and other configurations.

[0075] Referring to FIG. 10, another example of an actuator 100′ is shown. For convenience, reference numerals used in connection with the actuator 100 of FIGS. 1-3 are repeated here in connection with the actuator 100′ of FIG. 14. The actuator 100′ may include a first outer body member 110, a second outer body member 130, and a shape memory material member 180. The above descriptions of the first outer body member 110, the second outer body member 130, and the shape memory material member 180 made in connection with the actuator 100 shown in FIGS. 1-3 equally apply to the same components here in connection with the actuator 100′ of FIG. 14.

[0076] The actuator 100′ includes a first end cap 160′ and a second end cap 170′. The first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ shown in FIG. 14 are different from the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 shown in FIGS. 5A-5F. The actuator 100′ may include the first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be spaced apart. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may face each other. The first end cap 160 and the second end cap 170 may be substantially aligned with each other.

[0077] The first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ can be substantially identical to one another. However, the first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ can be oriented differently. The first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ can differ from one another in one or more respects.

[0078] In some configurations, the first end cap 160' and / or the second end cap 170' can be a unitary structure. In other configurations, the first end cap 160' and / or the second end cap 170' can be made from multiple pieces. With reference to Figures 11A-11E, one example of an end cap portion 1100 of the first end cap 160' and / or the second end cap 170' is shown.

[0079] The end cap portion 1100 can be configured to engage the first outer body member 110 and the second outer body member 130. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include an interface surface 1104. The interface surface 1104 can be substantially planar. The end cap portion 1100 can include an engagement cavity 1102. The engagement cavity 1102 can be angled relative to the interface surface 1104. Alternatively or additionally, the engagement cavity 1102 can be angled relative to a planar surface 1106 of the first end cap 160′ or the second end cap 170′, as shown in FIG. 10 . For example, in one or more configurations, the engagement cavity 1102 can be at an angle of about 20 to about 25 degrees relative to the planar surface 1106 and / or the interface surface 1104.

[0080] The engagement cavity 1102 of the end cap portion 1100 can be configured to operably connect to the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130. More particularly, the engagement cavity 1102 of the end cap portion 1100 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 117 of the first portion 112, the second interface end 119 of the second portion 114, the second interface end 119 of the first portion 132, and / or the second interface end 119 of the second portion 134.

[0081] Any suitable form of operative connection may exist between the engagement cavity 1102 and the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130. For example, the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130 may be operatively connected to the engagement cavity 1102 by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazing or welding, to name just a few. By way of example, the first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member may include a lip 115, a protrusion, or other feature that may engage with a respective end cap within the engagement cavity 1102, such as by interlocking engagement. The first outer body member 110 and / or the second outer body member 130 may be retainably engaged by the engagement cavity 1102. The engagement cavity 1102 can provide end containment for the first portion 112, the second portion 114, the first portion 132, and / or the second portion 134 to pivot when the actuator 100 is activated or deactivated.

[0082] The end cap portion 1100 can include multiple features that enable engagement with the shape memory material member 180. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include one or more features to enable the shape memory material member 180 to turn around and extend toward the opposite end cap, enter the end cap portion 1100, and / or exit the end cap portion 1100. For example, the end cap portion 1100 can include multiple posts (e.g., a first post 1110, a second post 1112, and a third post 1114) and multiple grooves (e.g., a first groove 1120, a second groove 1122). The end cap portion 1100 can include one or more entrance / exit notches 1130. Furthermore, the end cap portion 1100 can include various structures that can define multiple channels (e.g., first channel 1141, second channel 1142, third channel 1143, fourth channel 1144, fifth channel 1145, sixth channel 1146, seventh channel 1147, eighth channel 1148, and ninth channel 1149).

[0083] In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can extend along a groove. The first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 can be substantially identical to one another. In other configurations, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 can differ from one another in one or more respects. In one or more configurations, the first groove 1120 and the second groove 1122 can be substantially U-shaped.

[0084] In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped around a post. The post can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the posts can be substantially identical to one another. In other configurations, the posts can differ from one another in one or more respects. In one or more configurations, the post can include a shaft 1115 and a cap 1117. The cap 1117 can be larger than the shaft 1115. In some configurations, the shaft 1115 can be substantially cylindrical. The cap 1117 can be configured to help retain the shape memory material member 180 on the shaft 1115. The cap 1117 can physically prevent the shape memory material member 180 from slipping off the end of the shaft 1115. An aperture 1118 can be defined in each of the posts. The aperture 1118 can extend through the end cap portion 1100 such that an opening is defined in the cap 1117 and the interface surface 1104.

[0085] Any suitable configuration of grooves and posts may be present. For example, the posts and grooves may be interleaved with one another. In some configurations, the grooves and posts may be substantially equally spaced from one another. In other configurations, the grooves and posts may be unequally spaced in at least one or more regions. In some configurations, the posts may be located closer to the outer end 1111 of the end cap portion 1100 than the grooves.

[0086] The end cap portion 1100 can include one or more entry / exit notches 1130. The entry / exit notches 1130 can be provided in any suitable location on the end cap portion 1100. For example, the entry / exit notches 1130 can be located outside of the grooves and posts. The entry / exit notches 1130 can provide an entry or exit point for the shape memory material member 180 from the end cap portion 1100. Upon exiting the end cap portion 1100, the shape memory material member 180 can extend to another end cap portion 1100, an exterior portion of the end caps 160′, 170′, or some other structure.

[0087] Multiple end cap portions 1100 can be joined to form an end cap (e.g., end cap 160′ or end cap 170′). For example, a first end cap portion 1100′ and a second end cap portion 1100″ can be joined together to form end caps 160′, 170′. In one or more configurations, the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can be substantially identical to one another. In one or more configurations, the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can be substantially mirror images of one another. In one or more configurations, the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can differ from one another in one or more respects. While this example shows two end cap portions, it will be understood that there can be three or more end cap portions.

[0088] When the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ are joined, the interface surface 1104 of the first end cap portion 1100′ and the interface surface 1104 of the second end cap portion 1100″ can be in direct contact with one another. The first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can be joined in any suitable manner now known or later developed. For example, the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can be joined by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, and / or any combination thereof, etc. In the example shown in FIG. 12 , the first end cap portion 1100′ and the second end cap portion 1100″ can be joined by a plurality of bolts 1119 that can extend through the end cap portions 1100. In one or more configurations, the heads of the bolts 1119 can engage with the caps 1117 of the respective posts. The bolts 1119 can extend through apertures 1118 in the first end cap portion 1100′. The bolts 1119 can extend through apertures 1118 in the second end cap portion 1100″. The distal ends of the bolts can pass outside the caps 1117 of the second end cap portion 1100″. The distal ends of the bolts 1119 can engage with a retaining member, such as a nut or other retaining structure. It will be appreciated that in some configurations, the end caps 160′ and / or 170′ can be a unitary structure fabricated from a single piece, such as by three-dimensional printing or injection molding.

[0089] The shape memory material member 180 can extend between the first end cap 160′ and the second end cap 170′ in any suitable manner. One non-limiting example of routing the shape memory material member 180 will now be described in connection with one of the end cap portions 1100 of FIG.

[0090] Starting near the top of the page in FIG. 13 , the shape memory material member 180 can enter the first channel 1141. For example, the shape memory material member 180 can come in from the opposite end cap (either substantially horizontally across the cavity 158 or diagonally across the cavity 158). The shape memory material member 180 can extend along the first channel 1141 to the first post 1110. The shape memory material member 180 can wrap around the first post 1110 to turn around and enter the second channel 1142. The shape memory material member 180 can be held on the first post 1110 by a cap 1117.

[0091] The shape memory material member 180 can extend along the second channel 1142. The shape memory material member 180 can extend back across the cavity 158 and engage with the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 can turn within the opposite end cap, extend back across the cavity 158, and enter the third channel 1143. The shape memory material member 180 can extend along the third channel 1143 to the first groove 1120. The shape memory material member 180 can wrap around the first groove 1120 to turn around and enter the fourth channel 1144. The shape memory material member 180 can extend back across the cavity 158 and engage with the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 can turn within the opposite end cap and extend back across the cavity 158. The routing of the shape memory material member 180 may continue in a similar manner for the fifth channel 1145, the second post 1112, and the sixth channel 1146. The shape memory material member 180 may extend back across the cavity 158 and engage with the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 may turn within the opposite end cap and extend back across the cavity 158. The routing of the shape memory material member 180 may continue in a similar manner for the seventh channel 1147, the second groove 1122, and the eighth channel 1148.

[0092] The shape memory material member 180 can extend back across the cavity 158 and engage with the opposite end cap. The shape memory material member 180 can turn within the opposite end cap and extend back across the cavity 158. The shape memory material member 180 can enter the ninth channel 1149. The shape memory material member 180 can extend along the ninth channel. The shape memory material member 180 can exit the end cap portion 1100 through the entry / exit notch 1130. From there, the shape memory material member 180 can extend to a point outside the end cap, to an attachment point on the end cap, or to the other end cap portion to which the end cap portion shown in FIG. 13 is attached (e.g., by entering the entry / exit notch 1130 of the other end cap portion). In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can wrap around the third post 1114 before exiting the end cap portion 1100 through the entry / exit notch 1130 .

[0093] It will be understood that other arrangements of the shape memory material member 180 are possible, and the routing shown in FIG. 13 is merely one example. It should be noted that when extending across the cavity 158, the shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially straight from one end cap to the other. In such cases, the shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially parallel to the plane 1106. Alternatively, the shape memory material member 180 can extend from the upper or lower side of one end cap to the opposite upper or lower side of the other end cap. Thus, the shape memory material member 180 can extend substantially diagonally across the cavity 158. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped multiple times around one or more of the posts. For example, in one or more configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped twice around the post. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 can be wrapped multiple times around one or more of the grooves. Such wrapping of the shape memory material member 180 can increase the driving force imparted by the shape memory material member 180 upon actuation.

[0094] In some configurations, the end cap 160′, 170′, or end cap portion 1100 can be configured to provide a connection point for the end of the shape memory material member 180. For example, in one or more configurations, the end cap 160′, 170′, or end cap portion 1100 can include a flange. The flange can provide a connection point for the end of the shape memory material member 180. At this location, the shape memory material member 180 can be operably connected to another conductor to a power source or other element. In some cases, the shape memory material member 180 can be operably connected to the flange by one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more mechanical engagement forms, one or more other connection forms, and / or any combination thereof, etc.

[0095] In some configurations, the shape memory material member 180 is bare, i.e., not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some configurations, at least a portion of the shape memory material member 180 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, the portion of the shape memory material member 180 that interacts with the grooves and / or posts can be coated or covered with the insulating material 167. In some configurations, the insulating material can be a sleeve or wrap.

[0096] It should be noted that in at least some configurations, the actuators described above can use wire guides to facilitate routing of the shape memory material member 180. FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a wire guide 1400. The wire guide 1400 can include multiple panels 1410. Each of the panels 1410 can define multiple openings 1420. The openings 1420 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow the shape memory material member 180 to pass through as it is routed between the end caps 160, 170, 160′, 170′. The multiple panels 1410 can be spaced apart from one another. In some configurations, the panels 1410 can be substantially equally spaced apart from one another. In other configurations, the panels 1410 can be unequally spaced apart from one another. The panels 1410 can be connected to one or more frame members 1430. The wire guide 1400 can be made of any suitable material, such as a material that does not interact with the shape memory material member 180.

[0097] 15-17, another example of an actuator 1500 is shown. The actuator 1500 can include a first outer body member 1510, a second outer body member 1530, a first end cap 1560, a second end cap 1570, and one or more contraction members 1580.

[0098] The first outer body member 1510 can include a first portion 1512 and a second portion 1514. The second outer body member 1530 can include a first portion 1532, a second portion 1534, and a base 1536.

[0099] The first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 can be arranged in an interleaved configuration. In one or more configurations, a portion of the first outer body member 1510 can intersect a portion of the second outer body member 1530. More specifically, the first portion 1512 of the first outer body member 1510 and the first portion 1532 of the second outer body member 1530 can intersect with one another. Alternatively or additionally, the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 and the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can intersect with one another. In one or more configurations, the first portion 1512 of the first outer body member 1510 can pass through the first portion 1532 of the second outer body member 1530, and / or the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can pass through the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530. One example of such a configuration is described herein. Of course, it will be understood that in other configurations, the first portion 1532 of the second outer body member 1530 can pass through the first portion 1512 of the first outer body member 1510, and / or the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can pass through the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510.

[0100] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be substantially identical to one another but can be oriented differently. In other configurations, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can differ from one another in one or more respects. An example of the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 is shown in Figures 19A and 19B. The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0101] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be operably connected to one another such that the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can move relative to one another. In one or more configurations, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to one another. For example, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more barrel hinges 1522. In one or more configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514. Alternatively, the one or more hinges can be at least partially defined by the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514.

[0102] The first portion 1512 can include a first interface end 1516 and a second interface end 1517. The second portion 1514 can include a first interface end 1518 and a second interface end 1519. The first interface end 1516 of the first portion 1512 and the first interface end 1518 of the second portion 1514 can be configured to interface with each other. For example, the first interface end 1516 of the first portion 1512 can include a knuckle 1520, and the first interface end 1518 of the second portion 1514 can include a knuckle 1521. The knuckles 1520, 1521 can include openings 1625 that can be substantially aligned with each other to partially form a hinge. A pin 1523 can pass through the aligned openings. In such a configuration, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can define leaves of a hinge.

[0103] The second interface end 1517 of the first portion 1512 can be configured to interface with the first end cap 1560. For example, the second interface end 1517 of the first portion 1512 can include a lip 1515, a hook, a protrusion, one or more teeth, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 1560. The first end cap 1560 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 1517 of the first portion 1512 while allowing the first portion 1512 to pivot therein. The second interface end 1519 of the second portion 1514 can be configured to interface with the second end cap 1570. For example, the second interface end 1519 of the second portion 1514 can include a lip 1515, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 1570. The second end cap 1570 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 1519 of the second portion 1514 while allowing the second portion 1514 to pivot therein.

[0104] The first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 can be angled relative to one another. As a result, the first outer body member 1510 can have a generally V-shape.

[0105] The actuator 1500 can include a biasing member 1528. The biasing member 1528 can be associated with the first outer body member 1510. The biasing member 1528 can be operably positioned to bias the first outer body member 1510 toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator 1500. More particularly, the biasing member 1528 can apply a force to the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 to bias them toward the unactuated configuration.

[0106] The biasing member 1528 can be any suitable element for imparting a biasing force to the first outer body member 1510. In one or more configurations, the biasing member 1528 can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member 1528 can be a torsion spring.

[0107] In some configurations, the first outer body member 1510 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 1528. For example, the first portion 1512 can include a retaining member 1527, and the second portion 1514 can include a retaining member 1529. The retaining members 1527, 1529 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can define a channel that can receive a portion of the biasing member 1528. Alternatively, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, to name just a few possibilities. For example, in some configurations, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be similar to the retaining members 127, 129 of FIGS. 1-3. The retaining members 1527, 1529 can be formed as a unitary structure with each of the first and second portions 1512, 1514. In some configurations, the retaining members 1527, 1529 can be formed separately from the first and second portions 1512, 1514 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0108] In some configurations, the actuator 1500 may include a push structure 1571. One example of a push structure 1571 is shown in FIGS. 15-17. The push structure 1571 may be configured to engage with another structure or object. The push structure 1571 may focus the force of the actuator 1500 onto an intended target object. The push structure 1571 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the push structure 1571 may be substantially T-shaped. In some configurations, the push structure 1571 may include a platform 1572 and a stem 1574.

[0109] The platform 1572 can have an engagement surface 1573. The engagement surface 1573 can be configured to provide a desired actuation effect on the intended target. In some configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 1573 can be configured to generate a focal point for the actuation force of the actuator 1500.

[0110] In some configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially rectangular in configuration, as shown, while in other configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, to name just a few possibilities.

[0111] In some configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can be substantially parallel to the contraction member 1580 and / or the first dimension 1501 of the actuator 1500. In some configurations, the engagement surface 1573 can be angled relative to the first dimension 1501 of the actuator 1500. The engagement surface 1573 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired driving force effect.

[0112] The push structure 1571 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 1510 and / or the second outer body member 1530. For example, a portion of the stem 1574 can be configured to include one or more openings (such as opening 175 in FIG. 8 ) that can substantially align with openings in the knuckles 1520, 1521 of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 to form part of a hinge. The pin 1523 can pass through the aligned openings. The first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 can pivot relative to one another, while the push structure 1571 can substantially maintain its orientation. In some configurations, the push structure 1571 can be substantially centered relative to the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530.

[0113] The second outer body member 1530 can include a first portion 1532, a second portion 1534, and a base 1536. The first portion 1532, the second portion 1534, and the base 1536 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 In other embodiments, however, first portion 1532 and second portion 1534 may differ from each other in one or more respects.

[0114] One example of first portion 1532 and second portion 1534 is shown in Figures 18A-18C. First portion 1532 and second portion 1534 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0115] In some configurations, the second outer body member 1530 can be configured to allow the first outer body member 1510 to pass therethrough. For example, the second outer body member 1530 can have a forked configuration including a first leg 1511 and a second leg 1513. An opening 1508 can be defined between the first leg 1511 and the second leg 1513. The opening 1508 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow the first outer body member 1510 to pass therethrough. The opening 1508 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow movement of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 when the actuator 1500 is activated or deactivated.

[0116] First portion 1532 can include a first interface end 1540 and a second interface end 1541. In the bifurcated configuration of second outer body member 1530, second interface end 1541 can have a first portion 1541′ and a second portion 1541″. Second portion 1534 can include a first interface end 1542 and a second interface end 1543. In the bifurcated configuration of second outer body member 1530, second interface end 1543 can have a first portion 1543′ and a second portion 1543″.

[0117] The first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be operably connected to another element such that the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can move relative to one another. In one or more configurations, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be operably connected to one another. In one or more configurations, both the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be operably connected to another structure. For example, each of the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to another structure. In one or more configurations, each of the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536. For example, the first portion 1532 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more hinges, and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first portion 1532 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more barrel hinges 1538, and the second portion 1534 can be pivotally connected to the base 1536 by one or more barrel hinges 1533. The first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 can be located on opposite sides of the base 1536.

[0118] In some configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first portion 1532 and the base 1536 and the second portion 1534 and the base 1536. Alternatively, in some configurations, the one or more hinges can be at least partially formed by the first portion 1532, the second portion 1534, and / or the base 1536.

[0119] The base 1536 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. One example of the base 1536 is shown in FIG. 23 . The base 1536 can have a first interface end 1548 and a second interface end 1549. The base 1536 can be configured to interface with the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534. The first interface end 1540 of the first portion 1532 and the first interface end 1542 of the second portion 1534 can be configured to interface with the base 1536. For example, the first interface end 1540 of the first portion 1532 can include one or more knuckles 1545, and the first interface end 1542 of the second portion 1534 can include one or more knuckles 1546. The knuckles 1545, 1546 can define an opening 1544. Additionally, the first interface end 1548 of the base 1536 can include one or more knuckles 1550, and the second interface end 1549 of the base 1536 can include one or more knuckles 1551. The knuckles 1550, 1551 can define openings 1559. The openings 1544 of the knuckles 1545 of the first portion 1532 and the openings 1559 of the knuckles 1550 of the base 1536 can be substantially aligned with one another. A pin 1552 can be received within the aligned openings 1544, 1559. In such a configuration, the first portion 1532 and the base 1536 can be hinge leaf-like. The openings 1544 of the knuckles 1546 of the second portion 1534 and the openings 1559 of the knuckles 1551 of the base 1536 can be substantially aligned with one another. The pin 1553 can be received in the aligned openings 1544, 1559. In such a configuration, the second portion 1534 and the base 1536 can be like the leaves of a hinge.

[0120] The second interface end 1541 of the first portion 1532 can be configured to interface with the first end cap 1560. For example, the second interface end 1541 of the first portion 1532 can include a lip 1515, a hook, a protrusion, one or more teeth, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the first end cap 1560. The first end cap 1560 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 1541 of the first portion 1532 while allowing the first portion 1532 to pivot therein. The second interface end 1543 of the second portion 1534 can be configured to interface with the second end cap 1570. For example, the second interface end 1543 of the second portion 1534 can include a lip 1515, a hook, one or more teeth, a protrusion, or other feature for mechanically engaging a portion of the second end cap 1570. The second end cap 1570 can be configured to retainably engage the second interface end 1541 of the first portion 1532 while allowing the first portion 1532 to pivot therein. 1534 while allowing the second part to pivot therein. 1534 The second interface end 1543 The locking mechanism may be configured to retainably engage the locking mechanism.

[0121] One or more biasing members can be associated with the second outer body member 1530. For example, a biasing member 1554 can be associated with the first portion 1532 and the base 1536, and a biasing member 1555 can be associated with the second portion 1534 and the base 1536. The biasing members 1554, 1555 can be operably positioned to bias the second outer body member 1530 toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator 1500. More particularly, the biasing member 1554 can apply a force to the first portion 1532 and the base 1536 to bias at least the first portion 1532 toward the unactuated configuration. Additionally, the biasing member 1555 can apply a force to the second portion 1534 and the base 1536 to bias at least the second portion 1534 toward the unactuated configuration.

[0122] The biasing members 1554, 1555 can be any suitable elements for applying a biasing force to the second outer body member 1530. In one or more configurations, the biasing members 1554, 1555 can be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 1554, 1555 can be torsion springs.

[0123] In some configurations, the biasing members 1528, 1554, 1555 can be substantially identical to one another, hi some configurations, one or more of the biasing members 1528, 1554, 1555 can differ from the other biasing members in terms of size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, to name just a few possibilities.

[0124] In some configurations, the second outer body member 1530 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing members 1554, 1555. For example, the first portion 1532 can include a retaining member 1556, and the second portion 1534 can include a retaining member 1557. The retaining members 1556, 1557 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 1556, 1557 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped (as shown in FIGS. 18A-18C), to name just a few possibilities. The retaining members 1556, 1557 can be formed as a unitary structure with the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534, respectively. In some configurations, the retaining members 1556, 1557 can be formed separately from the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0125] The base 1536 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the base 1536 can be substantially rectangular. The base 1536 can be made from any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. The base 1536 can be made from the same material as the first outer body member 1510 and / or the second outer body member 1530, or the base 1536 can be made from a different material.

[0126] The base 1536 can be configured to be supported on a surface. The base 1536 can include an engagement surface 1547. The engagement surface 1547 can be configured to substantially matingly engage the surface on which the base 1536 is supported. In some configurations, the engagement surface 1547 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 1547 can include one or more non-planar features, such as contours, protrusions, recesses, curves, etc. In some configurations, the base 1536 can be configured to connect to another surface. For example, the base 1536 can include one or more openings 1535 for receiving fasteners for attachment to another surface or structure.

[0127] The actuator 1500 can include a first end cap 1560 and a second end cap 1570. The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be spaced apart, such as in a direction corresponding to a first dimension 1501 of the actuator 1500. The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can face each other. The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be substantially aligned with each other.

[0128] The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be substantially identical to one another. However, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be oriented differently. The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. In one or more configurations, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can differ from one another in one or more respects.

[0129] In some configurations, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be configured to engage with the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. Additionally, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can , collection The compression member 1580 can be configured to engage the compression member 1580.

[0130] One example of an end cap is shown in Figures 15-17 and 20-22. For convenience, the end cap will be referred to as a first end cap 1560, although it will be understood that this description is equally applicable to a second end cap 1570.

[0131] The first end cap 1560 can have any suitable structure. In some configurations, the first end cap 1560 can include a first portion 1565 ( FIG. 20 ) and a second portion 1566 ( FIG. 21 ). The first portion 1565 and the second portion 1566 can be operably connected to collectively form the first end cap 1560, for example, by one or more fasteners (e.g., bolts 1505), one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazing, one or more forms of mechanical engagement, one or more other forms of connection, or any combination thereof.

[0132] The first end cap 1560 can be configured to engage the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. For example, the first end cap 1560 can include one or more first engagement cavities 1561 and one or more second engagement cavities 1562. The first engagement cavities 1561 and the second engagement cavities 1562 can be angled relative to a central plane 1563 of the first end cap 1560. For example, in one or more configurations, the first engagement cavities 1561 and the second engagement cavities 1562 can be at an angle of about 20 degrees to about 25 degrees relative to the central plane 1563. The first end cap 1560 can be substantially symmetrical about the central plane 1563.

[0133] The first engagement cavity 1561 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to operably connect to the second outer body member 1530. More particularly, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end of the first portion 1532. 1541 In the example of a forked configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the first engagement cavity 1561 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 1541 The first part of 1541 ′ and the second part 1541 There may be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the ".

[0134] Additionally, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to operably connect to the second outer body member 1530. More particularly, the first engagement cavity 1561 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end of the second portion 1534. 1543 In the example of a forked configuration of the second outer body member 1530, the first engagement cavity 1561 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end1543 The first part of 1543 ′ and the second part 1543 There may be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the ".

[0135] There can be any suitable form of operable connection between the second outer body member 1530 and the first engagement cavity 1561. For example, the second outer body member 1530 can be operably connected to the first engagement cavity 1561 by mechanical engagement, one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, and / or one or more brazing or welding, to name just a few. By way of example, the second outer body member 1530 can include a lip 1525, a hook, one or more teeth, a protrusion, or other feature that can engage with a respective end cap in the first engagement cavity 1561, such as by interlocking engagement. The second outer body member 1530 can be retentively engaged by the first engagement cavity 1561. The first engagement cavity 1561 can be configured to receive an actuator. 1500 End containment can be provided for the first portion 1532 or second portion 1534 to pivot when the is activated or deactivated.

[0136] The second engagement cavity 1562 of the second end cap 1560 can be configured to operably connect to the first outer body member 1510. More particularly, the second engagement cavity 1562 of the first end cap 1560 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 1517 of the first portion 1512. Additionally, the second engagement cavity 1562 of the second end cap 1570 can be configured to operably connect to the second interface end 1519 of the second portion 1514. The above discussion regarding the operable connection between the second outer body member 1530 and the first engagement cavity 1561 equally applies to the connection between the first outer body member 1510 and the second engagement cavity 1562. The first portion 1512 and / or second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can include a lip 1515, hook, one or more teeth, protrusions, or other features that can engage with the respective end caps in the second engagement cavity 1562, such as by interlocking engagement. The first outer body member 1510 can be retainably engaged by the second engagement cavity 1562. The second engagement cavity 1562 can provide end containment for the first portion 1512 or second portion 1514 to pivot when the actuator 1500 is activated or deactivated.

[0137] a first end cap 1560, a first engagement cavity 1561, a second engagement cavity 1562, and second interface ends 1517, 1519; 1541 , 1543 second interface ends 1517, 1519, 1541 , 1543 can be configured to allow the mating members 1502 to be inserted substantially horizontally into their respective mating cavities, thereby facilitating assembly of the actuator 1500.

[0138] Furthermore, as a result of the sandwiched configuration of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530, at least in the orientation of the actuator 1500 shown in FIGS. 17A-17B, the second interface ends 1517, 1519 of the first outer body member 1510 are in contact with the second interface ends 1517, 1519 of the second outer body member 1530. 1541 , 1543 Note that the saturation may be lower than

[0139] The first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can include one or more features for engaging with the contraction member 1580. For example, the first end cap 1560 can include one or more features for allowing the contraction member 1580 to turn around and extend toward the second end cap 1570. For example, the first end cap 1560 and / or the second end cap 1570 can include one or more posts 1576. In some configurations, the contraction member 1580 can be wrapped around the posts 1576. The first end cap 1560 and / or the second end cap 1570 can include one or more guides 1564. The guides 1564 can be any structure that can direct, constrain, influence, or guide the position of the contraction member 1580. In some configurations, the contraction member 1580 can be partially routed by the guides 1564.

[0140] There can be any quantity of posts 1576, guides 1564, and / or other features for engaging the contraction member 1580. Additionally, one or more features for engaging the contraction member 1580 can be provided on one or more sides of the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570. For example, one or more features for engaging the contraction member 1580 can be provided on opposite sides of the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570.

[0141] Some examples of first end caps 1560 will now be described with reference to Figures 20-22. It will be understood that this discussion equally applies to second end caps 1570. Furthermore, it will be understood that the features and structures shown are examples only, and that the configurations described herein are not limited to the examples shown.

[0142] The first end cap 1560 can be a single piece. Alternatively, the first end cap 1560 can be fabricated from multiple pieces. With reference to FIGS. 20 and 21 , the first end cap 1560 can be fabricated from a first portion 1565 and a second portion 1566. The first portion 1565 can include a body 1569. The body 1569 can define one or more engagement cavities. For example, the body 1569 can define a first engagement cavity 1561 and a second engagement cavity 1562. In some configurations, the first engagement cavity 1561 and the second engagement cavity 1562 can extend across the entire width of the first portion 1565. In such cases, the first engagement cavity 1561 and the second engagement cavity 1562 can open to lateral surfaces 1567, 1568 of the first portion 1565. Alternatively, the first engagement cavity 1561 and the second engagement cavity 1562 can extend partially across the width of the first portion 1565. In such a case, the first engagement cavity 1561 and the second engagement cavity 1562 may open onto only one of the lateral surfaces 1567, 1568, or onto neither of the lateral surfaces 1567, 1568. In the example of the forked configuration of the second outer body member 1530 described above, the first engagement cavity 1561 may open onto the second interface end 1541 The first part of 1541 ′ and the second part 1541 There may be a single cavity or two separate cavities to accommodate the ".

[0143] The first portion 1565 can include one or more guides 1564 on the lateral surfaces 1567 and / or 1568. In some cases, two or more of the guides 1564 can cooperate to define routing for the contraction member 1580. The first portion 1565 can include one or more openings 1578 to facilitate assembly of the first end cap 1560.

[0144] 21 , an example of a second portion 1566 is shown. The second portion 1566 can include one or more features for engaging with a contraction member 1580. For example, the second portion 1566 can include a post 1576 and a guide 1564. An opening 1579 can be defined in the post 1576. When the first portion 1565 and the second portion 1566 are assembled, , open The apertures 1578, 1579 may be substantially aligned. A fastener (e.g., a bolt 1505) may be inserted through the aligned apertures 1578, 1579. 1579 can be received within to operatively connect the first portion 1565 and the second portion 1566 。

[0145] When assembled, the second portion 1566 can cover at least a portion of the first engagement cavity 1561 and / or the second engagement cavity 1562. As a result, the second portion 1566 can cover the second interface ends 1517, 1519, 1541 , 1543 can be prevented from exiting the lateral surfaces 1567, 1568 of the first portion 1565.

[0146] The second portion 1566 of Figure 21 is just one example. Figure 22 shows an alternative example of the second portion 1566. In this example, there may be multiple posts 1576 on one or both of the lateral sides 1567, 1568 of the second portion 1566. In such a case, an opening associated with at least one of the posts 1576 1579 Alternatively or additionally, the guide 1564 can be different from that shown in FIG.

[0147] Again, it will be understood that the illustrated first end cap 1560 and second end cap 1570 are merely examples, and indeed the actuator 1500 may include any of the various end caps shown in Figures 1-3, 5, and 10-13, or any other suitable type of end cap.

[0148] Contraction member 1580 can extend between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 in any suitable manner. 1580 One non-limiting example of routing is now described in connection with FIG. 17A.

[0149] Beginning at the lower left region of the actuator 1500, the contraction member 1580 can be operably connected to the first end cap 1560, for example, by a fastener 1710 and / or in any other suitable manner. At this location, Contraction member 1580 may be operably connected to another conductor to a power source or to other elements.

[0150] The contraction member 1580 can extend from the first end cap 1560 to the second end cap 1570, passing through the wire guide 1600 along the way. The contraction member 1580 can be routed by guide structure 1564a on the second end cap 1570. The contraction member 1580 can wrap around the post 1576a and extend back toward the first end cap 1560 while being guided by guide structure 1564b, the wire guide 1600, and guide structure 1564c. The contraction member 1580 can wrap around the post 1576b and fold back toward the second end cap 1570. The contraction member 1580 can be routed by guide structure 1564d, the wire guide 1600, and guide structure 1564c. 1564bThe contraction member 1580 can be wrapped around the post 1576c and folded back towards the first end cap 1560. The contraction member 1580 can be routed by a guide structure 1564e and can be routed by wire guide 1600.

[0151] In some configurations, the contraction member 1580 may terminate here or may be operably connected to another structure (e.g., the first end cap 1560) or to a power source. In such cases, there may be another contraction member 1580 extending between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 on the other side of the actuator 1500. In such configurations, the routing of the contraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may be substantially the same as the routing on the other side of the actuator 1500. Alternatively, the routing of the contraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may differ in one or more respects from the routing on the other side of the actuator 1500.

[0152] Alternatively, the contraction member 1580 may extend around the backside 1650 of the first end cap 1560 and then continue routing on the opposite side of the actuator 1500, between the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570. Thus, a single contraction member 1580 may be used on both sides of the actuator 1500. In such a configuration, the routing of the contraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may be substantially the same as the routing on the other side of the actuator 1500. Alternatively, the routing of the contraction member 1580 on one side of the actuator 1500 may differ in one or more respects from the routing on the other side of the actuator 1500.

[0153] It will be understood that other configurations of the contraction member 1580 are possible, and the routing shown in FIG. 17A is merely one example. The exemplary routing of the contraction member 1580 shown in FIG. 17A shows the contraction member 1580 routed externally to the actuator 1500. However, it will be understood that the configuration is not limited in this regard. Indeed, the contraction member 1580 can be routed within the overall envelope of the actuator 1500. For example, the contraction member 1580 can be routed in the space between the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. In such cases, the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 of the actuator 1500 can be any suitable end caps, including those shown and described in connection with FIGS. 1-3, 5, and 10-13.

[0154] Furthermore, Figure 17 A and Figure 17B shows a contraction member 1580 that extends substantially straight from one end cap to the other. 1580 can extend substantially parallel to a direction corresponding to the first dimension 1501. In other configurations, Contraction member 1580 can extend non-parallel to the direction corresponding to the first dimension 1501. For example, the contraction member 1580 can extend from the upper or lower side of one end cap to the opposite upper or lower side of the other end cap. 1580 In some configurations, the contraction member 1580 may be wrapped multiple times around one or more of the posts 1576. 1580 Such wrapping of the contracting member 1580 The driving force provided by the

[0155] In some configurations, the contraction member 1580 can be bare, i.e., not coated or covered with an insulating material. In some configurations, at least a portion of the contraction member 1580 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. For example, the portion of the contraction member 1580 that interacts with the post 1576 and / or the guide 1564 can be coated or covered with an insulating material. In some configurations, the insulating material can be a sleeve or wrap.

[0156] It should be noted that, in at least some configurations, the actuators described above can employ one or more wire guides 1600 to facilitate routing of the contraction member 1580. One example of a wire guide 1600 is shown in FIGS. 15-17. The wire guide 1600 can include one or more panels 1610. A plurality of openings 1620 can be defined within the panels 1610. The openings 1620 can be sized, shaped, and / or configured to allow the contraction member 1580 (e.g., the shape memory material member 1581) to pass through as it is routed between the end caps 1560, 1570. The wire guide 1600 can be made from any suitable material that does not interact with or otherwise affect the performance of the contraction member 1580.

[0157] FIG. 17A shows an example of actuator 1500 in an unactuated configuration, in which contraction member 1580 is not actuated. FIG. 17B shows an example of actuator 1500 in an actuated configuration. When an actuation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to contraction member 1580, contraction member 1580 can contract. This contraction causes contraction member 1580 to rotate first end cap 1560 and second end cap 1570 in a direction corresponding to first dimension 1501. 1503 As a result, first outer body member 1510 and second outer body member 1530 are pulled toward each other in a direction corresponding to second dimension 1502. 1504The actuator 1500 may extend outwardly from one another in a direction opposite to the contraction direction of the contraction member 1580. It will be appreciated that when transitioning from an unactuated state to an actuated state, the first dimension 1501 (i.e., width) of the actuator 1500 may decrease and / or the second dimension 1502 (i.e., height) of the actuator 1500 may increase. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the actuator 1500 may be out-of-plane or otherwise deliver a force in a direction different from the contraction direction of the contraction member 1580.

[0158] When the actuator 1500 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the pushing structure 1571 can be positioned at a higher elevation. Also, when the actuator 1500 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can decrease. Similarly, when the actuator 1500 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can decrease. It will be appreciated that the first end cap 1560 and the second end cap 1570 can be configured to accommodate movement of the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530 while maintaining operative connection thereto.

[0159] It should be noted that in some configurations, the pushing structure 1571 can deliver a driving force symmetrically, i.e., substantially aligned with the direction of the force of the actuator 1500 (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 1502). However, in other configurations, the actuator 1500 can be configured to deliver a driving force that is asymmetric, i.e., not aligned with the direction of the force of the actuator 1500. Delivery of an asymmetric driving force can be achieved in various manners. As an example, the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 of the first outer body member 1510 can have different lengths. Thus, one of the portions is longer than the other. As a result, the pushing structure 1571 may no longer be substantially centrally located. Alternatively or additionally, the first portion 1532 and the second portion 1534 of the second outer body member 1530 can have different lengths. As yet a further example, the pushing structure 1571 can be configured such that the engagement surface 1573 or other portion of the pushing structure 1571 is angled relative to the first dimension 1501. As yet another example, the pushing structure 1571 can be configured to engage the first outer body member 1510 such that the pushing structure 1571 extends from the first outer body member 1510 at an acute angle. 1510 As another example, the biasing forces of biasing members 1554, 1555 can be different from one another. Of course, it will be appreciated that delivery of asymmetric driving forces can be achieved by any combination of the above and other configurations.

[0160] 30 illustrates an alternative configuration of actuator 1500. In this configuration, actuator 1500 may have a central biasing member 3000. In some configurations, central biasing member 3000 may be a spring, more specifically a compression spring. However, it will be understood that central biasing member 3000 may be any suitable biasing member now known or later developed.

[0161] In one or more configurations, the central biasing member 3000 can be operably connected to one or more portions of the actuator 1500. For example, the central biasing member 3000 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 1510 and the second outer body member 1530. More particularly, the central biasing member 3000 can be operably connected to a portion of the first outer body member 1510 where the first portion 1512 and the second portion 1514 come together. Furthermore, the central biasing member 3000 can be operably connected to the base 1536 of the second outer body member 1530. There can be any suitable form of operable connection between the central biasing member 3000 and one or more portions of the actuator 1500, including, for example, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more adhesives, one or more mechanical engagement forms, one or more fasteners, or any combination thereof.

[0162] The central biasing member 3000 can provide improved comfort. The central biasing member 3000 can extend the decay portion of the force curve over a longer stroke. The central biasing member can be configured to bias the actuator 1500 to an unactuated configuration. It will be appreciated that the central biasing member 3000 can be used in connection with any of the actuators described herein.

[0163] It will be appreciated that the actuator 1500 can provide many advantages. For example, the actuator 1500 can provide a more compact design relative to the other actuators 100, 100′. The actuator 1500 can provide a lower height profile relative to the other actuators 100, 100′. It will be appreciated that in configurations in which the actuator 1500 is used in connection with a vehicle seat, the slimmer profile of the actuator 1500 can facilitate integration of the actuator 1500 into the vehicle seat. The actuator 1500 can minimize or avoid enlarging the vehicle seat, which in turn can minimize or avoid intrusion into the space behind the vehicle seat (e.g., second-row legroom). Therefore, the length on the vehicle need not be increased to accommodate the actuator 1500, and as a result, the weight of the vehicle need not be significantly increased.

[0164] 24-25, another example of an actuator 2400 is shown. The actuator 2400 can have any suitable configuration. The actuator 2400 can include a first outer body member 2410, a second outer body member 2420, and one or more contraction members 2480. These and other components are now described below.

[0165] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be substantially identical to one another but can be oriented differently. In other configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can differ from one another in one or more respects. In some configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be similar to the example first and second portions 112 and 114 shown in FIG. 6 . While the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 are shown as being generally rectangular in shape, it will be understood that the configurations herein are not limited to any particular shape. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0166] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be operably connected to one another such that the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can move relative to one another. In one or more configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to one another. For example, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be pivotally connected to one another by one or more barrel hinges. In one or more configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. Alternatively, the one or more hinges may be at least partially defined by first outer body member 2410 and / or second outer body member 2420.

[0167] The first outer body member 2410 can include a first interface end portion 2416 and a second interface end portion 2418. The second outer body member 2420 can include a first interface end portion 2426 and a second interface end portion 2428. The first interface end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 and the first interface end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to interface with one another. For example, the first interface end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 can include a knuckle 2417, and the first interface end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 can include a knuckle 2427. The knuckle 2417 can define an opening 2415, and the knuckle 2427 can define an opening (not visible in FIG. 24 ). The openings in knuckle 2417 and knuckle 2427 can be substantially aligned with one another to form a partial hinge. The pin 2432 can pass through the aligned openings. In such a configuration, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can define leaves of a hinge.

[0168] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be angled relative to one another. As a result, the actuator 2400 can generally form an inverted V-shape or an A-shape.

[0169] The actuator 2400 may include a track 2450. The track 2450 may be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. The track 2450 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The track 2450 may include an upper side 2451, a lower side 2452, a first lateral side 2453, and a second lateral side 2454. It will be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," and "lateral" are used for convenience to facilitate discussion regarding the orientation of the actuator 2400 shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 . Thus, it will be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

[0170] The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to interface with a track 2450. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to be slidable within the track 2450. The track 2450 can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track 2450 can include a channel 2455 that can receive a portion of the first outer body member 2410 and a portion of the second outer body member 2420. More specifically, the second interface end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second interface end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 can be received within the channel 2455.

[0171] The channel 2455 can open to a top side 2451 of the track 2450. The channel 2455 can therefore define an opening 2460 in the track 2450. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can extend through the opening 2460.

[0172] channel 2455The channel 2455 may include a first lateral end 2456 and a second lateral end 2457. In some configurations, the first lateral end 2456 and the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may be closed to prevent portions of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 from exiting the channel 2455 at the open end. To that end, the first lateral end 2456 and / or the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may include a closure element or blocking structure to physically block lateral outward movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. In some configurations, the first lateral end 2456 and / or the second lateral end 2457 of the channel 2455 may be closed as a result of construction of the track 2450. For example, the track 2450 can be made from a machined block of material with at least one of the first lateral end 2456 and the second lateral end 2457 closed.

[0173] The track 2450, the channel 2455, the second interface end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second interface end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 can be configured such that the second interface end portions 2418, 2428 are retainably received within the channel 2455. For example, the second interface end portions 2418, 2428 can include a lip, a protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other feature for mechanically engaging with a portion of the channel 2455. In some configurations, the second interface end portions 2418, 2428 and the channel 2455 can be configured for interlocking engagement. Thus, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 cannot be separated from the channel 2455 through the opening 2460 in the upper side 2451 of the track 2450.

[0174] The track 2450, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 within the channel 2455. For example, in some configurations, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can include one or more friction-reducing coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and / or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low-shear materials.

[0175] In some configurations, the track 2450, the channel 2455, the first outer body member 2410, and / or the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to define a range of movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 within the channel 2455. As an example, the track 2450 can include a first slot 2461 and a second slot 2462. The first slot 2461 and the second slot 2462 can be substantially identical to one another. Alternatively, the first slot 2461 and the second slot 2462 can differ from one another in one or more respects, including size, shape, length, width, and / or configuration. The first outer body member 2410 can include a protrusion 2411, and the second outer body member 2420 can include a protrusion 2421. The protrusion 2411 can be received within the first slot 2461. ,Tsu Debe 2421 can be received within the second slot 2462. It will be appreciated that the range of movement of the first outer body member 2410 and / or second outer body member 2420 may therefore be defined by the range of movement of the protrusions 2411, 2421 within the slots 2461, 2462. However, in other configurations, the range of movement of the first outer body member 2410 and / or second outer body member 2420 may be defined by the channel 2455.

[0176] It should be noted that in some configurations, the slots 2461, 2462 and protrusions 2411, 2421 may be provided on only one side of the track 2450 and outer body members 2410, 2420. However, in other configurations, the slots 2461, 2462 and protrusions 2411, 2421 may be provided on opposite sides of the track 2450 and outer body members 2410, 2420.

[0177] The actuator 2400 may include one or more biasing members 2470. The biasing members 2470 may be associated with the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. The biasing members 2470 may be operably positioned to bias the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420 toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator 2400. More particularly, the biasing members 2470 may apply a force to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 to bias them toward the unactuated configuration.

[0178] The biasing member 2470 can be any suitable element for applying a biasing force to the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. In one or more configurations, the biasing member 2470 can be a spring. More particularly, the biasing member 2470 can be a torsion spring.

[0179] In some configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing member 2470. For example, the first outer body member 2410 can include a retaining member 2419, and the second outer body member 2420 can include a retaining member 2429. The retaining members 2419, 2429 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 2419, 2429 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped (as shown in FIGS. 24-25 ), to name just a few possibilities. The retaining members 2419, 2429 can be formed as a unitary structure with the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420, respectively. In some configurations, the retention members 2419, 2429 may be formed separately from and subsequently connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. The retention members 2419, 2429 may be substantially identical to one another, or they may differ from one another in one or more respects.

[0180] The actuator 2400 may include a push structure 2471. One example of a push structure 2471 is shown in FIGS. 24-25. The push structure 2471 may be configured to engage with another structure or object. The push structure 2471 may focus the force of the actuator 2400 onto an intended target object. The push structure 2471 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the push structure 2471 may be substantially T-shaped. In some configurations, the push structure 2471 may include a platform 2472 and a stem 2474.

[0181] The platform 2472 can have an engagement surface 2473. The engagement surface 2473 can be configured to provide a desired driving effect on the intended target. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 2473 can be configured to generate a focal point for the driving force of the actuator 2400.

[0182] In some configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially rectangular in configuration, as shown, while in other configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

[0183] In some configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can be substantially parallel to the first dimension 2401 of the contraction member 2480 and / or actuator 2400. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2473 can be angled relative to the first dimension 2401 of the contraction member 2480 and / or actuator 2400. The engagement surface 2473 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired driving force effect.

[0184] The push structure 2471 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 2410 and / or the second outer body member 2420. For example, a portion of the stem 2474 can be configured to include one or more openings (e.g., see opening 175 in FIG. 8 ) that can substantially align with openings in the knuckles 2417, 2427 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 to form part of a hinge. The pin 2432 can pass through the aligned openings. The first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can pivot relative to one another, while the push structure 2471 can substantially maintain its orientation. In some configurations, the push structure 2471 can be substantially centered relative to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420.

[0185] As described above, the actuator 2400 can have one or more contraction members 2480. The contraction members 2480 can be any member or material that enables the contraction member to contract when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member.

[0186] The actuator 2400 may include one or more shape memory material members 2481. The shape memory material members 2481 may be operably connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. More particularly, the shape memory material members 2481 may be operably connected to the second interface end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second interface end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420. Any suitable operable connection may be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more adhesives, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more mechanical engagement forms, or any combination thereof.

[0187] When transitioning from one outer body member to the other, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend into the channel 2455. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend into the opening 2460. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend outside of the track 2450. In some configurations, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend substantially parallel to the channel 2455.

[0188] In some configurations, there can be a single shape memory material member 2481. In such cases, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend in a straight line, for example, between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. In another example, the shape memory material member 2481 can extend in a serpentine or zigzag pattern between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420. In some configurations, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be configured to allow the shape memory material member 2481 to change direction and extend in the opposite direction, for example, by providing one or more posts, grooves, eyelets, or other features that can enable the change of direction. When actuated, the shape memory material member 2481 can be configured to overcome the biasing force applied by the biasing member 2470.

[0189] In some configurations, there can be multiple shape memory material members 2481. In such cases, the multiple shape memory material members 2481 can be distributed, arranged, and / or oriented in any suitable manner. For example, the shape memory material members 2481 can extend substantially parallel to one another. In other configurations, one or more of the shape memory material members 2481 can extend non-parallel to the other shape memory material members 2481. In some cases, some of the multiple shape memory material members 2481 may intersect one another. When actuated, the shape memory material members 2481 can be configured to overcome the biasing force applied by the biasing member 2470.

[0190] The contraction member and the shape memory material member made in relation to Figs. 1 to 3 180 The general discussion above applies equally to the actuator 2400 shown in FIGS.

[0191] It should be noted that the shape memory material member 2481 can be located substantially entirely within the overall envelope of the actuator 2400. By "substantial majority" it is meant about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more. In some configurations, a portion of the shape memory material member 2481 can extend outside the overall envelope of the actuator 2400 for operable connection to a conductor and / or power source.

[0192] Actuator 2400 can include a first dimension 2401 and a second dimension 2402. First dimension 2401 can represent a width of actuator 2400, and second dimension 2402 can represent a height of actuator 2400. First dimension 2401 and second dimension 2402 can be substantially perpendicular to one another.

[0193] FIG. 24 shows an example of the actuator 2400 in an unactuated configuration. Here, the contraction member 2480 is not actuated. FIG. 25 shows an example of the actuator 2400 in an actuated configuration. When an actuation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to the contraction member 2480, the contraction member 2480 can contract. This contraction causes the contraction member 2480 to pull the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 toward each other in a first direction 2403 corresponding to the first dimension 2401. More specifically, the second interface end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second interface end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 can be pulled toward each other in the direction 2403 corresponding to the first dimension 2401.

[0194] As a result, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can extend outward in a second direction 2404 that corresponds to the second dimension 2402. More particularly, the first interface end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 and the first interface end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 can extend outward from the track 2450 outward in the direction 2404 that corresponds to the second dimension 2402.

[0195] It will be appreciated that when transitioning from an unactuated state to an actuated state, the first dimension 2401 (i.e., width) of the actuator 2400 can decrease and / or the second dimension 2402 (i.e., height) of the actuator 2400 can increase. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the actuator 2400 can be out-of-plane or otherwise deliver a force in a direction different from the contraction direction of the contraction member 2480.

[0196] 24 and 25, the pushing structure 2471 can be positioned at a higher elevation when the actuator 2400 is actuated. Also, the angle between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 can be reduced when the actuator 2400 is actuated from the unactuated configuration. It will be appreciated that the track 2450 can be configured to accommodate movement of the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 while maintaining an operative connection to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420.

[0197] It should be noted that in some configurations, the pushing structure 2471 can deliver a driving force that is symmetric, i.e., substantially aligned with the direction of the force of the actuator 2400 (e.g., in the direction of the second dimension 2402). However, in other configurations, the actuator 2400 can be configured to deliver a driving force that is asymmetric, i.e., not aligned with the direction of the force of the actuator 2400. The delivery of an asymmetric driving force can be achieved in various ways. As an example, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 may have different lengths. As a result, the pushing structure 2471 may no longer be substantially centered. As yet a further example, the pushing structure 2471 may be configured such that the engagement surface 2473 or other portion of the pushing structure 2471 is angled relative to the first dimension 2401. As yet another example, the pushing structure 2471 may be operatively connected to extend from the first outer body member 2410 or the second outer body member 2420 at an acute angle. Of course, it will be understood that delivery of asymmetric driving forces may be achieved by any combination of the above and other configurations.

[0198] Figures 26-27 show a configuration where there are multiple actuators 2400. The above description of the actuators 2400 in relation to Figures 24-25 equally applies to each individual actuator 2400 in the configurations shown in Figures 26-27.

[0199] In some configurations, multiple actuators 2400 can be individually activated and / or deactivated. In such cases, each of the multiple actuators 2400 can include one or more contraction members 2480. Thus, when an actuation input for an individual actuator of the multiple actuators 2400 is provided to the contraction member 2480, only that particular actuator is actuated.

[0200] In other configurations, multiple actuators 2400 may be collectively activated and / or deactivated. One example of such collective activation will now be described.

[0201] Referring to FIG. 26 , the plurality of actuators 2400 may include three actuators: a first actuator 2400′, a second actuator 2400″, and a third actuator 2400′′. While FIG. 26 shows an example where there are three actuators, it will be understood that there may be any number of actuators. The plurality of actuators 2400 may be substantially identical to one another. Alternatively, one or more of the plurality of actuators 2400 may differ from the other actuators in one or more respects, including, for example, size, shape, configuration, actuation force, actuation time, height, width, structure, or any other manner.

[0202] In some configurations, there can be one or more contraction members 2480 associated with the multiple actuators 2400. In this particular example, there can be a single contraction member 2480 operably connected to the multiple actuators 2400. The single contraction member 2480 can be routed in any suitable manner among the multiple actuators 2400. In some configurations, the single contraction member 2480 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each of the multiple actuators 2400. In some configurations, the single contraction member 2480 can extend through one or more openings in the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of the multiple actuators 2400.

[0203] It should be noted that FIGS. 26 and 27 depict each individual actuator 2400 as having its own first slot 2461 and second slot 2462, and it will be understood that the configuration is not limited in this regard. Indeed, in some configurations, two or more of the actuators 2400 or portions thereof may share a slot. In other configurations, there may be a single slot for all of the actuators 2400. In further configurations, the track 2450 may not include a slot, and the first interface end portion 2418 and second interface end portion 2428 of the actuators 2400′, 2400″, 2400′′ may all be located within the channel 2455.

[0204] FIG. 26 shows an example of the plurality of actuators 2400 in an unactuated configuration. Here, the contraction member 2480 is not actuated. FIG. 27 shows an example of the actuator 2400 in an actuated configuration. When an actuation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to the contraction member 2480, the contraction member 2480 can contract. This contraction causes the contraction member 2480 to pull the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each individual actuator 2400 toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 2401. More specifically, the second interface end portion 2418 of the first outer body member 2410 and the second interface end portion 2428 of the second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can be pulled toward each other in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 2401.

[0205] As a result, the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can extend outward in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 2402. More particularly, the first interface end portion 2416 of the first outer body member 2410 and the first interface end portion 2426 of the second outer body member 2420 of each actuator 2400 can extend outward from the track 2450 outward in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 2402.

[0206] It will be appreciated that when transitioning from an unactuated state to an actuated state, a first dimension 2401 (i.e., width) of the plurality of actuators 2400 can decrease and / or a second dimension 2402 (i.e., height) of the plurality of actuators 2400 can increase. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the plurality of actuators 2400 can be out-of-plane or otherwise deliver a force in a direction different from the contraction direction of the contraction member 2480.

[0207] 26 and 27, the pushing structure 2471 may be positioned at a higher elevation when the actuators 2400 are actuated. Also, the angle between the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 may be reduced when the actuators 2400 are actuated from the unactuated configuration. It will be appreciated that the track 2450 may be configured to accommodate movement of each actuator 2400 to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420 while maintaining operative connection of each actuator 2400 to the first outer body member 2410 and the second outer body member 2420.

[0208] In some configurations, multiple actuators 2400 can be selectively actuated individually and / or collectively.

[0209] 28-29, another example of an actuator 2800 is shown. The actuator 2800 can have any suitable configuration. The actuator 2800 can include a first outer body member 2810, a second outer body member 2820, a cross body member 2890, and one or more contraction members 2880. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be angled relative to the cross body member 2890. As a result, the actuator 2800 may form a generally trapezoidal shape.

[0210] Actuator 2800 can include a first dimension 2801 and a second dimension 2802. First dimension 2801 can represent a width of actuator 2800, and second dimension 2802 can represent a height of actuator 2800. First dimension 2801 and second dimension 2802 can be substantially perpendicular to one another.

[0211] The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In some configurations, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be substantially identical to one another but can be oriented differently. In other configurations, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can differ from one another in one or more respects. In some configurations, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be similar to the example first portion 112 and second portion 114 shown in FIG. 6 or similar to the example first portion 132 and second portion 134 shown in connection with FIG. 9.

[0212] While the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 are shown as being generally rectangular in shape, it will be understood that the configurations herein are not limited to any particular shape. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal.

[0213] The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be operably connected to the cross body member 2890. In one or more configurations, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be movably connected to the cross body member 2890. More particularly, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be pivotally connected to the cross body member 2890. In one or more configurations, each of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 is pivotally connected to the cross body member 2890. For example, the first outer body member 2810 can be pivotally connected to the cross body member 2890 by one or more hinges, and the second outer body member 2820 can be pivotally connected to the cross body member 2890 by one or more hinges. In one or more configurations, the first outer body member 2810 may include one or more barrel hinges. 2838 and the second outer body member 2820 may be pivotally connected to the cross body member 2890 by one or more barrel hinges. 2839 The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 may be located on opposite sides of the cross body member 2890.

[0214] In some configurations, the one or more hinges can be separate structures operably connected to the first outer body member 2810 and cross body member 2890 and the second outer body member 2820 and cross body member 2890. Alternatively, in some configurations, the one or more hinges can be at least partially formed by the first outer body member 2810, the second outer body member 2820, and / or the cross body member 2890.

[0215] The first outer body member 2810 can include a first interface end portion 2816 and a second interface end portion 2818. In some configurations, the first interface end portion 2816 of the first outer body member 2810 can include one or more knuckles 2814 that define an opening 2815. The second outer body member 2820 can include a first interface end portion 2826 and a second interface end portion 2828. In some configurations, the first interface end portion 2826 of the second outer body member 2820 can include one or more knuckles 2814 that define an opening 2815. (not visible in Figure 28) The arm may include one or more knuckles 2824 defining

[0216] The cross body member 2890 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The cross body member 2890 can include a body portion 2898. In some configurations, the body portion 2898 can be substantially rectangular. The body portion 2898 can define a surface 2899. In some configurations, the surface 2899 can extend substantially parallel to the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800.

[0217] The cross body member 2890 can be made from any suitable material, such as metal or plastic. The cross body member 2890 can be made from the same material as the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820, or the cross body member 2890 can be made from a different material.

[0218] In one or more configurations, the cross body member 2890 can have a first interface end portion 2891 and a second interface end portion 2892. The first interface end portion 2891 of the cross body member 2890 can have an opening (not visible in Figure 28) and the second interface end portion 2892 of the cross body member 2890 can include one or more knuckles 2896 that define an opening 2897.

[0219] The cross body member 2890 can be configured to interface with the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820. More specifically, a first interface end portion 2816 of the first outer body member 2810 and a first interface end portion 2826 of the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to interface with the cross body member 2890. An opening 2815 in a knuckle 2814 of the first interface end portion 2816 and an opening 2894 in a knuckle 2894 of the first interface end portion 2891 of the cross body member 2890 can be configured to interface with the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820. Department and The pins 2900 can be substantially aligned with one another. Inside the openings 2815 and 2894 of the knuckle 2814 The opening in the knuckle 2824 of the second outer body member 2820 Department and , and the opening 2897 of the knuckle 2896 of the second interface end portion 2892 of the cross body member 2890 can be substantially aligned with one another. Inside the opening of knuckle 2824 and opening 2897 of knuckle 2896 can be accepted.

[0220] One or more biasing members 2910 can be associated with the first outer body member 2810 and the cross body member 2890. One or more biasing members 2915 can be associated with the second outer body member 2820 and the cross body member 2890. The biasing members 2910, 2915 can be operably positioned to bias the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator 2800. More specifically, the biasing member 2910 can apply a force to the first outer body member 2810 and the cross body member 2890 to bias at least the first outer body member 2810 toward the unactuated configuration. Additionally, the biasing member 2915 can apply a force to the second outer body member 2820 and the cross body member 2890 to bias at least the second outer body member 2820 toward the unactuated configuration.

[0221] The biasing members 2910, 2915 may be any suitable elements for applying a biasing force to the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820. In one or more configurations, the biasing members 2910, 2915 may be springs. More particularly, the biasing members 2910, 2915 may be torsion springs.

[0222] In some configurations, the biasing members 2910, 2915 can be substantially identical to one another, hi some configurations, one or more of the biasing members 2910, 2915 can differ from the other biasing members in terms of size, shape, configuration, and / or biasing force, just to name a few possibilities.

[0223] In some configurations, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to engage or retain a portion of the biasing members 2910, 2915, respectively. For example, the first outer body member 2810 can include a retaining member 2812, and the second outer body member 2820 can include a retaining member 2822. The retaining members 2812, 2822 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the retaining members 2812, 2822 can be substantially L-shaped, substantially U-shaped, substantially V-shaped, or substantially J-shaped, as shown in FIGS. 28-29 , to name just a few possibilities. The retaining members 2812, 2822 can be formed as a unitary structure with the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820, respectively. In some configurations, the retention members 2812, 2822 may be formed separately from the first outer body member 2810 and / or the second outer body member 2820 and subsequently connected thereto.

[0224] In some configurations, the actuator 2800 can include a push structure 2920. One example of a push structure 2920 is shown in FIGS. 28-29. The push structure 2920 can be configured to engage with another structure or object. The push structure 2920 can focus the force of the actuator 2800 onto the intended target object. The push structure 2920 can have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. In one or more configurations, the push structure 2920 can be substantially T-shaped. In some configurations, the push structure 2920 can include a platform 2922 and a stem 2924.

[0225] The platform 2922 can have an engagement surface 2923. The engagement surface 2923 can be configured to provide a desired driving effect on the intended target. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially planar. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can include one or more contours, protrusions, steps, elements, or other raised or non-planar features. The engagement surface 2923 can be configured to generate a focal point for the driving force of the actuator 2800.

[0226] In some configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially rectangular in configuration, as shown, while in other configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially circular, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially polygonal, substantially hexagonal, substantially octagonal, or substantially trapezoidal, just to name a few possibilities.

[0227] In some configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can be substantially parallel to the contraction member 2880, the surface 2899, and / or the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800. In some configurations, the engagement surface 2923 can be angled relative to the contraction member 2880, the surface 2899, and / or the first dimension 2801 of the actuator 2800. The engagement surface 2923 can have any suitable orientation to achieve a desired driving force effect.

[0228] The pushing structure 2920 can be operably connected to the cross body member 2890. For example, the stem 2924 can be configured to be operably connected to a surface 2899 of the cross body member 2890. Any suitable operable connection can be provided, such as one or more fasteners, one or more welds, one or more brazes, one or more mechanical engagement forms, one or more adhesives, one or more other operable connection forms, or any combination thereof. In some configurations, the pushing structure 2920 can be substantially centered relative to the cross body member 2890.

[0229] However, it will be appreciated that in at least some configurations, the actuator 2800 may not have a pushing structure 2920. Instead, the pushing force of the actuator 2800 may be delivered by the cross body member 2890.

[0230] The actuator 2800 may include a track 2850. The track 2850 may be made from any suitable material, such as plastic or metal. The track 2850 may have any suitable size, shape, and / or configuration. The track 2850 may include an upper side 2851, a lower side 2852, a first lateral side 2853, and a second lateral side 2854. It will be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," and "lateral" are used for convenience to facilitate discussion regarding the orientation of the actuator 2800 shown in FIGS. 28 and 29 . Thus, it will be understood that these terms are not intended to be limiting.

[0231] The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to interface with a track 2850. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to be slidable within the track 2850. The track 2850 can have any suitable configuration. For example, the track 2850 can include a channel 2855 that can receive a portion of the first outer body member 2810 and a portion of the second outer body member 2820. More specifically, the second interface end portion 2818 of the first outer body member 2810 and the second interface end portion 2820 of the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to interface with a track 2850. portion 2828 may be received within channel 2855.

[0232] The channel 2855 can open to a top side 2851 of the track 2850. The channel 2855 can therefore define an opening 2860 in the track 2850. The first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 can extend through the opening 2860.

[0233] channel 2855 The channel 2855 may include a first lateral end 2856 and a second lateral end 2857. In some configurations, the first lateral end 2856 and the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may be closed to prevent portions of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 from exiting the channel 2855 at the open end. To that end, the first lateral end 2856 and / or the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may include a closure element or blocking structure to physically block lateral outward movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820. In some configurations, the first lateral end 2856 and / or the second lateral end 2857 of the channel 2855 may be closed as a result of construction of the track 2850. For example, the track may be made from a machined block of material in which at least one of the first lateral end 2856 and the second lateral end 2857 is closed.

[0234] The track 2850, the channel 2855, the second interface end portion 2818 of the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second interface end portion 2828 of the second outer body member 2820 can be configured such that the second interface end portions 2818, 2828 are retainably received within the channel 2855. For example, the second interface end portions 2818, 2828 can include a lip, a protrusion, an enlarged portion, or other feature for mechanically engaging with a portion of the channel 2855. In some configurations, the second interface end portions 2818, 2828 and the channel 2855 can be configured for interlocking engagement. Thus, the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 cannot be separated from the channel 2855 through the opening 2860 in the upper side 2851 of the track 2850.

[0235] The track 2850, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to facilitate movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 within the channel 2855. For example, in some configurations, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can include one or more friction-reducing coatings, lubricants, materials, substances, and / or treatments. Alternatively or additionally, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can include one or more rollers, bearings, or low-shear materials.

[0236] In some configurations, the track 2850, the channel 2855, the first outer body member 2810, and / or the second outer body member 2820 can be configured to define a range of movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 within the channel 2855. As an example, the track 2850 can include a first slot 2861 and a second slot 2862. The first slot 2861 and the second slot 2862 can be substantially identical to one another. Alternatively, the first slot 2861 and the second slot 2862 can differ from one another in one or more respects, including size, shape, length, width, and / or configuration. The first outer body member 2810 can include a protrusion 2811, and the second outer body member 2820 can include a protrusion 2821. The protrusion 2811 can be received within the first slot 2861. ,Tsu Debe 2821 can be received within the second slot 2862. It will be appreciated that the range of movement of the first outer body member 2810 and / or second outer body member 2820 may therefore be defined by the range of movement of the protrusions 2811, 2821 within the slots 2861, 2862. However, in other configurations, the range of movement of the first outer body member 2810 and / or second outer body member 2820 may be defined by the channel 2855.

[0237] It should be noted that in some configurations, the slots 2861, 2862 and protrusions 2811, 2821 may be provided on only one side of the track 2850 and outer body members 2810, 2820. However, it should be noted that in other configurations, the slots 2861, 2862 and protrusions 2811, 2821 may be provided on opposite sides of the track 2850 and outer body members 2810, 2820.

[0238] As described above, the actuator 2800 can have one or more contraction members 2880. The contraction members 2880 can be any member or material that enables the contraction member to contract when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member.

[0239] The actuator 2800 can include one or more shape memory material members 2881. The shape memory material members 2881 can be operably connected to the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820.

[0240] The discussion above regarding the contraction member 2480 and shape memory material member 2481 (including their interaction with the first outer body member 2410, the second outer body member 2420, and the track 2450) in connection with Figures 24-25 applies equally here to the contraction member 2880 and shape memory material member 2881 (including their interaction with the first outer body member 2810, the second outer body member 2820, and the track 2850) in connection with Figures 28-29 herein. Additionally, the discussion above regarding the contraction member and shape memory material member made in connection with Figures 1-3 applies equally here to the contraction member and shape memory material member made in connection with Figures 28-29 herein to the contraction member and shape memory material member 180 The general argument applies here as well.

[0241] Figure 28 shows an example of actuator 2800 in an unactuated configuration, where contraction member 2880 is not actuated. Figure 29 shows an example of actuator 2800 in an actuated configuration. When an actuation input (e.g., electrical energy, heat, energy, etc.) is provided to contraction member 2880, contraction member 2880 can contract. This contraction causes contraction member 2880 to rotate first outer body member 2810 and second outer body member 2820 in a direction corresponding to first dimension 2801. 2803 More specifically, the first outer body member 2810 The second interface end portion 2818 of the second outer body member 2820 and the second interface end portion 2828 of the second outer body member 2820 are oriented in a direction corresponding to the first dimension 2801. 2803 can be attracted towards each other at

[0242] As a result, the first outer body member 2810, the second outer body member 2820, and the cross body member 2890 are oriented in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 2802. 2804More particularly, the first outer body member 2810 The first interface end portion 2816 of the second outer body member 2820, the first interface end portion 2826 of the second outer body member 2820, and the cross body member 2890 are oriented in a direction corresponding to the second dimension 2802. 2804 28. The track 2850 may extend outwardly at .

[0243] It will be appreciated that when transitioning from an unactuated state to an actuated state, a first dimension 2801 (i.e., width) of the actuator 2800 can decrease and / or a second dimension 2802 (i.e., height) of the actuator 2800 can increase. Additionally, it will be appreciated that the actuator 2800 can be out-of-plane or otherwise deliver a force in a direction different from the contraction direction of the contraction member 2880.

[0244] When the actuator 2800 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the cross body member 2890 and the push structure 2920 28 and 29, the location of the cross body member 2890 and the push structure 2920 may be located at a higher elevation when the actuator 2800 is actuated. Also, when the actuator 2800 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 may decrease. Furthermore, when the actuator 2800 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between the first outer body member 2810 and the cross body member 2890 may decrease. Still further, when the actuator 2800 transitions from the unactuated configuration to the actuated configuration, the angle between the second outer body member 2820 and the cross body member 2890 may decrease.

[0245] It will be appreciated that the track 2850 may be configured to accommodate movement of the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820 while maintaining an operable connection to the first outer body member 2810 and the second outer body member 2820.

[0246] In some configurations, the cross body member 2890 and / or the push structure 2920 is symmetrical with the driving force, i.e., substantially aligned with the force direction of the actuator 2800 (e.g., second dimension 2802 corresponds to direction 2804 However, in other configurations, the actuator 2800 can be configured to deliver a driving force that is asymmetric, i.e., not consistent with the direction of the force of the actuator 2800.

[0247] 28-29 show a single actuator 2800, it should be noted that there can be multiple actuators 2800. The above description of multiple actuators 2400 in relation to FIGS. 26-27 is equally applicable to multiple actuators 2800.

[0248] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a system 400. The system 400 can include various elements. Some possible elements of the system 400 are illustrated in FIG. 4 and described herein. It is understood that the system 400 need not include all of the elements illustrated in FIG. 4 or described herein. The system 400 can include any combination of the various elements illustrated in FIG. 4. Furthermore, the system 400 can include additional elements to those illustrated in FIG. 4. In some configurations, the system 400 may not include one or more of the elements illustrated in FIG. 4. Furthermore, it is understood that in some configurations, the various elements may be located on or within the chair, although one or more of these elements may be located external to the chair. Furthermore, the illustrated elements may be physically separated by large distances.

[0249] The system 400 may include one or more of the above-described actuators 100. The actuators 100 may be operatively connected to one or more of the elements of the system 400.

[0250] The system 400 may include one or more processors 410, one or more data stores 420, one or more sensors 430, one or more power sources 440, one or more input interfaces 450, one or more output interfaces 460, one or more of the actuators 100, and one or more control modules 470. Each of these elements is described in turn below.

[0251] As mentioned above, the system 400 may include one or more processors 410. By "processor" is meant any component or group of components configured to execute any of the processes described herein, or any form of instructions for executing such a process or causing such a process to be performed. The processor 410 may be implemented using one or more general-purpose processors and / or one or more special-purpose processors. Examples of suitable processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuits capable of executing software. Further examples of suitable processors include, but are not limited to, central processing units (CPUs), array processors, vector processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic circuits, and controllers. The processor 410 may include at least one hardware circuit (e.g., an integrated circuit) configured to execute instructions contained in program code. In configurations where multiple processors 410 are present, such processors may operate independently of one another, or one or more processors may operate in combination with one another.

[0252] The system 400 may include one or more data stores 420 for storing one or more types of data. The data stores 420 may include volatile and / or non-volatile memory. Examples of suitable data stores 420 include RAM (random access memory), flash memory, ROM (read-only memory), PROM (programmable read-only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The data stores 420 may be components of the processor 410, or the data stores 420 may be operably connected to the processor 410 for use thereby. As used throughout this specification, the term "operably connected" may include direct or indirect connections, including connections without direct physical contact.

[0253] The system 400 can include one or more sensors 430. A "sensor" means any device, component, and / or system that can detect, determine, evaluate, monitor, measure, quantify, obtain, and / or sense something. The one or more sensors can detect, determine, evaluate, monitor, measure, quantify, obtain, and / or sense in real time. As used herein, the term "real time" refers to a level of processing responsiveness that a user or system perceives as being immediate enough for a particular process or decision to be made, or that allows a processor to keep up with some external process.

[0254] In configurations where the system 400 includes multiple sensors 430, the sensors may operate independently of one another. Alternatively, two or more sensors may operate in combination with one another. In such cases, the two or more sensors may form a sensor network. The sensors 430 may be operatively connected to the processor 410, the data store 420, and / or other elements of the system 400 (including any of the elements shown in FIG. 1).

[0255] As mentioned above, the system 400 can include one or more power sources 440. The power source 440 can be any power source capable of and / or configured to apply a voltage to the shape memory material member 180 of the actuator 100. For example, the power source 440 can include one or more batteries, one or more fuel cells, one or more generators, one or more alternators, one or more solar cells, and combinations thereof.

[0256] The system 400 can include one or more input interfaces 450. An "input interface" includes any device, component, system, element, or configuration, or group thereof, that allows information / data to be entered into a machine. The input interface 450 can receive input from a user (e.g., an occupant). Any suitable input interface 450 can be used, including, for example, a keypad, a display, a touchscreen, a multi-touchscreen, buttons, a joystick, a mouse, a trackball, a microphone, and / or combinations thereof.

[0257] System 400 may include one or more output interfaces 460. An "output interface" includes any device, component, system, element, or configuration, or group thereof, that allows for information / data to be presented to a user (e.g., an occupant). Output interface 460 may present information / data to a user (e.g., an occupant). Output interface 460 may include a display, earphones, and / or speakers. Some components of system 400 may serve as both components of input interface 450 and components of output interface 460.

[0258] System 400 may include one or more modules, at least some of which are described herein. The modules may be implemented as computer-readable program code that, when executed by a processor, performs one or more of the various processes described herein. One or more of the modules may be components of processor 410, or one or more of the modules may execute on and / or be distributed among other processing systems to which processor 410 is operatively connected. A module may include instructions (e.g., program logic) executable by one or more processors 410. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more data stores 420 may contain such instructions.

[0259] In one or more configurations, the modules described herein may include artificial intelligence or computational intelligence elements, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, or other machine learning algorithms. Further, in one or more configurations, the modules may be distributed among multiple modules. In one or more configurations, two or more of the modules described herein may be combined into a single module.

[0260] The system 400 may include one or more control modules 470. The control module 470 may be configured to receive signals, data, information, and / or other inputs from one or more elements of the system 400. The control module 470 may be configured to analyze these signals, data, information, and / or other inputs. The control module 470 may be configured to select one or more of the actuators 100 to be activated or deactivated to achieve a desired effect. In some configurations, the control module 470 may be configured to select a predetermined actuation profile from the data store 420 to achieve a desired actuation. Alternatively or additionally, the control module 470 may be configured to detect user input (e.g., commands) provided on the input interface 450. The control module 470 may be configured to transmit control signals or commands via a communication network 490 to one or more elements of the system 400, including the actuators 100, the shape memory material member 180, and / or any portion thereof.

[0261] The control module 470 can be configured to activate or deactivate one or more selected actuators 100 by activating or deactivating the respective shape memory material members 180 associated with the selected actuators 100. As used herein, "cause" or "causing" means to directly or indirectly cause, compel, force, direct, command, induce, and / or enable an event or action, or at least be in a state in which such an event or action can occur. The control module 470 can selectively provide actuation inputs to the actuators 100, and more particularly, to the shape memory material members 180 associated with the selected actuators 100. The control module 470 can selectively allow or prevent the flow of electrical energy from the power source 440.

[0262] The various elements of system 400 can be communicatively linked to each other or to one or more other elements through one or more communications networks 490. As used herein, the term "communicatively linked" can include a direct or indirect connection through a communications channel, bus, pathway, or another component or system. A "communications network" refers to one or more components designed to transmit and / or receive information from one source to another. Data store 420 and / or one or more other elements of system 400 can include and / or execute appropriate communications software that enables the various elements to communicate with each other over the communications network and to perform the functions disclosed herein.

[0263] The one or more communications networks 490 may be implemented as or include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a public switched telephone network (PSTN), a wireless network, a mobile network, a virtual private network (VPN), the Internet, a hardwired communications bus, and / or one or more intranets. The communications network(s) may further be implemented as or include one or more wireless networks, whether short-range (e.g., a local wireless network built using Bluetooth or one of the IEEE 802 wireless communications protocols, e.g., 802.11a / b / g / i, 802.15, 802.16, 802.20, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), or WPA2) or long-range (e.g., mobile, cellular, and / or satellite-based wireless networks; GSM, TDMA, CDMA, WCDMA networks, etc.). The communication network may include wired and / or wireless communication links, and may include any combination of the above networks and / or other types of networks.

[0264] Although system 400 has been described above in connection with actuator 100, it will be understood that actuators 100′, 1500, 2400, 2800 may be used in connection with system 400 shown in Figure 4. Accordingly, the above description of system 400 applies equally to each of these actuators, a plurality of these actuators, or any combination of these actuators (including actuator 100).

[0265] The various actuators 100, 100', 1500, 2400, 2800 described herein can have one or more shape memory material or contraction members. The contraction member can be any member or material that enables the contraction member to contract when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member. The actuation input can be energy, heat, or electrical energy, to name just a few examples.

[0266] It should be noted that the various actuators 100, 100′, 1500, 2400, 2800 described herein can remain in an actuated configuration while an actuation input (e.g., energy, electrical energy, heat, etc.) is provided to the contraction member. However, in some configurations, the actuators can be configured to maintain the actuated configuration without an actuation input being provided to the contraction member. For example, any of the actuators can include one or more locking elements that can be engaged when the actuator is transformed into an actuated state. These locking elements can be engaged and / or disengaged automatically or in response to a user input. These locking elements can be mechanical, electrostatic (e.g., an electrostatic clutch), magnetic, or electromagnetic in nature. It will be appreciated that by providing a locking element, it is not necessary to continue providing an actuation input to the actuator to maintain the actuated state. As a result, energy consumption can be reduced.

[0267] It will be appreciated that the configurations described herein can provide many advantages, including one or more of the advantages described herein. For example, the configurations described herein can provide an actuator capable of providing sufficient driving force for many applications. The configurations described herein can use fewer shape memory material members than other actuator designs. The configurations described herein can reduce the actuator footprint compared to at least some other shape memory alloy-based actuator designs. The configurations described herein can use less power to actuate because the shape memory material members do not have to deal with thick, heavy actuator body members as in conventional actuator designs. The configurations described herein can result in lower-cost actuators. The configurations described herein can decouple the strength of the first and second body members from the tension of these body members. The configurations described herein can enable centralization of driving force by providing push plates of different sizes, shapes, and / or configurations. The configurations described herein avoid large amounts of shape memory material members located external to the actuator, which can create an unsightly appearance and make integration into different components difficult.

[0268] The arrangements described herein can be used in a variety of applications where a force is applied to another structure or a person. In some arrangements, the arrangements described herein can be used in conjunction with a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, a watercraft, an aircraft, a hovercraft, a spacecraft, or any other form of transportation (including electric or powered transportation)). )For example, the actuators can be located within or operably positioned relative to a vehicle seat. For example, the configurations described herein can be used in connection with a vehicle seat to provide haptic, massaging, and / or other benefits to a vehicle occupant. As another example, the configurations described herein can be used to adjust the position of a vehicle component. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the configurations described herein can be used in connection with various non-vehicle applications, such as chairs, office chairs, massage chairs, beds, etc. Still further, the configurations described herein can be used in connection with massage devices.

[0269] The flowcharts and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowcharts and block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, including one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). Also, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending on the functionality involved.

[0270] The systems, components, and / or processes described above can be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software, either centralized within one processing system or distributed across several interconnected processing systems. Any type of processing system or other device adapted to perform the methods described herein is suitable. A typical combination of hardware and software can be a processing system having computer-usable program code that, when loaded and executed, controls the processing system to perform the methods described herein. The systems, components, and / or processes can also be embedded in a computer-readable storage device, such as a machine-readable computer program product or other data program storage device, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to implement the methods and processes described herein. These elements can also be embedded in an application product that includes all features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein and that, when loaded into a processing system, can execute these methods.

[0271] Furthermore, the configurations described herein may take the form of a computer program product embodied in, for example, one or more computer-readable mediums having computer-readable program code stored thereon. Any combination of one or more computer-readable mediums may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. The phrase "computer-readable storage medium" refers to a non-transitory storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the above. More specific examples (a non-exclusive list) of computer-readable storage media are an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk drive (HDD), a solid state drive (SSD), random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and the like. ) or flash memo Li, including optical fiber, portable compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD), optical storage device, magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the above. In the context of this specification, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that contains or is capable of storing a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0272] The terms "a" or "an," as used herein, are defined as one or more. The term "plurality," as used herein, is defined as two or more. The term "another," as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms "including" and / or "having," as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive "or," not an exclusive "or." The phrase "and at least one of," as used herein, refers to and encompasses all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. As an example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" includes A only, B only, C only, or any combination thereof (e.g., AB, AC, BC, or ABC). As used herein, the terms "substantially" or "about" include exactly the term it modifies and slight variations therefrom. Thus, the term "substantially parallel" refers to exact parallelism and slight variations therefrom. "Slight variations therefrom" can include within 15 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 14 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 13 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 12 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 11 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 10 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 9 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 8 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 7 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 6 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 5 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 4 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 3 degrees / percent / unit or less, within 2 degrees / percent / unit or less, or within 1 degree / percent / unit or less. In some cases, "substantially" can include within normal manufacturing tolerances.

[0273] Aspects of the present specification may be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof, and reference should accordingly be made to the appended claims, rather than the foregoing specification, as indicating their scope.

Claims

1. An actuator, an outer body having at least a portion configured to pivot; a contraction member operatively connected to opposite ends of the actuator; Equipped with When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts such that the opposing ends of the actuator move toward each other, thereby deforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which a dimension of the actuator increases.

2. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the dimension is in a direction different from a direction of contraction of the contractile member.

3. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the contractile member is a shape memory material member.

4. The actuator of claim 3 , wherein the shape memory material member is a shape memory alloy.

5. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the contractile member is a wire.

6. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the contractile member is configured in a serpentine or non-linear manner.

7. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the contraction member extends within a space defined by the outer body.

8. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the dimension corresponds to a height of the actuator.

9. The actuator of claim 1 , further comprising one or more locking elements configured to maintain the actuator in the actuated configuration when no actuation input is provided to the retraction member.

10. The actuator of claim 1 , wherein the outer body includes a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another.

11. The actuator of claim 10 , wherein the first portion and the second portion are pivotally connected to one another by a hinge.

12. The actuator of claim 10 , further comprising one or more biasing members operably positioned to bias the first and second portions toward an unactuated configuration of the actuator.

13. The actuator of claim 10 , wherein the first portion and the second portion are part of a first outer body member, and the outer body includes a second outer body member.

14. 14. The actuator of claim 13, wherein the second outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion, each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member pivotally connected to a base structure.

15. The actuator of claim 14 , wherein the base structure is located between the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member.

16. The actuator of claim 14 , further comprising a biasing member operably positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member toward an unactuated configuration.

17. 10. The actuator of claim 1, wherein the outer body includes a first outer body member and a second outer body member, the first outer body member and the second outer body member arranged in a sandwich configuration.

18. 2. The actuator of claim 1, wherein the end portions are defined by a first end cap and a second end cap, the contraction member is operably connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, and when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts and pulls the first end cap and the second end cap toward each other.

19. The actuator of claim 18 , wherein the contraction member is routed outside the first end cap and the second end cap.

20. The actuator of claim 18 , wherein the contraction member is routed inside the first end cap and the second end cap.

21. 20. The actuator of claim 18, wherein the contraction member extends in a serpentine or non-linear manner between the first end cap and the second end cap.

22. 2. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising a track, the outer body including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion pivotally connected to the second portion, and the first portion and the second portion slidably engaged with the track.

23. 23. The actuator of claim 22, wherein the first portion and the second portion are retainably engaged by the track.

24. 10. The actuator of claim 1, further comprising a track, the outer body including a first portion and a second portion, the outer body including a cross body member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion.

25. 25. The actuator of claim 24, wherein the first portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member and the second portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member.

26. 25. The actuator of claim 24, further comprising a track, the first portion and the second portion being slidably connected to the track.

27. The actuator of claim 1 , further comprising a pushing structure operably connected to the outer body, the pushing structure changing position when the actuator is transformed into the actuated configuration.

28. 28. The actuator of claim 27, wherein the pushing structure includes an engagement surface, the engagement surface having a substantially polygonal shape.

29. An actuator, an outer body including a first outer body member and a second outer body member arranged in a sandwich configuration; Contraction member and Equipped with An actuator, wherein when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts, thereby deforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

30. 30. The actuator of claim 29, wherein the contraction member is a shape memory material member.

31. 31. The actuator of claim 30, wherein the shape memory material member is a shape memory alloy.

32. 30. The actuator of claim 29, wherein the first outer body member is configured to be pivotable and the second outer body member is configured to be pivotable.

33. 33. The actuator of claim 32, wherein the first outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another.

34. 34. The actuator of claim 33, further comprising one or more biasing members operably positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion toward an unactuated configuration of the actuator.

35. 30. The actuator of claim 29, wherein the second outer body member includes a first portion and a second portion, each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member pivotally connected to a base structure located between the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member.

36. 30. The actuator of claim 29, further comprising a first end cap and a second end cap, wherein the contraction member is operably connected to the first end cap and the second end cap, and wherein when an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts and pulls the first end cap and the second end cap toward each other.

37. 37. The actuator of claim 36, wherein the contraction member is routed outside the first end cap and the second end cap.

38. 38. The actuator of claim 37, wherein the contraction members are externally routed on opposite sides of the first end cap and the second end cap.

39. 37. The actuator of claim 36, wherein the contraction member extends in a serpentine or non-linear manner between the first end cap and the second end cap.

40. 37. The actuator of claim 36, wherein at least one of the first end cap and the second end cap includes one or more posts or one or more guide structures, whereby the contraction member is routed by the one or more posts or the one or more guide structures.

41. 30. The actuator of claim 29, wherein the first outer body member passes through the second outer body member.

42. 30. The actuator of claim 29, further comprising a central biasing member operably positioned between the first and second outer body members.

43. 43. The actuator of claim 42, wherein the central biasing member is a compression spring.

44. An actuator, an outer body including a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another; a contraction member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion; a track in which the first portion and the second portion are operably engaged; Equipped with When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts, thereby deforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

45. 45. The actuator of claim 44, wherein the contraction member is a shape memory material member.

46. 46. ​​The actuator of claim 45, wherein the shape memory material member is a shape memory alloy.

47. 45. The actuator of claim 44, wherein the first portion and the second portion are pivotally connected to one another by a hinge.

48. 45. The actuator of claim 44, further comprising one or more biasing members operably positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion toward an unactuated configuration of the actuator.

49. 45. The actuator of claim 44, wherein the first portion includes a first interface end and a second interface end, the second portion includes a first interface end and a second interface end, and the first interface end of the first portion is pivotally connected to the first interface end of the second portion.

50. 50. The actuator of claim 49, wherein the second interface end of the first portion and the second interface end of the second portion engage the track.

51. 51. The actuator of claim 50, wherein the second interface end of the first portion and the second interface end of the second portion are retainably received within the track.

52. 45. The actuator of claim 44, wherein the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

53. An actuator, an outer body including a first portion, a second portion, and a cross body member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion; a contraction member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion; a track in which the first portion and the second portion operably engage; Equipped with When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts, thereby deforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

54. 54. The actuator of claim 53, wherein the first portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member and the second portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member.

55. 55. The actuator of claim 54, wherein the first portion and the cross body member are pivotally connected to one another by a hinge.

56. 54. The actuator of claim 53, wherein the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

57. 54. The actuator of claim 53, wherein the contraction member is a shape memory material member.

58. 1. A system comprising: an actuator, an outer body having at least a portion configured to pivot; Contraction member and an actuator including: one or more processors operably connected to selectively activate the contraction members; Equipped with When an actuation input is provided to the contraction member, the contraction member contracts, thereby transforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which a dimension of the actuator increases.

59. 59. The system of claim 58, further comprising an energy source operably connected to supply energy to the contraction member, wherein the one or more processors are operably connected to the energy source, and the one or more processors are configured to selectively control the supply of energy to the contraction member.

60. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the one or more processors are configured to contract the contraction member, thereby transforming the actuator into the actuated configuration.

61. 60. The system of claim 58, wherein the outer body includes a first outer body member and a second outer body member arranged in a sandwich configuration.

62. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the actuator further comprises a track, the outer body comprising a first portion and a second portion, the first portion pivotally connected to the second portion, and the first portion and the second portion slidably engaged with the track.

63. 63. The system of claim 62, wherein the actuator is a plurality of actuators, and wherein the plurality of actuators share the same contraction member.

64. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the outer body includes a first portion and a second portion, the outer body including a cross body member operably connected to the first portion and the second portion.

65. 65. The system of claim 64, wherein the first portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member and the second portion is pivotally connected to the cross body member.

66. 66. The system of claim 65, wherein the actuator further comprises a track, and the first portion and the second portion slidably engage the track.

67. 59. The system of claim 58, further comprising a pushing structure operably connected to the outer body, wherein a position of the pushing structure changes when the actuator is transformed to the actuated configuration.

68. 68. The system of claim 67, wherein the pushing structure includes an engagement surface, the engagement surface having a substantially polygonal shape.

69. 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the contraction member is a shape memory material member.

70. 70. The system of claim 69, wherein the shape memory material member comprises a shape memory alloy wire.

71. 60. The system of claim 58, wherein the outer body includes a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another by a hinge.

72. 72. The system of claim 71, wherein the actuator further comprises a biasing member operably positioned to bias the first portion and the second portion toward an unactuated configuration of the actuator.

73. 72. The system of claim 71, wherein the outer body includes a first outer body member including the first portion and the second portion, the outer body includes a second outer body member, the second outer body member including a first portion and a second portion, each of the first portion and the second portion of the second outer body member pivotally connected to a base structure.

74. 74. The system of claim 73, further comprising a biasing member operably positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member toward an unactuated configuration.

75. The outer body includes a first outer body member including a first portion and a second portion operably connected to one another, the outer body includes a second outer body member, and the actuator includes: a first end cap; a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap, the contraction member operably connected to the first end cap and the second end cap; and further comprising the first outer body member includes a first end and a second end, the first end being operably connected to the first end cap and the second end being operably connected to the second end cap; 59. The system of claim 58, wherein the second outer body member includes a first end and a second end, the first end operably connected to the first end cap and the second end operably connected to the second end cap.

76. An actuator, a first outer body member including a first portion and a second portion pivotally connected to one another by one or more hinges; one or more first biasing members operably positioned to bias the first outer body member toward the unactuated configuration of the actuator; a push plate operably connected to the first outer body member; a second outer body member including a first portion, a second portion, and a base, each of the first portion and the second portion pivotally connected to the base; one or more second biasing members operably positioned to bias the first and second portions of the second outer body member toward the inactivated configuration; one or more shape memory alloy wires; a first end cap; a second end cap positioned opposite the first end cap, the one or more shape memory alloy wires being operably connected to the first end cap and the second end cap; Equipped with When an actuation input is provided to the one or more shape memory alloy wires, the one or more shape memory alloy wires contract, thereby transforming the actuator to an actuated configuration in which the height of the actuator increases.

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