Method for controlling insects in animals, the product thereof, and method for manufacturing the product.

Abstract

The present invention provides an insect control method, including the control of myiasis in animals, by attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing an insecticide, insecticide, lidocaine, or any combination thereof, to an animal. The insect control may be dual-mode control and may be performed on existing or anticipated open wounds, including open wounds caused by castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal. The present invention also provides a method for performing insect control simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal. Furthermore, the present invention provides an elastomer band for insect control and a method for manufacturing the elastomer band.

Description

Cross-reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 486,396, filed on February 22, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to methods and products for controlling insects in animals, and more particularly to improved methods for controlling myiasis and protecting open wounds of animals such as livestock from insects (pests) and fly strike (maggot infestation).

Background Art

[0003] In facultative myiasis, adult blowflies are attracted to wounds, skin lesions, or soiled hair. A typical site is the rump, where flies are attracted to areas wet with blood, urine, or feces. Castration wounds and wounds associated with tail docking or dehorning of cattle, sheep, and goats are particularly susceptible because they are often contaminated with blood components, urine, and / or feces. When adult female flies feed at these sites, they lay eggs that hatch within 24 hours if conditions are right. The larvae (maggots) move around the wound surface on their own and ingest necrotic cells, exudate, secretions, and debris.

[0004] This condition is called strike or fly strike. The larvae (maggots) repeatedly stimulate, damage, and necrotize the layers of the skin, causing exudate. The maggots are active and voraciously feeding, secreting enzymes that damage the skin and muscle. Secondary flies are also attracted by the smell of the decaying tissue. Toxins released from the damaged tissue and ammonia secreted by the maggots are absorbed from the lesion into the animal's bloodstream, causing disease and death in severe cases. Secondary infections are also common and can be fatal if not treated.

[0005] In the United States and Canada, the primary flies are Phormia regina and Protophormia terraenovae (black blowflies), as well as Lucilia sericata (green blowflies). Lucilia illustris, Cochliomyia macellaria (secondary screwworms), and other flies are usually secondary invaders. The most important primary flies in Australia and South Africa are Lucilia cuprina, in the United Kingdom Lucilia sericata, and in New Zealand Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, and Calliphora stygia.

[0006] While numerous commercially available topical sprays, gels, pore-ons, and dips exist for repelling or killing flies, each product has a limited duration of action, often requiring repeated application. Furthermore, the chemicals used in these products are typically high in concentration, persisting in animal tissues while also causing serious environmental contamination. These products are often not used topically, and this non-topical use increases the bioavailability of these chemicals in the environment.

[0007] Despite the usefulness of the above-mentioned products and methods, there is still a need for better methods and products to control myiasis more efficiently and inexpensively. [Overview of the project]

[0008] This disclosure provides an insect control method for animals and products manufactured therefor that are advantageous compared to existing technologies. This disclosure also provides a method for controlling insects simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of animals. This disclosure provides an elastomer band for insect control of animals and a method for manufacturing the same. In particular, this disclosure provides a method for controlling myiasis in animals. In one embodiment, the animal is a domestic animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cattle, sheep, goat, deer, buffalo, pig, or moose.

[0009] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and / or an insecticide to the animal.

[0010] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to a method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal, comprising the step of fitting an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and an insect repellent to the animal.

[0011] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects, comprising the step of fitting the animal with an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0012] In one embodiment of the above method, the attachment provides short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0013] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a dual-mode insect control method for an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and an insect repellent to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0014] In one embodiment of a dual-mode insect control method, the rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, and the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0015] In one embodiment of the dual-mode insect control method, the short-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 2 months.

[0016] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the elastomer band is attached to the animal in or near an open wound in the animal. In one embodiment, the elastomer band is injected with the insecticide and / or insecticide.

[0017] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for performing insect control simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing a local pain control activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal.

[0018] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0019] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains a topical pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent.

[0020] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a topical pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0021] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the attachment provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0022] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a dual-mode insect control method for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing a local pain control activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a rapid-acting mode in which a first portion of the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0023] In one embodiment of a dual-mode insect control method during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface, and the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0024] In one embodiment of the dual - mode insect control method during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the short - term delivery and duration of effect are from about 0 seconds to about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long - term delivery and duration of effect are from about 24 hours to about 4 months. In one embodiment, the long - term delivery and duration of effect are from about 24 hours to about 2 months.

[0025] In one embodiment of a particular method of the present disclosure, the attachment of the elastomeric band to the animal is for castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning the animal, and an open wound is created on the animal by castrating, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning the animal.

[0026] In one embodiment of a particular method of the present disclosure, the elastomeric band is infused with the local pain - control active agent and the insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0027] In one embodiment of a particular method of the present disclosure, the local pain - control active agent includes one or more anesthetics, one or more analgesics, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the local pain - control active agent is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the local pain - control active agent is lidocaine.

[0028] In one embodiment of a particular method of the present disclosure, the elastomeric band further includes one or more skin - permeation or penetration enhancers. In one embodiment, the skin - permeation or penetration enhancer includes fatty acids, fatty acid esters, poloxamers, triglycerides, N - methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, isopropyl myristate, or any combination thereof.

[0029] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the elastomeric band contains at least one of the insecticides, and the insecticides include insect growth regulators, macrocyclic lactones, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphate esters, spinosyns, neonicotinoids, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a larval repellent and is delivered in an effective larval repellent amount to the animal.

[0030] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the elastomeric band contains at least one of the insect repellents, and the insect repellents include vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0031] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, at least one or both of the insecticide and the insect repellent are effective against lice, cattle fly larvae, screw worms, flies, mites, fleas, or larvae. In one embodiment, at least one or both of the insecticide and the insect repellent are effective against Phormia regina, Protophormia terraenovae, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora stygia, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Oestrus ovis, or combinations thereof.

[0032] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the elastomer band comprises an elastomer material selected from natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the elastomer band is sized and shaped for use as a ligature band.

[0033] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the animal is a domesticated animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, pig, deer, moose, buffalo, bison, moose, alpaca, horse, donkey, zeb, yak, gayal, reindeer, or camel. In one embodiment, the animal is raised in open pasture. In one embodiment, the animal is raised in enclosure (e.g., in an enclosure). In a particular embodiment, the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, deer, or moose. In one embodiment, the elastomer band is attached to the base or part of an animal body selected from the tail, scrotum, horns, antlers, nipples, umbilicus, or skin mass (e.g., tumor, wart, etc.).

[0034] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, the elastomer band is attached to the animal near an existing or expected wound site, and the elastomer band delivers a topical pain-controlling activator and / or one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent into the dermis of the existing or expected wound site. In one embodiment, the existing or expected wound site is due to castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning. In one embodiment, the existing wound site includes myiasis, abscess, scabies, open wound, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the existing wound site includes myiasis.

[0035] In one embodiment of the method of the present disclosure, only a portion of the elastomer band contains the insecticide and / or insecticide, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

[0036] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to an elastomer band comprising one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent, which are injected or contained within the elastomer material of the elastomer band. In one embodiment, the elastomer material is injected with the insecticide and / or insect repellent.

[0037] In one embodiment, the elastomer band further comprises a local pain-controlling activator injected or contained within the elastomer material.

[0038] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, the elastomer material is injected with the local pain control activator. In one embodiment, the local pain control activator comprises one or more anesthetics, one or more analgesics, or any combination thereof.

[0039] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment of the elastomer band, the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine. In a particular embodiment of the elastomer band, the local pain-controlling activator is procaine.

[0040] In one embodiment, the elastomer band further comprises one or more skin permeability or penetration enhancers. In one embodiment of the elastomer band, the skin permeability or penetration enhancer comprises a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a poloxamer, a triglyceride, N-methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

[0041] In one embodiment, the elastomer band is a ligation device.

[0042] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrocyclic lactone, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate ester, spinosine, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is ivermectin or avermectin. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a larval anthelmintic. In one embodiment, the insecticide is for parasitic purposes. In one embodiment, the insect repellent comprises vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0043] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, the elastomer material includes natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0044] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, when attached to the animal, it releases the insecticide and / or insect repellent in both a rapid-acting mode and a sustained-release mode, wherein in the rapid-acting mode, a first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and in the sustained-release mode, a second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal. In one embodiment, the rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, and the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0045] In one embodiment of the elastomer band, only a portion of the elastomer band contains the insecticide and / or insect repellent, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

[0046] In one embodiment, the Disclosure also relates to a method for producing an elastomer band for dual-mode insect control of animals, comprising the steps of: providing a band formed from an elastomer material; providing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomer material and at least one or both of an insecticide and an insecticide; injecting the solution into at least a portion of the band by immersing it in the solution; removing the band from the solution; and drying the band to remove the solvent, thereby allowing the insecticide and / or insecticide to be absorbed. The method comprises the steps of: distributing within and throughout a portion of the band to form a dual-mode insect control elastomer band for the animal, wherein the dual mode has a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal; and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0047] In one embodiment of the method for manufacturing the elastomer band, the solution is injected into the entire band by immersing the entire band in the solution.

[0048] In one embodiment of the method for manufacturing the elastomer band, the solution is injected into only a portion of the band by immersing only a portion of the band in the solution, and the portion is smaller than the entire band. In one embodiment, the portion of the band accounts for approximately 10% to 75% of the surface area of ​​the band. In another embodiment, the portion of the band accounts for approximately 25% to 65% of the surface area of ​​the band.

[0049] In one embodiment of the method for manufacturing the elastomer band, the dual mode is for insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the step of preparing the solution further comprises a local pain control activator, wherein in the rapid-acting mode, the first portion is the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that are delivered to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and in the sustained-release mode, the second portion is the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that are delivered gradually over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0050] In one embodiment of the method for producing the elastomer band, the immersion step involves swelling a portion of the band to equilibrium swelling, thereby achieving the injection of the local pain-controlling activator and / or one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent into the band. In one embodiment, the portion of the band swells to more than 100% of its volume in the solution. In one embodiment, the solution further contains one or more skin penetration or penetration enhancers, one or more antibacterial agents, one or more antibiotics, one or more anti-inflammatory agents, one or more hormones, one or more chemical indicators, one or more vasoconstrictors, or any combination thereof.

[0051] In one embodiment of the method for producing the elastomer band, the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrocyclic lactone, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate ester, spinosine, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insecticide is ivermectin or avermectin. In one embodiment, the insecticide is a larval anthelmintic. In one embodiment, the insecticide is for parasitic anthelmintic use. In one embodiment, the insect repellent comprises vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

[0052] In one embodiment of the method for producing the elastomer band, the elastomer material includes natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

[0053] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to an elastomer band manufactured by a method disclosed herein.

[0054] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of the elastomer bands disclosed herein for the control of myiasis in animals.

[0055] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of the elastomer band disclosed herein for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals.

[0056] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of the elastomer bands disclosed herein for protecting animals from insects.

[0057] In one embodiment of the use of the present disclosure, the elastomer band provides short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0058] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of an elastomer band disclosed herein for insect control simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal.

[0059] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of an elastomer band disclosed herein for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0060] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of an elastomer band disclosed herein for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0061] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of an elastomer band disclosed herein for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0062] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

[0063] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal, comprising the step of attaching a lidocaine-injected elastomer band to the animal.

[0064] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects, comprising the step of attaching a lidocaine-injected elastomer band to the animal.

[0065] In one embodiment of the method herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the application provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0066] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a dual-mode insect control method for an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a rapid-acting mode in which a first portion of the lidocaine is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the lidocaine is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0067] In one embodiment of the method herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the rapid-release mode provides short-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface, and the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface. In one embodiment, the duration of the short-term delivery and effect ranges from about 0 seconds to about 24 hours. In one embodiment, the duration of the long-term delivery and effect ranges from about 24 hours to about 4 months.

[0068] In one embodiment of the method described herein, which uses an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the elastomer band is attached to the animal in or near an open wound in the animal.

[0069] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

[0070] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

[0071] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning, the method comprising attaching a lidocaine-injected elastomer band to the animal.

[0072] In one embodiment of the method herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the application provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0073] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a dual-mode insect control method during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a rapid-acting mode in which a first portion of the lidocaine is delivered to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the lidocaine is delivered gradually over time to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal after the continued attachment of the elastomer band to the animal. In one embodiment, the rapid-acting mode provides a short-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal, and the sustained-release mode provides a long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal. In one embodiment, the duration of the short-term delivery and effect ranges from approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months.

[0074] In one embodiment of the method described herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the elastomer band is attached to the animal for the purpose of castration, tail docking, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning of the animal, which results in an open wound in the animal.

[0075] In one embodiment of the method herein, which uses a lidocaine-injected elastomer band, the elastomer band comprises an elastomer material selected from natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, and any combination thereof.

[0076] In one embodiment of the method described herein, the elastomer band is sized and shaped for use as a ligation band, and the elastomer band is injected with lidocaine.

[0077] In one embodiment of the method herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, pig, deer, moose, buffalo, bison, moose, alpaca, horse, donkey, zeb, yak, gayal, reindeer, or camel. In one embodiment, the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, deer, or moose. In one embodiment, the animal is kept in open pasture or enclosure.

[0078] In one embodiment of the method herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, the elastomer band is attached to the animal at the base of the tail, scrotum, horn, umbilical cord, or antler. In one embodiment, the attachment of the elastomer band to the animal is performed near an existing or expected wound site, and the elastomer band delivers the lidocaine in a releaseable manner to the dermis of the existing or expected wound site. In one embodiment, the existing or expected wound site is due to castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord cutting / clamping, or dehorning. In one embodiment, the existing wound site includes myiasis, abscess, scabies, open wound, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the existing wound site includes myiasis.

[0079] In one embodiment of the method described herein, using an elastomer band injected with lidocaine, only a portion of the elastomer band contains the lidocaine, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

[0080] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for controlling myiasis in animals. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for protecting animals from insects. In one embodiment of each of these uses, the elastomer band provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0081] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for insect control simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of animals.

[0082] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0083] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of a lidocaine-injected elastomer band for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0084] In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to the use of a lidocaine-injected elastomer band to protect an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0085] Other aspects and embodiments of this disclosure will become apparent in light of the detailed description contained herein. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0086] Further advantages, modifications, and combinations of the present invention will become apparent from the above and the following detailed description relating to various specific embodiments of the invention, as well as from the accompanying drawings. Note that none of the drawings are limiting. [Figure 1] This flowchart shows an exemplary method for manufacturing the elastomer band of this disclosure. [Figure 2] This is a photograph illustrating an exemplary method for manufacturing the elastomer band (small) of the present disclosure, showing the band completely immersed in a solution containing an active ingredient (e.g., including an insecticide and / or insect repellent, optionally a topical pain control agent). [Figure 3] This is a photograph illustrating an exemplary method for manufacturing the elastomer band (large) of the present disclosure, showing the band partially immersed in a solution containing an active ingredient (e.g., including an insecticide and / or insect repellent, optionally a topical pain control agent). [Figure 4] Figure 3 is a photograph showing the manufactured band, where a portion of the band contains the active ingredient and represents a defined selective region or zone of the active ingredient (Box A: green / dark region), and the other portion of the band represents a region or zone that is substantially free of the active ingredient (Box B: colorless, natural band region). [Figure 5] Figure 2 shows the distribution of the insecticide throughout the entire band produced (insecticide = "I"). The insecticide is injected and dispersed throughout the entire band. [Figure 6] Figure 2 is a diagram showing the distribution of insecticides, insect repellents, and topical pain-relieving activators throughout the entire band produced (insecticide = "I", insect repellent = "R", topical pain-relieving activator = "A"). The insecticides, insect repellents, and topical pain-relieving activators are all injected and dispersed throughout the entire band. [Figure 7] This is a schematic diagram illustrating the protocol of Example 2, representing one iteration. The codes are listed in Table 1. The diagram shows a white elastomer band with food placed in the center of a circular petri dish and larvae (maggots) placed on top of it. [Figure 8]This graph shows the change over time in the weight increase per larva in the experiment of Example 2. [Figure 9] This is a magnified view of the results for day 4 shown in the graph in Figure 8. [Figure 10] This is a schematic diagram illustrating the protocol for Example 3, representing one iteration. The codes are listed in Table 2. The diagram shows a circular petri dish with food in the center and larvae placed on top. [Figure 11] This graph shows the change over time in the weight increase per larva in the experiment of Example 3. [Figure 12] This is a magnified view of the results for day 8 shown in the graph in Figure 11. [Figure 13] This is a schematic diagram of the animal use test plan for Example 4. [Figure 14] This is a schematic diagram of the Maggot Inhibitory Assay (MIA) test plan using ex vivo tissue and elastomer bands in Example 4. [Figure 15] This graph compares the weight gain (over 3 days) on days 3 and 7 of larvae exposed to ex vivo distal tissue (from animals treated for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days) and larvae exposed to elastomer bands (control and previously applied bands) with that on day 0. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0087] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this disclosure, but suitable methods and materials are described below.

[0088] This disclosure relates to methods and products for insect control inside and around animals, particularly inside and around open wounds in animals. The methods and products of this disclosure advantageously control myiasis and, more generally, protect animals from insects and resulting complications (e.g., infections). In one embodiment, the method described herein, for example, a method for controlling myiasis in animals, includes attaching an elastomer band injected with an insecticide and / or insecticide to the animal. In one embodiment, the method described herein, for example, a method for controlling myiasis in animals, includes attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal. In one embodiment of this disclosure, the primary use of the elastomer band is castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of animals, and the insecticide and / or insecticide advantageously provides simultaneous insect control.

[0089] The advantage of the methods of the present disclosure is that the elastomer band can protect animals, particularly those with open wounds and / or those undergoing castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, from insects in both rapid (e.g., immediate) and delayed (e.g., long-lasting) ways by administering one or both insecticides and / or insect repellents over extended periods. In some embodiments, the elastomer bands of the present disclosure also have the advantage of avoiding situations in which high concentrations of insecticides, insect repellents, and other agents are released into the environment. In this specification, “other agents” means any number of additional compounds or substances that may be included in the elastomer band, including, for example, the topical pain-controlling activators, permeation enhancers, and penetration enhancers described herein.

[0090] The insecticide can be delivered simultaneously with other activators through the same device, namely the elastomer band. Therefore, in certain embodiments, the elastomer band of this disclosure avoids the need for external insect control by additional methods or approaches and mitigates various problems associated with the supply of insecticides and insecticides by spray, gel, pour-on, and dip (e.g., environmental pollution, need for re-administration, lack of long-term protection, etc.).

[0091] While this disclosure focuses on the use of elastomer bands in situations involving castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, elastomer bands containing insecticides and / or insecticides can be used in animals undergoing any procedure in which the rapid-acting and sustained-release modes of release of insecticides, insecticides, and / or other agents are beneficial, including when the animal has pre-existing open wounds or is at risk of developing open wounds.

[0092] By releasing insecticides and / or insecticides in a localized and sustained-release mode, certain embodiments of the present invention may reduce stress on animals during castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, and may also reduce the likelihood of swelling and infection (particularly myiasis).

[0093] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling myiasis in animals, comprising the step of fitting an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and an insecticide to the animal. In this specification, “controlling myiasis” means one or any combination of preventing the occurrence of myiasis, shortening the duration of myiasis, reducing the severity of myiasis, maintaining the severity of myiasis within an acceptable range, or reducing or eliminating myiasis from an animal.

[0094] In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal, comprising the step of fitting the animal with an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and an insecticide. In this specification, “preventing a fly strike” means preventing or avoiding flies from laying eggs in an animal, particularly in open wounds. Fly strike prevention may be considered synonymous with myiasis prevention. In this specification, “fly strike prevention” is distinguished from “myiasis control” because “fly strike prevention” refers to actually preventing or avoiding flies from laying eggs, whereas “myiasis control” refers to actually controlling, treating, or mitigating eggs after they have been laid (e.g., in a wound).

[0095] In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects, comprising the step of fitting the animal with an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and / or insect repellent. In this specification, “protecting an animal from insects” means any kind of attack or harm to an animal by insects. Protecting an animal from insects encompasses both the control of myiasis and the prevention of fly strikes, but more broadly, also includes other situations in which an animal is attacked or harmed by insects.

[0096] In embodiments of this disclosure, the elastomer band is intended to be attached to an animal. The animal may be any animal that could benefit from the elastomer band of this disclosure. In certain embodiments, the animal is a domesticated animal. In one embodiment, the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, pig, deer, moose, buffalo, bison, moose, alpaca, horse, donkey, zeb, yak, gayal, reindeer, camel, etc. In one embodiment, the animal is kept in open pasture. In one embodiment, the animal is a cattle. In one embodiment, the animal is a goat. In one embodiment, the animal is a sheep.

[0097] Elastomer bands may have appropriate sizes and shapes that can be attached to animals or body parts of animals. In one embodiment, the elastomer material is sized and shaped for ligation bands. In certain embodiments, elastomer bands are used as a system for castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, etc. Animal parts include, but are not limited to, tails, scrotums, one or more horns, one or more antlers, etc.

[0098] In this specification, “attach” means to attach securely by any suitable means. In one embodiment, attachment to an animal or animal body part may include wrapping, pinning, sticking, fixing, joining, clipping, adhesive, tuck, connecting, ligating, joining, etc., or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, attachment to an animal or animal body part includes wrapping. In one embodiment, attachment to an animal includes the step of stretching an elastomer band of appropriate size and shape around an animal body part and releasing the band to firmly grasp the animal body part. In one embodiment, attachment is performed in or near an open wound in the animal.

[0099] In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for controlling insects simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal. In this specification, “simultaneous insect control” means that insect control is performed over part or all of the duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, insect control is performed over the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure.

[0100] In this specification, “insect control” generally refers to the repellent and killing of insects and larvae. This term also encompasses other terms used herein, such as the prevention, control (suppression), and treatment of myiasis, the prevention of fly strikes, and the protection of animals from insects.

[0101] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to a method for controlling myiasis in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains a topical pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent. Control of myiasis may be carried out over part or all of the duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, control of myiasis is carried out over the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure.

[0102] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to a method for treating or preventing fly strikes in an animal during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains a topical pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent. Prevention of fly strikes may be performed over part or all of the duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, prevention of fly strikes is performed over the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure.

[0103] In one embodiment, the disclosure also relates to a method for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, the method comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a topical pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent. Protection of the animal from insects may be performed for part or all of the duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure. In one embodiment, protection of the animal from insects is performed for the entire duration of the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning procedure.

[0104] In the methods described herein, when pain control is required in the context of castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, or moderate to severe open wounds, it is desirable that the elastomer band contain a topical pain-controlling activator. In one embodiment, the topical pain-controlling activator comprises one or more anesthetics, one or more analgesics, or a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the topical pain-controlling activator is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the topical pain-controlling activator is lidocaine. In one embodiment, the topical pain-controlling activator is procaine.

[0105] In this specification, “insecticide” means a chemical substance, compound, or pharmaceutical product (e.g., larvalectorant) capable of killing insects, parasites, and / or larvae. In exemplary embodiments, the insecticide may include, or be, insect growth regulators, macrocyclic lactones, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphate esters, spinosins, neonicotinoids, or any combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of insect growth regulators include benzophenylurea, triazines, and pyrimidine derivatives (e.g., diflubenzuron, triflumulone, cyromazine, dicyclanil). Non-limiting examples of macrocyclic lactones include ivermectin, avermectin, and abamectin. Non-limiting examples of synthetic pyrethroids include α-cypermethin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, tetra-chloryinphos, and deltamethrin. Non-limiting examples of organophosphate esters include diazinon, chlorfenbinphos, cresol acid, proethanphos, and temephos. Non-limiting examples of spinosine include spinosad. Non-limiting examples of neonicotinoids include imidacloprid.

[0106] As shown herein, the ability to use lidocaine as an effective insecticide within the elastomer bands of this disclosure is a remarkable advantage. Therefore, the term "insecticide" as used herein should be interpreted to include lidocaine, depending on the context. For example, if the term "insecticide" is used without mentioning topical pain control agents or lidocaine, it means that the insecticide is any insecticide containing lidocaine. On the other hand, if the terms "insecticide and / or insecticide and topical pain control agent," "insecticide and / or insecticide and lidocaine," "insecticide and topical pain control agent," "insecticide and lidocaine," "insecticide and topical pain control agent," "insecticide and lidocaine," etc., it means that the insecticide and insecticide are other than lidocaine.

[0107] In this specification, “insect repellent” means any chemical substance, compound, or pharmaceutical that can repel insects, that is, keep insects away. Many insecticides also function as insect repellents. Therefore, in one embodiment, the insect repellent is one or more insecticides described herein. Furthermore, many essential oils can act as insect repellents. Therefore, in one embodiment, the insect repellent is an essential oil. Non-limiting examples of essential oils include vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the insect repellent includes N,N-dimethylmethatoluamide (DEET), picaridin, picaridin, permethrin, soybean oil, metofluthrin, p-menthane-3,8-diol, or a combination thereof.

[0108] Particularly preferred are insecticides and insecticides that are effective against lice, cattle larvae, screwworms, flies, mites, maggots, and larvae.

[0109] In exemplary embodiments, organisms for which the insecticide and / or insecticide is effective include, but are not limited to, Phormia regina, Protophormia terraenovae, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora stygia, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Oestrus ovis, or any combination thereof.

[0110] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the effective insecticidal and / or larval elimination rate of an insecticide depends on the specific insecticide used and the specific insect targeted by that insecticide. Similarly, the effective amount of an insecticide depends on the specific insecticide used and the specific insect being repelled. Environmental conditions or other conditions (e.g., rearing conditions) may also contribute to the effective amount.

[0111] The elastomer material may be any material that is stretchable and / or shrinkable. In one embodiment, the elastomer material is natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof, or comprising these.

[0112] In this specification, “band” refers to bands, rings, tubes, straws, conduits, plastic crimping devices, cable ties, and the like. In some embodiments, the band is a tube or rubber elongated body having both ends, and in these embodiments, it may be equipped with one or more fasteners and / or one or more crimping devices or clamps. In other embodiments, the band is a closed loop. The bands of the present invention are described in detail below.

[0113] In the context of this disclosure, insecticides, insecticides, or other agents (e.g., topical pain-controlling agents) may be injected into or contained within an elastomer material. “Injected” means that the insecticide, insecticide, or other agent used is absorbed into the elastomer material and contained within the internal compartments of the elastomer band, rather than merely being coated onto the outer surface of the elastomer material. In one embodiment, when insecticides, insecticides, or other agents are injected into an elastomer material, they are substantially uniformly dispersed throughout the elastomer material. The density and / or other properties of the elastomer material may be selected to control the diffusion rate of the insecticide, insecticide, or other agent from the elastomer band.

[0114] In one embodiment, the Disclosure also relates to a method for producing an elastomer band for dual-mode insect control of animals, comprising the steps of: providing a band formed from an elastomer material; providing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomer material and at least one or both of an insecticide and an insecticide; injecting the solution into at least a portion of the band by immersing it in the solution; removing the band from the solution; and drying the band to remove the solvent, thereby allowing the insecticide and / or insecticide to penetrate the band. The method comprises the steps of: distributing within and throughout a portion of a part of an animal to form a dual-mode insect control elastomer band for the animal, wherein the dual mode has a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal; and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal (Figure 1).

[0115] In one embodiment, the dual mode is for insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the step of preparing the solution further includes a topical pain-controlling activator. In such a case, in the rapid-acting mode, the first portion is the portion of the topical pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that is delivered to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal. Similarly, in the sustained-release mode, the second portion is the portion of the topical pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that is delivered gradually over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface after the continued attachment of the elastomer band to the animal.

[0116] In this specification, “body surface” means the surface of any body part of an animal, including but not limited to the skin surface or umbilical cord tissue. Examples of body surfaces include the tail, scrotum, horns, antlers, nipples, umbilicus, or skin growths (e.g., cancer, warts, etc.).

[0117] With respect to the step of preparing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell an elastomer material and at least one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, the solvent may be any suitable solvent that swells, hydrates, and / or permeates the elastomer material and is compatible with the insecticide and / or insect repellent. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises one or more alcohols, esters, ethers, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises esters and alcohols. In one embodiment, the solvent comprises isopropyl myristate and ethanol. The solution may be prepared by mixing the insecticide and / or insect repellent with the solvent.

[0118] With respect to the step of immersing at least a portion of the band in a solution, the band or a portion of it may be placed in the solution by any suitable means. In one embodiment, one or more bands are placed in a basket to be immersed in the solution. In one embodiment, one or more bands are immersed in the solution while being mixed. In one embodiment, one or more bands are placed in a solution in a sealable container, and the container is sealed when the bands are added to the solution. In one embodiment, tetrahydrofuran is added to the sealed container, and the contents of the sealed container are mixed with a circulating pump.

[0119] With respect to the step of immersing at least a portion of the band in a solution, in certain embodiments, the elastomer material is swollen to near equilibrium with the substance absorbed by the elastomer material. In certain embodiments, these materials include insecticides and insecticides. In certain embodiments, these materials include insecticides, insecticides, and topical pain-controlling activators. In certain embodiments, the band is immersed in a volatile organic solvent solution, which contains dissolved insecticides, insecticides, and / or topical pain-controlling activators. In some embodiments, the solvent may be DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) or THF (tetrahydrofuran). The solvent swells the elastomer material of the band and carries these agents into the elastomer material of the band by diffusion. The band is immersed in the solution until equilibrium swelling of the band and diffusion of the agents into the band material are achieved.

[0120] In some embodiments, the immersion step is performed to partially immerse a portion of the band so that the activator is distributed within and throughout the immersed portion of the elastomer band.

[0121] In one embodiment, "equilibrium of swelling" means immersing the band in a solution until the band's swelling reaches its maximum value for any given solution (i.e., until the band can no longer absorb the solution). In one embodiment, swelling equilibrium is when the band has swelled by the solution to more than 100% of its volume. In one embodiment, swelling equilibrium is when the band has swelled by the solution to more than 150%, more than 200%, more than 250%, more than 500%, or more of its volume.

[0122] The immersion step involves allowing the band itself to absorb the solution, rather than simply adhering the agent to the surface of the elastomer material. This is important because, when used for castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, elastomer bands typically undergo extreme elastic deformation of up to 900%. Simply coating the elastomer material is insufficient, as it would result in cracking and delamination when the band is stretched to such an extent. Immersion to equilibrium is also beneficial in preventing most of the insecticide, insecticide, or other chemicals from migrating to the outer surface and drying out, otherwise cracking and delamination would occur when the elastomer band is stretched.

[0123] The step of removing the band from the solution can be carried out by physically removing the band from the solution (e.g., pulling the basket containing the band out of the solution), draining the solution from the container holding the band in the solution, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the solution is drained by pumping the solution from the container holding the band into a waste container or recycling container. In one embodiment, the solution can be reused.

[0124] In the exemplary manufacturing method described above, the band is then removed from the solution and dried. Drying can be carried out by air drying (i.e., wind drying), moderate heating (e.g., in an oven), or other suitable means. In one embodiment, the band is air-dried by blowing sterile air into the container containing the band. The drying step causes the volatile solvent to evaporate, trapping at least one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent within the elastomer material of the band. The evaporative drying process also distributes some of at least one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent to the outer surface of the elastomer band, leaving a surface coating. This coating makes at least one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent readily available when the band is first applied to an animal, while higher concentrations of at least one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent are present deeper within the elastomer material of the band and are released more slowly over time once the elastomer band is worn on an animal, resulting in long-term insect control.

[0125] Thus, the exemplary method of the present disclosure embeds the agent (e.g., insecticide, insecticide, and / or topical pain-controlling activator) within the elastomer material rather than simply coating it on the surface of the elastomer band. Since the embedded agent needs to diffuse through the elastomer material of the elastomer band to be released, both a rapid-release mode and a sustained-release mode are realized. This is an advantageous feature of the elastomer band of the present disclosure in that it can provide both a rapid-release activator that deposits on the surface of the elastomer material as the solvent diffuses to the surface and evaporates, and a sustained-release activator that is trapped deeper within the elastomer material as the solvent dries and the elastomer material returns to its original state.

[0126] In one embodiment, the Disclosure also provides a dual-mode insect control method for an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing one or both an insecticide and an insecticide to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a fast-acting mode in which a first portion of the insecticide and / or insecticide is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the insecticide and / or insecticide is delivered gradually over time to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0127] In an embodiment of the dual-mode insect control method, the rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insecticide to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, and the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insecticide to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface.

[0128] In embodiments of the method described herein, if pain control is desired, the elastomer band used in the dual-mode insect control method may further contain a local pain control activator.

[0129] Accordingly, in another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a dual-mode insect control method for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with or containing a local pain control activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal, wherein the attachment provides a rapid-acting mode in which a first portion of the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, and a sustained-release mode in which a second portion of the local pain control activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered gradually over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface after the elastomer band has been continuously attached to the animal.

[0130] In embodiments of the dual-mode insect control method (and optional pain control), the short-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours. In one embodiment, the short-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 30 seconds to approximately 6 hours. In one embodiment, the short-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 1 minute to approximately 1 hour. In one embodiment, short-term delivery and effect are provided by the presence of an insecticide, insecticide, and / or other agent on or near the outer surface of the elastomer band. In one embodiment, short-term delivery and effect are provided by the presence of an insecticide, insecticide, or other agent on the outer surface of the elastomer band and / or within at least 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, or 1.0 mm from the outer surface of the elastomer band.

[0131] In embodiments of the dual-mode insect control method (and optional pain control), the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 6 hours to approximately 3 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 1 hour to approximately 2 months. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect are provided by the insecticide, insecticide, and / or other active agent being present at deeper locations within the elastomer band. In one embodiment, the long-term delivery and effect are provided by the insecticide, insecticide, or other agent being present at positions of at least 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.0 mm or more within the elastomer band.

[0132] In this disclosure, “close proximity” means that the insecticide, insecticide, or other agent is released from the elastomer material into the environment to a distance of about 1 meter, more preferably about 0.5 meters, even more preferably about 1 foot, and even more preferably about 0.5 feet. With respect to whole-body delivery or movement, a favorable finding in this disclosure is that the insecticide and / or insecticide does not move throughout the body. It is a remarkable favorable result to demonstrate equivalent targeted effect while showing that the insecticide / insecticide does not distribute throughout the body. In view of the foregoing, when referring to passage through and / or absorption of animal body tissue, “close proximity” means a distance up to about 25 cm, more preferably about 20 cm, even more preferably about 10 cm, and even more preferably about 5 cm. Close proximity release of insecticides, insecticides, or other agents allows for the use of small or low concentrations of the active ingredient, which has environmental advantages. In this specification, “releasably deliver” means that an insecticide, insecticide, or other agent diffuses or leaches from the elastomer band into the skin, an open wound, or the surrounding environment, including the air. In one embodiment, this may occur via volatile particles in the air.

[0133] In this specification, “open wound” or “wound site” means a damaged, exposed, infected, parasitic, cancerous, or diseased surface of an animal or animal part. In one embodiment, an open wound or wound site includes wounds resulting from castration, tail docking, dehorning, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, etc. In a particular embodiment, an open wound or wound site includes myiasis, abscess, scabies, open wound, etc., or any combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an open wound or wound site includes myiasis. In one embodiment, an open wound or wound site exposes the animal’s blood to the external environment.

[0134] In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the elastomer band further comprises one or more antimicrobial agents, one or more antibiotics, one or more anti-inflammatory agents, one or more hormones, one or more chemical indicators, one or more vasoconstrictors, or any combination thereof.

[0135] In this specification, an antimicrobial agent is a natural or synthetic substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, algae). Antimicrobial agents that function by topical application are particularly preferred. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobial agents include penicillin, valacyclovir, fluconazole, praziquantel, ethanol, n-propanol, lidocaine, and isopropyl alcohol.

[0136] In this specification, an antibiotic is a natural or synthetic substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics are included within the scope of antimicrobial agents. Antibiotics that function by topical application are particularly preferred. Non-limiting examples of antibiotics include amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clavulanic acid, levofloxacin, and lidocaine.

[0137] In this specification, an anti-inflammatory agent is a natural or synthetic substance that can prevent or reduce inflammation. Anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as meloxicam, flunixin, ketoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, dexamethasone, flumethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, and immunoselective anti-inflammatory derivatives (IMSAIDs). Many anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs) also have pain-relieving properties and therefore may be included in the elastomer bands of this disclosure as topical pain-controlling activators, or in combination therewith. In certain embodiments, the anti-inflammatory agent is lidocaine.

[0138] In this specification, a hormone is a signaling molecule that can regulate biological processes, such as those in multicellular organisms. Some embodiments of the elastomer bands disclosed herein include one or more hormones. Examples of hormones include, but are not limited to, cortisone, hydrocortisone, trenbolone, testosterone, and estradiol.

[0139] In this specification, a vasoconstrictor is a natural or synthetic substance that can constrict blood vessels. Some embodiments of the elastomer bands disclosed herein may include vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, thromboxane, angiotensin, or any combination thereof.

[0140] Some embodiments of the elastomer bands disclosed herein may include one or more chemical indicators, such as dyes, pigments, pH indicators, or stains, to distinguish the elastomer bands from containing activators. These chemical indicators may be released together with topical pain-controlling activators, insecticides, and / or insecticides, and may also provide visual evidence of release to the application site. In some cases, the chemical indicator may be an activator. A non-limiting example is the use of an antimicrobial dye such as gentian violet. Gentian violet stains the application site bluish-purple and also acts as a topical antimicrobial agent, thus contributing to infection prevention at the elastration site. In other examples, the chemical indicator may include the use of a pH indicator to identify an alkaline pH correlated with infection. Other chemical indicators that can be incorporated into the elastomer bands of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, Nile Red, Oil Red, Sudan Red, Congo Red, Cresol Red, Coomassie Red, Coomassie Blue, Methylene Blue, Oil Blue, Gentian Violet, Azure Blue, Malachite Green, Eosin dyes, Rhodamine dyes, Hematoxylin, Phenolphthalein, Lezazurin, Phenol Red, Methyl Red, Bromothymol Blue, Thymol Blue, Alizarin Yellow, Povidone-iodine, and natural dyes such as indigo, turmeric, catechu, and annatto extracts. In certain embodiments, the chemical indicator is Lezazurin, which is reduced to resolphin in the presence of bacteria.

[0141] In some embodiments, this disclosure provides elastomer bands manufactured by the methods disclosed herein. Elastomer bands provided by the methods disclosed herein can be used for any suitable application. In some embodiments, elastomer bands are used as a system for castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, dehorning, etc., while simultaneously performing insect control. In certain embodiments, elastomer bands are used as a system for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0142] In some embodiments, using elastomer bands as a system for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning results in open wounds or wound sites. In some embodiments, elastomer bands are used to control insects simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of animals. In some embodiments, elastomer bands are used to control myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning. In some embodiments of the disclosure, elastomer bands are used to treat or prevent fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0143] In some embodiments of the disclosure, elastomer bands are used to protect animals from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

[0144] In one embodiment, the elastomer material of the elastomer band described herein may be bands of different sizes to perform ligation on animals of different body parts, sizes, types, ages, etc. The bands may also be sized or shaped for use with specific applicators and devices. Various devices known in the art employ infinite loop bands. While infinite loop bands can accommodate animals of various sizes and body parts, there is a risk of excessive or inappropriate tension.

[0145] The elastomer band of the present invention may be adjustable or modified to fit the size and / or shape of the target animal. The band may be formed into a loop shape using fasteners or crimps. In some embodiments, the size may be adjusted using a constrictor or the like.

[0146] This disclosure further envisions the use of bands of different sizes. For example, bands suitable for ligating small animals such as calves and lambs are provided. Bands of a similar design are provided for medium-sized animals, such as larger calves. These medium-sized bands have a larger initial circumference and / or higher elasticity. Bands for larger animals such as adult cattle may also be provided. These bands may be further color-coded and / or labeled to easily inform the user and reduce the risk of ligation failure due to the use of an inappropriately sized band.

[0147] Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for ligating an animal body part, preferably a tail, scrotum, antlers, or horns. In certain embodiments, an elastomer band may be placed over the body part, expanded, and then released. In some of these embodiments, no tools are required to attach the elastomer band to the body part. In other embodiments, the elastomer band is expanded using a tool before being attached to the body part.

[0148] Alternatively, a pre-formed infinite loop elastomer band is manually passed around the body part of the animal. The infinite loop is then pulled using various means integrated with the ligator (e.g., a winding mechanism, a traction mechanism, etc.) to tighten it around the body part of the animal. After the infinite loop is sufficiently tightened, it is secured to maintain appropriate pressure around the animal's scrotum. Preferably, the securing step involves deforming a grommet or other crimping device around the infinite loop, and the tightening of the infinite loop is done by winding it onto a winding spool integrated with the ligator. To improve the efficiency and cost of this method, a winding tether and an attached hook may be used to shorten the total length of the required ligating material. After deforming the grommet around the infinite loop and securing the loop portion surrounding the body part, any excess ligating material above the grommet can be removed by cutting off the loop portion not surrounding the body part with a sharp knife, razor, or other suitable instrument. Alternatively, the band can be released from the device without cutting it by unwinding the band material or by other means.

[0149] Some embodiments of the present invention include two ends of elastomer material of a predetermined length, arranged substantially parallel to each other, and anchor members or tongue portions fixed to the ends of the elastomer material of the predetermined length and used by a ligator to fasten the loop to an animal body part. In such embodiments, a crimp band is also provided, which is movable along at least a portion of the length of the band when not crimped. After fastening the loop around the body part, the band may be crimped to hold both ends of the loop in place, and the excess material may be cut off from the fitted loop. In some embodiments, the excess material area may be intentionally left untreated (through a dipping process) with no activator injected. This has the advantages of not wasting activator, improving the handling of the embodiment, and preventing the skin of a human user from coming into contact with the activator.

[0150] Those skilled in the art will understand that the elastomer band of the present invention can be incorporated into the system or kit according to the present disclosure.

[0151] This disclosure belongs to the general art of methods and apparatus for non-surgical removal of animal tails, horns, testes, etc. Furthermore, this disclosure relates to the aforementioned art, such as elastic rubber rings having a very small opening, which are expandable and slide non-surgically onto the area to be removed in an animal, and then released over the area to completely block blood flow from the animal's major organs to the area, while simultaneously pulling in the surrounding skin so that the skin covers the removal site. Furthermore, this disclosure relates to the non-surgical removal of a pig's tail by using a unique ring expander to expand an elastomer band into a unique triangular shape, attaching the ring around the pig's tail, and then removing the ring from the expander. [Examples] [Examples]

[0152] Exemplary elastomer bands of this application were manufactured in both small-band and large-band forms. For the small-band form, the insecticide was injected into the entire band for non-selective injection into the entire device. For the large-band form, the insecticide was injected into only a portion of the band for selective, targeted injection.

[0153] Generally, elastomer bands of the desired size (small and large) were obtained. Small bands were immersed entirely in a solution containing an insecticide (see Figure 2). This procedure was carried out individually for several different insecticides, including ivermectin, imidacloprid, and spinosad. It was also carried out using solutions containing an insecticide and a topical pain-controlling agent, such as ivermectin + lidocaine, imidacloprid + lidocaine, and spinosad + lidocaine. Small bands containing these insecticides alone or together with analgesic agents were also used in other examples described herein.

[0154] Large bands were manufactured by immersing only a portion of the band in a solution containing an insecticide (see Figure 3). A green dye was added to the solution to visually observe the localized penetration of the solution into the band. As shown in Figure 4, immersing only a portion of the large band in the solution allows for the creation of distinct and selective areas or zones of the activator within the band (box A in the photograph in Figure 4: green / dark area). Manufacturing the bands in this way has the advantage of providing an activator-free area or zone that can be used for safe handling of the band (box B in the photograph in Figure 4: colorless, natural band area). In addition to ease of handling, this also contributes to waste reduction because gloves do not need to be worn during band handling.

[0155] For small bands, Figure 5 shows a schematic diagram illustrating the distribution of insecticide (I) throughout the entire band. The insecticide is injected and dispersed throughout the entire band. Furthermore, for small bands, Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram illustrating the distribution of insecticide (I), insecticide (R), and topical pain-controlling activator (A) throughout the entire band. All active ingredients (I, R, A) are injected and dispersed throughout the entire band. Note that bands containing different active ingredients or combinations thereof can be color-coded by using band materials of different colors (e.g., orange, green, blue, black, yellow, etc.).

[0156] [Examples]

[0157] The myiasis activity of elastomer bands filled / injected with insecticides, with or without local pain-relieving activators, was investigated using a maggot inhibition assay (MIA).

[0158] Experimental test matrix

[0159] Nine types of test samples and control bands were used: mock-processed control band (CON), off-the-shelf master control band (OTS), ivermectin-only band (Iver), lidocaine + ivermectin band (Iver-LLB), lidocaine-only band (LLB), imidacloprid-only band (IMI), lidocaine + imidacloprid band (IMI-LLB), spinosad-only band (Spin), and lidocaine + spinosad band (Spin-LLB). The elastomer bands were manufactured by immersing the entire band in a solution containing the specified active ingredient.

[0160] Test organism 1: Hermetia illucens larva, "medium size," 3rd instar stage, fed (satiety), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0161] Triple replicate (n=3): A total of 27 individual sample assays.

[0162] Research purpose

[0163] The purpose of this study is to evaluate the response of Hermetia illucens to elastomer bands filled with the listed insecticides, with or without lidocaine.

[0164] A secondary objective of this research is to develop novel MIAs.

[0165] Sample Description

[0166] Table 1 below lists the samples used in the experiment. Each sample consisted of a white elastomer band with a circumference of 4.3 cm and a weight of 0.5 g. The active ingredient was imparted by immersing the entire band in a solution containing the active ingredient. [Table 1]

[0167] Contact time: 7 days

[0168] Contact temperature: 30±2℃

[0169] Overview of the test method: See Figure 7 for a schematic diagram.

[0170] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, fresh wet chicken feed (WCF) and Hermetia illucens larvae (third instar, satiety-fed, average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained. Small (60 mm diameter) Petri dishes were used as test containers for each replicate experiment. Fresh WCF was manually pushed into the central hole of each band to ensure the band was overfilled with fresh WCF. The test and control samples were placed in separate 60 mm Petri dishes. Five larvae were placed in each of the test and control samples. The Petri dishes were covered and wrapped with Parafilm (Parafilm has an oxygen permeability of ≤350 cm at 23°C). 3 / m 2The test dishes and control dishes were stored in an incubator kept at approximately 30°C in the dark. The larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks, and their motility and pupation status were recorded.

[0171] Preparation of test samples

[0172] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, Hermetia illucens larvae (third instar, fed (satiety), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained. Fresh whole-fleshed choleretic acid (WCF) was prepared before the experiment. WCF was prepared by mixing chicken feed and water in equal weight (w / w). The amount prepared was 1.0 g per assay (total WCF weight per band), for a total of 50 g.

[0173] A small (60 mm in diameter) Petri dish was used as the test container for each repeated test.

[0174] A piece of Whatman filter paper (90mm, catalog number 1001-090) approximately 50mm in size was cut, moistened with 1000μL of distilled water, and placed in a petri dish.

[0175] Approximately 1.09 g of fresh WCF was manually pressed into the center hole of the test and control bands, ensuring the bands were overfilled with WCF. The weight of the WCF was recorded.

[0176] Implementation of the test

[0177] As described above, each test sample and control sample was prepared in a 60 mm Petri dish using a triple replication method. For each test sample and control sample, five larvae were weighed and recorded. The Petri dishes were covered and wrapped in Parafilm as described above. The test and control containers were kept in the dark at a temperature of approximately 30°C. The larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks, and their motility and pupation status were recorded.

[0178] The weight of five larvae in each assay replicate was measured and recorded using the following procedure: (a) Remove the lid from the base and place it on the scale; (b) Tare the scale, gently place the five larvae on the lid, and record the total weight.

[0179] result

[0180] The results are shown in Figure 8 as the weight increase per larva over time. At time 0, five larvae were placed in three pre-weighed Petri dishes along with food and identification test bands (OTS, CON, LLB, Iver, Iver-LLB, IMI, IMI-LLB, Spin, Spin-LLB). At each measurement time, the weight of the larva was recorded and divided by the number of larvae per dish to calculate the weight per larva. The weight per larva at time 0 was subtracted from the measured weight at each time point to calculate the weight increase per larva. The entire time course is shown in Figure 8, and only the data for day 4 is shown in Figure 9. The bar graph represents the mean ± standard deviation of the three replicated Petri dishes. In Figure 8, the statistical significance of each band compared to the OTS control was determined using a repeated measures mixed-effects model with each Petri dish as the experimental unit (fixed effects were time, band, and time × band interaction; random effects were individual Petri dishes and residuals). The p-values ​​were corrected for multiple comparisons using Dunnett's test. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001; ****, p<0.0001. In Figure 9, Tukey correction for multiple comparisons was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data with the same letter (a, b, c, d) did not show a significant difference (p≧0.05).

[0181] conclusion

[0182] All elastomer bands filled with insecticides were able to exhibit effective insecticidal or repellent effects, as demonstrated by weight reduction and larval death when the elastomer bands were injected with the insecticide (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) individually. See Figures 8 and 9.

[0183] All elastomer bands filled with insecticides were able to exhibit effective insecticidal or repellent effects in combination with lidocaine, as demonstrated by weight reduction and larval death when the elastomer bands were injected with insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad) in the presence of lidocaine. See Figures 8 and 9.

[0184] Lidocaine elastomer bands, even without insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad), were able to exert effective insecticidal or repellent effects on their own, as demonstrated by weight loss and larval death. This was a surprising result and was statistically significant, at least in the data from day 4.

[0185] Simulated treatment (immersion of the band in a solution containing tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl myristate without the addition of lidocaine or insecticide) and commercially available bands did not exhibit insecticidal or repellent activity. See Figures 8 and 9.

[0186] [Examples]

[0187] The anti-myiasis activity of insecticide solutions or lidocaine solutions was investigated using a maggot inhibition assay (MIA).

[0188] Experimental test matrix

[0189] Seven test samples and control samples: moist chicken feed (positive control), tetrahydrofuran (THF)-injected feed (carrier control), isopropyl myristate-injected feed (IPM) (penetration enhancer control), lidocaine solution-injected feed (LD), ivermectin-injected feed (Iver), imidacloprid-injected feed (IMI), and spinosad-injected feed (Spin).

[0190] Test organism 1: Hermetia illucens larva, "medium size," 3rd instar stage, fed (satiety), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0191] Triple replicate (n=3): A total of 21 individual sample assays.

[0192] Research purpose

[0193] The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reaction of Hermetia illucens to solutions of the listed components and to compare the effect of the insecticide injected into the elastomer band (Example 2) with that of the liquid insecticide. It was expected that the liquid insecticide immersed in larval feed would show superior insecticidal effects, particularly in terms of immediate (short-term) effects, compared to the insecticide injected into the elastomer matrix. It would be surprising if equivalent or superior insecticidal effects could be obtained by using the elastomer band.

[0194] A secondary objective of this study is to develop a novel MIA (Mysterious Investigative Analysis) by examining a study design to verify a clear response variable, the larval weight of the target organism, Hermetia illucens.

[0195] Sample Description

[0196] Table 2 below lists the samples used in the experiment. [Table 2]

[0197] Contact time: 7 days

[0198] Contact temperature: 30±2℃

[0199] Overview of the test method: See Figure 10 for a schematic diagram.

[0200] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, fresh wet chicken feed (WCF) and Hermetia illucens larvae (third instar, satiety-fed, average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained. A small (60 mm diameter) Petri dish was used as the test container for each replicate experiment. The solution of the test substance was added to the fresh WCF, and the WCF with the added solution was placed in the center of the container and weighed. For the POS control, a fresh WCF sample of approximately the same size was used, and no solution was added. The Petri dish was covered and wrapped in Parafilm. The test and control containers were stored in an incubator kept at approximately 30°C in the dark. The larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks, and their motility and pupation status were recorded.

[0201] Preparation of test samples

[0202] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, Hermetia illucens larvae (3rd instar, fed (full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained. Fresh WCF was prepared 72 hours before the experiment to allow time for THF evaporation. WCF was prepared by mixing chicken feed and water in equal wt / w amounts. The preparation volume was 2.0 g per assay (total WCF weight per band), for a total of 100 g. Fresh WCF was added to seven separate labeled beakers (10 g WCF per beaker). As a positive control, the WCF beaker was covered with Parafilm and stored in a refrigerator. For the other samples, 1000 μL of each sample solution was added to appropriately labeled beakers along with a portion of the WCF. A portion of the solution was stored in a sealed glass vial for quality assurance / quality control (QA / QC). The WCF samples with the added solution were thoroughly mixed and left in a fume hood for up to 72 hours to allow the THF to evaporate.

[0203] A small (60 mm in diameter) Petri dish was used as the test container for each repeated test.

[0204] A Whatman filter paper disc (90mm, catalog number 1001-090) with a diameter of approximately 50mm was cut out, moistened with 1000μL of distilled water, and placed in a petri dish.

[0205] Each test and control container contained approximately 2.0 g of WCF with the test solution injected into the center of moistened filter paper.

[0206] Implementation of the test

[0207] As described above, each test sample and control sample were prepared in a triple replicate in a 60 mm Petri dish at least 48 hours before the start of the experiment. For each test sample and control sample, the weight of 5 larvae was measured and recorded. The Petri dishes were covered and wrapped with Parafilm as described above. The test and control containers were kept in an incubator at approximately 30°C in the dark. The larvae were observed daily for up to two weeks, and their food intake, weight, and pupation status were recorded.

[0208] The weight of five larvae in each assay repeat was measured and recorded using the following procedure: (a) Remove the lid from the petri dish and weigh the container (larvae + WCF + container) without the lid; (b) Tare the scale, gently place the five larvae on the lid, and record the total weight.

[0209] result

[0210] The results are shown in Figure 11 as the weight increase per larva over time. At time point 0, five larvae were placed in three pre-weighed Petri dishes containing WCF, each mixed with the following components: no additive (OTS), tetrahydrofuran (THF), isopropyl myristate (IPM), lidocaine (LD), ivermectin (Iver), imidacloprid (IMI), and spinosad (Spin). At each measurement time, the weight of the larva was recorded and divided by the number of larvae per dish to calculate the weight per larva. The weight per larva at time point 0 was subtracted from the measured weight at each time point to calculate the weight increase per larva. The overall change over time is shown in Figure 11, and only the data for day 8 is shown in Figure 12. The bar graph represents the mean ± standard deviation of the three replicated Petri dishes. In Figure 11, the statistical significance of each solution relative to the OTS control was determined using a repeated measures mixed-effects model, with each petri dish as the experimental unit (fixed effects were time, solution, and time × solution interaction; random effects were individual petri dishes and residuals). The p-values ​​were corrected for multiple comparisons using Dunnett's test. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001; ****, p<0.0001. In Figure 12, Tukey correction for multiple comparisons was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data with the same letter indicated no significant difference (p-0.05).

[0211] conclusion

[0212] All tested insecticides were able to exert effective insecticidal or repellent effects, as demonstrated by weight reduction and larval death in the case of the insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, and spinosad). This demonstrates the effectiveness of this assay. Compared to Example 2, it was found that when the insecticides were injected into the elastomer bands, they functioned similarly to the insecticides alone. This is a surprising result. It was expected that liquid insecticides impregnated in the feed would be more effective than those contained in the bands. For example, the fact that the insecticides were able to leach out of the elastomer bands, and even more so that they leached out very quickly and exerted their effects, is surprising and demonstrates the effectiveness of the insecticides in the rapid-acting mode described herein. Compare Figures 8 and 9 with Figures 11 and 12.

[0213] Lidocaine solution alone demonstrated effective insecticidal / repellent activity compared to other insecticides (ivermectin, imidacloprid, spinosad), as evidenced by weight reduction and larval death. The insecticidal activity of lidocaine was comparable to that of commercially available insecticides, which is a surprising result. This phenomenon was observed not only with lidocaine in solution but also when injected into elastomer bands. See Figures 8 and 9 in comparison with Figures 11 and 12.

[0214] Since tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl myristate did not exhibit insecticidal / repellent activity, it was confirmed that the insecticidal / repellent effect was due to the insecticide injected into the elastomer band, and not to other components in the solution into which the band was immersed for injection of the active ingredient. The results for tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl also confirmed that the insecticidal / repellent effect of lidocaine injected into the elastomer band was due to the lidocaine within the elastomer band, and not to other components in the solution into which the band was immersed for injection of the lidocaine. This is a surprising result. Compare Figures 8 and 9 with Figures 11 and 12.

[0215] [Examples]

[0216] The duration of efficacy of elastomer bands filled / injected with insecticides, with or without local pain-relieving activators, was evaluated using maggot inhibition assays (MIA) with ex vivo tissue and band samples.

[0217] Experimental Objective: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the long-term function of lidocaine-containing or non-lidocaine-containing insecticide-injected elastomer bands in inhibiting larval growth by evaluating the function of ex vivo tissue biopsies taken from the scrotal tissue of Holstein calves and the function of the drug-injected elastomer bands fitted to the calves for various periods (3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days) using the novel MIA test disclosed herein. The protocol used here is based on the published literature ((Kotze et al. (2022) “Resistance to dicyclanil and imidacloprid in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, in Australia”, Pest Manag Sci, 78:4195-4206).

[0218] Experimental test matrix

[0219] Control scrotal tissue biopsy: 2 x 4 mm control biopsy punches were prepared by homogenizing with sterile water and mixing with WCF. These control biopsy punches were collected from control tissue (CTB) before the elastomer band was applied to the animals, and distal tissue (more than 20 cm from the band application site) (DTB) at a specified time point after the elastomer band was applied. (n=3)

[0220] Homogenized control chicken feed: A control feed was prepared by mixing homogenized sterile water with WCF (Whole Cholesterol). (n=3)

[0221] Master control chicken feed: WCF only. (n=3 × 5 experiments = 15)

[0222] Ivermectin control: An ivermectin solution was prepared as a positive control (1.31 g of ivermectin dissolved in 2.35 g of THF). (n=3)

[0223] Exposure ILLB: Elastomer bands injected with ivermectin and lidocaine were attached to the scrotum and removed at each time point. (n=3 × 5 experiments = 15)

[0224] Control ILLB: Animals were not fitted with elastomer bands injected with ivermectin and lidocaine. (n=3)

[0225] Control band: An elastomer band without the active ingredient injected was used as the control band. (n=3)

[0226] Test organism 1: Hermetia illucens larva, "medium size," 3rd instar stage, fed (satiety), average weight 45-60 mg.

[0227] Testing: The tests were conducted in real time each time the band was removed from the animal, and a total of four experiments were performed.

[0228] Research purpose

[0229] The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term function of lidocaine-containing or non-lidocaine-containing elastomer bands in inhibiting larval growth by using novel MIA to evaluate the function of ex vivo tissue biopsies taken from the scrotal tissue of Holstein calves and the function of drug-injected elastomer bands that were fitted to the same calves for various periods (3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days).

[0230] A secondary objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the long-term sustained-release profile of insecticide efficacy obtained by elastomer bands. It was expected that an effective concentration of insecticide would rapidly leach from the bands while they were in contact with the environment and animal tissue (based, e.g., on Examples 2 and 3, which showed remarkably rapid action). Therefore, it was expected that insecticide activity would significantly decrease or disappear over time compared to fresh bands / treatments. Maintaining insecticide efficacy over time and leaching exposure, and reducing the need for re-administration of insecticide, would demonstrate the effectiveness of sustained-release technology and represent a significant improvement over current insecticide treatments (e.g., pore-on insecticides). Furthermore, confirming equivalent functionality over extended periods would be a very surprising result.

[0231] Another secondary objective of this experiment is to demonstrate that an elastomer band injected with insecticide can target the insecticide to the wound site (i.e., the site where the band is applied), reducing environmental exposure, resistance, and systemic absorption in the animal. Current pore-on insecticides exert their insecticidal effect by being absorbed through the animal's skin and distributed throughout the body. Demonstrating equivalent targeted efficacy while showing that insecticides and / or insecticides do not undergo systemic distribution would be a beneficial and surprising result.

[0232] Sample Description

[0233] Table 3 below lists the samples used in the experiment. [Table 3]

[0234] Table 4 below lists the animal treatments used in the experiment. [Table 4]

[0235] Contact duration: 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days of contact with animals.

[0236] Contact temperature: body temperature.

[0237] Identification Method: Each animal was identified by two numbered identification methods (e.g., ear tags, numbered collars, numbered leg bands, numbered harnesses, branding, and / or paint numbers) that matched the general description of the animal as recorded in the research records.

[0238] Animal Management: This study was conducted in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care's Guidelines for the Use and Care of Experimental Animals (Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, 1993). Approval from the Investigational Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) was required before commencing the study. CCR IACUC (OLAW Acceptance Number: F19-00433(A8217-03)). Approval for animal experimentation was obtained on January 22, 2024 (Approval Number: 01.22.2024 12999.010.03.05).

[0239] Owner's consent: Consent was obtained for participation in animal testing.

[0240] Research facilities: Animals participated in the experiments and were kept and managed as research subjects in a laboratory environment. Additional information about the animals is shown in Table 5 below. [Table 5]

[0241] Overview of in vivo testing methods

[0242] Animals were randomly assigned to this study. Two biopsy tissues were collected on day 0 as controls and stored. Elastomer bands infused with ivermectin and lidocaine were applied to calves according to standard banding procedures. Users wore protective equipment. Animal IDs and procedure codes were recorded. The band site was photographed at designated time points (days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30), and the bands were removed and stored. Four biopsy tissues were collected from the band site and stored for analysis. Two biopsy tissues were collected 20 cm distal to the band site and used as distal sample controls. Animals were re-banded with standard ligation bands, orally administered an appropriate dose of meloxicam, and returned to their original herds. Animals were monitored for adverse reactions.

[0243] Figure 13 shows a schematic diagram of the animal use study plan.

[0244] Overview of in vitro testing methods

[0245] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, fresh WCF and Hermetia illucens larvae (third instar, satiety-fed, average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained. A small (60 mm diameter) Petri dish was used as the test container for each replicate experiment. The WCF was placed in the center of the container and weighed. The test substance was injected into the WCF. For the control, a WCF sample of approximately the same size was used without the addition of the banding solution. Each test and control sample was placed in an ECF and then transferred to individual 60 mm containers. Five larvae were placed in each WCF-injected test and control sample. The containers were covered and wrapped in Parafilm. The test and control containers were stored in an incubator at approximately 30°C in the dark. The larvae were weighed and observed daily for up to two weeks, and their motility and pupation status were recorded. The primary indicator was larval weight gain.

[0246] Figure 14 shows a schematic diagram of the ex vivo tissue and band usage study plan.

[0247] in vivo method

[0248] Study registration: Animals were randomly assigned to this study. Animal IDs and treatment group assignments were recorded. Each animal was identified by ear tagging to determine which treatment group it belonged to.

[0249] Control biopsies: Two control biopsies were taken prior to castration and kept as controls. Each biopsy sample was placed in a separate, appropriately labeled microtube and frozen at -80°C for later processing.

[0250] Castration of calves: An elastomer band injected with ivermectin and lidocaine was attached to the tip of the applicator. The elastomer was held with the tip facing upwards, and the handles were closed to open the band. With both testicles inside the scrotum, the band was stretched and slid over the scrotum. The band was released not at the base of the scrotum, but just above the tips of the testicles (approximately 0.5 cm).

[0251] Sample collection: At designated time points (days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30), the elastomer band area was photographed, the band was removed, and the sample was stored in a labeled container. If the band and distal tissue were not present, no sample was collected, and this was recorded on the collection form.

[0252] Distal control biopsy: Two control biopsy samples were collected from a site 20 cm away from the banded area and stored for control purposes (to determine whether ivermectin delivery was local or systemic).

[0253] Follow-up: The animals were rebanded with standard ligature bands, administered an appropriate dose of meloxicam orally, and then returned to their original group. The animals were monitored for any adverse effects.

[0254] Tissue homogenization

[0255] The frozen biopsy punches were thawed, and two punch biopsies were placed in labeled milling tubes. An appropriate amount (1.5 mL) of ethanol reagent was added. The milling tubes were placed in a bead mill homogenizer and homogenized at maximum speed (speed setting 5 = 5 m / s) for 30 seconds. This procedure was repeated two more times (30 seconds each), with at least 1 minute of cooling time in between. 1000 μL of sample was used for the test.

[0256] Preparation of test samples

[0257] Within 48 hours of the start of the experiment, Hermetia illucens larvae (third instar, fed (full), average weight 45-60 mg) were obtained.

[0258] Fresh WCF test samples were prepared. Equal volumes of chicken feed and sample w / w (water or homogenate) were used. Sufficient quantities were prepared so that each assay contained 2.0 g (total WCF weight per treatment). Dried chicken feed was placed in labeled containers (1 g chicken feed / container). WCF test samples were prepared by adding 1 mL of homogenate (or liquid) to the chicken feed and mixing with the test substance or control substance. The WCF test samples were thoroughly mixed and dried overnight (approximately 16 hours) to evaporate the ethanol. At the time of testing, 1000 μL of water was added to the chicken feed sample to make it a moist paste.

[0259] The ivermectin solution positive control was prepared as described in Example 3.

[0260] A small (60 mm in diameter) Petri dish was used as the test container for each repeated test.

[0261] A Whatman filter paper disc (90mm, catalog number 1001-090) with a diameter of approximately 50mm was cut out, moistened with 1000μL of distilled water, and placed in a petri dish.

[0262] Each test and control container contained approximately 2.0 g of WCF with the test solution injected into the center of moistened filter paper.

[0263] Implementation of the test

[0264] Before the start of the experiment, each test sample and control sample were prepared in separate 60 mm containers. 1 g of fresh, moist control chicken feed was manually pressed into the central hole of each test and control elastomer band, ensuring the rings were overfilled with the control WCF. The weight of the WCF was recorded.

[0265] For both the test and control samples, the weight of 5 larvae was measured and recorded. The containers were covered and wrapped in Parafilm. The test and control containers were kept in an incubator at approximately 30°C in the dark. The larvae were observed daily for 8-10 days, and their food intake, weight, and pupation status were recorded.

[0266] The weight of five larvae in each assay replicate was measured and recorded using the following procedure: (a) Remove the lid from the base and place it on the scale; (b) Tare the scale, gently place the five larvae on the lid, and record the total weight.

[0267] The number of larvae in the pupation stage (very dark in color, not moving, and not feeding) was recorded.

[0268] result

[0269] Figure 15 shows the weight gain of larvae exposed to ex vivo distal tissue and larvae exposed to elastomer bands (control and previously fitted bands). The results shown in Figure 15 represent the mean weight change of larvae from day 0 to day 3. Standard deviation is shown as error bars. Control tissue, distal tissue (day 3), distal tissue (day 7), distal tissue (day 14), and distal tissue (day 21) all showed larval growth equivalent to or better than the master control and commercially available control bands. Unused elastomer bands, used elastomer bands (day 3), used elastomer bands (day 7), used elastomer bands (day 14), and used elastomer bands (day 21) (all bands injected with ivermectin and lidocaine at the time of manufacture) showed a decrease or no increase in weight gain equivalent to or better than the ivermectin solution (positive control).

[0270] conclusion

[0271] Control tissue, distal tissue (day 3), and distal tissue (day 7) showed comparable or superior larval growth compared to the master control and commercially available control bands. Comparable or superior larval growth compared to the master control indicates that the insecticide did not undergo systemic distribution. Current pore-on insecticides exert their insecticidal effect by being absorbed through the animal's skin and distributed throughout the body. Demonstrating comparable targeted efficacy while showing that the insecticide / repellent does not undergo systemic distribution is a beneficial and surprising result.

[0272] Elastomer bands that were attached to animals ex vivo and removed on days 3 and 7 (i.e., used bands) showed comparable insecticidal / repellent activity to fresh elastomer bands that were never attached to animals (i.e., unused bands). The fact that they exhibited comparable functionality to fresh elastomer bands even after prolonged exposure to the environment and elution into animals is a surprising result and supports the long-term sustained-release profile of the insecticide / repellent from the elastomer bands. This result, combined with Example 2 which showed that the elastomer bands also possess a rapid-release profile, is a highly advantageous and surprising finding.

[0273] The effectiveness of the insecticide is maintained over time and even after prolonged elution exposure, which reduces the need for re-administration of the insecticide, especially when combined with a rapid-acting, immediate-release effect. The elastomer bands of this disclosure represent a significant improvement over current technologies (pore-on insecticides) in insect control for animals.

[0274] Furthermore, the used elastomer bands (on the 3rd and 7th days) showed equivalent insecticidal / repellent activity compared to fresh liquid ivermectin solution, and both showed a decrease or no increase in weight gain. This indicates that the bands filled with insecticide have the same function as fresh liquid ivermectin even after long-term elution into the environment and animals. This strong and persistent anti-maggot activity was unexpected. Normally, a fresh liquid insecticide infiltrated into the feed is more effective, and it was expected that the effect would decrease in the bands after being worn on animals for 3 or 7 days. It was expected that the insecticide would be exposed to and eluted into animals and the environment over time, resulting in a decrease in the insecticidal effect.

[0275] In the present disclosure, all terms presented in the singular form are to be construed as also encompassing their plural forms. Similarly, all terms presented in the plural form are to be construed as also encompassing their singular forms. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in the present disclosure have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the technical field to which the present disclosure pertains.

[0276] The term "about" in this specification means a variation of approximately ±10% with respect to a given value. It should be understood that such variations are always included in any given value provided in this specification even if not specifically stated.

[0277] The compositions and methods are described in terms of the terms "comprising", "containing", or "including" various components or steps, but it should be understood that the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" various components and steps. Furthermore, the indefinite articles "a" and "an" used in the claims are defined herein as meaning one or more of the introduced elements.

[0278] For the sake of brevity, only specific ranges are explicitly disclosed in this specification. However, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to describe an unexpressed range. Similarly, any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to describe an unexpressed range. Furthermore, any upper limit can be combined with other upper limits to describe an unexpressed range. In addition, where a numerical range with lower and upper limits is disclosed, any numerical values ​​within that range and the ranges they encompass are also specifically disclosed. In particular, any range of values ​​disclosed in this specification (in the form of "approximately a to approximately b," "roughly a to b," or "approximately a to b") is interpreted to include all numerical values ​​and ranges that fall within a broader range of values, even if not explicitly stated. Thus, any point or individual value, combined with other points or individual values, or with other lower or upper limits, can function as a lower or upper limit itself, indicating an unexpressed range.

[0279] Accordingly, this disclosure is well suited to achieving the purposes and benefits described above, as well as the purposes and benefits inherently present herein. The specific embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, and this disclosure can be modified and implemented in different but equivalent ways that will be apparent to those skilled in the art who benefit from the teachings herein. Although individual embodiments are described, this disclosure covers all combinations of all such embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to limit the structural or design details shown herein, except as described in the claims. Also, terms in the claims have their ordinary meanings unless expressly and clearly defined by the patentee. Accordingly, the specific exemplary embodiments disclosed above can be modified or altered, and all such variations are considered to be within the scope and spirit of this disclosure. In the event of any inconsistency between the use of terms in this specification and in any patent or other document that may be referenced herein, the definition consistent with this specification shall prevail.

[0280] Based on this disclosure, numerous modifications of embodiments that will be obvious to those skilled in the art can be envisioned. These obvious modifications will also be included within the scope intended by the supplementary claims.

Claims

1. A method for controlling myiasis in animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains one or both an insecticide and / or an insect repellent.

2. A method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains one or both an insecticide and an insect repellent.

3. A method for protecting an animal from insects, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains one or both an insecticide and an insect repellent.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the attachment provides short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

5. A dual-mode insect control method for animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band containing or injected with one or both an insecticide and an insect repellent to the animal, The aforementioned installation is, A rapid-acting mode in which, immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, the first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, A method providing a sustained-release mode in which, after the continuous attachment of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

6. The rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. The method according to claim 5, wherein the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

7. The method according to claim 4 or 6, wherein the short delivery time and duration of effect are approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours.

8. The method according to claim 4, 6, or 7, wherein the aforementioned long delivery and duration of effect ranges from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal in or near an open wound of the animal.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the elastomer band is injected with the insecticide and / or insecticide.

11. A method for performing insect control simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that has been injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

12. A method for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

13. A method for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent.

14. A method for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and / or insect repellent.

15. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the attachment provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

16. A dual-mode insect control method for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band to the animal that is injected with or contains a local pain-controlling activator and one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, The aforementioned installation is, Immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, a rapid-acting mode is in which the first portion of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. A method to provide a sustained-release mode in which, after continuous application of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

17. The rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface. The method according to claim 16, wherein the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

18. The method according to claim 15 or 17, wherein the short delivery time and duration of effect are approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours.

19. The method according to claim 15, 17, or 18, wherein the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months.

20. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 19, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal for the purpose of castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal results in an open wound in the animal.

21. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 20, wherein the elastomer band is injected with the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent.

22. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein the local pain control activator comprises one or more local anesthetics, one or more analgesics, or any combination thereof.

23. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof.

24. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 21, wherein the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine.

25. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 24, wherein the elastomer band further comprises one or more skin penetration or permeation enhancers.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the skin penetration or penetration enhancer comprises a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a poloxamer, a triglyceride, N-methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the elastomer band comprises at least one of the insecticides, the insecticide comprising an insect growth regulator, a macrocyclic lactone, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate ester, a spinosine, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the insecticide is ivermectin or avermectin.

29. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the insecticide is a larval anthelmintic and is delivered to the animal in an effective larval anthelmintic amount.

30. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the insecticide is for the control of parasites.

31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the elastomer band comprises at least one of the insect repellents, the insect repellent comprising vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

32. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein at least one or both of the insecticide and the insect repellent are effective against lice, cowfly larvae, screwworms, flies, mites, maggots, or larvae.

33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein at least one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent are effective against Phormia regina, Protophormia terraenovae, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Calliphora stygia, Cochliomyia macellaria, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Oestrus ovis, or a combination thereof.

34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 33, wherein the elastomer band comprises an elastomer material selected from natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, and any combination thereof.

35. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 34, wherein the elastomer band is sized and shaped for use as a ligation band.

36. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, pig, deer, moose, buffalo, bison, moose, alpaca, horse, donkey, zeb, yak, gayal, reindeer, or camel.

37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 35, wherein the animal is a cattle, a goat, a sheep, a deer, or a moose.

38. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the animals are kept in open pasture or in enclosures.

39. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal at the base of the tail, scrotum, horn, umbilical cord, or bristles.

40. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal near an existing wound site or a wound site where a wound is expected to develop, and the elastomer band delivers a local pain-controlling activator and / or one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent to the dermis of the existing wound site or the wound site where a wound is expected to develop.

41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the existing wound site or the wound site where it is expected to occur is due to castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

42. The method according to claim 40 or 41, wherein the existing wound site includes myiasis, an abscess, scabies, an open wound, or any combination thereof.

43. The method according to any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the existing wound site includes myiasis.

44. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 43, wherein only a portion of the elastomer band contains the insecticide and / or insect repellent, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

45. An elastomer band comprising one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, which are injected into or contained within the elastomer material of the elastomer band.

46. The elastomer band according to claim 45, wherein the elastomer material is injected with the insecticide and / or insect repellent.

47. The elastomer band according to claim 45 or 46, further comprising a local pain-controlling activator injected into or contained within the elastomer material.

48. The elastomer band according to claim 47, wherein the elastomer material is injected with the local pain control activator.

49. The elastomer band according to claim 47 or 48, wherein the local pain control activator comprises one or more local anesthetics, one or more analgesics, or any combination thereof.

50. The elastomer band according to claim 47 or 48, wherein the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine, procaine, meloxicam, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or any combination thereof.

51. The elastomer band according to claim 50, wherein the local pain-controlling activator is lidocaine.

52. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 47 to 51, further comprising one or more skin penetration or permeability enhancers.

53. The elastomer band according to claim 52, wherein the skin penetration or penetration enhancer comprises a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester, a poloxamer, a triglyceride, N-methylpyrrolidone, terpineol, limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or any combination thereof.

54. A ligation device, the elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 53.

55. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 54, comprising at least one of the insecticides, wherein the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrocyclic lactone, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate ester, a spinosine, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof.

56. The elastomer band according to claim 55, wherein the insecticide is ivermectin or avermectin.

57. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 55, comprising at least one of the insecticides, wherein the insecticide is a larval repellent.

58. An elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 55, comprising at least one of the insecticides, wherein the insecticide is for parasite control.

59. An elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 58, comprising at least one of the insect repellents, wherein the insect repellent comprises vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

60. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 59, wherein the elastomer material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

61. When attached to the animal, the insecticide and / or insect repellent is released in both a rapid-acting mode and a sustained-release mode. In the rapid-acting mode, immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, the first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 60, wherein, in the sustained-release mode, after the continuous attachment of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

62. The rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. The elastomer band according to claim 61, wherein the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

63. The elastomer band according to any one of claims 44 to 62, wherein only a portion of the elastomer band contains the insecticide and / or insect repellent, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

64. A method for manufacturing an elastomer band for dual-mode insect control of animals, A step of providing a band formed from an elastomer material, The steps include providing a solution comprising a solvent selected to swell the elastomer material and at least one or both of an insecticide and an insect repellent, The steps include: immersing at least a portion of the band in the solution to inject the solution into the portion; The steps include removing the band from the solution, The step of drying the band to remove the solvent so that the insecticide and / or insecticide is distributed within and throughout the portion of the band, thereby forming an elastomer band for dual-mode insect control against animals, The aforementioned dual mode is, A rapid-acting mode in which, immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, the first portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, A method comprising a sustained-release mode in which, after the continuous attachment of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the insecticide and / or insect repellent is gradually delivered over time to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

65. The method according to claim 64, wherein the solution is injected into the entire band by immersing the entire band in the solution.

66. The method according to claim 64, wherein the solution is injected into only the portion of the band, which is smaller than the entire band, by immersing only a portion of the band in the solution.

67. The method according to claim 66, wherein the portion of the band is approximately 10% to approximately 75% of the surface area of ​​the band.

68. The method according to claim 66, wherein the portion of the band is approximately 25% to approximately 65% ​​of the surface area of ​​the band.

69. The dual mode is for insect control during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the step of preparing the solution further comprises a local pain control activator. In the rapid-acting mode, the first portion is the portion comprising the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that are delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 68, wherein in the sustained-release mode, the second portion is the portion of the local pain-controlling activator and the insecticide and / or insect repellent that are gradually delivered over time to the body surface and / or environment near the body surface of the animal after the continuous application of the elastomer band to the animal.

70. The method according to claim 64 or 69, wherein in the immersion step, the portion of the band is swollen to equilibrium swelling, thereby achieving the injection of the local pain-controlling activator and / or one or both of the insecticide and insect repellent into the band.

71. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 70, wherein the band portion swells by more than 100% of its volume in the solution.

72. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 71, wherein the solution further comprises one or more skin penetration or permeability enhancers, one or more antibacterial agents, one or more antibiotics, one or more anti-inflammatory agents, one or more hormones, one or more chemical indicators, one or more vasoconstrictors, or any combination thereof.

73. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein the insecticide comprises an insect growth regulator, a macrocyclic lactone, a synthetic pyrethroid, an organophosphate ester, a spinosine, a neonicotinoid, or any combination thereof.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the insecticide is ivermectin or avermectin.

75. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein the insecticide is a larval repellent.

76. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein the insecticide is for the control of parasites.

77. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 72, wherein the insect repellent comprises vetiver oil, cinnamon, lavender oil, neem oil, p-menthane-3,8-diol, vanillin, picaridin, DEET, eucalyptus oil, citronella oil, tea tree oil, or any combination thereof.

78. The method according to any one of claims 64 to 77, wherein the elastomer material comprises natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, or any combination thereof.

79. An elastomer band manufactured by the method described in any one of claims 64 to 78.

80. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for the control of myiasis in animals.

81. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals.

82. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for protecting an animal from insects.

83. The use according to any one of claims 80 to 82, wherein the elastomer band provides short-term and long-term delivery and effect of the insecticide and / or insect repellent to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

84. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for controlling insects simultaneously with castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal.

85. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for controlling myiasis in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

86. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for treating or preventing fly strikes in animals during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

87. Use of an elastomer band according to any one of claims 45 to 63 and 79 for protecting an animal from insects during castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

88. A method for controlling myiasis in animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

89. A method for treating or preventing a fly strike in an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

90. A method for protecting an animal from insects, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal.

91. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 90, wherein the attachment provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

92. A dual-mode insect control method for animals, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal, The aforementioned installation is, A rapid-acting mode in which, immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, the first portion of the lidocaine is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, A method to provide a sustained-release mode in which, after continuous attachment of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the lidocaine is gradually delivered over time to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal.

93. The rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. The method according to claim 92, wherein the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

94. The method according to claim 91 or 93, wherein the short delivery time and duration of effect are approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours.

95. The method according to claim 91, 93, or 94, wherein the long-term delivery and duration of effect range from approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months.

96. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 95, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal in or near an open wound of the animal.

97. A dual-mode insect control method for castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of an animal, comprising the step of attaching an elastomer band injected with lidocaine to the animal, The aforementioned installation is, A rapid-acting mode in which, immediately after the elastomer band is attached to the animal, the first portion of the lidocaine is delivered to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface, A method to provide a sustained-release mode in which, after continuous attachment of the elastomer band to the animal, the second portion of the lidocaine is gradually delivered over time to the body surface and / or the environment near the body surface of the animal.

98. The rapid-acting mode provides short-term delivery and effect of lidocaine to the animal's body surface and / or the environment near the body surface. The method according to claim 97, wherein the sustained-release mode provides long-term delivery and effect of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

99. The method according to claim 98, wherein the short delivery time and duration of effect are approximately 0 seconds to approximately 24 hours.

100. The method according to claim 98 or 99, wherein the long-term delivery and duration of effect are approximately 24 hours to approximately 4 months.

101. The method according to any one of claims 97 to 100, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal for the purpose of castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal, and the castration, tail docking, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning of the animal results in an open wound in the animal.

102. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 101, wherein the elastomer band comprises an elastomer material selected from natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, nitrile, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM), polyurethane, and any combination thereof.

103. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 102, wherein the elastomer band is sized and shaped for use as a ligation band.

104. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 103, wherein the animal is a cattle, goat, sheep, pig, deer, moose, buffalo, bison, moose, alpaca, horse, donkey, zeb, yak, gayal, reindeer, or camel.

105. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 103, wherein the animal is a cattle, a goat, a sheep, a deer, or a moose.

106. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 105, wherein the animals are kept in open pasture or in enclosures.

107. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 106, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal at the base of the tail, scrotum, horn, umbilical cord, or bristles.

108. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 107, wherein the elastomer band is attached to the animal near an existing wound site or a wound site where a wound is expected to occur, and the elastomer band delivers the lidocaine in a releaseable manner to the dermis of the existing wound site or the wound site where a wound is expected to occur.

109. The method according to claim 108, wherein the existing wound site or the wound site where it is expected to occur is due to castration, tail docking, antler removal, umbilical cord ligation, or dehorning.

110. The method according to claim 108 or 109, wherein the existing wound site includes myiasis, an abscess, scabies, an open wound, or any combination thereof.

111. The method according to any one of claims 108 to 110, wherein the existing wound site includes myiasis.

112. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 111, wherein only a portion of the elastomer band contains the lidocaine, and the portion is a defined selective region or zone of the activator.

113. Use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands for controlling myiasis in animals.

114. Use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands to treat or prevent fly strikes in animals.

115. The use of lidocaine-injected elastomer bands to protect animals from insects.

116. The use according to any one of claims 113 to 115, wherein the elastomer band provides short-term and long-term delivery and effects of the lidocaine to the body surface of the animal and / or the environment near the body surface.

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