Systems for capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and molecular weight analysis

Abstract

To provide an automated system configured to perform multiple types of analysis, such as electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric focusing, within a single device, and capable of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously or continuously in a simple and robust manner while minimizing the consumption of expensive reagents and disposable items. The system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration in which a first detector detects a first output of at least one emitter and a second configuration in which a second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 278,159, filed January 13, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] background The embodiments described herein generally relate to systems and methods for electrophoretically separating and / or analyzing a sample mixture by molecular weight and / or isoelectric point. Some embodiments described herein relate to the separation, detection, identification, classification and / or quantification of one or more analytes present in a sample. More particularly, the embodiments described herein relate to systems and methods configured to perform capillary-based electrophoresis. [Background technology]

[0003] Electrophoresis has been used to separate mixtures of molecules based on differences in their rates of migration in an electric field. In general, electrophoresis refers to the migration of molecules suspended or dissolved in a fluid or gel under the action of an electromotive force applied to one or more electrodes or conductive members in contact with the fluid or gel. Some known electrophoretic separation modes include those that separate molecules at least in part based on their differences in mobility in a buffer (commonly referred to as zone electrophoresis), those based on their differences in mobility in a gel or polymer solution (commonly referred to as gel electrophoresis), or those based on their differences in mobility in a hydrogen ion potential (pH) gradient (commonly referred to as isoelectric focusing). Molecular migration during electrophoresis can be highly variable, and its interpretation depends on comparison to electrophoretic standards whose behavior and identity have been previously characterized. Electrophoretic standards include, for example, molecular weight (MW) standards in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) size standards in agarose gels. In some cases, biomolecule separation can be performed by capillary electrophoresis in a capillary tube. In some cases, biomolecules (e.g., proteins) can then be visualized by immobilizing the biomolecules on the walls of the capillary tube. However, capillary electrophoresis and biomolecule visualization can be difficult to perform consistently.

[0004] Biomolecule visualization can be performed using digital imaging. Such known analyses use an imaging device (e.g., charge-coupled device, photodiode, etc.) and a lens or microscope to capture an image of the sample and / or otherwise detect the sample. In some cases, a light source is flashed relatively quickly to illuminate and / or otherwise image the flowing biomolecules in a column (e.g., capillary) as the sample flows through the optical system. The captured images are, for example, filtered and / or separated to generate images of features associated with the biomolecules, such as label fluorescence, intrinsic fluorescence and / or absorbance. This information can then be compared with known data to characterize and / or identify the biomolecules in the sample.

[0005] While several methods perform electrophoretic analysis to determine information related to analytes, proteins, molecules, etc., such methods are typically performed on complex and expensive equipment capable of performing a single analytical mode. Furthermore, some known methods and systems require extensive and / or time-consuming handling and processing steps that adversely affect reproducibility and make automation difficult. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Thus, there is a need for improved systems and methods configured to perform multiple types of analyses, such as electrophoretic mobility and / or isoelectric focusing, within a single device. It is also desirable to automate such techniques so that multiple samples can be analyzed simultaneously or continuously, simply and robustly, while minimizing the consumption of expensive reagents and / or disposables. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] overview Described herein are systems and methods for capillary electrophoresis and analytical visualization and characterization. In one aspect, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having a capillary. The detection assembly includes at least one emitter, a first detector, and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration in which the first detector detects a first output of the at least one emitter and a second configuration in which the second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.

[0008] In another aspect, the device includes a cartridge body, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a conductive vial disposed within the cartridge body, a first electrode electrically coupled to the conductive vial, and a second electrode. The capillary defines an internal volume configured to contain a sample including an analyte. The capillary has a first end defining a first end of the internal volume and a second end defining a second end of the internal volume. The conductive vial contains a buffer solution and has a first septum and a second septum. The buffer solution is electrically coupled to the first end of the internal volume of the capillary through the first septum such that the sample is electrically coupled to the vial when the internal volume contains the sample. The second electrode is electrically coupled to the second end of the capillary, such that the first electrode, the second electrode, and the sample define a portion of a circuit when the internal volume contains the sample. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a system configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or image analytes separated by capillary electrophoresis, according to an embodiment. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or image analytes separated by capillary electrophoresis, according to an embodiment. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a door assembly included in the housing of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a door assembly included in the housing of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Diagram 5] 4 is a front perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2 without a portion of the housing and with the door assembly of FIG. 3 shown in a closed configuration. [Figure 6] 3 is a front perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2 without a portion of the housing and with the door assembly of FIG. 3 shown in an open configuration. [Figure 7] 3A-3C are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 8] 3A-3C are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 9] 3A-3C are perspective views showing different parts of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 10] FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the reagent assembly and a portion of the housing of the system shown in FIG. 3. [Figure 11] FIG. 4 is a rear perspective view of the reagent assembly and a portion of the housing of the system shown in FIG. 3. [Figure 12] FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the tray portion of the reagent assembly shown in FIG. 10. [Figure 13] FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of a portion of the system shown in FIG. 2. [Figure 14] FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of a capillary cartridge retainer and an optical system assembly included in the system of FIG. 2. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a front perspective view of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 16] FIG. 15 is a partial exploded view of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 17]15 is a rear right side perspective view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 18] FIG. 15 is a front left perspective view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 19] 15 is a front view of a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Figure 20] 15 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. 14 and the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly of FIG. 14. [Figure 21] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a single point detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 20. [Figure 22] FIG. 21 is an exploded view of a single point detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 20. [Figure 23] 23 is a cross-sectional view of the single point detection portion of the optical assembly taken along line 23-23 of FIG. 21. [Figure 24] 15 is a perspective view of the cartridge retainer of FIG. 14 and the full column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 14. [Diagram 25] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of an illumination assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 26] FIG. 25 is an exploded view of an illumination assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 27] FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a camera assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 28] FIG. 25 is an exploded view of a camera assembly included in the full-column detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24. [Figure 29] FIG. 3 is a left perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during molecular weight analysis. [Diagram 30] FIG. 3 is a right-side perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during molecular weight analysis. [Diagram 31] FIG. 30 is a side view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 29, shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Diagram 32] 15 is a right side perspective view of the capillary cartridge shown in FIG. 29 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Diagram 33] 15 is a left perspective view of the capillary cartridge shown in FIG. 29 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Diagram 34] 14. FIG. 30 is a left perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 29 and the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. 14, shown without the sidewall. [Diagram 35] 35 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge and capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 35-35 of FIG. 31. [Diagram 36] 14. FIG. 30 is a front perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 29, the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 20, and a portion of the capillary cartridge retainer of FIG. [Figure 37] 37 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge, the single point detection portion of the optical system assembly, and the capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 37-37 of FIG. 36. [Figure 38] 3 is a left perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during capillary electrophoresis analysis. FIG. [Figure 39] 3 is a right-side perspective view of a capillary cartridge configured for use in the system of FIG. 2 during capillary electrophoresis analysis. FIG. [Diagram 40] FIG. 39 is a side view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Diagram 41] FIG. 39 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 shown without a portion of the cartridge body. [Diagram 42] 39 is a perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38, the full-column imaging portion of the optical system assembly shown in FIG. 24, and the cartridge retainer of FIG. 14. [Diagram 43] 39 is a left perspective view of the capillary cartridge of FIG. 38 held in the capillary cartridge retainer shown in FIG. 14. [Diagram 44] 44 is a cross-sectional view of the capillary cartridge and capillary cartridge retainer taken along line 44-44 of FIG. 43. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] Detailed Description Described herein are devices, methods and systems for performing capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric point and / or molecular weight analysis of a sample. The devices and systems are configured to detect analytes in the sample during and / or after electrophoretic separation.

[0011] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, and a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having a capillary. The detection assembly includes at least one emitter, a first detector, and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first configuration in which the first detector detects a first output of the at least one emitter and a second configuration in which the second detector detects a second output of the at least one emitter. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place a capillary of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with a reagent volume.

[0012] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a light source disposed within the housing, and a detection assembly disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer includes a first side and a second side. The first side and the second side are substantially parallel and define a space therebetween configured to receive at least a portion of the capillary cartridge. Each of the first side and the second side defines a first opening and a second opening. The first opening and the second opening of the second side are substantially aligned with the first opening and the second opening of the first side, respectively. The light source is configured to emit a first beam of light and a second beam of light. At least a portion of the first beam of light is directed through the first opening of the first side and the first opening of the second side. At least a portion of the second beam of light is directed through the second opening of the first side and the second opening of the second side. The detection assembly includes a first detector configured to detect at least a portion of the first beam of light and a second detector configured to detect at least a portion of the second beam of light.

[0013] In some embodiments, the system includes a housing, a cartridge retainer disposed within the housing, a detection assembly disposed within the housing, a reagent tray holder movably disposed within the housing, the cartridge retainer, and a control assembly disposed within the housing. The cartridge retainer is configured to receive a capillary cartridge having a capillary. The cartridge retainer includes a plurality of contact surfaces configured to contact the capillary cartridge and align the capillary cartridge within the cartridge retainer. The detection assembly includes a first emitter and a second emitter, and a first detector and a second detector. The detection assembly is configured to transition between a first form and a second form based at least in part on one or more characteristics associated with the capillary cartridge. The first detector is configured to detect an output of the first emitter when the detection assembly is in the first form. The second detector is configured to detect an output of the second emitter when the detection assembly is in the second form. The reagent tray holder is configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place the capillaries of the capillary cartridge in fluid communication with the reagent volume. The control assembly is configured to receive data associated with the capillary cartridge when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer, and the control assembly is configured to send a signal to the detection assembly to place the detection assembly in the first configuration or the second configuration based on the data associated with the capillary cartridge.

[0014] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a conductive vial disposed within the cartridge body, a first electrode electrically coupled to the conductive vial, and a second electrode. The capillary defines an internal volume configured to contain a sample including an analyte. The capillary has a first end defining a first end of the internal volume and a second end defining a second end of the internal volume. The conductive vial contains a buffer solution and has a first septum and a second septum. The buffer solution is electrically coupled to the first end of the internal volume of the capillary through the first septum such that the sample is electrically coupled to the vial when the internal volume contains the sample. The second electrode is electrically coupled to the second end of the capillary, such that the first electrode, the second electrode, and the sample define a portion of a circuit when the internal volume contains the sample.

[0015] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be disposed within an analyzer, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, and a tube disposed within the cartridge body. The cartridge body defines an opening. The capillary is configured for analyte separation. The tube is coupled to an end of the capillary such that the analyzer can apply at least one of pressure or vacuum to the capillary. At least a portion of the tube is exposed through the opening. The opening is configured to receive a portion of a pinch valve from the analyzer. The pinch valve is configured to pinch the tube.

[0016] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be disposed in an analyzer, a capillary disposed in the cartridge body, an outlet tube, an outlet port fluidly coupled to the outlet tube, and a waste container defined in the cartridge body. The capillary is configured for analyte separation. The capillary has an outlet disposed in the cartridge body. The outlet tube is coupled to the capillary output. The waste container is fluidly coupled to the outlet tube and configured to prevent liquid from flowing from the outlet tube to the outlet port.

[0017] In some embodiments, the device includes a cartridge body configured to be disposed within an analyzer, a capillary disposed within the cartridge body, a buffer disposed within a vial within the cartridge body, a first partition disposed between the buffer and the capillary, and a second partition disposed between the buffer and the analyzer. The capillary is configured to separate the analytes based on their isoelectric points. The buffer is configured to induce a pH gradient along the length of the capillary. The second partition is configured to be broken by the analyzer to allow at least one of pressure or vacuum to be applied to the vial.

[0018] As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term "element" is intended to mean a single element or a combination of elements, and "material" is intended to mean one or more materials or combinations thereof.

[0019] As used herein, the terms "about" and "approximately" generally mean plus or minus 10% of the stated value. For example, about 0.5 includes 0.45 and 0.55, about 10 includes 9-11, and about 1000 includes 900-1100.

[0020] The term "set" as used herein can refer to multiple features or a singular feature with multiple parts. For example, when referring to a set of walls, the set of walls can be considered as one wall with multiple parts or can be considered as multiple separate walls. Thus, an element constructed with a monolithic structure can include a set of walls. Such a set of walls can include multiple parts that are either continuous or non-continuous with each other. A set of walls can also be manufactured from multiple elements that are made separately and then joined (e.g., by welds, adhesives, or any suitable method).

[0021] As used herein, the terms "orthogonal" and / or "perpendicular" generally describe a relationship between two geometric structures (e.g., two lines, two planes, a line and a plane, etc.) where the two geometric structures are disposed at substantially 90°. For example, a line is said to be "perpendicular" to another line if the two lines intersect at an angle substantially equal to 90°. Similarly, when a planar surface (e.g., a two-dimensional surface) is said to be "perpendicular" to another planar surface, the planar surfaces are disposed at substantially 90° (e.g., substantially orthogonal) as they extend to infinity.

[0022] As used herein, the term "module" refers to any assembly and / or set of operatively coupled electrical components that may include, for example, memory, a processor, electrical traces, optical connectors, software (executed in hardware), etc. For example, a module executed in a processor may be any combination of hardware-based modules (e.g., field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or software-based modules (e.g., modules of computer code stored in memory and / or executed in a processor) that can perform one or more predetermined functions associated with that module.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "analyte" and / or "target analyte" refer to any molecule or compound to be separated and / or detected by the methods, devices and systems provided herein. Suitable analytes include, but are not limited to, small chemical molecules, such as environmental molecules, clinical molecules, chemicals, pollutants and / or biomolecules. More specifically, such chemical molecules may include, but are not limited to, insecticides, insect repellents, poisons, therapeutic and / or drugs of abuse, antibiotics, organic materials, hormones, antibodies, antibody fragments, antibody molecule complexes (e.g., antibody drug conjugates), antigens, cell membrane antigens, proteins (e.g., enzymes, immunoglobulins and / or glycoproteins), nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and / or RNA), lipids, lectins, carbohydrates, whole cells (e.g., prokaryotic cells such as pathogenic bacteria and / or eukaryotic cells such as mammalian tumor cells), viruses, spores, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, metabolites, cofactors, nucleotides, polynucleotides (including ribonucleic acid and / or deoxyribonucleic acid), transition state analogs, inhibitors, receptors, receptor ligands (e.g., neuroreceptors or their ligands, hormone receptors or their ligands, nutrient receptors or their ligands and / or cell surface receptors or their ligands), receptor ligand complexes, nutrients, electrolytes, growth factors and other biomolecules and / or non-biomolecules, as well as fragments and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the analyte is a protein or protein complex and the sample is a cell lysate or purified protein. Other suitable analytes can include aggregates, clumps, flocs and / or dispersed phase droplets or particles of colloids and / or emulsions.

[0024] The term "sample" as used herein refers to a composition containing one or more analytes to be detected. In some embodiments, a sample is heterogeneous and contains various components (e.g., various proteins) or homogenous and contains one component (e.g., a population of one protein). In some cases, a sample can be a natural biological material and / or an artificial material. Furthermore, a sample can be in native form (e.g., a cell suspension) or in denatured form (e.g., a lysate). In some cases, a sample can be a single cell (or a cell lysate, e.g., from a single cell, or the contents of a single cell as purified proteins) or multiple cells (or a cell lysate, e.g., from multiple cells, or the contents of multiple cells as purified proteins), a blood sample, a tissue sample, a skin sample, a urine sample, a water sample, and / or a soil sample. In some cases, a sample can be derived from an organism such as a eukaryote, a prokaryote, a mammal, a human, a yeast, and / or a bacterium, or the sample can be derived from a virus.

[0025] In some embodiments, the sample is a heterogeneous biological sample or is derived from a heterogeneous biological sample, for example, a mixture of biomolecules such as tissue lysate, cell lysate, or proteins (e.g., purified proteins). In further embodiments, proteins in a cell lysate are the analytes to be detected by the methods and systems described herein. In further embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods provided herein allow for the detection of specific forms of proteins, for example phosphorylated proteins. The cell lysate can be, for example, a lysate of a cell or a mixture of cells. Furthermore, the cell lysate can include a single cell type or multiple cell types. The cell type, in some embodiments, includes stem cells or cancer cells, or a stem cell population, or a cancer cell population. In one embodiment, the sample includes one or more stem cells (e.g., any cell that has the ability to differentiate indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells). Suitable examples of stem cells include, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells (e.g., human embryonic stem cells (hES)) and non-embryonic stem cells (e.g., mesenchymal cells, hematopoietic cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), or adult stem cells (MSC)).

[0026] In some cases, a sample may be subjected to processing before detecting an analyte in the sample by the devices and systems provided herein. For example, the sample may be subjected to a lysis step, a denaturation step, a heating step, a purification step (e.g., protein purification), a precipitation step, an immunoprecipitation step, a column chromatography step, a centrifugation step, etc. In some embodiments, a denaturation step is performed on the sample before detecting and / or separating a target analyte in the sample by the methods, devices and systems described herein. In some embodiments, the processing step on the sample is performed in one of the devices or systems described herein. In another embodiment, the processing step is performed before introducing the sample into one of the devices or systems shown herein.

[0027] As used herein, the terms "standard" and / or "internal standard" refer to a well-characterized substance of known amount and / or identity (e.g., known isoelectric point, known molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility profile, number of base pairs in the case of nucleic acids, molecular composition, etc.) that can be added to a sample containing an analyte for comparison purposes. In some embodiments, a known amount of the standard is added to a sample containing one or more analytes, and both the standard and the molecules in the sample containing the analytes are separated by electrophoresis based on their isoelectric points. Comparison of the standard signal with the analyte signal then provides a quantitative or semi-quantitative measurement of the amount of analyte originally present in the sample.

[0028] Generally, the isoelectric focusing (IEF) standards are known based on their established isoelectric points. Similarly, the molecular weight standards are known. In some cases, the standards and / or analytes can be detected by one or more detection molecules or reagents, such as by a label moiety added to an antibody against the analyte or the standard. In some embodiments, a primary antibody is used to bind the target analyte, and a secondary antibody conjugated to a fluorescent or chemiluminescent reagent is introduced to bind the primary antibody or the primary antibody-analyte complex. The signal of the fluorescent or chemiluminescent molecule is then detected. In other cases, the standards and / or analytes can be detected via intrinsic fluorescence (e.g., via the fluorescence of tryptophan amino acids in the standards and / or analytes) and / or absorbance.

[0029] The standard signal can then be compared to the analyte signal to determine the concentration of the analyte in the sample. Additionally or alternatively, the relative properties of the analyte (e.g., isoelectric point, molecular weight, etc.) can be determined by comparison with the standards.

[0030] In some embodiments, the internal standard may be a purified form of the analyte itself, which is generally distinguishable in some way from the analyte. Any method of obtaining a purified form of the analyte may include, but is not limited to, purification from nature, purification from a laboratory-grown organism (e.g., by chemical synthesis), etc. The distinguishing property of the internal standard may be any suitable modification, which may include, but is not limited to, dye labeling, radiolabeling, or modifying the mobility of the standard during electrophoretic separation so that the standard is distinguishable from the analyte. For example, the analyte and the internal standard may each be labeled with a fluorescent dye, each detectable at a discrete emission wavelength, thereby making the analyte and the standard individually detectable. In some cases, the internal standard is different from the analyte, but behaves similarly or identically to the analyte, allowing for relevant comparative measurements. In some embodiments, standards suitable for use may be any of those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0062813, entitled "Electrophoresis Standards, Methods and Kits," filed Sep. 20, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0031] In some cases, the devices, systems and methods provided herein detect and characterize multiple analytes from a single sample in a single capillary tube. For example, in some embodiments, the multiple analytes are a protein population or a protein subpopulation. In this regard, it may not be practical to include one internal standard corresponding to each individual protein of the protein population or protein subpopulation. Thus, in some embodiments, a common isoelectric standard is introduced into the systems and devices provided herein. The standard is, in some embodiments, a ladder standard operable to exhibit different isoelectric points along the capillary tube. Proteins in the sample that migrate during electrophoresis are compared to the ladder to determine the isoelectric points of proteins present in the sample. In some embodiments, multiple ladder standards are used.

[0032] The analytes and / or standards described above, in some embodiments, are separated by any suitable mobility parameter, such as charge, molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, etc. (e.g., influenced by molecular weight, characteristic length, area or volume, oligonucleotide length, or other suitable property). For example, in some embodiments, the sample is subjected to electrophoretic separation in a capillary tube containing a separation matrix based on a mobility parameter, such as an isoelectric point. The capillary tube may include a separation matrix that can be added automatically. The separation matrix, in some embodiments, is an isoelectric separation matrix, which is similar or has substantially the same properties as polymer gels used in conventional electrophoresis experiments, such as pH gradients. Capillary electrophoresis in a separation matrix is ​​similar to separation in a polymer gel, such as a polyacrylamide gel or an agarose gel, in which molecules are separated based on the mobility parameters of the molecules in the sample by providing porous passages through which the molecules can move.

[0033] In some embodiments, once separation is complete, components of the separated sample (e.g., including analytes and / or standards) can be immobilized on the walls of the capillary using any suitable method, including, but not limited to, chemical, photochemical, and thermal treatments. In some embodiments, components of the separated sample are immobilized in a fluidic path (e.g., defined by a capillary, etc.) after the molecules are separated by electrophoresis. For example, in some embodiments, immobilization occurs by exposing the separated sample and the capillary to ultraviolet (UV) light, which serves to immobilize the analytes (if present in the sample) and the molecules in the sample to the walls of the capillary. Immobilization can be by covalent or non-covalent means, such as by hydrophobic or ionic interactions. In another embodiment, reactive moieties can be used to covalently immobilize one or more analytes in the fluidic path after degradation. The reactive moieties can be directly or indirectly attached to the fluidic path (e.g., to the walls of the capillary tube). In some embodiments, the reactive moieties can be provided in solution or suspension and can be configured to form bridges between the walls of the fluidic channel and molecules in the sample upon activation. The reactive moieties can coat the inside of the fluidic channel or can be present on linear or cross-linked polymers of the fluidic channel that may or may not be bound to the walls of the fluidic channel before and / or after activation. The reactive moieties can be and / or include any reactive group capable of forming covalent bonds with corresponding reactive groups of individual molecules of the sample, such as, for example, those described above.

[0034] In some embodiments, the reactive moieties include functional groups that can be converted to functionalities that attach to analytes through hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and the like. In some embodiments, such reactive moieties can be activated with ultraviolet light, laser, temperature, or any other energy source to immobilize analytes on the surfaces of the fluidic path and / or on the surfaces of particles attached to the surfaces of the fluidic path. In some embodiments, the surfaces of the fluidic path are functionalized with a thermoresponsive polymer that allows for a change in the hydrophobicity of the surface upon a change in temperature. In some embodiments, analytes are immobilized on such surfaces by increasing the hydrophobicity of the temperature-responsive polymer when a certain temperature is reached within the fluidic path. In still other embodiments, analytes can be probed and / or detected without first being immobilized on the surfaces of the fluidic path. As an example, analytes can be separated based on their isoelectric points (e.g., by isoelectric focusing) and maintained at their respective isoelectric points at least as long as an electric current is applied to the sample in the fluidic path. In other words, once the analytes and / or standards have been separated, the devices and / or systems described herein can continue to provide a current flow operable to maintain (e.g., immobilize) the analytes and / or standards at their respective isoelectric points.

[0035] The immobilized and / or otherwise separated analytes and / or standards are then probed and detected by one or more detection reagents. The detection reagents can bind to or interact with the analytes and / or standards to be detected. The detection reagents allow for detection of standards and analytes by any means, including, but not limited to, fluorescent dyes, optical dyes, chemiluminescent reagents, radioactivity, particles, magnetic particles, paramagnetic particles, etc. The detection reagents can include any organic or inorganic molecule, such as, for example, proteins, peptides, antibodies, enzyme substrates, transition state analogs, cofactors, nucleotides, polynucleotides, aptamers, lectins, small molecules, ligands, inhibitors, drugs and other biomolecules, as well as non-biomolecules that can bind to the analytes to be detected. In some embodiments, the detection reagents include one or more label moieties (as described above). In some embodiments, the detection reagents include one or more label moieties. In embodiments using two or more label moieties, each label moiety can be the same, or some or all of the label moieties can be different.

[0036] In some embodiments, the detection reagent is used as a secondary reagent. For example, in some embodiments, the detection reagent is designed to bind the first molecule or a complex of the first molecule introduced to bind to the analyte and / or standard with the analyte and / or standard. For example, in some embodiments, a "primary" monoclonal or polyclonal antibody is first introduced into a capillary tube containing an immobilized sample. This "primary" antibody binds to the analyte of interest (if present in the sample) and unbound primary antibody is washed away. Then, a "secondary" antibody is introduced, which is designed to bind either to the primary antibody or to the area where the primary antibody-analyte complex spreads. The secondary antibody contains a label moiety for detecting and / or visualizing the presence / absence of the analyte of interest.

[0037] In some embodiments, in the devices and systems provided herein, multiplex immunoassays are performed to detect the presence or absence of two or more analytes of interest (e.g., two, three, four or five analytes) in a sample, or to quantify the amount of two or more analytes in a sample. In further embodiments, the detection reagent is the same for each of the analytes of interest. For example, the detection reagent for each analyte is a secondary antibody conjugated to a chemiluminescent label, such as horseradish peroxidase. Differentiation between analytes is performed by first introducing a unique primary antibody into the capillary tube, where each primary antibody is specific for a unique analyte of interest.

[0038] The label moiety attached to the secondary antibody can be any suitable label. For example, common labels can include optical dyes (e.g., colored or fluorescent dyes); chemiluminescent labels, phosphorescent labels, enzymatic labels (e.g., alkaline phosphatase and / or horseradish peroxidase), bioluminescent labels, isotopic labels (e.g., radioisotopes or heavy isotopes), mass labels and / or particle labels (e.g., colloids, magnetic particles, etc.). In some embodiments, the label moiety is a chemiluminescent moiety. In further embodiments, the chemiluminescent moiety is horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In some embodiments, HRP is attached to the secondary antibody and used in an immunoassay to detect an analyte or analytes in a sample. In some embodiments, the label moiety can be a single isomer dye. In some embodiments, the label moiety can be a fluorescent dye, which can include any entity that provides a fluorescent signal. For example, the fluorescent dye may comprise a resonance-delocalized system or an aromatic ring system that absorbs light at a first wavelength and emits fluorescence at a second wavelength in response to an absorption event. The fluorescent dye may be any of a variety of classes of fluorescent compounds, such as xanthenes, rhodamines, fluoresceins, cyanines, phthalocyanines, squaraines, bodipy dyes, coumarins, oxazines, and carbopyronines. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA) and / or any other suitable class of fluorescent compound.

[0039] In some embodiments, the labeling moiety may be and / or include a chemiluminescent label. Suitable labeling moieties may include enzymes capable of reacting with a chemiluminescent substrate such that chemiluminescent photon emission is induced. For example, an enzyme may induce chemiluminescence in other molecules through enzymatic activity. Such enzymes may be and / or include peroxidases, e.g., horseradish peroxidase (HRP), β-galactosidase, phosphatase, and the like. In some embodiments, the chemiluminescent label may be selected from any of the various classes of luminol labels, isoluminol labels, and the like. In some embodiments, the detection reagent may include a secondary antibody covalently linked to a chemiluminescent labeled antibody, e.g., HRP. In some embodiments, the detection reagent includes a chemiluminescent substrate, such as, for example, Galacton substrate available from Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, or SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity substrate available from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, Illinois, or any other suitable substrate. In some embodiments, the detection reagent may be any of those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,689,576, 6,395,503, 6,087,188, 6,287,767, 6,165,800, and 6,126,870, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0040] In some embodiments, the label moiety may be and / or include a bioluminescent compound (e.g., found in biological systems where a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of a chemiluminescent reaction). The presence of the bioluminescent compound is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Suitable bioluminescent compounds include, but are not limited to, luciferin, luciferase, and aequorin.

[0041] In some embodiments, the label moiety may be and / or include a fluorescent dye. Such fluorescent dyes may include resonance delocalization systems or aromatic ring systems that absorb light at a first wavelength and fluoresce at a second wavelength in response to an absorption event. The fluorescent dye may be any of a variety of classes of fluorescent compounds, including, but not limited to, xanthenes, rhodamines, fluoresceins, cyanines, phthalocyanines, squaraines, bodipy dyes, coumarins, oxazines, and carbopyronines. In some embodiments, for example, when the detection reagent includes a fluorophore such as a fluorescent dye, the fluorescence of the fluorophore is detected by exciting the fluorophore with an appropriate light source and monitoring the fluorescence of the fluorophore with a detector sensitive to the characteristic fluorescence emission wavelength of the fluorophore.

[0042] As described above, in some embodiments, two or more different agents can be used to bind or interact with two or more different analytes, allowing two or more types of analytes to be detected simultaneously. In some embodiments, two or more different detection agents that bind or interact with one analyte can be detected simultaneously. In various embodiments, by using two or more different detection agents, one agent, e.g., a first primary antibody, can bind or interact with one or more analytes to form a first agent-analyte complex, and a second agent, detection agent, e.g., a secondary antibody, can be used to bind or interact with the first agent-analyte complex.

[0043] In another embodiment, two different detection reagents, e.g., antibodies for both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the analyte of interest, may allow for detection of both forms of the analyte of interest. In some embodiments, one given detection reagent, e.g., an antibody, may allow for detection and analysis of both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the analyte. In some embodiments, multiple detection reagents may be used with multiple substrates to allow for color multiplexing. For example, different chemiluminescent substrates may be used to emit photons of different colors. Selective detection of different colors (e.g., by a diffraction grating, prism, a series of color filters, etc.) may allow for the determination of which color photons are being emitted at any location along the fluid path (e.g., along a molecular weight gradient), and therefore which detection reagent is present at each emission location. In some embodiments, different chemiluminescent reagents may be delivered sequentially, allowing for sequential detection of different bound detection reagents.

[0044] Generally, during a standard immunoassay process carried out in the devices and systems described herein, some of the internal standard is lost due to various washing processes. Therefore, it is generally desirable to load a sufficient amount of internal standard into the sample at the beginning of the assay so that the internal standard remaining in the capillary after the immunoassay can generate a sufficient signal to calibrate the curve and allow adjustment to analyze the molecular weight and / or identity (e.g., number of amino acids or number of oligonucleotide base pairs) of the analyte. However, a relatively large amount of internal standard may prevent the capture of the analyte when the standard and the analyte are in the same position. Thus, some standards are not co-located with the analyte during and / or at the end of electrophoresis. However, such standards may not generate a reliable calibration curve for the detection of the analyte. Therefore, in some embodiments, the sample can include two or more standards. For example, the internal standard may be formed by and / or include a first standard (called a "bright standard" or a "positioning standard") and a second standard (called a "dim standard"). The bright standard may be a standard having a property (such as an isoelectric point) different from that of the analyte. Thus, after electrophoresis, the positions of the positioning standard and the analyte are located apart from each other in the capillary. Thus, the fluorescence emitted from the bright standard and the analyte do not overlap and interfere with each other. The low-bright standard may be a standard having a property (such as an isoelectric point) similar to that of the analyte. Thus, after electrophoresis, the positions of the positioning standard and the analyte are located close to each other in the capillary.

[0045] The high-brightness standard can be located at a different location along the flow path (e.g., defined by a capillary, etc.) from the location of the analyte, providing a coordinate (e.g., anchor point) for the low-brightness standard to be located close to or at the same location as the analyte, thereby providing an accurate calibration curve. In general, after the internal standard and the analyte are separated, the high-brightness standard generates a fluorescence that is brighter than the fluorescence emitted by the low-brightness standard. The difference in brightness between the high-brightness standard and the low-brightness standard can be due to the difference in the nature of the emission and / or the difference in the amount of the two standards contained in the internal standard. For example, a large amount of the high-brightness standard and a small amount of the low-brightness standard can be mixed to form a standard that can generate a "high-brightness" signal from the high-brightness standard and a "low-brightness" signal from the low-brightness standard. Thus, after the electrophoretic separation step, a "high-brightness" signal from the high-brightness standard and a "low-brightness" signal from the low-brightness standard are detected. In some embodiments, the internal standards can include high brightness standards and low brightness standards, such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0011740, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0046] The embodiments described herein can be used to facilitate one or more analyses of one or more analytes (e.g., by molecular weight analysis and / or isoelectric focusing) in a single system, and subsequent visualization and detection of the analytes in the sample. The embodiments described herein can provide the functionality of a pipette and a microfluidic channel, thereby enabling analysis of very small volumes of samples. Such devices and / or systems can include any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, subassembly, electronic device, actuator, etc. that can enable the device and / or system to, for example, separate, immobilize, and / or detect any suitable target analyte. More specifically, the devices and systems described herein are configured to receive a cartridge including one or more capillaries, and expose at least a portion of the cartridge to a negative differential pressure (e.g., generated by a vacuum source) operable to draw a volume of fluid (e.g., one or more reagents, samples, buffers, washes, detectors, analytes, ampholytes, etc.) from one or more wells or trays included in the device and / or system into the capillaries of the cartridge.

[0047] In some embodiments, such cartridges can have at least one capillary fixedly coupled to the cartridge body. The capillary (hereinafter referred to in the singular for simplicity) is configured to be in fluid communication with one or more fluid reservoirs (e.g., disposed within the cartridge body and / or disposed within or defined by a reagent tray, etc.). In some embodiments, the one or more fluid reservoirs can be wells or the like that contain fluids that include components having any of the above-mentioned chemical properties. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the cartridge can be electrically conductive (e.g., formed from copper, platinum, stainless steel, conductive microplate plastic, carbon-infused plastic, conductive polymers, and / or any other suitable material). In some embodiments, such portions of the cartridge can have a volume resistivity of less than 25 ohm-centimeter (Ω·cm) and a surface resistivity of 1000 ohms (or 1 kiloohm (kΩ)) to 100 kΩ. In other embodiments, the cartridge and / or portions thereof are substantially non-conductive.

[0048] The capillaries of the cartridge define a lumen for receiving at least a portion of the sample, solution, reagent, analyte, and / or any other suitable fluid or gel. The capillaries may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be formed from any suitable material (e.g., glass, plastic, silicon, fused silica, gel, PYREX™ (amorphous glass), etc.) that allows liquids and / or dissolved molecules to flow through the lumen. For example, in some embodiments, the length of the capillary may be based at least in part on factors such as the size or amount of the sample and the magnitude of sample separation in resolving the analyte or analytes of interest (e.g., about 2 centimeters (cm) to about 20 cm), where a longer capillary may increase sample separation, thereby facilitating the resolution of complex mixtures and / or mixtures having low abundance analytes. In some embodiments, the capillaries of the cartridge may be elongated members having a round or circular cross-sectional shape or a polygonal (e.g., trapezoidal, rectangular, square, pentagonal, octagonal, etc.) cross-sectional shape. In some embodiments, the shape and / or size of the lumen defined by the capillary may be based at least in part on the sample, amount of sample and / or type of analyte (e.g., having an inner diameter of about 10 micrometers or "microns" (μm) to about 1000 μm). For example, a capillary having a relatively small inner diameter may be associated with and / or otherwise used for relatively small sample amounts, which may be suitable for expensive samples or reagents. Conversely, a capillary defining a relatively large inner diameter may be associated with and / or otherwise used for relatively large sample amounts, which may in some cases result in improved signal detection, etc. In other embodiments, the inner diameter may be based at least in part on the analysis to be performed (e.g., molecular weight-based separation, isoelectric focusing, etc.).

[0049] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a system 1000 configured to perform capillary electrophoresis (e.g., based on molecular weight and / or isoelectric point), according to an embodiment. For example, in some cases, a user can load a capillary cartridge into the system 1000 and initiate and / or otherwise provide instructions to the system 1000 to cause the system to at least semi-automatically separate analytes (e.g., proteins) in a sample by molecular weight. In such cases, the system 1000 captures digital or analog images associated with the detection of analytes in a sample (e.g., including any suitable agents, reagents, proteins, analytes, buffers, lysates, etc.) drawn into the capillaries of the capillary cartridge. Thus, the system 1000 can analyze images and / or other data associated with the detection and provide molecular weight and / or morphological data of components of the sample. In other cases, a user can load a capillary cartridge into the system 1000 and initiate and / or otherwise provide instructions to the system 1000 to cause the system 1000 to at least semi-automatically separate analytes in a sample by isoelectric point. In such cases, system 1000 draws a sample (e.g., including any suitable agents, reagents, proteins, analytes, buffers, lysates, etc.) into the capillary, separates and / or focuses analytes in the sample within the capillary, detects the presence or absence of target analytes, and / or detects the positions of analytes in the sample (e.g., analytes that have migrated to different positions along the capillary relative to their isoelectric points). Optionally, system 1000 can immobilize (e.g., by heat, UV exposure, etc.) at least some components of the sample within the capillary prior to detecting the target analytes.

[0050] As shown in Figure 1, system 1000 includes a housing 1100, a reagent tray assembly 1300, a capillary cartridge retainer 1400, and a detection assembly 1700. Although not shown in Figure 1, in some embodiments, system 1000 can include any suitable electronic system or assembly having at least a power source, a processor, and a memory (e.g., hardware modules, and / or software modules stored in memory and executed in a processor) that can be configured and / or otherwise programmed to perform one or more processes associated with performing at least semi-automated electrophoretic separations. Similarly, system 1000 can include any suitable fluid path system or assembly that defines one or more fluid flow paths configured to receive fluids, such as, for example, a sample, one or more reagents, air, etc., that can flow through system 1000, as described in more detail herein with respect to specific embodiments.

[0051] As mentioned above, the system 1000 is configured to receive a capillary cartridge 1500 (also referred to herein as a "cartridge"). The cartridge 1500 can include at least one body 1510 fixedly coupled to at least one capillary 1530. The cartridge 1500 can be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. In some embodiments, the cartridge 1500 can be associated with a particular analysis and / or configured for use in another particular analysis. For example, in some cases, the system 1000 can receive a cartridge configured for use in a molecular weight analysis. In other cases, the system 1000 can receive a cartridge configured for use in an isoelectric focusing process. In some embodiments, the cartridge 1500 can have a size, shape, and / or configuration that makes the cartridge suitable for any analysis. Additionally, the cartridge 1500 can include any suitable identification tag, code, and / or device that can be automatically detected by the system 1000 when a user places the cartridge 1500 in the system 1000.

[0052] The housing 1100 of the system 1000 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be arranged to at least partially enclose or at least partially house any suitable component of the system 1000. For example, the housing 1100 may at least partially enclose the reagent tray assembly 1300, the capillary cartridge retainer 1400, and the detection assembly 1700. Although not shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the housing 1100 may be configured to form one or more portions, chambers, internal volumes, etc., configured to allow at least some of the components of the system 1000 to be disposed therein. In some embodiments, the housing 1100 may include a door, the door configured to allow access to the internal volume defined by the door. For example, a user may open the door of the housing 1100 to place the capillary cartridge 1500 in the capillary cartridge retainer 1400, as described in further detail herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the housing 1100 may be light-tight such that a substantial amount of light does not leak through the housing into a chamber defined by the housing. In some embodiments, the housing 1100 may define at least one conditioned chamber. Similarly, the system 1000 may be operable to maintain the chambers of the housing at constant and / or preset temperatures, humidity and / or other environmental parameters (e.g., illuminance).

[0053] The capillary cartridge retainer 1400 (also referred to herein as the "cartridge retainer") is fixedly disposed within the housing 1100. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 may be coupled to a frame or the like that maintains the cartridge retainer 1400 in a substantially fixed position within the housing 1100. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 may also be coupled and / or otherwise disposed in a fixed position relative to the detection assembly 1700, as described in more detail herein.

[0054] The cartridge retainer 1400 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. For example, the cartridge retainer 1400 may include a set of side walls defining an interior volume configured to receive at least a portion of, for example, a capillary cartridge 1500 (also referred to herein as a "cartridge"). More specifically, the cartridge retainer 1400 may have or define a substantially C-shaped cross-section, with at least one face of the cartridge retainer 1400 being substantially open. Thus, a user may insert the cartridge 1500 through the substantially open face of the cartridge retainer 1400 to position at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 within the interior volume. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 may include a latch mechanism suitable for forming a friction fit, a snap fit, a threaded connection, or the like, with at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 to couple the cartridge 1500 to the cartridge retainer 1400. In other words, the cartridge retainer 1400 at least temporarily couples to the cartridge 1500 when a portion of the cartridge 1500 is inserted into the interior volume to maintain the cartridge 1500 in a substantially fixed position relative to the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0055] The cartridge retainer 1400 is configured to receive the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined orientation (e.g., only one orientation or direction). Although not shown in FIG. 1, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include any suitable alignment features or sensors configured to engage and / or sense a portion of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is disposed within the cartridge retainer 1400. More specifically, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include, for example, any number of features (e.g., protrusions, openings, grooves, etc.), assemblies, mechanisms, sensors, etc., each of which engages and / or senses a portion of the cartridge 1500 to ensure that the cartridge 1500 is retained in a desired position and / or orientation within the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0056] In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include and / or be otherwise coupled to any suitable assembly, mechanism, device, etc. configured to engage with the cartridge 1500, e.g., to control fluid flow through at least a portion of the cartridge 1500. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include and / or be coupled to a vacuum source or assembly configured to generate a negative pressure within a volume of the cartridge 1500, e.g., a lumen of a capillary. The vacuum source can be fluidly coupled to a portion of the cartridge retainer 1400, e.g., via a port that places the vacuum source in fluid communication with the cartridge when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400. In some cases, the vacuum source can be activated (e.g., by a manual switch and / or by an electrical switch included in an electrical circuit and controlled by a processor) to generate a negative pressure within the cartridge 1500, as described in more detail below with respect to specific embodiments. In some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include a device or mechanism configured to engage with the cartridge 1500 to selectively restrict bulk flow of fluid through a portion of the cartridge 1500. For example, the cartridge retainer 1400 can include an actuator or the like that selectively contacts a pinch valve or the like included in the cartridge 1500 to, for example, restrict and / or substantially prevent bulk flow of fluid through the lumen of a capillary included in the capillary cartridge 1500.

[0057] The cartridge retainer 1400 may also include any number of electrical contacts or the like configured to electrically couple a portion of the cartridge 1500 to an electrical or electronic assembly included in the system 1000. For example, in some embodiments, the cartridge retainer 1400 includes one or more conductive contact members, clips, surfaces, etc. that contact associated conductive contact members, clips, surfaces, etc. of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is held therein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the cartridge 1500 may be formed from a conductive material, such as stainless steel, conductive plastic, etc. Thus, when the cartridge 1500 is held in a desired position within the cartridge retainer 1400, one or more conductive members or the like of the cartridge retainer 1400 contact one or more predetermined conductive portions of the cartridge 1500, thereby placing the cartridge 1500 in electrical or electronic communication with the electrical and / or electronic assemblies included within the system 1000. By way of example, as described in further detail herein, the cartridge retainer 1400 can electrically connect the conductive capillaries and / or conductive fluids within the capillary lumens of the cartridge 1500 to the electrical and / or electronic assemblies of the system 1000.

[0058] The reagent tray assembly 1300 of the system 1000 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration and may be arranged to receive, accommodate, and / or store at least a portion of a reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1). The reagent tray assembly 1300 may receive and / or include any suitable reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1). For example, the reagent tray may hold and / or otherwise define a set of wells, well plates, microwell plates, troughs, and the like. The wells and / or microwells may be of any suitable size and may be arranged along and / or otherwise defined by a surface of the reagent tray in any suitable arrangement. Although specific examples of reagent trays are described herein, the reagent tray assembly 1300 may be configured to receive and / or include any suitable reagent tray of similar size and / or shape that may define any number and / or arrangement of wells and / or microwells. The wells and / or microwells included in or defined by the reagent tray can receive any suitable amount of a solution, fluid, gel, lysate, buffer, sample, analyte, ampholyte, drug, reagent, protein, substrate, etc. In some embodiments, the wells and / or microwells can receive a vial or the like containing a quantity of any suitable fluid. In some embodiments, the reagent tray assembly 1300 and / or a portion of the reagent tray assembly 1300 is electrically conductive and is electrically coupled to an electrical and / or electronic assembly included in the system 1000. In such embodiments, the reagent tray and / or a portion of the reagent tray can also be electrically conductive, and coupling the reagent tray to the reagent tray assembly 1300 can facilitate electrical connection to fluids disposed within the reagent tray.

[0059] At least a portion of the reagent tray assembly 1300 is movably disposed within and / or movably coupled to the housing 1100. For example, the reagent tray assembly 1300 can be movably coupled to one or more tracks, racks, lead screws, slides, pistons, etc., which can be operable to move the reagent tray assembly 1300 relative to the housing 1100. As shown by arrow AA in FIG. 1, the reagent tray assembly 1300 (or at least the reagent tray contained therein) can be moved in a direction closer to or away from the cartridge retainer 1400. In other words, when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400, the reagent tray assembly 1300 can be moved in a direction parallel to an axis defined by the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Additionally, the reagent tray assembly 1300 can be moved in one or more directions along a plane perpendicular to the cartridge retainer 1400, as shown by arrow BB. That is, when cartridge 1500 is held by cartridge retainer 1400, reagent tray assembly 1300 (or a reagent tray included therein) can be moved along a plane perpendicular to an axis defined by capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500. In other words, reagent tray assembly 1300 (or at least a reagent tray included therein) can be moved within housing 1100 relative to cartridge retainer 1400 in an X direction (e.g., left or right), a Y direction (e.g., up or down), and a Z direction (e.g., front or back).

[0060] In this manner, the reagent tray assembly 1300 is configured to move at least the reagent tray (not shown in FIG. 1 ) relative to the cartridge 1500 held by the cartridge retainer 1400 to place at least ends of one or more capillaries 1530 of the cartridge 1500 in wells, microwells, vials, etc. of the reagent tray. Additionally, the reagent tray assembly 1300 can move at least the reagent tray through any suitable number of positions relative to the cartridge 1500 and / or cartridge retainer 1400 to place one or more capillaries 1530 in any of the wells, microwells and / or vials included in the reagent tray, or any suitable combination thereof. Thus, a negative pressure can be created in the capillary 1530 with the capillary 1530 in fluid communication with a vacuum source (as described above), the negative pressure operable to draw a volume of fluid into the capillary 1530 from any suitable well or wells of the reagent tray, such as those described above. Additionally or alternatively, the well, microwell, vial, etc. can be fluidly coupled to a source of positive pressure via a pressure conduit (not shown in FIG. 1) inserted into the well, microwell, vial, etc. with the capillary 1530. The reagent tray assembly 1300, the capillary 1530, and / or a portion of the cartridge 1500 can be operable to seal the well, microwell, vial, etc. to the cartridge 1500 such that positive pressure can force fluid from the well, microwell, vial, etc. into the capillary 1530.

[0061] The detection assembly 1700 of the system 1000 is fixedly disposed within the housing 1100. As described above, the detection assembly 1700 is also disposed at a predetermined and fixed position relative to the cartridge retainer 1400. For example, the detection assembly 1700 can be disposed within the housing 1100 such that a predetermined portion of the detection assembly 1700 is aligned with a predetermined portion of the cartridge retainer 1400 and / or is otherwise disposed at a desired position relative thereto. In some embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 and / or the cartridge retainer 1400 can include any suitable adjustment mechanism or the like to ensure a desired alignment between the detection assembly 1700 and the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0062] The detection assembly 1700 can be any suitable device, mechanism, and / or assembly configured to, for example, capture and / or detect digital or analog data (e.g., images) of the analytes and / or standards and / or detect signals emitted by the analytes and / or standards. For example, in some embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 includes a first emitter 1705, a second emitter 1751, a first detector 1728, and a second detector 1760. The first emitter 1705 of the detection assembly 1700 can be any suitable device, member, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to emit energy (e.g., heat, photons, radiation, etc.). For example, in some embodiments, the first emitter 1705 can be one or more LEDs, deuterium lamps, lasers, incandescent light sources, fluorescent sources, or any other suitable light sources. In some embodiments, the first emitter 1705 can be optically coupled to the cartridge retainer 1400, the cartridge 1500, and / or the capillary 1530 via one or more lenses, mirrors, prisms, optical fibers, etc. For example, the first emitter 1705 can be powered and / or excited to emit photons having a predetermined wavelength and / or range of wavelengths. In some embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 can include one or more mirrors, lenses, filters, etc. configured to direct, focus, and / or convert the wavelength of the photons emitted by the first emitter 1705. For example, the detection assembly 1700 can include any suitable lenses and / or filters (e.g., TAMRA filters) associated with chemiluminescence, fluorescence (e.g., intrinsic fluorescence, fluorescence of a label moiety, etc.), absorbance, etc.

[0063] Similarly, the second emitter 1751 can be any suitable device, member, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to emit energy in the form of photons, heat, radiation, etc. In some embodiments, the second emitter 1751 can be, for example, an array of LEDs and / or any of the light sources described with respect to the first emitter 1705. In some embodiments, the first emitter 1705 is configured to emit photons, for example, during molecular weight analysis, and the second emitter 1751 is configured to emit photons, for example, during isoelectric focusing. In such embodiments, the first emitter 1705 can be, for example, a single fiber optic output (e.g., a single focused beam of light), while the second emitter 1751 can be, for example, a grid array of fiber optic outputs, LEDs, etc. (e.g., an array of light rather than a single focused beam of light). In other embodiments, a single emitter can be used (e.g., via one or more apertures, filters, blockers, reflectors and / or refractors, etc.) during molecular weight analysis and isoelectric focusing. In still other embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 can include more than the first emitter 1705 and the second emitter 1751. As described in more detail herein, the first emitter 1705 (or multiple emitters) and the second emitter 1751 (or multiple emitters) can emit energy that interacts with at least a portion of a sample contained within the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500 when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400.

[0064] The first detector 1728 and the second detector 1760 may be any suitable digital or analog detector. For example, in some embodiments, the first detector 1728 and / or the second detector 1760 may be and / or include a photodiode, an array of photodiodes, a charge-coupled device (CCD) array, etc. The detectors 1728 and 1760 may be used to capture images and / or signals related to the analytes and / or standards in the sample. In some embodiments, the detectors 1728 and 1760 may be operable to periodically and / or continuously capture images and / or signals emitted from the analytes and / or standards. In some embodiments, the detectors 1728 and 1760 may be operable to monitor the analytes and / or standards in real time or substantially real time, thereby allowing a user to quickly determine whether the analyte is present in the sample, the amount or activity of the analyte, the molecular weight of the analyte, etc. In some embodiments, for example, the first detector 1728 may be used during molecular weight analysis to detect and / or image the flow of a sample through the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in molecular weight analysis) in substantially real time when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400. In some embodiments, the second detector 1760 may be used during and / or after isoelectric focusing. For example, the second detector 1760 may be used to detect the separation of analytes in substantially real time as the analytes separate and focus, and / or after the analytes have been focused and optionally immobilized. Similarly, the second detector 1760 may detect a signal (e.g., fluorescence, absorbance, etc.) associated with one or more analytes in a sample separated within the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) when the cartridge 1500 is held by the cartridge retainer 1400.Additionally, the detection assembly 1700 can be operatively coupled to any suitable electrical or electronic circuitry and configured to send signals to and / or receive signals from a processor or the like (e.g., the detection assembly 1700 can send one or more signals to a processor or the like such that data related to the captured image and / or the detected signal is stored, for example, in a memory or database). Although the detection assembly 1700 is described as including a first detector 1728 and a second detector 1760, in other embodiments, the detection assembly 1700 can include a single detector or multiple (e.g., three or more) detectors configured to detect a portion of the energy (e.g., photons) generated by the emitters 1705 and / or 1751.

[0065] For example, in use, the system 1000 can be set up, programmed, and / or otherwise configured to perform molecular weight analysis of a sample, which can include preparing the cartridge 1500, e.g., along with preparing the sample and / or reagents. A user can then insert the cartridge 1500 into the cartridge retainer 1400 in a single, pre-defined orientation, as described above, such that the cartridge retainer 1400 at least temporarily mates with the cartridge 1500 and holds the cartridge 1500 in a substantially fixed position. The arrangement of the cartridge retainer 1400 and the detection assembly 1700 within the housing 1100 is such that a predetermined portion of the detection assembly 1700 (e.g., the first emitter 1705 and the first detector 1728) is aligned with a predetermined portion of the cartridge retainer 1400 (e.g., the first set of openings, etc.). Thus, by aligning the detection assembly 1700 with the cartridge retainer 1400, and with the cartridge retainer 1400 holding the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined, fixed position, for example, the first emitter 1705 and the first detector 1728 can be aligned with a portion of the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Thus, energy and / or photons emitted by the first emitter 1705 can be directed to a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530.

[0066] As described above, the cartridge 1500 (e.g., including the capillary 1530) is fluidly coupled to a vacuum source when disposed within the cartridge retainer 1400. Thus, the vacuum source can then be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to generate a negative differential pressure within the capillary 1530 operable to draw a substantially continuous flow of sample through the capillary 1530. In this manner, with the sample flowing through the capillary 1530, the first emitter 1705 can emit energy or photons that illuminate and / or activate a volume of sample flowing through a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530 (at which the energy or photons are directed). The first detector 1728 can then capture and / or detect one or more images, image data and / or signals associated with the illuminated and / or activated analytes, standards, etc. in the volume of sample. Additionally or alternatively, the first detector 1728 may capture and / or detect one or more images, image data and / or signals related to light absorbed by the analytes, standards, etc. The images and / or data may then be analyzed to determine molecular weight-based data, electrophoretic mobility, size-based data and / or morphological data related to the analytes in the sample.

[0067] Similarly, system 1000 may be set up, programmed, and / or otherwise configured to perform capillary electrophoresis and / or detect signals of one or more analytes contained in a sample separated and / or focused within capillary 1530 of cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) when cartridge 1500 is retained by cartridge retainer 1400. In such a case, a user may insert cartridge 1500 (in this case configured for use in isoelectric focusing) into cartridge retainer 1400 in a single, predetermined orientation, as described above. Thus, by aligning the detection assembly 1700 with the cartridge retainer 1400 (e.g., such that the second emitter 1751 and second detector 1760 are aligned, for example, with a second set of openings) and with the cartridge retainer 1400 holding the cartridge 1500 in a predetermined, fixed position, the second emitter 1751 and second detector 1760 can be aligned, for example, with a portion of the capillary 1530 of the cartridge 1500. Thus, the second emitter 1751 can emit energy or photons that are directed toward a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530 (e.g., a predetermined length or corresponding column of the capillary 1530).

[0068] In some cases, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 can collectively capture a "full column" image and / or perform "full column" detection of the sample in the capillary 1530. Similarly, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 can be operable to capture and / or detect more than a single point along the capillary 1530. For example, the second emitter 1751 and the second detector 1760 can be operable to capture a sufficient length to visualize the separation and / or focusing of the analytes during the electrophoresis process. The second emitter 1751, the second detector 1760, and optionally additional optical components can be operable to define an optical path of about 1 cm, about 3 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 20 cm, about 50 cm, or any other suitable length of the capillary 1350. Additionally or alternatively, the second emitter 1751 and second detector 1760 may be operable to capture intrinsic fluorescence, label fluorescence, and / or absorbance of the analytes, standards, etc. in the capillary 1530. For example, a filter wheel (not shown in FIG. 1 ) may be operable to modify the optical signal presented to the second detector 1760 while the analytes are being separated and / or focused in the capillary 1530. Thus, samples can be characterized for intrinsic fluorescence, label fluorescence, absorbance, and / or any other suitable optical property along the entire column while the analytes are being separated and / or focused during a run.

[0069] As described above, in response to a negative pressure differential generated by a vacuum source, a volume of a mixture (e.g., one or more reagents, sample, buffer, wash, detector, analyte, ampholyte, antibody, label, etc.) within the capillary 1530 can be drawn. However, if the system 1000 is configured to perform isoelectric focusing, once a desired volume of the sample or other desired fluid has been drawn into the capillary 1530, the cartridge retainer 1400 and / or any other suitable portion of the system 1000 can engage a portion of the cartridge 1500 to transition, for example, a pinch valve or the like to a closed position, thereby restricting and / or substantially preventing bulk flow of fluid through the capillary 1530. Additionally, the system 1000 can apply an electric field to a conductive portion of the cartridge 1500 (e.g., the fluid within the capillary 1530 and / or the capillary 1530, as described above). Thus, a current can flow along the capillaries 1530 and the analytes in the mixture are separated by an isoelectric gradient (e.g., along the length of each capillary). Optionally, in some embodiments, the system 1000 can be configured to immobilize the molecules in the capillaries of the cartridge 1500 once the molecules are sufficiently separated and / or focused. For example, the second emitter 1751 can emit energy or photons (e.g., a train of light or fluorescence) that is directed to a predetermined portion of the capillary 1530 (e.g., a predetermined length or corresponding column of the capillary 1530), such that the amount of the separated sample or mixture in the corresponding column of the capillary 1530 is illuminated, activated, and immobilized within the capillary 1530.

[0070] Once the sample components (e.g., including one or more analytes) have been separated, the separated analytes and / or standards contained in the sample are probed with one or more reagents, which may include a detection reagent (e.g., any suitable agent, reagent, analyte-specific antibody, secondary antibody conjugated with HRP, etc., or any combination thereof, as described in detail above). The detection reagent is then used to generate a signal from one or more label moieties (e.g., isotopic labels, immunolabels, optical dyes, enzymes, particles or combinations of particles, such as chemiluminescently labeled antibodies, fluorescently labeled antibodies, etc.), which is captured or detected by the second detector 1760. In other embodiments, the intrinsic fluorescence and / or absorbance properties of the analytes may generate a signal that is captured by the second detector 1760. For example, the analytes (e.g., proteins, portions of proteins, such as constituent tryptophan amino acids) may be excited with the second emitter 1751 and detected by the second detector 1760. In other cases, the second detector 1760 can detect a reduction in light emitted from the second emitter 1751 that is characteristic of the analyte absorbance peak. In this manner, the system 1000 can be used to perform molecular weight analysis and / or isoelectric focusing in at least a semi-automated manner.

[0071] Although described above as immobilizing molecules in a sample, in other embodiments, the system 1000 need not immobilize molecules in a sample. For example, after a sample is separated and / or focused, the first detector 1728 and / or the second detector 1760 can capture a final image of the capillary 1530 and / or detect molecules in the sample before the sample is washed into a waste container and / or the sample is recaptured or otherwise discarded. In such embodiments, the cartridge 1500 may be reusable such that the same cartridge 1500 and / or capillary 1530 can be used to separate and / or focus subsequent samples.

[0072] 2-44 illustrate a system 2000 configured to perform capillary electrophoresis, such as molecular weight and / or isoelectric focusing measurements, according to embodiments. System 2000 includes a housing 2100 and / or support structure (FIGS. 2-8), an electronics assembly 2200 (FIG. 8), a reagent assembly 2300 (FIGS. 9-13), a cartridge retainer 2400 (FIGS. 14-20), and an optics assembly 2700 (FIGS. 20-28). System 2000 is configured to receive a cartridge, such as a molecular weight cartridge 2500′ (FIGS. 29-37) and / or an isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ (FIGS. 38-44). As described in more detail herein, system 2000 can at least semi-automatically characterize analytes in a sample by molecular weight and / or isoelectric point. System 200 may be operable to draw a sample (e.g., including any suitable agents, reagents, proteins, analytes, buffers, lysates, and / or any other substances described herein) into one or more capillaries of cartridge 2500' and / or 2500'' (generally referred to herein as "cartridge 2500" (see, e.g., FIG. 7)) and image a volume of the sample flowing therethrough. Additionally, system 2000 can at least semi-automatically separate samples (by capillary electrophoresis) and image the samples during and / or after separation, e.g., by whole-column detection.

[0073] 2-8, the housing 2100 and / or support structure (hereinafter referred to as the "housing") may be of any suitable shape, size and / or configuration and may be arranged to at least partially enclose or at least partially support any suitable components of the system 2000. The housing 2100 includes a cover 2110, a base 2112, a theater cover 2114, a frame 2120, a door 2130 and a door retention assembly 2140. As shown in FIG. 2, the cover 2110 is coupled to the base 2112 and collectively covers, houses and / or otherwise encloses at least a portion of the system 2000.

[0074] The door 2130 of the housing 2100 is coupled to a portion of the cover 2110 and / or the frame 2120 and may move between a closed configuration and an open configuration relative to the cover 2110 to isolate or provide access to a portion of the system 2000 disposed within the cover 2110, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , the door 2130 of the housing 2100 includes a door frame 2131, a hinge 2132, a door cover 2133, a handle 2134, a latch 2135, a sensor 2136, and a sensor plate 2137. The door frame 2131 supports and provides structural rigidity to the door 2130. The hinge 2132 is coupled to the door frame 2131 and a portion of the frame 2120 of the housing 2100. The hinge 2132 may include, for example, a first portion rotatably coupled to a second portion. In this manner, the first portion and / or the second portion may be configured to rotate and / or pivot about an axis (not shown) to transition the door 2130 between a closed configuration (e.g., FIG. 5) and an open configuration (e.g., FIG. 6).

[0075] The door cover 2133 is disposed about the door frame 2131. In some embodiments, the door cover 2133 can be transparent and configured to limit the amount of light entering an interior volume defined by the cover 2110. In other embodiments, the door cover 2133 can include an observation window or the like configured to allow a user to visualize a portion of the system 2000 disposed within the cover 2110. The handle 2133 of the door 2110 is operatively coupled to the latch 2135 and can be manipulated by a user to transition the latch 2135 between a first configuration (e.g., a latched or locked configuration) and a second configuration (e.g., an unlatched or unlocked configuration). The latch 2135 is configured to selectively engage the door retention assembly 2140 to selectively prevent movement of the door 2130 relative to the cover 2110. As described in further detail herein, the sensor 2136 is configured to sense and / or detect the relative position of the door 2130.

[0076] 6 and 7, the door retention assembly 2140 includes a release mechanism 2141 and one or more actuators 2142. The release mechanism 2141 is configured to selectively engage the latch 2135 of the door 2130 to selectively retain the latch 2135 in a fixed position (e.g., at least temporarily retain the door 2130 in a closed configuration). The actuator 2142 may be any suitable actuator or the like configured to transition the release mechanism 2141 between a first configuration in which the release mechanism 2141 engages the latch 2135 and a second configuration in which the release mechanism 2141 disengages the latch 2135. For example, in some embodiments, the actuator 2142 may be an electromechanical actuator or the like configured to mechanically move a portion of the release mechanism 2141 in response to, for example, a signal or command received from the electronics assembly 2200 or other control device.

[0077] The door retention assembly 2140 further includes one or more proximity sensors 2143 configured to detect a relative position of the door 2130. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more proximity sensors 2143 can be configured to detect proximity of and / or contact with a portion of a sensor plate 2137 of the door 2130. In this manner, the sensor 2136 of the door 2130 and the proximity sensor 2143 of the door retention assembly 2140 can collectively sense and / or detect, for example, the position and / or configuration of the door 2130 relative to the cover 2110 and / or other portions of the housing 2100. Further, in some cases, the sensors 2136 and / or 2143 can be configured to transmit signals related to the position and / or configuration of the door 2130, for example to the electronics assembly 2200 and / or other control devices, thereby activating portions of the system 2100 (e.g., when the door 2130 is in a closed configuration) and / or preventing portions of the system 2100 from being activated (e.g., when the door 2130 is in an open configuration).

[0078] The frame 2120 is configured to support one or more portions of the system 2100. For example, the frame 2120 includes at least an optics support member 2121 configured to support at least a portion of the optics assembly 2700 and an electronics assembly support member 2122 configured to support at least a portion of the electronics assembly 2200 and / or the optics assembly 2700. The theater cover 2114 is coupled to the frame 2120 and configured to at least partially isolate portions of the system 2100 (see, e.g., FIGS. 6 and 7). In some embodiments, the theater cover 2114 can be a shield or the like configured to block, limit, and / or substantially prevent undesired exposure of portions of the system 2000 to light (e.g., from outside the cover 2110).

[0079] The electronics assembly 2200 may be of any suitable configuration and may include any suitable components that enable the electronics assembly 2200 to at least partially control the system 2000. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the electronics assembly 2200 includes at least a power supply 2210, a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) 2212, and one or more fans 2215 configured to cool the components of the electronics assembly 2200. As described in further detail herein, the PCBA 2212 is in electrical communication with one or more system components, such as, for example, pumps, lights, cameras, detectors, motors, sensors, auxiliary PCBAs, and / or any other suitable devices. Although not shown in FIG. 8, the power supply 2210 may be electrically connected (e.g., "plugged in") to an external electrical circuit to receive a current flow from a power grid. The power supply 2210 may then condition, transform, and / or convert (e.g., convert from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)) the current flow before being sent to the electronic PCBA 2212. Additionally, the power supply 2210 can be configured to provide electrical current flow to one or more pumps, motors, actuators, lights, detectors, cameras, sensors, etc., as described in more detail herein.

[0080] The PCBA 2212 may include any suitable electronic device or component. For example, the PCBA 2212 includes at least a memory and a processor (not shown). The memory may be, for example, a random access memory (RAM), a memory buffer, a hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or the like. In some embodiments, the memory may store instructions for causing the processor to execute modules, processes, and / or functions associated with controlling at least a portion of the system 2000. The processor may be any suitable processing device capable of running and / or executing a set of instructions or code. For example, the processor may be a general purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or the like. The processor may run and / or execute a set of instructions or code stored in the memory associated with controlling at least a portion of the system 2000. For example, the processor may execute a set of instructions or code stored in the memory associated with controlling one or more pumps, motors, actuators, sensors, lights, cameras, or the like. Further, as described in more detail herein, the processor can execute a set of instructions or codes stored in the memory related to sending a flow of electrical current to a portion of the cartridge assembly 2500 to initiate and / or perform electrophoresis.

[0081] As shown in FIGS. 9-13, the reagent assembly 2300 of the system 2000 includes at least a drive unit 2310 and a tray unit 2340. The drive unit 2310 is configured to move the tray unit 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 in response to one or more signals received, for example, from the electronics assembly 2200. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the drive unit 2310 includes a first motor 2311 coupled to a first drive screw 2312, a second motor 2315 coupled to a second drive screw 2316, and a third motor 2320 coupled to a third drive screw 2321. The drive unit 2310 further includes a first slide track 2313, a second slide track 2317, and a third slide track 2322. The first motor 2311 is fixedly coupled to a base plate 2113, which is further coupled to a portion of the frame 2120 to support at least the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300. In other words, the first motor 2311 is coupled to the base plate 2113 and maintained in a substantially fixed position.

[0082] Although not shown in FIGS. 9-13, the first slide track 2313 is configured to slidably receive a slide block. For example, in some embodiments, the first slide track 2313 can include one or more grooves, channels, slots, tracks, etc. configured to receive and / or slidably engage a portion of the slide block (not shown). The slide block is then coupled to the slide plate 2318. In other embodiments, the slide block and slide plate 2318 are monolithic or integrally formed. Additionally, the slide plate 2318 is coupled to an end of the first drive screw 2312. For example, in some embodiments, the slide plate 2318 can include and / or be coupled (e.g., via one or more mechanical couplers, welds, adhesives, etc.) to a mounting plate or bracket that further forms a threaded coupling with the first drive screw 2312. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when the first motor 2311 is actuated, the output of the first motor 2311 rotates the first drive screw 2312 relative to the mounting plate or bracket of the slide plate 2318, thus moving the slide plate 2318 in a linear direction along the length of the first slide track 2312 (e.g., toward or away from the first motor 2311).

[0083] The second motor 2315 and second slide track 2317 of the drive portion 2310 are each coupled to the slide plate 2318. More specifically, the second slide track 2317 is coupled to and / or included in the slide plate 2318 and extends along the length of the slide plate 2318 in a direction perpendicular to the first slide track 2313. As described above with respect to the first slide track 2313, the second slide track 2317 is configured to slidably receive a slide block (not shown), which is further coupled to a slide bracket 2323. The slide bracket 2323 is further coupled to an end of the second drive screw 2316. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when the second motor 2315 is actuated, the output of the second motor 2315 rotates the second drive screw 2316 relative to the slide bracket 2323, thus moving the slide bracket 2323 in a linear direction along the length of the second slide track 2316 (e.g., toward or away from the second motor 2315).

[0084] The third slide track 2322 is coupled to the slide bracket 2323 and configured to extend along the length of the slide block 2323 in a direction perpendicular to each of the first slide track 2313 and the second slide track 2316, as shown in Figures 10 and 12. As described above with respect to the first slide track 2313 and the second slide track 2316, the third slide track 2322 is configured to slidably receive the slide block 2342 (Figure 12), which is further coupled to the mounting plate 2344 of the tray portion 2340. The third motor 2320 is coupled to a motor mount 2345 of the mounting plate 2344 such that an end of the third drive screw 2321 extends through the motor mount 2345 and is rotatably coupled to the slide bracket 2323. 10 and 11, the third drive screw 2321 extends in a direction substantially parallel to the third slide track 2322 (e.g., perpendicular to the base plate 2113 and / or perpendicular to both the first drive screw 2312 and the second drive screw 2316). When the third motor 2320 is actuated, the output of the third motor 2320 rotates the third drive screw 2321 relative to the third motor 2320, which therefore moves along the length of the third drive screw 2321. Thus, with the third motor 2320 coupled to the mounting plate 2344, movement of the third motor 2320 along the length of the third drive screw 2321 will cause the mounting plate 2344 (and slide block 2342) to move in a linear direction along the length of the third slide track 2322 (e.g., toward or away from the slide plate 2318).

[0085] The arrangement of the drive unit 2310 allows the drive unit 2310 to move the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 in any suitable direction along a plane parallel to the base plate 2113 and perpendicular or perpendicular to that plane in response to one or more signals from the electronic assembly 2200. In other words, the drive unit 2310 can move the tray portion 2340 in the X, Y and Z directions. Furthermore, by coupling the second motor 2315 to a slide plate 2318 that is movably coupled to the first slide track 2313 and coupling the third motor 2320 to a mounting plate 2344 that is movably coupled (at least indirectly) to the second slide track 2316 and the third slide track 2322, the drive unit 2310 can be configured to simultaneously operate the first motor 2311, the second motor 2315 and the third motor 2322 to move the tray portion 2340 in any suitable direction in the XY, XZ and / or YZ planes. 10 and 11, the drive portion 2310 also includes a cable track 2325 that can receive one or more wires and / or conduits. In this manner, the one or more wires and / or conduits can move relative to the sliding plate 2318 and the sliding bracket 2323 (e.g., within and / or simultaneously with the cable track 2325) in response to actuation of the first motor 2311, the second motor 2315, and / or the third motor 2320.

[0086] The tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. As shown in FIG. 12 , the tray portion 2340 includes a mounting plate 2344, a cooler 2350, a cold block 2360, a tray holder 2362, a reagent tray 2365, and a shroud 2368. Each of the cooler 2350, the cold block 2360, the reagent tray 2365, and the shroud 2368 is coupled to the tray holder 2362, which is further coupled to and / or otherwise supported by the mounting plate 2344. Thus, with the mounting plate 2334 coupled to the slide block 2342 (as described above), the mounting plate 2344 and the slide block 2342 slidably couple the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 to the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300. In some embodiments, the drive portion 2310 can place the tray portion 2310 in a default or other predetermined position when the system 2000 is not in use and / or before or after moving the tray portion 2310. In some embodiments, the shroud 2368 can be coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that at least a portion of the shroud 2368 is substantially aligned with an associated portion of the theater cover 2114 (see, e.g., FIG. 6 ). In this manner, the shroud 2368 and the theater cover 2114 can collectively isolate a portion of the system 2000 within the housing 2100.

[0087] The reagent tray 2365 is configured to be at least temporarily coupled to the tray holder 2362. For example, the reagent tray 2365 may be removably coupled to the tray holder 2362, thereby allowing a user to remove and / or replace the reagent tray 2365 (e.g., for cleaning, etc.). The reagent tray 2365 may be coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that a surface of the reagent tray 2365 contacts a surface of the cold block 2360, as described in further detail herein. The reagent tray 2365 may be any suitable tray, etc. For example, the reagent tray 2365 may hold and / or otherwise define a set of wells 2366 configured to receive any suitable solution, fluid, gel, lysate, buffer, sample, analyte, ampholyte, drug, reagent, protein, substrate, etc. In other embodiments, the wells 2366 may receive one or more vials 2367, etc., which may contain any of the samples and / or mixtures described herein. The wells 2366 may be of any suitable shape, size or configuration and may be arranged in any suitable arrangement. For example, the wells 2366 may be a well plate, a microwell plate, etc. As shown in FIG. 12, the reagent tray 2365 includes 42 wells 2366. In other embodiments, the reagent tray may include any number of wells (e.g., 43 wells or more or less than 42 wells). In some embodiments, the reagent tray 2365 is removably coupled to the tray holder 2362 such that a reagent tray having any suitable number and / or arrangement of wells may be at least temporarily coupled to the tray holder 2362. Additionally, as described in more detail herein, the drive portion 2310 of the reagent assembly 2300 may move the tray portion 2340 within the housing 2100 to selectively place one or more wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365 in fluid communication with a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 and / or a cartridge 2500 disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0088] The cooler 2350 of the tray portion 2340 is coupled to the tray holder 2362. The cooler 2350 may be any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, etc. configured to transfer thermal energy to or from the cooler 2350. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the cooler 2350 includes a fluid block 2351 and a thermoelectric cooling device 2355. The fluid block 2351 has an inlet 2352 configured to receive an inlet flow of fluid into the fluid block 2351 and an outlet 2353 configured to receive an outlet flow of fluid from the fluid block 2351. As shown in FIG. 13, the fluid block 2351 is fluidly coupled to a pump 2385, which is further fluidly coupled to a heat exchanger 2390 (e.g., a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a radiator, etc.). In this manner, the pump 2385 can receive a flow of relatively hot or heated fluid (e.g., water, coolant, etc.) from the outlet 2353 of the fluid block 2351 and can pump a quantity of the fluid to the heat exchanger 2390. The heat exchanger 2390 includes and / or is coupled to a fan 2395 configured to provide a flow of bulk fluid (e.g., air) across an exterior surface of the heat exchanger 2390, thereby removing thermal energy from the fluid flowing within the heat exchanger 2390. The relatively cool or cooled fluid can then flow into the inlet 2352 of the fluid block 2351. Thus, the fluid flowing through the fluid block 2351 can be configured to transfer thermal energy from or to the fluid block 2351.

[0089] The thermoelectric cooling device 2355 (also referred to herein as "cooling device") may be any suitable cooling device, such as, for example, a Peltier element configured to provide a temperature gradient in response to an electrical input (e.g., a voltage or change in voltage). In some embodiments, the cooling device 2355 has a hot side in at least thermal communication with a fluid flowing through the fluid block 2351 and a cold side in at least thermal communication with the cold block 2360. The cooling device 2355 may thus receive a flow of electrical current (e.g., from the power source 2210 of the electronic assembly 2200) operable to provide a temperature gradient between the cold side and the hot side of the cooling device 2355. Thus, with the cold block 2360 in contact with the reagent tray 2365 (as described above), thermal energy may be transferred from the reagent tray 2365 through the cold block 2360 to the cold side of the cooling device 2355, through the cooling device 2355, and to the fluid flowing within the fluid block 2351. Thereafter, as described above, at least a portion of the thermal energy is removed from the fluid as it flows through the heat exchanger 2390. Thus, the tray portion 2340 of the reagent assembly 2300 can cool, chill, and / or otherwise condition the sample and / or other mixture in the reagent tray 2365.

[0090] Alternatively, a hot surface of the cooling device 2355 can be in thermal communication with the cold block 2360 and a cold surface of the cooling device 2355 can be in thermal communication with a fluid through the fluid block 2351 such that the cooling device is operable to transfer thermal energy to the reagent tray 2365 (e.g., operable to function as a heater). For example, by changing the polarity of a voltage applied to the cooling device 2355, the cooling device 2355 can be operable to alternate between a heating device and a cooling device. In some cases, a controller such as a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller can be operable to vary the polarity, duty cycle, duration, potential, etc., supplied to the cooling device 2355 to maintain the temperature of the reagent tray 2365 within a particular temperature range. In some embodiments, such a controller can be and / or include a set of instructions stored in a memory and executed in a processor of the PCBA 2212 of the electronic assembly 2200.

[0091] The capillary cartridge retainer 2400 (also referred to herein as the "cartridge retainer") of the system 2000 is disposed within the housing 2100. For example, as shown in FIG. 14, a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is fixedly coupled to an optics support member 2121 of the frame 2120. In this manner, at least a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is maintained in a substantially fixed position within the housing 2100. More specifically, as described in further detail herein, a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is coupled to the optics support member 2121 and maintained within a range of fixed positions relative to the detection assembly 2700, thereby maintaining a desired alignment therebetween.

[0092] The cartridge retainer 2400 may be of any suitable shape, size, or configuration. For example, as shown in FIGS. 15-20, the cartridge retainer 2400 includes a frame 2410, a vacuum portion 2440, a latch mechanism 2455, and a pipette portion 2470. As described in further detail herein, the frame 2410 is configured to couple the cartridge retainer 2400 to the optics support member 2121 and to receive and selectively engage at least a portion of the cartridge 2500. Additionally, as shown in FIGS. 15-18, each of the vacuum portion 2440, the latch mechanism 2455, and the pipette portion 2470 are coupled to and / or otherwise supported by the frame 2410.

[0093] 15 and 16, the pipette portion 2470 includes a pipette 2481 coupled to a side wall of the frame 2410 (e.g., the second side wall 2421 as described in further detail herein) and configured to move in a linear direction relative to the frame 2410. The pipette portion 2470 further includes a mounting block 2471, a motor 2472, a rack 2473, a pinion 2474, a belt 2475, a support member 2476, a slide track 2478, and a slide block 2479. The mounting block 2471 and the support member 2476 are each configured to couple to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410. The motor 2472 is coupled to the mounting block 2471 and includes an output (not shown). The output of the motor 2472 is operatively coupled to the pinion 2474 via a belt 2475. The pinion 2474 is rotatably coupled to the mounting block 2471 and configured to rotate by the belt 2475 in response to rotation of the output of the motor 2472. The rack 2473 is configured to engage a gear or the like (not shown) of the pinion 2474 and move in a linear motion relative to the mounting block 2471. As shown in FIG. 16 , an end of the rack 2473 and the pipette 2481 are coupled to a slide block 2479. The slide block 2479 is slidably disposed about a portion of a slide track 2478, which is coupled to the support member 2476 and further configured to be maintained in a substantially fixed position relative to the frame 2410. Additionally, the support member 2476 defines a notch 2477 configured to movably receive a portion of the latch mechanism 2455, as described in more detail herein.

[0094] With this arrangement of the pipette portion 2470, when the motor 2472 is actuated, the belt 2475 rotates the pinion 2474 relative to the rack 2473. With the pinion 2474 rotatably coupled to the mounting block 2471, and with a gear portion of the pinion 2474 engaged with the rack 2473, rotation of the pinion 2474 advances the rack 2473 relative to the pinion 2474. With an end of the rack 2473 coupled to the slide block 2479, the advancement of the rack 2473 relative to the pinion 2474 results in linear motion of the slide block 2479 along the length of the slide track 2478. Thus, with the pipette 2481 coupled to the slide block 2479, the pipette 2481 moves simultaneously with the slide block 2479 as the slide block 2479 moves along the length of the slide track 2478. In this manner, the electronic assembly 2200 can send a signal and / or power to the motor 2472 to move the pipette 2481 in a linear direction along the length of the slide track 2478 (e.g., along the length of a centerline defined by the pipette 2481).

[0095] Optionally, the pipette 2481 can be moved from a first position to a second position to be disposed within one or more wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365. For example, the motor 2472 can be actuated (e.g., in response to a signal and / or power received from the electronic assembly 2200) to optionally dispose a first end of the pipette 2481 within a well 2366 of the reagent tray 2465. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 16, a second end of the pipette 2481 opposite the first end is in fluid communication with at least one fluid conduit 2480. Thus, the pipette 2481 can be configured to deliver fluid to and / or receive fluid from the well 2366 in which it is disposed. For example, in some embodiments, the one or more fluid conduits 2480 are in fluid communication with a pump 2490 or the like (see, e.g., FIG. 13). The pump 2490 is further in fluid communication with at least one fluid reservoir 2495. In this manner, the electronic assembly 2200 and / or other control device can send a signal to the pipette assembly 2470 to actuate the motor 2472 such that a first end of the pipette 2481 is positioned within a desired well 2366. The electronic assembly 2200 can also send a signal to a pump 2490 (e.g., a syringe pump or other suitable pump) in response to which the pump 2490 can draw a predetermined amount of fluid from one or more fluid reservoirs 2495 and deliver the predetermined amount of fluid via one or more fluid conduits 2480 and pipette 2481 to the well 2366. In some embodiments, this arrangement enables the system 2000 to at least semi-automatically fill and / or otherwise prepare one or more wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365 with a desired sample or mixture, such as those described herein.

[0096] In some embodiments, the fluid reservoir 2495 may be sized to contain a relatively small amount of fluid, such as 20 milliliters (mL), 50 mL, 100 mL, etc. The fluid reservoir 2495 may store a sufficient amount of fluid for one or several (e.g., 2, 5, 10, etc.) runs. Optionally, the interior of the housing 2100 may be conditioned to maintain the fluid reservoir 2495 at a preset and / or substantially constant temperature. For example, fans 2215 and / or 2395 may be circulated such that heat generated from system components (e.g., electrical components, power supplies, transformers, cooling devices 2355, etc.) is exhausted at a controlled rate to maintain a preset and / or substantially constant temperature. The fluid reservoir 2495 may be sized to contain a relatively small amount of fluid, the temperature of which may be more easily controlled than, for example, a multi-liter bulk fluid reservoir.

[0097] Optionally, the fluid reservoir 2495 may be fluidly coupled to a bulk fluid container (not shown), e.g., located outside the housing 2100. The fluid reservoir 2495 may be operable to draw and / or otherwise receive fluid from the bulk fluid container. In some embodiments, the fill level of a bulk fluid container having a known volume may be determined by supplying a known amount of gas at a known pressure to the bulk fluid container. By calculating the change in pressure in the bulk fluid container (e.g., the volume of head space in the fluid reservoir 2495 and / or in the bulk fluid container may be determined; i.e., the change in pressure in the bulk fluid container decreases as the head space increases. The head space may be subtracted from the known volume of the bulk fluid container to calculate the fill level. In some embodiments, the system 2000 may prompt a user to refill one or more bulk fluid containers when the fill level falls below a predetermined level, and / or may otherwise modify the behavior of the run (e.g., the system 2000 may prevent an assay from being performed until the bulk fluid container is refilled).

[0098] The frame 2410 of the cartridge retainer 2400 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. As shown in FIGS. 16-19, for example, the frame 2410 includes a first side wall 2411, a second side wall 2421, a first contact bracket 2438 (e.g., an upper contact bracket), and a second contact bracket 2489 (e.g., a lower contact bracket). The first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 are disposed between the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421, respectively, and configured to couple to the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421. More specifically, the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 are coupled to and disposed between the side walls 2411 and 2421 such that the first side wall 2411 and the second side wall 2421 are spaced apart by a predetermined distance (see, for example, FIG. 19). In some embodiments, the predetermined distance can relate to, for example, a width of the cartridge 2500. In other words, the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 couple the side walls 2411 and 2421 together such that a space is defined therebetween sufficient to receive at least a portion of the cartridge 2500. As described in more detail herein, each of the first contact bracket 2438 and the second contact bracket 2439 is coupled to a contact member 2485 that contacts a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed between the second side wall 2421 and the first side wall 2411.

[0099] 17, the first sidewall 2411 defines one or more spring openings 2412, a first optics opening 2414, and a second optics opening 2415. The first optics opening 2414 is configured to align with a first portion of the optics assembly 2700 (e.g., a size imaging portion 2701, as described in further detail herein) to allow visualization of a first portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is held by the cartridge retainer 2400. Similarly, the second optics opening 2415 is configured to align with a second portion of the optics assembly 2700 (e.g., a full column detection portion 2750, as described in further detail herein) to allow visualization of a second portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is held by the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0100] One or more spring openings 2412 defined by the first sidewall 2411 are configured to receive a portion of the spring 2450. For example, as shown in FIG. 17, the first sidewall 2411 defines two spring openings 2412 that receive different portions of the spring 2450. The spring 2450 (e.g., a leaf spring, etc.) can be a relatively thin, elongated member that can be bent, deformed, biased, and / or otherwise reconfigured to exert a reaction force accordingly. In this manner, a portion of the spring 2450 can be disposed within the spring openings 2412 to place the spring 2450 in a biased configuration configured to convert potential energy into kinetic energy in response to a force exerted on at least a portion of the spring 2450. As shown, the spring 2450 includes a roller 2451 disposed at an end of the spring 2450 that contacts a surface of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is inserted into the cartridge retainer 2400. In some embodiments, the cartridge 2500 exerts sufficient force on the spring 2450 to bias or temporarily deform the spring 2450 upon contact with the roller 2451 .

[0101] 18 and 19, the second sidewall 2421 has an inner surface 2427 that includes and / or forms a first guide rail 2428 (e.g., an upper guide rail) and a second guide rail 2429 (e.g., a lower guide rail). The first guide rail 2428 and the second guide rail 2429 are configured to selectively engage, guide and / or support an associated portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed within a space defined between the first sidewall 2411 and the second sidewall 2421. More specifically, the first guide rail 2428 and the second guide rail 2429 may engage and / or guide a portion of the cartridge 2500 to ensure that the cartridge 2500 is retained in a desired position and / or orientation within the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, in some embodiments, alignment of the cartridge 2500 within the cartridge retainer can have a tolerance of 1.0 microns (μm) to about 500 μm (0.5 millimeters (mm)) or less.

[0102] As described in more detail herein, the second sidewall 2421 defines a latch opening 2422, a vacuum motor opening 2423, a first optics opening 2424, a second optics opening 2425, and a notch 2426. The notch 2426 defined by the second sidewall 2421 is configured to receive and / or be otherwise disposed about a portion of the optics support member 2121 of the frame 2120 to facilitate coupling of the cartridge retainer 2400 to the optics support member 2121. The latch opening 2422 and the vacuum motor opening 2423 are configured to receive a portion of the latch mechanism 2455 and a portion of the vacuum motor 2447, respectively. As described above with respect to the first sidewall 2411, the first optics opening 2424 and the second optics opening 2425 of the second sidewall 2421 are configured to be aligned with the first and second portions, respectively, of the optics assembly 2700 to permit visualization of the first and / or second portions, respectively, of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is retained by the cartridge retainer 2400. Additionally, at least the second optics opening 2425 may include and / or be capable of receiving a focusing lens 2405 and / or any other suitable optical component.

[0103] The second sidewall 2421 also includes and / or is coupled to a shaft 2430 and an engagement member 2431. The shaft 2430 is an elongate member having a first end movably coupled to and / or movably disposed within the second sidewall 2421 and a second end opposite the first end, which is coupled to the engagement member 2431. The shaft 2430 is configured to move relative to the second sidewall 2421 in response to an applied force. For example, in some embodiments, the reagent tray 2365 can be moved vertically such that a portion of the reagent tray 2365 and / or a sample vial contained within the reagent tray 2365 contacts the engagement member 2431. Thus, further movement of the reagent tray 2365 (in the same direction) exerts a force on the engagement member 2431 that is sufficient to move the shaft vertically relative to the second sidewall 2421. More specifically, in some embodiments, a portion of the shaft 2430 is movably disposed within an opening defined by the second sidewall 2421. In such embodiments, the force applied to the engagement member 2431 may be sufficient to increase the portion of the shaft 2430 disposed within the opening, thereby compressing and / or otherwise shortening the length of the shaft 2430 extending from the second sidewall 2421. In some embodiments, the arrangement of the shaft 2430 and engagement member 2431 may be configured to limit movement of the reagent tray 2365 in a vertical direction to substantially prevent damage to the cartridge 2500 and / or cartridge retainer 2400 that may otherwise result from their absence. In other embodiments, the shaft 2430 and / or engagement member 2431 may include and / or be operably coupled to a sensor or the like (e.g., a proximity sensor, a pressure sensor, an accelerometer, etc.) configured to sense and / or detect a position and / or force related to movement of the shaft 2430 (and / or the reagent tray 2365) relative to the cartridge retainer 2400.Thus, based at least in part on the data sensed and / or determined by such sensors, the system 2000 can control movement of the reagent tray 2365 and / or any other suitable portion of the system 2000 relative to the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0104] As described above, the vacuum section 2440 and the latch mechanism 2455 are coupled to the frame 2410. As shown in FIGS. 16-19, the vacuum section 2440 of the cartridge retainer 2400 includes a lever arm 2441, a pinch valve actuator 2444, a pressure nozzle 2445, a motor 2447, and a vacuum port 2448. The lever arm 2441 has a first end 2442 and a second end 2443. The first end 2442 of the lever arm 2441 is rotatably coupled to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410 via, for example, a bearing or a pin (see, for example, FIG. 17). The second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441 is coupled to a connector 2446 or the like configured to connect and / or couple the second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441 to the motor 2447. More specifically, the motor 2447 is coupled to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410 such that an output member or the like extends through the vacuum motor opening 2423 (see, e.g., FIG. 18 ) and couples to the connector 2446. The connector 2446 thus operably couples the lever arm 2441 to the motor 2447. In this manner, the motor 2447 can rotate its output in response to a signal and / or power (e.g., delivered from the electronic assembly 2200), which causes the lever arm 2441 to rotate and / or pivot (e.g., about a pin, axle, pivot point, etc.) about an axis defined by the first end 2442.

[0105] The pinch valve actuator 2444 and the pressure nozzle 2445 are each coupled to the lever arm 2441 and configured to move with the lever arm 2441 in response to actuation of the motor 2447. More specifically, the pinch valve actuator 2444 is coupled to and / or otherwise disposed at or near the second end 2443 of the lever arm 2441, while the pressure nozzle 2445 is disposed closer to and / or substantially at the center of the lever arm 2441. As described in more detail herein, the pinch valve actuator 2444 and the pressure nozzle 2445 are each configured to selectively engage a predetermined portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is retained by the cartridge retainer 2400 and the motor 2447 is actuated to rotate the lever arm 2441. For example, in some embodiments, the pinch valve actuator 2444 can be configured to actuate a pinch valve included in the cartridge 2500 to control the flow of fluid through one or more fluid flow paths. Similarly, the pressure nozzle 2445 can be configured to engage and / or actuate a portion of the cartridge 2500 configured to regulate pressure within one or more fluid flow paths and / or capillaries. For example, the pressure nozzle 2445 can be fluidly coupled (e.g., via any suitable fluid conduit, tube, pipe, etc.) to a pump 2497, etc., which can be actuated to generate positive pressure. Thus, as described in more detail herein, the pressure nozzle 2445 can engage a portion of the cartridge 2500 to transfer at least a portion of the positive pressure to that portion of the cartridge 2500.

[0106] As shown in FIGS. 17 and 19, the vacuum port 2448 is coupled to the first contact bracket 2438. As described in more detail herein, the vacuum port 2448 is configured to engage and / or contact a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400. Although not shown, the vacuum port 2448 can be coupled to any suitable fluid conduit, tube, pipe, or the like, such that the vacuum port 2448 is in fluid communication with a vacuum source. For example, a fluid conduit or the like can be configured to fluidly connect the vacuum port 2448 to a vacuum source 2496 (see, e.g., FIG. 13). The vacuum source 2496 can be any suitable device or the like configured to provide a negative pressure differential between the vacuum source 2496 and, for example, the vacuum port 2448. In some embodiments, the vacuum source 2496 can include an impeller or the like configured to rotate within a chamber to generate a negative pressure. In other embodiments, the vacuum source 2496 can be a piston pump or other suitable pump. Thus, as described in further detail herein, when the cartridge 2500 is in contact with the vacuum port 2448, the vacuum source 2496 can be activated (e.g., in response to a signal and / or power received from the electronic assembly 2200) to generate a negative pressure within a portion of the cartridge 2500.

[0107] The latch mechanism 2455 of the cartridge retainer 2400 can be any suitable member, device, mechanism, and / or assembly. For example, as shown in FIGS. 16, 18, and 19, the latch mechanism 2455 includes a latch arm 2456, a motor 2459, and a manual release member 2465. The latch arm 2456 can be any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. A first end of the latch arm 2456 is configured to be coupled to an output (not shown) of the motor 2459 such that rotation of the output results in a similar and / or corresponding rotation of the latch arm 2456. As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the latch arm 2456 includes a pin 2457 and a latch member 2458. The pin 2457 is configured to contact a stop and / or a portion of the frame 2410 to limit rotation of the latch arm 2456. The latch member 2458 is coupled to an end of the latch arm 2456 opposite the end coupled to the motor 2459. The latch member 2458 may be any suitable pin, roller, knob, tab, protrusion, etc. configured to selectively engage a portion of the cartridge 2500 when the cartridge 2500 is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400, as described in further detail herein.

[0108] The latch member 2458 is operable to reliably position the cartridge 2500 relative to the first and second contact brackets 2438 and 2439 with a high degree of precision and repeatability. Thus, the latch member 2458, the guide rails 2428 and 2429, and the contact brackets 2438 and 2439 can collectively align the cartridge 2500 as it is inserted into the cartridge retainer 2400. In some cases, it may be desirable to tightly control the direction and / or alignment of the insertion of the cartridge 2500 (e.g., the insertion of the cartridge 2500 into the cartridge retainer 2400) to ensure alignment with the optics assembly 2700. In some cases, the latch member 2458, guide rails 2428 and 2429, and contact brackets 2438 and 2439 may be operable to reproducibly position the cartridge 2500 within a tolerance of, for example, 0.1 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.01 mm, 0.005 mm, or any other suitable distance. Additionally, the cartridge retainer 2400 may include one or more sensors 2488 (see, for example, FIG. 19 ) configured to detect and / or sense the position or alignment of the cartridge 2500 within the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, the sensor 2488 may be a proximity sensor and / or any suitable switch, plunger, actuator (e.g., mechanical and / or electrical), etc. In some embodiments, when the cartridge 2500 is positioned at a desired position within the cartridge retainer 2400, the sensor 2488 may send a signal to the motor 2459 indicative of a command to rotate the latch arm 2456.

[0109] The manual release member 2465 includes a first end 2466, a second end 2467, and a contact portion 2468. The first end 2466 of the manual release member 2465 is rotatably coupled to the second side wall 2421 of the frame 2410, as shown in FIG. 18. Additionally, a portion of the manual release member 2465 is movably disposed within a notch 2477 defined by a support member 2476. The second end 2467 is opposite the first end 2466 and may be engaged and / or manipulated by a user to pivot and / or rotate the manual release member 2465 about an axis (e.g., a pin, screw, axle, coupler, bearing, etc.) defined by the first end 2466. Additionally, when the manual release member 2465 rotates about the axis defined by the first end 2466, the contact portion 2468 contacts the pin 2457 of the latch arm 2456. In this manner, a user can apply force to the second end 2467 of the manual release member 2465 to cause the contact portion 2468 to contact the pin 2457 of the latch arm 2456, thereby allowing the latch arm 2456 to rotate and / or pivot relative to the frame 2410. Thus, in the event of a failure of the motor 2459 or the like, the cartridge 2500 can be manually released from the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0110] The optical system assembly 2700 of the system 2000 is disposed within the housing 2100 and coupled to an optical system support member 2121 of the frame 2120. More specifically, the optical system assembly 2700 can be disposed within the housing 2100 so as to at least partially surround the cartridge retainer 2400. As shown in FIGS. 20-28, the optical system assembly 2700 includes a single point detector 2701 (FIGS. 20-23) and a full column detector 2750 (FIGS. 24-28). The single point detector 2701 can be of any suitable shape, size and / or configuration. As shown in FIG. 20, the single point detection portion 2701 is coupled to and / or otherwise disposed about the cartridge retainer 2400 at a predetermined position such that one or more of its components are substantially aligned with the first optical system openings 2414 and 2424 in the first side wall 2411 and second side wall 2421, respectively, to enable the single point detection portion 2701 to perform molecular weight analysis on a sample, etc., flowing through the cartridge 2500 (e.g., molecular weight cartridge 2500'). As described in further detail herein, the full-column detection portion 2750 is positioned around the cartridge retainer 2400 in a predetermined position such that one or more of its components are substantially aligned with the second optical system openings 2415 and 2425 in the first side wall 2411 and second side wall 2421, respectively, to enable the full-column detection portion 2750 to detect migration of analytes (e.g., proteins) along the length of the capillary 2500 (e.g., isoelectric focusing cartridge 3500'') before, during and / or after separation.

[0111] 21-23, the single point detection portion 2701 includes an illumination assembly 2705, a central member 2710, a first side member 2720 coupled to a first imaging device 2725, and a second side member 2730 coupled to a second imaging device 2735. Additionally, as described in more detail herein, the single point detection portion 2701 can include any number of filters, lenses, holders, mirrors, etc. configured to direct at least a portion of the light emitted from the illumination assembly 2705.

[0112] The illumination assembly 2705 includes an entrance block 2706 and a fiber optic member 2707 (also referred to herein as a "light output"). The entrance block 2706 is coupled to a side of a central member 2710 and is further coupled to the light output 2707. In this manner, the entrance block 2706 can direct and / or guide a beam of light (e.g., photons) emitted from the light output 2707 into one or more bores defined by the central member 2710, as described in further detail herein. The light output 2707 can be optically coupled to a light source 2795 (e.g., see FIG. 13), such as a deuterium lamp, an incandescent lamp, an LED, or any other suitable fiber optic light source, which can be excited and / or otherwise activated in response to a signal and / or power received from the electronics assembly 2200 (e.g., power supply 2210) and / or any other suitable control device. In some embodiments, the light output 2707 can be configured to emit energy and / or photons generated by the light source 2795 having a desired wavelength (e.g., a wavelength in the infrared spectrum, the visible light spectrum, the ultraviolet spectrum, etc.).

[0113] The central member 2710 may be of any shape, size and / or configuration. For example, as shown in Figures 22 and 23, the central member 2710 defines a central bore 2711, side bores 2712, a cartridge retainer notch 2713, a mirror notch 2714 and a filter notch 2715. The central bore 2711 has a substantially circular cross-sectional shape and extends laterally along the length of the central member 2710. In this embodiment, the central bore 2711 receives a filter holder 2743 that holds or contains, for example, three lenses 2741, a mirror 2742, and a filter 2744. More specifically, the central bore 2711 has a first lens 2741 disposed adjacent to the entrance block 2706 of the illumination assembly 2705, a second lens 2741 disposed adjacent to and on a first side of the cartridge retainer cutout 2713, and a third lens 2741 disposed adjacent to and on a second side opposite the first side of the cartridge retainer cutout 2713 (see, e.g., FIG. 23 ). As described in more detail herein, a mirror 2742 is disposed within the mirror cutout 2714, which positions the mirror 2742 in a desired position to direct at least a portion of the light emitted from the light output 2707 towards the side bore 2712. The filter holder 2743 is positioned within the filter cutout 2715, which positions the filter 2744 (held by and / or coupled to the filter holder 2743) in a desired position between the first lens 2741 and the side bore 2712. In this manner, the first lens 2741 can focus at least a portion of the light emitted from the light output 2707, and further, the filter 2744 can filter that portion of the light before it enters the side bore 2712 and / or the remainder of the central bore 2711 (see, e.g., FIG. 23).

[0114] 20, the single point detection portion 2701 of the optics assembly 2700 is positioned relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 such that at least a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 is disposed within a cartridge retainer cutout 2713 defined by the central member 2710. More specifically, the single point detection portion 2701 and the cartridge retainer 2400 are collectively positioned such that a central bore 2711 of the central member 2710 is substantially aligned with a portion of the first optics openings 2414 and 2424 defined by the first and second side walls 2411 and 2421, respectively, of the frame 2410. In this manner, the lens 2741, the filter 2744 and the mirror 2742 disposed within the central bore 2711 collectively direct a focused and filtered portion of the light emitted by the light output portion 2707 through a predetermined portion of the cartridge retainer 2400. Thus, when cartridge 2500 is held by cartridge retainer 2400, as described in more detail herein, the focused and filtered portion of light similarly passes through a predetermined portion of cartridge 2500.

[0115] The first side member 2720 of the single point detection portion 2701 defines a bore 2721 and a notch 2722. The first side member 2720 is coupled to the central member 2710 such that its bore 2721 is substantially aligned with the side bore 2712 of the central member 2710. The bore 2721 of the first side member 2720 receives and / or houses a lens 2741. In this manner, a mirror 2742 disposed within the central bore 2711 of the central member 2710 can direct at least a portion of the light emitted by the light output portion 2707 into the bore 2721 of the first side member 2720, which portion of the light is then focused by the lens 2741 disposed within the bore 2721.

[0116] The first side member 2721 is also coupled to a first imaging device 2725 (see, e.g., FIG. 21). The first imaging device 2725 includes a thermal mass reference member 2726, an insulating material 2727, and a photodiode printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) 2728. As shown in FIG. 22, the thermal mass reference member 2726 is disposed within the insulating material 2727, which insulates (e.g., insulates) the thermal mass reference member 2726. The insulating material 2727 and the thermal mass reference member 2726 are disposed within a notch 2722 defined by the first side member 2722 (e.g., between the first side member 2722 and the photodiode PCBA 2728). The thermal mass reference member 2726 can be any suitable device, sensor, or the like. The thermal mass reference member 2726 can be configured to maintain the first imaging device 2725 at a substantially constant and / or reference temperature. The photodiode PCBA 2728 (also referred to herein as a "photodiode") may be any suitable device configured to sense and / or detect an input of light (e.g., photons) and convert the input into an electrical current. In this manner, the photodiode 2728 may generate a signal related to the scattering of light emitted by the light output 2707 and / or an image of a volume of sample flowing through the capillary of the cartridge 2500. Such signals may be interpreted by a processor (e.g., of the electronics assembly 2200) to determine characteristic molecular weights, electrophoretic mobility, morphology, etc. of analytes in the sample. Although described as a photodiode, in other embodiments, the single point detector 2701 may include any suitable imaging device, such as a CCD camera.

[0117] The second side member 2730 of the single point detection portion 2701 includes a mirror block 2740 coupled to and / or otherwise configured to hold a mirror 2742 and defines a bore 2731 and a notch 2732. The second side member 2730 is coupled to and / or disposed adjacent to the central member 2710. As shown in FIG. 21 , the arrangement of the single point detection portion 2701 is such that the first side member 2720 is coupled to and / or disposed on a first side of the cartridge retainer notch 2713 and the second side member 2730 is coupled to and / or disposed on a second side of the cartridge retainer notch 2713 opposite the first side. Further, the second side member 2730 is positioned relative to the central member 2710 such that a portion of the light emitted from the light output portion 2707 is redirected by the mirror 2742 into a bore 2731 defined by the second side member 2730, and thereby focused by one or more lenses 2741 positioned within the bore 2731.

[0118] As described above with respect to the first side member 2720, the second side member 2730 is also coupled to a second imaging device 2735 (see, e.g., FIG. 21 ). The second imaging device 2735 includes a thermal mass reference member 2736, a shielding material 2737, and a photodiode PCBA 2738. The second imaging device 2735 may be substantially similar to the first imaging device 2725 described above, and thus will not be described in specific detail herein.

[0119] The first imaging device 2725 and the second imaging device 2735 can individually and / or collectively generate signals (e.g., electronic signals containing data and / or information) related to the generation, scattering and / or absorption of light in both forward and backward directions affected by analytes, standards, labeled moieties, etc. in a volume of sample flowing through the capillaries of the cartridge 2500. For example, in some cases, the first imaging device 2725 can be operable to detect light emitted, scattered and / or absorbed from a dark field and / or a rear viewpoint (e.g., from about 95 degrees to 265 degrees opposite the beam direction) and the second imaging device 2735 can be operable to detect light emitted, scattered and / or absorbed from a bright field and / or a front viewpoint (e.g., from about 85 degrees to 275 degrees in the direction of the beam). In this manner, the single point detection portion 2701 of the system 2000 may be operable to detect when analytes separated by, for example, molecular weight and / or electrophoretic mobility flow through a portion of the capillary of the cartridge 2500, as described in further detail herein. The molecular weight of each analyte may be determined based on the time and / or sequence in which it is detected. For example, an analyte that is detected after a 10,000 Da standard is detected but before a 15,000 Da standard is detected may be determined to have a molecular weight between 10,000 and 15,000. The molecular weight may be more accurately determined by considering the timing between detection of the 10,000 Da standard, the analyte, and the 15,000 Da standard.

[0120] The full column detection portion 2750 of the optics assembly 2700 can be any suitable device, mechanism, subassembly, etc. As discussed above with respect to the single point detection portion 2701, the optics assembly 2700 is disposed within the housing 2100 such that the full column detection portion 2750 surrounds at least a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400. As discussed in more detail herein, the full column detection portion 2750 and the single point detection portion 2701 of the optics assembly 2700 can each surround a portion of the cartridge retainer 2400 such that either imaging mode can be used depending, for example, on the configuration of the cartridge 2500 inserted into the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0121] As shown in FIGS. 24-28, the full-column detector 2750 includes an illumination assembly 2751, an imaging assembly 2760, and a focusing assembly 2770. The illumination assembly 2751 can be any suitable device and / or assembly configured to generate an output of light energy. As shown in FIGS. 25 and 26, for example, the illumination assembly 2751 includes a linear light output array 2752, a mounting structure 2753, and a lens 2759. The linear light output array 2752 (also referred to herein as a "light output") can be any suitable emitter (e.g., light or photon emitter). For example, in some embodiments, the light output 2752 can be an array of fiber optic outputs configured to emit light energy generated by a light source (e.g., light source 2795). In some embodiments, the light output 2752 can be an array of LEDs, or the like. In still other embodiments, the light output 2752 can be a single emitter configured to emit light through an elongated aperture defined by the light output 2752, or the like. In this manner, the light output unit 2752 can output, for example, a string of light having a predetermined length.

[0122] In some embodiments, the light output 2752 can output light energy and / or photons having wavelengths in the ultraviolet spectrum, etc. In some embodiments, the light output 2752 can be a narrow band light source and / or generate a train of light having a single wavelength. In other embodiments, the light output 2752 can include a filter or monochromator configured to output a train of light having a single wavelength. In this manner, the light output 2752 can emit photons having a desired wavelength and / or energy (e.g., ultraviolet wavelength or energy) that is absorbed by one or more analytes, standards, fluorescent labels, etc. in the sample contained in the capillary of the cartridge 2500. Furthermore, as described in more detail herein, the one or more analytes, standards, labels, etc. can thus emit one or more photons (e.g., via fluorescence, phosphorescence, etc.) that are detected by the imaging assembly 2760.

[0123] In some cases, the light output 2752 may be operable and / or optimized for full column and / or real-time detection. For example, the light output 2752 may be an LED array configured to output a relatively constant light output for a relatively long period of time, e.g., compared to a laser light source. More specifically, some known electrophoresis methods use a laser to illuminate a single point on the column with high intensity for a relatively short period of time. While such methods are suitable for delivering sufficient energy to a single point to achieve accurate measurements, such methods are generally not suitable for full column or real-time detection because the intensity of the laser may damage the detector if applied for a long period of time. However, an LED array may illuminate the entire column for a longer period of time and at a lower intensity to generate sufficient energy to achieve accurate measurements for the entire column while electrophoresis is occurring.

[0124] The mounting structure 2753 includes a first adjustment block 2754, a second adjustment block 2755, an adjustment plate 2756, and a pair of mounting clamps 2758. The mounting clamps 2758 are coupled to an end of the adjustment plate 2756 to clamp, couple, and / or otherwise hold a lens 2759 in a fixed position relative to an end of the adjustment plate 2756, as shown in FIG. 25. The mounting structure 2753 is configured to adjustably support and / or adjustably mount the light output portion 2752 to, for example, the optics support plate 2121 of the frame 2120. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 26, the mounting structure 2753 includes a first mounting plate 2757 configured to adjustably couple the first adjustment block 2754 to the second adjustment block 2755, and a second mounting plate 2757 configured to adjustably couple the second adjustment block 2755 to the adjustment plate 2756. In some embodiments, the mounting structure 2753 is positioned such that the first adjustment block 2754 allows for horizontal adjustment of at least a portion of the illumination assembly 2751 (e.g., relative to the cartridge retainer 2400) and the second adjustment block 2755 allows for vertical adjustment of at least a portion of the illumination assembly 2751 (e.g., relative to the cartridge retainer 2400). Similarly, the light output 2752 can be slidably coupled to the adjustment plate 2756 such that it can be slid along a length of the adjustment plate 2756 to be positioned closer or farther from the lens 2759, for example. In this manner, the light output 2752 can be positioned in a desired location relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 and / or the cartridge 2500 held by the cartridge retainer 2400, as described in more detail herein.

[0125] The imaging assembly 2760 of the full column detector 2750 may be and / or include any suitable device, mechanism, assembly, etc. As shown in FIGS. 27 and 28, the imaging assembly 2760 includes an imaging device 2761, a seal bracket 2762, one or more seals 2763, a rotating flange 2765, and a transition flange 2767. The imaging device 2761 may be, for example, any suitable camera or detector configured to detect signals emitted by the analytes and / or standards (as described above). The imaging device 2761 may be, for example, a charge-coupled device (CCD) array, etc. that can be used to continuously monitor in real time signals emitted by the analytes and / or standards to allow a user to quickly determine whether the analyte is present in the sample, and optionally the amount or activity of the analyte. In other embodiments, the imaging device 2761 may be a photodiode, such as the photodiodes 2728 and 2738 described above.

[0126] The seal bracket 2762, the seal 2763, the rotating flange 2765, and the transition flange 2767 are collectively configured to couple the imaging device 2760 to the mounting block 2771 of the focusing assembly 2770. Furthermore, the arrangement of the imaging assembly 2760 is such that the imaging device 2761 is isolated from light emitted by an external light source (e.g., other than the light output 2752). In other words, the seal bracket 2762, the seal 2763, the rotating flange 2765, and the transition flange 2767 collectively form a light-tight seal between the imaging device 2761 and the mounting block 2771.

[0127] The focusing assembly 2770 includes a mounting block 2771, a lens holder 2774, a lens 2775, a mirror holding block 2776, a motor 2781, and a filter wheel 2784. As described above, the mounting block 2771 is coupled to the imaging assembly 2760 (e.g., the transition flange 2767 or other portion of the imaging assembly 2760). The mounting block 2771 is also coupled to the mirror holding block 2776 (see, e.g., FIG. 27). In other words, the mounting block 2771 is disposed between the imaging assembly 2760 and the mirror holding block 2776. The mounting block 2771 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 28, the mounting block 2771 defines an opening 2772 and a motor recess 2773. The lens holder 2774 receives the lens 2775 and is movably disposed within the opening 2772. The motor 2781 is at least partially disposed within the motor recess 2773 (see, e.g., FIG. 27 ) and is operable to move the lens holder 2774 within the opening 2772 defined by the mounting block 2771. For example, in some embodiments, the motor 2781 can be configured to rotate a pinion or the like such that a rack included in and / or formed by the lens holder 2774 can advance relative to the pinion. The lens holder 2774 can thus be moved within the mounting block 2771 to, for example, focus at least a portion of the light passing through the lens 2775 (e.g., emitted by the light output 2752).

[0128] As described above, the mirror retaining block 2776 is coupled to the mounting block 2771. The mirror retaining block 2776 defines an opening 2778 and includes a mirror adjustment mechanism 2777. More specifically, the mirror adjustment mechanism 2777 is disposed within the opening 2778 defined by the mirror retaining block 2776 (see, e.g., FIG. 27). The mirror adjustment mechanism 2777 is configured to receive and / or couple to the mirror 2790 and may be engaged, manipulated, and / or otherwise reconfigured to adjust and / or move the mirror 2790 within the mirror retaining block 2776. The orientation of the full-column detector 2750 is such that the opening 2778 defined by the mirror retaining block 2776 is aligned, for example, with the second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of the first and second side walls 2411 and 2421, respectively, of the cartridge retainer 2400. In this manner, light emitted from the light output 2752 may pass through the second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of the cartridge retainer 2400 (as well as the portion of the cartridge 2500 disposed therein) and into the opening 2778 defined by the mirror retaining block 2776. The mirror 2790 may then be adjusted and / or positioned to direct at least a portion of the light toward the imaging device 2761, as described in more detail herein.

[0129] The filter wheel 2784 is operatively coupled to a motor 2781 (e.g., via one or more gears 2782) and rotatably disposed between the mounting block 2771 and the mirror retaining block 2776. The filter wheel 2784 may be of any suitable shape, size, and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIG. 28, the filter wheel 2784 is a relatively thin plate that defines a set of apertures 2785. More specifically, in this embodiment, the filter wheel 2784 defines a set of six apertures 2785, each of which is configured to receive an optical filter or the like (not shown). The optical filters may be any suitable filters, lenses, and / or other optical devices configured to focus, filter, transform, and / or otherwise modify at least a portion of the light passing therethrough. In some embodiments, each aperture 2785 defined by the filter wheel 2784 may include a different filter and / or lens. In this manner, motor 2781 can rotate filter wheel 2784 to align any one of the filters with opening 2772 defined by mounting block 2771. Thus, at least a portion of the light directed by mirror 2790 to imaging device 2761 passes through the desired filter (and lens 2776) before entering imaging device 2761, as described in more detail herein.

[0130] In some cases, the filter wheel 2784 can be rotated during the electrophoresis run. In this way, different imaging modes can be used while the electrophoresis process is occurring. For example, the filter wheel 2784 can be placed in a first position such that a first filter is aligned with the opening 2772 defined by the mounting block 2771, and then moved (e.g., rotated) to a second, third, and / or fourth position such that a second, third, and / or fourth filter is aligned with the opening 2772, respectively. In some such cases, the first filter can, for example, enable the imaging device 2761 to capture fluorescence induced within a label moiety bound to an analyte, the second filter can, for example, enable the imaging device 2761 to capture the intrinsic fluorescence of the first analyte, the third filter can, for example, enable the imaging device 2761 to capture the intrinsic fluorescence of the second analyte, and the fourth filter can, for example, enable the imaging device 2761 to detect the absorbance of the analyte. In other embodiments, filter wheel 2784 can include any other suitable filter or combination of filters. By rotating filter wheel 2784, a separate image of all columns (e.g., illuminated by light output 2752) can be captured at any time during the run. In this manner, the fluorescence of the label, the intrinsic fluorescence of the analyte, and / or the absorbance of the analyte can each be tracked separately in a run as the analyte moves through the column (e.g., capillary).

[0131] As mentioned above, system 2000, and specifically cartridge retainer 2400, can be configured to receive different cartridges, such as a molecular weight cartridge 2500' and an isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500''. Other types of cartridges, such as isotachophoresis cartridges, capillary electrochromatography cartridges, etc., are also possible. In some cases, cartridge 2500 may be reusable. Similarly, cartridge 2500 may be suitable for performing multiple analyses on the same or different samples.

[0132] As shown in Figures 29-37, the molecular weight cartridge 2500' has a cartridge body 2501' and a capillary 2530'. The cartridge body 2501' defines at least one aperture 2505', at least one vertical alignment feature 2510' and at least one horizontal alignment feature 2515'. As described above with respect to Figures 18 and 19, the vertical alignment feature 2510' can be configured to slidably engage, mate with, and / or otherwise interact with a first guide rail 2428 (e.g., an upper guide rail) and a second guide rail 2429 (e.g., a lower guide rail) of the cartridge retainer 2400. More specifically, in this embodiment, the cartridge body 2501' includes a first vertical alignment feature (e.g., an upper alignment feature) configured to engage with the first guide rail 2428 and a second vertical alignment feature (e.g., a lower alignment feature) configured to engage with the second guide rail 2429. In some embodiments, the vertical alignment feature 2510' can be, for example, a groove, notch, slot, channel, etc. configured to receive a portion of the first guide rail 2428 or the second guide rail 2429 (see, e.g., FIGS. 29, 33, and 34). Thus, the guide rails 2428 and 2429 and the vertical alignment feature 2510' collectively limit and / or substantially prevent vertical movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500'.

[0133] The horizontal alignment feature 2515' can be similarly configured to mate with the latch member 2458 of the cartridge retainer 2400. For example, the horizontal alignment feature 2515' can be a notch, groove, slot, channel, or the like configured to selectively receive and contact a portion of the latch member 2458 when the latch member 2458 moves to a latched or locked configuration, for example, as shown in FIGS. 33 and 34. The horizontal alignment feature 2515' can have a dogleg shape such that the latch member 2458 can rotate into and lock against a surface of the cartridge body 2501' that defines the horizontal alignment feature 2515'. In this manner, the horizontal alignment feature 2515' and the latch member 2458 can collectively prevent movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' in a horizontal direction (e.g., in an insertion direction). Additionally, as described in further detail herein, when the latch member 2458 engages the horizontal alignment feature 2515', the molecular weight cartridge 2500' can be retracted into the cartridge retainer 2400 such that one or more portions of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' contact the contact member 2485. In some embodiments, in response to a surface of the cartridge body 2501' contacting the sensor 2488, the latch member 2458 can be moved into contact with the horizontal alignment feature 2515'. In some embodiments, the cartridge body 2501' can abut an inner surface of the first sidewall 2411 and / or an inner surface of the second sidewall 2421 of the cartridge retainer 2400 to prevent movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' in a horizontal direction (e.g., transverse or lateral) other than the direction of insertion of the cartridge 2500'. In this manner, the cartridge retainer 2400 can limit and / or substantially prevent horizontal and / or vertical movement of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' relative to the cartridge retainer 2400 when the latch member 2458 is engaged.

[0134] The one or more apertures 2505' defined by the cartridge body 2501' may be of any suitable shape, size or configuration. For example, as shown in Figures 29-31. The molecular weight cartridge 2500' includes a first aperture 2505' disposed on a first side of the cartridge body 2501' and a second aperture 2505' disposed on a second side of the cartridge body 2501' opposite the first side. More specifically, the first aperture 2505' and the second aperture 2505' are disposed in opposite and / or aligned positions. The position of the aperture 2505' is such that when the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400, the aperture 2505' is substantially aligned with, for example, a central bore 2711 of a central member 2710 included in the single point detection portion 2701 of the optical system assembly 2700. Further, the capillary 2530' is positioned within the cartridge body 2501' such that a portion of the capillary 2530' is aligned with and / or between the aperture 2505' (see, for example, Figures 29 and 30), thereby allowing a portion of the capillary 2501' to be visualized by the single-point detection portion 2701 of the optical system assembly 2700.

[0135] The capillary 2530' can be configured to be in fluid communication with a sample contained in a sample vial 2367 disposed in the reagent tray 2365, for example. In some embodiments, the end 2532' of the capillary 2530' can extend outside the cartridge body 2501' of the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. In other embodiments, the capillary 2530' can be in fluid communication with a sample in one or more sample vials 2367 and / or wells 2366 via a pipette tip or other suitable structure that protrudes from the cartridge body 2501'. In some embodiments, a sleeve 2535', such as a plastic or carbon sleeve, can be disposed around a portion of the capillary 2530', for example, to increase the rigidity of the capillary 2530'. In this manner, the sleeve 2535' can protect the end 2532' of the capillary 2530' to prevent undesired deformation or breakage thereof. Such a sleeve 2535' can be rigid enough to, for example, puncture a septum or other covering of a sample vial. In some embodiments, the sleeve 2535' can further provide insulation (eg, thermal insulation and / or insulation) for the end 2532' of the capillary 2530'.

[0136] The molecular weight cartridge 2500' also includes a pressure line 2550', a pressure port 2551', and a seal 2552', as shown in Figures 31-35. When the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is placed in the cartridge retainer 2400, the pressure line 2550' can be fluidly coupled to the pressure nozzle 2445 via the pressure port 2551' (see, e.g., Figure 35). The seal 2552' is configured to be pressed against the sample vial 2367 or container when the reagent tray 2365 is moved relative to the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. For example, the reagent tray 2365 can be configured to move vertically such that the seal 2552' abuts the sample vial, placing the capillary 2530' in fluid communication with the sample vial. The system 2000 can be configured to activate a pressure source 2497 that can pressurize the sample vial to force the sample from the vial into the capillary 2530'. Additionally or alternatively, capillary 2530' can be fluidly coupled to vacuum source 2496 via vacuum port 2448 and vacuum interface 2541'. System 2000 can be configured to activate vacuum source 2496 and / or pressure source 2497 to force a flow of sample from the vial into capillary 2530'. In some cases, by applying both negative and positive pressure to the sample vial, a volume and / or flow rate of sample having a desired set of properties (e.g., low bubbles, turbulence, etc.) can be drawn into capillary 2530'.

[0137] The molecular weight cartridge 2500' further includes a double-walled vial 2540' having an inlet septum 2543' and an outlet septum 2542' (see, e.g., FIG. 31 and FIG. 35). The inlet septum 2543' and / or the outlet septum 2542' can be substantially impermeable to liquids. The inlet septum 2543' is configured to be pierced by the end 2531' (opposite end 2532') of the capillary 2530' to place the capillary 2530' in fluid and electrical communication with the interior volume of the double-walled vial 2540'. For example, the double-walled vial 2540' can contain a working buffer that can be delivered to the capillary 2530' and / or can receive and store waste samples from the capillary 2530' during the current run or a previous run. Additionally, at least the end 2531' of the capillary 2530' is electrically conductive, such that when the end 2531' pierces the inlet septum 2543', it electrically connects or electrically couples the capillary 2530' to the double-walled vial 2540'.

[0138] In some embodiments, the outlet septum 2542' may be gas permeable, such that as sample is drawn through the capillary 2530' into the double-walled vial 2540', air, but not liquid, may be forced through the outlet septum 2542'. Additionally or alternatively, the double-walled vial 2540' may include a sponge, filter, and / or other absorbent material to prevent sample from exiting the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. In this embodiment, the outlet septum 2542' is pierced by the vacuum interface 2541'. Optionally, once a run is completed, the system 2000 may be configured to dry the double-walled vial 2540', for example, by circulating air through the double-walled vial 2540'. In some embodiments, the system 2000 can be configured to track and / or determine the amount of sample aspirated into the dual septum vial 2540' and alert the user to replace the dual septum vial 2540' and / or the molecular weight cartridge 2500' when the dual septum vial 2540' is full and / or after a predetermined number of runs. Optionally, the system 2000 can be configured to shut down at least a portion of the operation of the dual septum vial 2540' when it is full.

[0139] The double-walled vial 2540' is configured to be electrically coupled to at least a portion of the system 2000 when the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400'. For example, when the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is held by the cartridge retainer 2400, a portion of the contact member 2485 extending from the first contact bracket 2438 is disposed within the molecular weight cartridge 2500' to contact the double-walled vial 2540'. As described above, the contact member 2485 is electrically coupled to a voltage (or current) source, such as, for example, the power source 2210. Thus, the contact member 2485 electrically contacts the double-walled vial 2540' with the voltage (or current) source. Similarly, the contact member 2485 extending from the second contact bracket 2439 can be in contact with a portion of the molecular weight cartridge 2500' and / or a portion of the capillary 2530' to establish an electrical connection therebetween. Thus, a potential can be applied to the capillary 2530' via the contact bracket 2485 and the double-walled vial 2540', which can induce an electromotive force in the analytes within the capillary 2530'. If the analytes are charged, the potential can attract the analytes to the end 2531' of the capillary 2530' (e.g., toward the double-walled vial 2540'). In some cases, the analytes and / or other portions of the sample can flow toward the end of the capillary 2530' with a set of characteristics (e.g., mobility parameters, etc.) based at least in part on molecular weight, where analytes with smaller molecular weights can migrate faster than analytes with larger molecular weights.

[0140] As shown in FIGS. 35-37, the molecular weight cartridge 2500' can be placed in the cartridge retainer 2400 and the system 2000 can be set up to perform molecular weight analysis. Optionally, before inserting the molecular weight cartridge 2500', the user can prepare the reagent tray 2365 and / or the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. The user can then insert the molecular weight cartridge 2500' into the cartridge retainer 2400 in a single, pre-defined orientation, as described above. In this manner, the molecular weight cartridge 2500' can be placed in a desired position in the cartridge retainer 2400, such that the aperture 2505' is aligned with the single point detection optics 2701, as shown in FIG. 37. More specifically, the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is placed in the system 2000 such that the aperture 2505', and thus the capillary 2530', is aligned with the central bore 2711 of the central member 2710. Thus, by aligning the molecular weight cartridge 2500' with the single point detection optics portion 2701, the energy and / or photons emitted by the optical output portion 2707 can be directed to a predetermined portion of the capillary 2530'.

[0141] Once the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is retained within the cartridge retainer 2400, the reagent tray 2365 can be moved relative to the molecular weight cartridge 2500' to position at least a portion of the capillary 2530' within a well and / or sample vial of the reagent tray 2365, as described above. Additionally, the capillary 2530' is fluidly coupled to the vacuum source 2496 once the molecular weight cartridge 2500' is positioned within the cartridge retainer 2400. Thus, the vacuum source 2496 can be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to generate a negative differential pressure within the capillary 2530' operable to draw a sample into the capillary 2530'. When the capillary 2530' is placed in a well and / or sample vial, the contact member 2485 can transfer electrical energy (e.g., current) to the double-walled vial 2540' and the molecular weight cartridge 2500' and / or a portion of the capillary 2530' to apply a potential to the sample, resulting in migration of analytes within the sample. The rate at which the analytes migrate within the capillary 2540' can be correlated to one or more mobility coefficients, such as, for example, molecular weight.

[0142] Thus, as the analyte moves within the capillary 2530', the optical output 2707 can emit energy or photons, thereby illuminating and / or exciting a volume of sample flowing through a predetermined portion of the capillary 2530' (to which the energy or photons are directed). The photodiodes 2728 and 2738 then capture and / or detect at least a portion of the energy and / or photons that are reflected, refracted and / or absorbed by the illuminated and / or excited analytes, standards, labeling moieties, etc. in the volume of sample. The photodiodes 2728 and 2738 can then transmit signals that include data related to and / or concerning the detection, and the system 2000 (e.g., a processor of the electronics assembly 2200) can analyze the data to determine molecular weight-based data and / or electrophoretic mobility data related to the analytes in the sample. For example, the length of time between the applied potential and the analyte being detected can be correlated to the molecular weight and / or mobility coefficient of the analyte. In other embodiments, the sample flow can be induced by a vacuum source 2496 and / or a pressure source 2497 .

[0143] Although the system 2000 has been described above as receiving a molecular weight cartridge 2500' and performing molecular weight analysis, the system 2000 may otherwise be configured to receive an isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' and perform electrophoresis followed by visualization and detection. As shown in FIGS. 38-44, the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' has a cartridge body 2501'', a capillary 2530'', and a set of electrodes 2560''. The cartridge body 2501'' defines at least one aperture 2505'', at least one vertical alignment feature 2510'', and at least one horizontal alignment feature 2515''. The vertical alignment feature 2510'' and the horizontal alignment feature 2515'' may be similar to those described above with respect to the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. Thus, the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' may be similarly positioned and temporarily secured within the cartridge retainer 2400.

[0144] The aperture 2505'' defined by the cartridge body 2501'' may be of any suitable shape, size and / or configuration. For example, as shown in FIGS. 38-41, the aperture 2505'' is an elongated opening disposed on an opposing side of the cartridge body 2501'' (as described above with respect to the molecular weight cartridge 2500''). Thus, when the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is disposed within the aperture 2505'', the aperture 2505'' may be optically aligned with the second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of the cartridge retainer 2400. Additionally, the aperture 2505'' may allow optical access to the length of the capillary 2530'' such that the full-column detection portion 2750 of the optical assembly 2700 may image the sample before, during and / or after isoelectric focusing. The aperture 2505'' and the full-column detection portion 2750 of the optics assembly 2700 can collectively be configured to perform full-column imaging. Similarly, the aperture 2505'' can expose substantially the entire length (e.g., greater than 90% of the length) of the capillary 2530'' disposed between the set of electrodes 2560''.

[0145] The isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' further includes a slit plate 2520''. The slit plate 2520'' can be optically aligned with the aperture 2505'' and / or the capillary 2530''. The slit plate 2520'' can improve the resolution of the isoelectric focusing image, for example, by reducing the lensing effects associated with the curvature of the capillary 2530''. Similarly, the slit plate 2520'' can expose the center of the capillary 2530'' to the full-column detection portion 2750 of the optical system assembly 2700 while occluding the edges of the capillary 2530''. In some embodiments, the slit plate 2520'' can define a slit width of 100 microns, 200 microns, 300 microns, 500 microns, or any other suitable width.

[0146] As shown in FIG. 40 and FIG. 41, the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ includes a capillary 2530″, a pressure line 2550″, a pressure port 2551″, a seal 2552″, and a sleeve 2535″, each of which may be structurally and / or functionally similar to the capillary 2530′, the pressure line 2550′, the pressure port 2551″, the seal 2552′, and the sleeve 2535′ described above with respect to the molecular weight cartridge 2500′. Thus, a sample from one or more vials 2367 or wells 2366 of the reagent tray 2365 may be aspirated into the capillary 2530″ in a manner similar to that described above with respect to the molecular weight cartridge 2500′. The isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500″ may be configured to analyze a sample in the substantial absence of bulk fluid flow. Thus, once a sample is aspirated into the capillary 2500″, bulk fluid flow may be prevented, as described in further detail herein.

[0147] As shown in FIGS. 40-44, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' includes pinch valve assembly 2570'' including vacuum line 2572'' and pinch plate 2571''. Pinch valve opening 2520'' defined by cartridge body 2501'' is configured to receive pinch valve actuator 2444, described above with respect to vacuum portion 2440 of cartridge retainer 2400. Vacuum line 2572'' is fluidly coupled to an upper portion of capillary 2530''. When sample is aspirated into capillary 2530'', lever arm 2441 of cartridge retainer 2400 can be rotated such that pinch valve actuator 2444 applies a force to vacuum line 2572''. The force can cause vacuum line 2572'' to deform relative to pinch plate 2571'', reducing the cross-section of vacuum line 2572'', thereby closing pinch valve assembly 2570''. When the pinch valve assembly 2570'' closes, it can prevent or impede bulk fluid flow in the capillary 2530''. Optionally, while a vacuum is applied, the pinch valve assembly 2570'' can be closed, thereby applying a negative pressure to the top of the capillary 2530''. Such negative pressure can counteract and / or overcome gravity. Similarly, negative pressure applied to the pinch valve assembly 2570'' and / or the capillary 2530'' can prevent or impede bulk fluid movement in the vertical column under gravity.

[0148] Although not shown, the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' can include a double-walled vial fluidly coupled to the capillary 2530'' similar to the double-walled vial 2540' of the molecular weight cartridge 2500'. The double-walled vial 2540'' can contain a working buffer, such as a solution having a relatively high or low pH. The bottom septum can be configured to allow ion flow between the working buffer and the capillary 2530'' while preventing and / or restricting bulk fluid flow. In this manner, the double-walled vial can induce a pH gradient within the capillary 2530''.

[0149] In addition to the double-walled vial, the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' includes a waste container 2540''. The waste container 2540'' can also be fluidly coupled to the capillary 2530''. Similarly, the waste container 2540'' can be fluidly parallel to the double-walled vial. The waste container 2540'' can include a sponge, filter, or other suitable material. Once the run is complete, the pinch valve assembly 2570'' can be opened and the sample can be aspirated into the waste container 2540'' via the vacuum source 2496. For example, the bottom septum of the double-walled vial can direct the sample into the waste container 2540'' to prevent the fluid sample from being drawn out of the cartridge 2500''. In some embodiments, the waste container 2540'' can function similarly to the waste container 2540'' included in the molecular weight cartridge 2500''.

[0150] The isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' further includes a set of electrodes 2560''. In this embodiment, the set of electrodes 2560'' includes two electrodes. The electrodes 2560'' can be configured to abut corresponding contact members 2485 when the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is placed in the cartridge retainer 2400 (FIG. 44). The contact members 2485 can then be electrically coupled to a voltage (or current) source, such as, for example, the power supply 2210 of the electronics assembly 2200. The two electrodes 2560'' are also electrically coupled to the capillary 2530'' and / or the sample within the capillary 2530''. For example, in some embodiments, the capillary 2530'' can be conductive, with a first end 2531'' electrically coupled to the first electrode 2560'' and a second end 2532'' electrically coupled to the second electrode 2560'', as shown in FIG. In some embodiments, one of the electrodes 2560'' can be coupled to the double-walled vial described above. In such embodiments, the double-walled vial can be electrically conductive such that a working buffer in the double-walled vial can be electrically coupled to the electrode 2560''. The system 2000 can be configured to operate the power source 2210 to induce an electric potential along the capillary 2530'' that contains the sample. The electric potential can cause analytes in the sample to migrate along a pH gradient in the capillary 2530'' to their isoelectric point, as described in detail above.

[0151] As described above with respect to molecular weight cartridge 2500', a user can place isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' in cartridge retainer 2400 and set system 2000, for example, in an electrophoretic analysis setup and / or configuration. Optionally, prior to inserting isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'', a user can prepare reagent tray 2365 and / or isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500''. As described above, a user can then insert isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' into cartridge retainer 2400 in a single, predefined orientation. In this manner, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' can be placed in a desired position in cartridge retainer 2400 such that aperture 2505'' is aligned with full-column detection portion 2750 of optical system assembly 2700, as shown in FIG. 42. More specifically, isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is positioned within system 2000 such that aperture 2505'' and therefore capillary 2530'' are aligned with second optics openings 2415 and 2425 of cartridge retainer 2400, optical output 2752, and opening 2778 in mirror retaining block 2776. Thus, aligning isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' with whole-column detection 2750 allows energy and / or photons emitted by optical output 2752 to be directed to a predetermined portion of capillary 2530''.

[0152] Once the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is retained within the cartridge retainer 2400, the reagent tray 2365 can be moved relative to the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' to position at least a portion of the capillary 2530'' within a well and / or sample vial of the reagent tray 2365, as described above. Additionally, when the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500'' is disposed within the cartridge retainer 2400, the capillary 2530'' is fluidly coupled to the vacuum source 2496. Thus, the vacuum source 2496 can then be activated (e.g., at least semi-automatically) to generate a negative differential pressure within the capillary 2530'' operable to draw a volume of sample within the capillary 2530''.

[0153] Once a mixture having desired components (e.g., a sample) has been drawn into the capillary 2530'', the system 2000 can, for example, actuate the vacuum portion 2440 of the cartridge retainer 2400 to insert at least a portion of the pinch valve actuator 2444 into the pinch valve opening 2520'' of the cartridge body 2501'' and into contact with the pinch valve assembly 2570'' of the isoelectric focusing cartridge 2500''. The pinch valve actuator 2444 can thus place the pinch valve assembly 2570'' in a closed configuration by deforming a portion of the vacuum line 2572'' against the pinch plate 2571'', as described above. Thus, with the pinch valve assembly 2570'' in the closed configuration, bulk fluid flow through the capillary 2530'' is restricted, restricted, and / or substantially prevented. The system 2000 can then apply an electric field to the capillary 2530'', for example, by providing a flow of electric current to the contact member 2485. Thus, with contact member 2485 in contact with electrode 2560'', current is likewise passed through electrode 2560'', resulting in a voltage difference between ends 2531'' and 2532'' of capillary 2530''. Thus, in response to the current supplied to capillary 2530'', analytes in the sample are caused to migrate and / or separate along the length of capillary 2530'', such as according to the isoelectric point of each analyte, as described in detail above.

[0154] In some cases, the full column detector 2750 may detect a "full column" image or signal and / or otherwise perform "full column" detection of the sample in the capillary 2530". Similarly, the imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture more than a single point along the capillary 2530". For example, the imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture and / or detect a length (e.g., about 1 cm, about 3 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 20 cm, about 50 cm, or any other suitable length of the capillary 2530") sufficient to visualize the separation and / or focusing of the analytes during the electrophoretic process. Additionally or alternatively, the imaging device 2761 may be operable to capture and / or detect the intrinsic fluorescence and absorbance of the analytes in the capillary 2530". For example, while the analytes are being separated and / or focused in capillary 2530'', filter wheel 2784 can be rotated to modify the optical signal presented to imaging device 2761. Thus, while the analytes are being separated and / or focused during a run, the sample can be characterized for intrinsic fluorescence, absorbance, and / or any other suitable optical property along the entire column.

[0155] In some embodiments, the reagents, reagent trays, capillary cartridges, etc. can be packaged separately or collectively as a kit for analyte detection, for example, using any of the systems or methods described herein. In some embodiments, the kit can include materials that provide molecular weight, isoelectric point, and / or any other suitable standards, such as those described herein. Additionally, one or more mobility moieties, one or more reactive moieties, one or more labeling moieties can be packaged alone or collectively. In some embodiments, the kit can include one or more electrophoretic standards, including peptides, one or more fluorescent dyes, and one or more photoreactive groups. Additionally, buffers, macromolecular or polymerizable materials, blocking solutions, and wash solutions can be packaged with the reagents, reagent trays, capillary cartridges, etc., or can be packaged separately from the reagents, reagent trays, capillary cartridges, etc. The components can be provided separately or mixed with each other in dry or liquid form.

[0156] Some embodiments described herein relate to computer storage products with non-transitory computer-readable media (which may also be referred to as processor-readable media) having instructions or computer code for performing various computer-implemented operations. The computer-readable media (or processor-readable media) is non-transitory in the sense that it does not include propagating signals that are inherently transitory (e.g., propagating electromagnetic waves that carry information in a transmission medium such as space or cable). The media and computer code (which may also be referred to as code) may be designed and configured for a specific purpose or purposes. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks and magnetic tapes, optical storage media such as compact disks / digital video disks (CD / DVDs), compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs) and holographic devices, magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks, carrier wave signal processing modules, and hardware devices specifically configured to store and execute program code, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs) and read-only memories (ROMs) and random access memory (RAM) devices. Other embodiments described herein relate to computer program products that may include, for example, instructions and / or computer code discussed herein.

[0157] Some embodiments and / or methods described herein may be performed by software (executed in hardware), hardware, or a combination thereof. Hardware modules may include, for example, general-purpose processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Software modules (executed in hardware) may be expressed in various software languages ​​(e.g., computer code), including C, C++, Java™, Ruby, Visual Basic™, and / or other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming languages ​​and development tools. Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, microcode or microinstructions such as those produced by a compiler, machine instructions, code used to create web services, and files containing high-level instructions executed by a computer using an interpreter. For example, embodiments may be implemented using imperative programming languages ​​(e.g., C, FORTRAN, etc.), functional programming languages ​​(Haskell, Erlang, etc.), logic programming languages ​​(e.g., Prolog), object-oriented programming languages ​​(e.g., Java, C++, etc.), or other suitable programming languages ​​and / or development tools. Further examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encryption code, and compression code.

[0158] While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they are presented by way of example only and not by way of limitation. Although the schematics and / or embodiments described above show certain components arranged in certain orientations or positions, the arrangement of the components may be varied. While certain embodiments have been specifically illustrated and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and detail may be made. Although various embodiments have been described as having certain features and / or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible having any feature and / or combination of components from any of the embodiments described above.

[0159] Where the methods and / or events described above depict certain events and / or steps occurring in a certain order, the order of certain events and / or steps may be altered. Further, certain events and / or steps may be performed simultaneously in parallel processes where possible, as well as sequentially as described above.

Claims

1. a cartridge retainer configured to receive any of a plurality of capillary cartridges; At least one radiator; at least one detector; each capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges has a capillary and is configured to separate a sample; The at least one emitter and the at least one detector include: a first configuration in which the at least one detector receives an optical signal from a point on the capillary; the at least one detector is collectively configured to transition between a first form receiving a signal associated with a length of at least 1 cm of the capillary and a second form receiving a signal associated with a length of at least 1 cm of the capillary, the transition being based on one or more characteristics of a capillary cartridge among the plurality of capillary cartridges that is disposed within the cartridge retainer.

2. the one or more characteristics of a capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges include a molecular weight cartridge and an isoelectric focusing cartridge; the at least one emitter and the at least one detector are collectively configured to operate in the first configuration when the molecular weight cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer; 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one emitter and the at least one detector are collectively configured to operate in the second configuration when the isoelectric focusing cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a reagent tray holder configured to move relative to the cartridge retainer to place capillaries of a capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges in fluid communication with a reagent.

4. further comprising a vacuum source disposed within the housing; the vacuum source is fluidly coupled to the cartridge retainer; The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cartridge retainer is configured to fluidly connect a portion of a capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges to the vacuum source when the capillary cartridge is disposed within the cartridge retainer.

5. the at least one detector includes a first detector and a second detector; the first detector is a first optical detector configured to detect a first optical output associated with a first sample illuminated by a first beam of light emitted from the at least one emitter, the first beam converging to a substantially point; 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second detector is a second optical detector configured to detect a second optical output associated with a second sample being illuminated by a second beam of light forming a column of light emitted from the at least one emitter.

6. a cartridge retainer configured to receive any of a plurality of capillary cartridges; one or more emitters; one or more detectors; each capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges has a capillary and is configured to separate a sample; The one or more emitters and the one or more detectors include: automatically enters a first configuration when a molecular weight cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges is disposed within the cartridge retainer; and collectively configured to automatically enter a second configuration when an isoelectric focusing cartridge among the plurality of capillary cartridges is disposed within the cartridge retainer; the one or more detectors are configured in the first configuration to receive a first optical output associated with a first sample, the first optical output being from a point of a first capillary; The one or more detectors are configured to receive a second light output in the second configuration, the second light output associated with a length of at least 1 cm of the second capillary.

7. at least one of the one or more detectors is configured to detect the first light output associated with a first sample being illuminated by a first beam of light substantially converging to a point generated from at least one of the one or more emitters when the one or more detectors and the one or more emitters are in the first configuration; 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein at least one of the one or more detectors is configured to detect the second light output associated with a second sample being illuminated by a second beam of light forming a column of light generated from at least one of the one or more emitters when the one or more detectors and the one or more emitters are in the second configuration.

8. the first beam of light is configured to illuminate a point on the first capillary, the first capillary being a molecular weight capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges; 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second beam of light is configured to illuminate at least 2 cm of the second capillary, the second capillary being an isoelectric focusing capillary cartridge of the plurality of capillary cartridges.

9. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first light output is at least one of an absorbance of the first beam of light, a fluorescence of a label moiety induced by the first beam of light, or an intrinsic fluorescence of an analyte induced by the first beam of light.

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