Emergency management system and method

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an emergency management system (80) configured to initiate an emergency request, the emergency management system (80) comprising: a personal computing device (10, 100) configured to collect vital data (400) of a user (1), the personal computing device (10, 100) including at least one communication interface (40, 140, 142, 144) operable to communicate with at least one of an external electronic device (200) and an emergency service provider (300); and personal data (50) of the user (1). 0), and at least one processor (14; 110, 210) coupleable to the electronic storage (16, 120, 220, 222), the at least one processor (14; 110, 210) configured to: derive an emergency level indicator based on the personal data (500) and the collected critical data (400), and to generate an emergency request based on the emergency level indicator and transmit the emergency request to an emergency service provider (300).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of emergency management, and in particular to the field of emergency management systems. In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a personal computing device, a method for initiating an emergency request, and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for emergency management. [Background technology]

[0002] Users or patients suffering from chronic diseases, or elderly people, may face emergency situations where they are unable to initiate an emergency call, such as an ambulance, to an emergency service provider. For example, such an event may occur when a person suffers a heart attack or stroke. Patients suffering from chronic diseases, such as diabetes, may develop hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, causing severe limitations for the respective patient or person. In such situations, it is desirable to provide medical assistance almost immediately. In real-life situations, an ill person may not be able to make an emergency call, especially if they are not seen by anyone or are in a home environment where they live alone. In such situations, an immediate emergency call would be desirable even if the ill person is unable to make such an emergency call.

[0003] On the other hand, it has been reported that there is an increasing tendency to call emergency services providers and seek medical assistance in situations where there should be no need to call such services at all. Since emergency services providers have limited resources, both in terms of equipment and personnel, excessive emergency requests to emergency services providers may overburden them, which may result in a situation where appropriate help or assistance is not provided to people in emergency situations. This problem is even more severe in rural areas where the density of emergency service providers is relatively low compared to urban areas.

[0004] Moreover, in practice, for some emergency calls, the information provided to the emergency service provider is either insufficient or unnecessary. Due to the ultimate lack of information when receiving an emergency call, emergency service providers naturally tend to provide maximum emergency service before physically approaching the person seeking emergency assistance. There may be situations in which the equipment and / or personnel of an emergency service provider are unnecessarily tied up at a particular emergency scene where such equipment or personnel are not generally needed. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Thus, there is a desire to provide an improved emergency management system, an improved personal computing device, an improved method of initiating an emergency request, and a desire to provide a non-transitory computer readable storage medium executable by a personal computing device that can improve or enhance the accuracy and / or efficiency of an emergency service provider. A further problem is for the purpose of providing immediate emergency assistance to users of the emergency system requesting such assistance rather. A further problem is a desire to provide an emergency management system that can accurately distinguish between different levels of emergency to enable appropriate use of available emergency resources, both in terms of emergency equipment and trained personnel to provide emergency assistance. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] According to a first aspect, there is provided an emergency management system configured to initiate an emergency request. The emergency management system includes a personal computing device configured to collect vital data of a user. The personal computing device includes at least one communication interface operable to communicate with at least one of an external electronic device and an emergency service provider. The at least one communication interface is operable to communicate directly with the emergency service provider or indirectly with the emergency service provider, for example via the external electronic device.

[0007] The emergency management system further includes an electronic storage device. The electronic storage device is configured to store personal data of the user. The emergency management system further includes at least one processor, typically a digital processor. The at least one processor is a component of a personal computing device, or alternatively, the at least one processor is data transferably connectable to the personal computing device. The at least one processor is further connected or connectable to the electronic storage device. Either way, the at least one processor is operable to derive or calculate an emergency level indicator based on the personal data and based on the collected vital data. Based on the emergency level indicator, the processor is further operable to generate an emergency request. Furthermore, the at least one processor is configured and operable to transmit the emergency request to an emergency service provider based on the emergency level indicator.

[0008] Typically, the emergency level indicator is a direct measure of the actual emergency level. A fairly low emergency level may indicate a non-serious emergency. Hence, a low emergency level may characterize an emergency that does not pose a life-threatening or fatal risk to the person seeking emergency assistance.

[0009] In contrast, a high urgency level may indicate a severe emergency, where the user of the emergency management system or the patient may be at risk of death or life-threatening danger.

[0010] Depending on the emergency level indicator derived or calculated by the at least one processor, the emergency management system can autonomously distinguish between different emergency levels when an emergency service provider receives an emergency request. Depending on the emergency level indicated by the emergency level indicator, the emergency service provider can take appropriate measures adapted to the emergency level indicator. In this way, available resources in terms of emergency equipment as well as in terms of emergency trained personnel are used more efficiently. In this way, the individual costs for emergency situations are reduced without a significant decrease in the quality of emergency services.

[0011] Deriving the emergency level indicator includes processing at least a portion of the personal data available from the electronic storage device. Additionally, deriving and / or calculating the emergency level indicator includes processing critical data collected by the personal computing device. The critical data may represent the user's instantaneous physiological state, status, movement or orientation. Deriving or calculating the emergency level indicator may utilize both the personal data and the collected critical data of the same user to increase the accuracy or certainty of determining that a particular emergency scenario actually exists. Deriving or calculating the emergency level indicator takes into account the critical data of the user and also the personal data of the same user that is made available from the electronic storage device accessible to the at least one processor.

[0012] As used herein, and in some examples, an urgency level indicator refers to an urgency level index. An urgency level indicator, i.e. each urgency level indicator, is represented in the form of a numerical value, the size or magnitude of which indicates the degree of the urgency or the respective urgency level.

[0013] In another or alternative example, the urgency level indicator or urgency level index may be represented in the form of a one or multi-dimensional grid or array that includes multiple emergency categories, with each emergency category being assigned a number, where each number may indicate a size or magnitude of each emergency category.

[0014] To that extent, the term "emergency level indicator" as used herein is generally understood as an emergency level indicator that quantitatively describes or characterizes the degree or severity of an emergency.

[0015] The important data is dynamically and / or continuously collected from the user, for example, with the aid of a personal computing device. The important data is frequently collected or acquired, for example, according to a predetermined collection or acquisition schedule. Hence, the collected important data may change dynamically depending on the physical or physiological state of the user. The personal data may be somewhat static. The personal data may indicate a unique identifier for each user. The personal data may further include somewhat static user-related information, such as age, sex, weight, type of disease or prescribed medications.

[0016] By combining different types of data, i.e., personal and critical data, the emergency level indicator is capable of indicating different emergency levels that enable emergency service providers to take comprehensive response measures more efficiently and at reduced costs.

[0017] Typically, the generation of an emergency request includes an urgency level indicator, where the urgency level indicator is embedded in the emergency request that is communicated, e.g., transmitted, to an emergency service provider. In this way, the emergency request received by the emergency service provider immediately indicates the urgency level. The emergency service provider is given the possibility to distinguish between emergency requests of various urgency levels.

[0018] The transmission of the emergency request to the emergency service provider is typically provided by at least one communication interface of the personal computing device. Each communication interface is a wired or wireless communication interface. The personal computing device is configured to communicate directly with the emergency service provider, for example via a dedicated emergency communication channel, by a communication network, or via telephone. The personal computing device and / or its at least one communication interface is configured to directly or indirectly establish a communication link with the emergency service provider.

[0019] In a direct communication link, at least one communication interface of the personal computing device is configured to communicate directly with a corresponding communication interface of the emergency services provider. This type of communication link is variously established, for example, via a communication network such as telephone, Voice over IP (VoIP), or the Internet. In an indirect communication, the personal computing device is configured to establish a communication link with a separate external electronic device, which is configured to communicate with the emergency services provider.

[0020] In another example, an emergency management system includes a first personal computing device and a second personal computing device, where only one of the first and second personal computing devices, e.g., the second personal computing device, is configured to establish a communications link with an emergency service provider, and the first personal computing device is limited to communicating with the second personal computing device.

[0021] If the emergency management system includes multiple personal computing devices, e.g., a first personal computing device and a second personal computing device, the electronic storage device and the at least one processor may be in the same personal computing device or in separate personal computing devices. The same applies to emergency management systems including only one or two personal computing devices, where at least one of the first and second personal computing devices is configured to establish a communications link to another external electronic device provided, for example, by a data provider or a health care provider.

[0022] Therefore, the emergency management system may be implemented in a variety of ways: The emergency management system may be implemented on a single personal computing device configured to collect critical data of a user, where the electronic storage and at least one processor are provided by the single personal computing device.

[0023] In another example, the emergency management system includes two or more personal computing devices, one of which is configured to collect critical data of a user, while another personal computing device is equipped with electronic storage, and at least one processor is provided by one of the aforementioned personal computing devices, or by another personal computing device, or by an external electronic device. To obtain the intended functionality of the emergency management system, at least one processor and electronic storage, as well as an eventual sensor for detecting or acquiring critical data, are provided in a distributed environment of multiple personal computing devices or external electronic devices, as long as the electronic devices or personal computing devices communicate appropriately with each other.

[0024] According to another example, generating and transmitting the emergency request includes providing at least a portion of the collected critical data and at least a portion of the personal data to an emergency services provider. In this manner, the emergency services provider is not only provided with an emergency level indicator. By providing at least a portion of the collected critical data and at least a portion of the personal data to the emergency services provider, the emergency services provider is immediately provided with significant useful information regarding appropriate emergency measures.

[0025] As an example, the emergency request may include the user's physiological parameters, such as instantaneous heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and / or blood glucose level, etc. In combination with personal information, e.g. indicating the type of illness or prescribed medications of the respective user, emergency service providers are immediately provided with emergency-relevant information enabling them to implement respective countermeasures.

[0026] As an example, an emergency call may directly indicate a particular person's known ailments and may further include instantaneous vital data such as heart rate, respiratory rate, etc. In this manner, emergency service providers are immediately provided with potentially highly relevant and useful information to provide appropriate emergency service for the given situation.

[0027] According to another example, deriving the urgency level indicator includes probabilistically analyzing the collected critical data based on the personal data. As yet another alternative, deriving the urgency level indicator includes probabilistically analyzing the personal data based on the collected critical data. In yet another example, deriving the urgency level indicator includes probabilistically analyzing both the collected critical data and the personal data. The probabilistic analysis is based on heuristics or heuristics on the personal data and / or the collected critical data.

[0028] For example, dynamic changes in heart rate together with rapid changes in respiration rate may indicate a heart attack. This change is more likely in patients with cardiovascular disease or in patients who have had a heart attack or similar cardiovascular problems in the recent or distant past. Therefore, in a relatively young person of average weight, the likelihood that a particular dynamic change in heart rate and / or respiration rate indicates a heart attack is lower than that of an elderly person who is obese and has had many cardiovascular events in the recent past.

[0029] To that extent, the emergency management system is provided with probabilistic analyses extracted from relatively large medical data sets, which show, for example, that a person of a certain sex, age group and weight has a certain probability of suffering from a certain disease or being in an emergency compared to other people of a different age group, sex or weight. In general, the probabilistic analyses are performed on either key parameters and / or personal data of the user.

[0030] Taking into account the probabilistic analysis of the collected critical data and personal data, the emergency level indicator is derived with higher accuracy compared to the case where the probabilistic analysis of the medical data is not taken into account. To that extent, the personal data may not only reflect the somewhat static normal data of the user. Rather, the personal data and / or critical data may include data representative of the lifestyle habits of each user who utilizes the personal computing device and / or who utilizes the emergency management system, such as sleep and activity ratios, sports activities, or stress levels. The more data that is available to the emergency management system, the more accurate the emergency level indicator will be.

[0031] In some examples, the probabilistic analysis of the collected critical data is based on a time average of the critical data collected from the user. To this end, the electronic storage device and at least one processor are generally operable and configured to collect critical data over a period of time to derive a time average critical data of the user. The time average critical data of the user is stored in the electronic storage device and used in the probabilistic analysis to derive the emergency level indicator. Thus, the collected critical data obtained at a particular moment or during a particular time interval is compared with the long-term time average critical data for the same person. In this manner, a fairly accurate determination of whether and to what extent the instantaneous collected critical data indicates an emergency is provided.

[0032] Utilizing the user's time-averaged importance data can help improve the accuracy of recognizing or determining an emergency. Furthermore, the user's time-averaged importance data provides an individual and user-specific characterization of the user's lifestyle. Based on a comparison of the instantaneously collected importance data and the time-averaged importance data of the same user, a fairly accurate estimation is made of whether and to what extent the instantaneously collected importance data indicates an emergency.

[0033] For example, if vital data is collected continuously while a user is at rest or asleep, the average value of the vital data may be a direct indicator of the person's rough susceptibility to an emergency.

[0034] In a probabilistic analysis, at least a first type of critical data and a second type of critical data may be combined to derive or estimate a momentary disposition, such as the health or well-being, of a user of the emergency management system. By way of example only, the first type of critical data may be the user's motion state and the second type of critical data may be the user's respiratory rate or heart rate, where a first average value of the first type of critical data and a second average value of the second type of critical data are calculated over a period of time. A ratio or comparison of the first average value and the second average value is derived and used as a direct indicator of the user's health or well-being. At least the first and second time average values ​​of the first type of critical data and the second type of critical data are utilized or used to modify the sensitivity or susceptibility for generating emergency requests.

[0035] According to another example, the personal computing device includes at least one sensor operable to measure at least one of the following important parameters: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback and / or haptic feedback. To that extent, the personal computing device includes at least one or a number of sensors capable of frequently measuring or determining at least one or several of the above mentioned important parameters.

[0036] For example, the at least one sensor is implemented as an acceleration sensor. In this way, the user's movements or movement patterns are constantly monitored. Suppose the user has a heart attack and may suddenly fall to the ground, such characteristic movements may be immediately detectable by the at least one sensor. In response to the respective sensor signals, the at least one processor may immediately derive an emergency level indicator of a relatively high emergency level, and an emergency request may immediately be generated and transmitted to an emergency service provider.

[0037] The generation and / or transmission of the emergency request to the emergency service provider is controlled by an emergency threshold. When the emergency level indicator exceeds the emergency threshold, an emergency request is generated and transmitted to the emergency service provider. If the emergency level indicator is below a given emergency threshold, the emergency management system can provide another service to the user before the emergency request is generated and / or transmitted towards the emergency service provider. In such a situation, and by way of example only, the emergency management system is configured to set up a dialogue with the user, for example to obtain further information from the user in case the user is actually experiencing an emergency. The emergency threshold can vary depending on the personal data, in particular depending on the probabilistic risk factors linked to the personal data. As an example, in the case of a person who has had repeated cardiovascular problems in the recent past, the emergency threshold is kept at a lower level compared to a person who has never experienced cardiovascular problems.

[0038] According to another example, the personal data includes at least one of the following data: age, sex, weight, address information, type of disease, prescribed medications, medication history, medical history and / or emergency history. The single or multiple personal data are combined with any one of the above mentioned key data by at least one processor to derive an emergency level indicator, where a probabilistic analysis of a large medical data set characterizing the emergency situation is provided and / or used to derive the emergency level indicator.

[0039] For example, when the emergency request is further provided with personal data useful information such as age, sex, weight, address information, and type of disease, as well as prescription medicines, medication history, etc., the medical history and emergency history are automatically provided to the emergency service provider. Compared to traditional emergency calls made by telephone, such information may no longer be transmitted by voice. Furthermore, in emergency situations where the user is actually requesting assistance by calling the emergency service provider by telephone, the user may unintentionally provide inaccurate or incomplete information to the emergency service provider in some circumstances. Such language data acquisition by telephone is very time-consuming and sometimes prone to errors. By directly embedding at least a portion of the above-mentioned personal data in the digitally implemented emergency request submitted from the personal computing device to the emergency service provider, emergency-related and to some extent related information is provided more accurately and clearly in a time-saving manner.

[0040] According to another example of the emergency management system, the emergency history of the personal data is automatically updated each time the at least one processor derives an emergency level indicator and / or generates or transmits a respective emergency request towards the emergency service provider. After a certain degree of successful completion of the emergency service provided by the emergency service provider, the quality of the emergency management system is evaluated and at least the emergency history stored as personal data is completed and / or modified.

[0041] In this way, a kind of self-learning algorithm is implemented that can improve the accuracy of the derivation or calculation of the emergency level indicator. At least one of the users or emergency service providers can provide respective user feedback, which is stored in the vital data or in the personal data of the respective user by the at least one processor modifying the algorithm for deriving the emergency level indicator based on the personal data and the collected vital data.

[0042] Further, in this regard, the emergency management system may be applicable to multiple users, each of whom utilizes a personal computing device.The emergency management system may include self-learning algorithms, and is continually trained during use.

[0043] According to another example, the at least one processor is configured to continuously collect vital data for continuously deriving the emergency level indicator. Typically, the at least one processor of the personal computing device, or at least one processor coupleable to the personal computing device, frequently collects at least one or several vital data about the user, for example by processing signals obtained from at least one sensor of the personal computing device.

[0044] In some examples, the urgency level indicator is permanently derived from the collected critical data by further taking into account the personal data. In this way, the urgency level indicator is permanently adjusted to the user's momentary physical condition, state or movement. Typically, the at least one processor is configured to process more than just one critical parameter of the critical data. The at least one processor is configured to process a number, i.e. at least two, of the critical parameters of the critical data, taking into account the available personal data.

[0045] In this way, a fairly accurate estimation or calculation of the emergency level indicator is provided. For example, when a user starts to exercise, their heart rate as well as their breathing rate may increase to some extent simultaneously. The processor may have access to the respective data or may be implemented to set the two important parameters to be correlated. In this way, a simultaneous increase in the heart rate, breathing rate and / or blood pressure does not indicate an emergency. In particular, if the at least one processor is provided with an additional signal of a motion acceleration sensor capable of monitoring the user's physical activity movement, the at least one processor may reveal that the detected change in the important parameter due to the user's physical activity does not represent an emergency. In other situations, for example, if the heart rate and / or breathing rate should change suddenly without a noticeable change in the movement state of the respective user, an emergency or emergency event is detected.

[0046] According to another example, the at least one processor is configured to autonomously generate and / or autonomously transmit an emergency request to an emergency service provider when the emergency level indicator exceeds a predefined upper emergency threshold. In this way, the emergency management system is enabled to autonomously generate and transmit an emergency request to an emergency service provider without any user interaction. This is particularly useful when the user is unable to actively trigger an emergency request. Such autonomous generation and / or transmission of an emergency request to an emergency service provider may be applied in situations where key parameters measured or collected by the personal computing device, such as heart rate and / or respiratory rate and blood pressure, clearly indicate a potentially harmful or critical and dangerous physical condition of the user.

[0047] In another example, the emergency management system further includes a user interaction system operable to enter into an interaction with a user, where the at least one processor is configured to initiate a user data system when the emergency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower emergency threshold. In this manner, the emergency management system can place a multi-stage cascade in the process of deriving or calculating the emergency level indicator.

[0048] The user interaction system is implemented visually and / or audibly. The user interaction system may include a visual screen together with at least one input, such as a button or touch-sensitive area located on the screen. Additionally or alternatively, the user interaction system may include a speaker and / or a microphone, thereby enabling voice-based or voice-controlled interaction between the user and the personal computing device.

[0049] In many examples, deriving or calculating the emergency level indicator may include multiple iteration or escalation steps. In a first step, continuously collected key parameters may suddenly deviate from their average values. This may lead to the deriving and calculating of an emergency level indicator that exceeds a lower emergency threshold. Deriving such an emergency level indicator may autonomously trigger a user dialogue system. This user dialogue system may start to visually and / or audibly set up a direct dialogue with the user. If the user should not react to the dialogue system or if the user reacts inappropriately to the user dialogue system, the emergency level indicator is raised.

[0050] When the urgency level indicator is raised, a subsequent iteration or escalation phase of the user interaction system is triggered. In a first escalation phase of the user interaction system, the user interaction system can simply attempt to send a visual or audio request to the user. Here, the user can simply be prompted that the request has been received. The user is asked by the user interaction system whether he or she requires assistance. Depending on the user's response, the user interaction system can react.

[0051] In a situation where the user explicitly requests assistance, the user dialogue system can further prompt the user to classify a particular type of assistance or to specify the currently occurring problem. As long as the user is able to interact with the user dialogue system, the personal computing device may be able to provide the user with first aid or respective countermeasures. As an example, the user dialogue system is trained to handle a variety of typical emergency scenarios. For example, in a diabetic person, the user dialogue system can prompt the user to manually perform a blood glucose measurement and provide the respective blood glucose concentration, for example, when the personal computing device is unable to provide such important parameters autonomously.

[0052] If the blood glucose level is below a predefined range, the user interaction system can simply prompt the user to take a certain amount of glucose. The user is repeatedly prompted to indicate whether he or she feels better or worse. According to the user's response, the interaction system can raise or lower the emergency level indicator. In the course of the user interaction with the user interaction system, the personal computing device can repeatedly invite the user to manually trigger an emergency call to an emergency services provider.

[0053] If it is found that the user begins to act inappropriately during the user interaction, the user interaction system can generate and / or provide a respective indicator that the user's answers or reactions no longer comply with a predetermined scheme. Thus, the user interaction system can raise the emergency level indicator. When the emergency level indicator rises, for example to a level exceeding an upper emergency threshold, the emergency management system can autonomously send an emergency request to an emergency service provider.

[0054] Here, the emergency request may further include the content of previous user interactions, thereby providing useful information to the emergency service provider as it receives and processes the emergency request.

[0055] According to another example, the user interaction system and / or the processor are operable to modify the urgency level indicator based on the user's response during or during the user interaction. Typically, if the user responds normally or as expected during interaction with the interaction system, the interaction system and / or the processor are operable to lower the urgency level indicator. In other circumstances, if the user responds inappropriately or unexpectedly during interaction with the interaction system, the interaction system and / or the processor are operable to raise the urgency level indicator.

[0056] The user dialogue system may be operable to provide multiple escalation stages. When activated by default, the user dialogue system may be in an initial or first escalation stage. Then, in a first dialogue loop with the user, depending on the user's reaction, the dialogue system may enter a second escalation stage or may autonomously shut down. Typically, the dialogue system enters the second escalation stage if the user's reaction during the first dialogue loop is inappropriate or unexpected. Entering the second escalation stage is accompanied by an increase in an emergency level indicator. If the user's reaction during the first dialogue loop is expected or appropriate, the dialogue system may automatically shut down.

[0057] When in the second escalation phase, the user dialogue system is operable to perform a second dialogue loop with the user. Depending on the user's reaction, the dialogue system can enter a third escalation phase, return to the first escalation phase, or deactivate. Typically, the dialogue system enters the third escalation phase if the user's reaction during the second dialogue loop is inappropriate or unexpected. Again, entering the third escalation phase is accompanied by a further increase in the urgency level indicator. If the user's reaction during the second dialogue loop is expected or appropriate, the dialogue system can re-enter the first dialogue loop or automatically deactivate.

[0058] Depending on the particular implementation of the emergency management system, a varying number of escalation stages and dialogue loops are implemented in the dialogue system. When the final escalation stage is reached, the dialogue system and / or the processor are operable to generate an emergency request.

[0059] The various escalation stages and associated dialogue loops can be distinguished from one another by at least one of the intensity, amplitude and strength of an auditory, visual and / or haptic signal generated by the dialogue system, where an increasing number of escalation stages and / or an increasing number of dialogue loops increases the intensity, amplitude or strength of a perceptible signal generated by the dialogue system.

[0060] In some examples, depending on the user's reaction during the first escalation stage, the dialogue system can skip at least one or some of the intermediate escalation stages and directly decide to generate an emergency request. This can be applied, for example, when the user does not respond to the initial request of the user dialogue system during the first escalation stage or when the user's response is highly unreasonable.

[0061] In some examples, when the user interaction system is activated, a difference between the urgency level indicator and a predetermined lower urgency threshold is quantitatively measured or derived. If the difference between the urgency level indicator and the predetermined lower urgency threshold is less than a predetermined first escalation level, the user interaction system enters a first escalation stage. If the difference exceeds the predetermined first escalation level, the user interaction system enters a second escalation stage immediately when the user interaction system is activated. If the difference exceeds the predetermined second escalation level, the user interaction system enters a third escalation stage immediately when the user interaction system is activated. In this way, depending on the size or magnitude of the urgency level indicator, the first escalation stage of the user interaction system, or some other lower escalation stage, is skipped in favor of a fast and rapid generation of an emergency request. According to another example, the emergency management system further includes a medication delivery device. The medication delivery device is configured to administer a medication to the user. The medication delivery device may include at least one of an injection device, an infusion device, an infusion pump, an inhaler, or the like device that can generally deliver a medication to a patient. The medication delivery device for the add-on device attached to the medication delivery device includes a communication interface configured to communicate with a personal computing device. The communication interface of the medication delivery device is further configured to provide data related to the medication history to the personal computing device.

[0062] The drug delivery device may include an on-board electronic unit including a communication interface and further a sensor arrangement configured to determine the amount of drug administered to the user. Typically, the drug delivery device and / or its communication interface is configured to provide detailed information regarding the time or date when a particular amount of drug was administered to the user.

[0063] Some drug delivery devices include an additional or auxiliary device that includes a communication interface, where the auxiliary device is configured to determine or measure an amount of a drug administered by the drug delivery device. In some examples, the drug delivery device is an injection device, such as an injection pen, for injecting a drug, such as insulin, into a user's body tissue.

[0064] By means of the communication interface of the medication delivery device, the emergency management system is provided with data indicative of the medication history. In this way, the emergency management system, in particular the personal data stored in the electronic storage device, indicates the medications administered to the user in the past. Such data on the medication history may be particularly useful in an emergency situation to enable emergency service providers to take appropriate countermeasures, as well as to avoid any complications of the emergency action due to the medications administered to the user.

[0065] In some examples, the emergency management system is provided by a single personal computing device. The personal computing device includes an electronic storage device configured to store personal data of a user. The personal computing device includes at least one processor coupled to the electronic storage device. The at least one processor of the personal computing device is operable to derive an emergency level indicator based on the personal data and the collected vital data. Additionally, the personal computing device includes at least one or more sensors configured to detect and / or collect the vital data of the user. The personal computing device further includes a communication interface configured to communicate directly or indirectly with an emergency service provider.

[0066] In another example, the emergency management system is a distributed system including multiple entities, such as a personal computing device implemented as a wearable personal computing device or a wearable electronic device, a second personal computing device, such as a fixed or mobile electronic hub device installed in an environment, e.g., the user's home environment. The emergency management system may further include an external electronic device, e.g., provided from an external service provider, e.g., from a medical service provider, or from a computing or electronic service provider. The external electronic device comprises or can access a database. Computing power for deriving the emergency level indicator is provided from at least one processor of one of the first and second personal computing devices, or from at least one processor of the external electronic device, e.g., of the external service provider.

[0067] In either case, the personal computing device and the external electronic device are configured to communicate with each other, the devices including corresponding communication interfaces.

[0068] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a personal computing device configured to initiate an emergency request. The personal computing device includes a processor operable to collect and process vital data of a person. The personal computing device further includes an electronic storage device coupled to the processor and operable to store at least one vital data and personal data of the person or user. The personal computing device further includes at least one communication interface coupled to the processor. The at least one communication interface is operable to directly or indirectly transmit the emergency request to an emergency service provider. The processor is operable to derive an emergency level indicator based on the collected vital data and based on the personal data. The processor is further operable to generate an emergency request based on the emergency status indicator and to transmit the emergency request to the emergency service provider.

[0069] Typically, the personal computing device belongs to the emergency management system mentioned above. In some examples of the personal computing device, all the functionality of the emergency management system is provided from and / or embedded in the personal computing device. In other examples, especially when the emergency management system is implemented as a distributed system or includes a distributed architecture, the personal computing device is at least configured to communicate with another personal computing device and / or an external electronic device provided, for example, by an external service provider.

[0070] Typically, the communication interface of the personal computing device is operable to establish wireless communication links with other personal computing devices and / or external electronic devices. The communication interface of the personal computing device is further configured to establish wired communication links with at least one of the other personal computing devices and / or with an external electronic device of an external service provider, such as a data processing center of a healthcare provider.

[0071] The personal computing device is implemented as a wearable electronic device. The personal computing device may include one of a belt and a wristband for attaching the personal computing device to the user's body. When appropriately equipped with at least one or multiple sensors in this manner, the personal computing device is capable of measuring and collecting important data of the user. In some other examples, the personal computing device is adhered to the user's skin. The personal computing device is configured to temporarily and / or permanently pierce the user's skin, for example to determine blood glucose levels.

[0072] In some examples, the personal computing device may include a drug delivery device. Thus, the personal computing device may include a combination of a drug delivery device configured to administer medication to a user and a data collection device configured to measure and / or collect vital data of the user.

[0073] According to another example, the personal computing device includes a voice interface configured to process a user's voice-based input or voice-based feedback. The voice interface is further configured to provide voice-based information to the user. Hence, the voice interface is configured to provide voice and audible output to the user. Typically, the voice interface may belong to a user interaction system implemented or deployed by the personal computing device. The user interaction system may include a natural speech recognition unit capable of appropriately recognizing the speech uttered by the user.

[0074] The voice interface of the personal computing device is configured to communicate with a corresponding voice interface of an external electronic device or a voice recognition service of an external service provider. Typically, the on-board voice interface of the personal computing device is configured to capture the voice uttered by the user, for example with the aid of a microphone. The recorded user's voice is analyzed, for example converted and / or pre-processed, and transmitted to the external service provider. In this way, the voice recognition is implemented and performed by the external service provider. The recognized text extracted from the user's original voice is then returned to the personal computing device. Typically, the personal computing device and / or its voice interface includes a speaker. The recognized text from the user's original voice is audibly reproduced by the voice interface and / or the external service provider.

[0075] Typically, speech interfaces provided locally on a personal computing device or by an external service provider typically include a speech-to-text processing module that uses various hearing and language models to recognize speech input as a sequence of phonemes, a sequence of words, or written tokens in one or more languages. The speech-to-text processing module is implemented using any suitable speech recognition technique, hearing model, and language model, such as hidden Markov models, dynamic time warping (DTW)-based speech recognition, and other statistical and / or analytical techniques.

[0076] By establishing a communications link between the personal computing device and the external service provider, speech-to-text processing is performed, at least in part, by the external service provider and / or by the personal computing device.

[0077] Providing at least a portion of the speech recognition from an external service provider is beneficial in that the quality of the speech recognition can be provided with certain improvements from the external service provider, so that a respective software update in the personal computing device may not be necessary. Furthermore, the speech recognition provided from the external service provider can take into account training obtained by multiple users who all use the same external service provider. In this way, each user who uses the speech recognition provided from the external service provider can participate in certain improvements and self-learning algorithms implemented, for example, by the external service provider.

[0078] According to another example, the personal computing device is configured as a wearable electronic device. The wearable electronic device includes at least one sensor operable to measure at least one of the following key parameters: the user's heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback or haptic feedback. In some examples, the at least one sensor includes a motion sensor or an acceleration sensor. In some examples, the at least one sensor includes a magnetic field sensor that can determine an instantaneous orientation of the at least one sensor, and therefore of the personal computing device, relative to a surrounding magnetic field.

[0079] The at least one sensor may include at least one or more light sources and / or electrodes for measuring at least one of the following vital parameters: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, etc. In this manner, when carried by a user, the personal computing device is configured to collect the user's vital data frequently and / or periodically.

[0080] The personal computing device is implemented as an activity tracker to be worn on the user's wrist. For this purpose, the personal computing device includes a wristband. As long as the user carries it, the personal computing device can track and monitor all physical activity of the user. The respective vital data is processed by at least one processor and combined with the user's specific personal data. In this way, a fairly accurate estimate of the emergency level indicator is provided periodically.

[0081] The personal computing device is further implemented as a smart watch. In addition, in some examples, existing and / or commercially available personal computing devices such as activity trackers or smart watches are used as personal computing devices for the emergency management system described herein, provided that such existing and / or commercially available personal computing devices include respective computer programs or software that enable the collection and subsequent processing of important data in combination with the personal data of the respective user or person.

[0082] To set up an emergency management system with existing personal computing devices such as smart watches or activity trackers, these devices are provided with an auxiliary personal computing device, such as a fixed or mobile hub, that is installed in the user environment and configured to communicate with the personal computing device, the auxiliary personal computing device being provided by the respective user's mobile phone or smartphone.

[0083] The auxiliary personal computing device may include at least one electronic storage device configured to store personal data of the user. Additionally, the second or auxiliary personal computing device comprises at least one processor coupled or connectable to the electronic storage device, where the at least one processor of the second personal computing device is operable to derive an emergency level indicator based on the personal data and based on the vital data collected and / or provided by the first personal computing device. Additionally, the auxiliary personal computing device may be a second personal computing device, e.g., a smartphone or personal hub of the user, configured to generate an emergency request based on the emergency level indicator and to transmit the emergency request to an emergency service provider.

[0084] Many smart watches, smartphones or similar personal computing devices are easily equipped with an auditory, e.g. voice-based, user interaction system configured to interact with an external service provider in order to process voices originating from the user of the device. Therefore, existing hardware solutions are used to set up this user interaction system for the emergency management system, whereby the costs of implementing the emergency management system are kept at a relatively low level. Existing or commercially available smart devices such as smartphones are turned into personal computing devices according to the present disclosure by installing and / or deploying the respective software applications, e.g. so-called applications.

[0085] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for initiating an emergency request, the method including collecting vital data of a user and providing personal data of the user from an electronic storage device. The method further includes deriving an emergency level indicator based on the personal data and the collected vital data. The method further includes generating an emergency request based on the emergency level indicator and transmitting the emergency request to an emergency service provider. The method for initiating an emergency request is typically implemented by an emergency management system and / or a personal computing device, as described above. To that extent, all configurations, features and advantages described above in relation to the emergency management system and the personal computing device apply equally to the method for initiating an emergency request; and vice versa.

[0086] The method is performed by a single personal computing device. In another example, the method is performed by a distributed emergency management system, for example, the system including first and second personal computing devices, and optionally an external electronic device provided by an external service provider.

[0087] Typically, in many examples, the method includes periodically obtaining and / or collecting a number of vital parameters, such as the user's heart rate, respiratory rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, body temperature, location, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback, and haptic feedback. In some examples, the method of initiating an emergency request includes providing personal data of the user including at least one of the following data: age, gender, weight, address information, type of illness, prescribed medications, medication history, medical history, and / or emergency history. The method includes processing at least one of the vital data together with at least one of the personal data to obtain and / or derive an emergency level indicator indicative of an actual and eventual emergency situation for the user.

[0088] Depending on the derived or estimated level of emergency, the method can take a number of actions. If the level of emergency exceeds a predefined upper emergency threshold, the method can immediately send an emergency request to an emergency service provider. If the level of emergency is below the upper emergency threshold but above the lower emergency threshold, the method can continue the user dialogue. During the user dialogue, typical or trained situations that fit the collected critical data are discussed or dialogued with the user autonomously.

[0089] The user is confronted with a number of questions and prompted to answer them. In this way, the emergency management system helps the user to find out what specific problem he is actually suffering from. The automated, i.e. machine-implemented, dialogue with the user is assisted by an external service provider, in particular by a database and / or a suitably configured dialogue system.

[0090] In case of non-serious problems, the emergency management system can provide initial assistance to the user and can also guide the user to assist themselves.

[0091] Depending on the transmitted vital parameters and personal data, the emergency management system can provide a degree of diagnosis and autonomously instruct the user to take the respective countermeasures. For example, in case of hypoglycemia, the user is instructed by the emergency management system to take a certain amount of glucose. In this way, the limited human resources of the emergency service provider are saved or eliminated accordingly.

[0092] In another example method of initiating an emergency request, the emergency request generated by the system includes at least a portion of the collected vital data and at least a portion of the personal data, which is presented to the emergency service provider simultaneously with the emergency request. In this way, the emergency service provider is immediately provided with useful information regarding the actual vitality of the user and the relevant personal data of the user upon receiving the emergency request. In this way, appropriate and highly efficient user-specific emergency assistance is provided to the user.

[0093] According to another example, the critical data is collected continuously. In addition, the generation and / or transmission of the emergency request is autonomously triggered based on the collected critical data, usually taking into account the user's personal data. This is particularly useful in the case of a highly dangerous or critical event, for example when the user is not able to manually trigger the emergency call. The use of personal data, in particular data such as medication history, treatment history, and emergency history, allows the lower and / or upper emergency thresholds to be set or modified individually for each user of the emergency management system.

[0094] For example, for a user who has experienced many emergency problems in the recent past, the upper urgency threshold may be set at a lower level compared to a user who has not experienced any dangerous emergencies.

[0095] In another example, critical data is collected continuously, and the generation and / or transmission of the emergency request is autonomously triggered based on the collected critical data. In this manner, the method provides for the initiation of an emergency request based solely on critical data collected from users, without the participation of the respective users. This may be particularly beneficial in cases where a user is experiencing a significant danger or serious emergency problem where the user is unable to trigger or initiate an emergency request on his / her own.

[0096] In another example, a method for initiating an emergency request includes entering into a dialogue with a user using a user dialogue system. The user dialogue system is implemented on a personal computing device. Here, the method includes entering into a dialogue with the user when an emergency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower emergency threshold. As described above in connection with the emergency management system, the dialogue system can enter one of a number of predefined escalation stages. By default, when the emergency level indicator exceeds the predetermined lower threshold by less than a predefined minimum degree, the user dialogue system enters into an initial or first escalation stage. A first dialogue loop is then conducted with the user. Depending on the user's reaction during the first dialogue loop, the dialogue system then enters into a second escalation stage or the dialogue system autonomously shuts down.

[0097] In another example, the method includes modifying the urgency level indicator in response to a user's reaction at or during the user interaction. Typically, as described above in connection with the emergency management system, if the user behaves irrationally or unexpectedly at or during the user interaction, the urgency level indicator is raised. If the user behaves rationally or fairly predictably, the urgency level indicator is lowered. The raising of the urgency level indicator is accompanied by entering a further escalation stage or dialogue loop in the user interaction system. The lowering of the urgency level indicator is accompanied by entering a lower escalation stage or dialogue loop in the user interaction system. Alternatively, the lowering of the urgency level indicator is accompanied by the user interaction system automatically ceasing to operate.

[0098] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs comprising instructions that, when executed by a personal computing device, cause the device to collect vital data of a user, provide personal data of the user from an electronic storage device, derive an urgency level indicator based on the personal data and the collected vital data, generate an emergency request based on the urgency level indicator, and transmit the emergency request to an emergency services provider.

[0099] The one or more programs are embodied as computer programs that are installed or located on the first and / or second personal computer device of the emergency management system described above. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more programs are installed or located on an external electronic device, for example provided by an external service provider.

[0100] Typically, the one or more programs are configured to execute the above-mentioned method of initiating an emergency request, for example with the aid of the above-mentioned emergency management system and / or with the aid of the above-mentioned personal computing device. To that extent, all configurations, advantages and characteristics of the emergency management system, the personal computing device and the method of initiating an emergency request apply equally to the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and the one or more programs stored thereon.

[0101] The terms "drug" or "medicament" are used interchangeably herein to describe a pharmaceutical formulation containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients or their pharma- ceutically acceptable salts or solvates, and optionally a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier. An active pharmaceutical ingredient ("API"), in its broadest sense, is a chemical structure that has a biological effect on humans or animals. In pharmacology, drugs or medicines are used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases or otherwise improve physical or mental well-being. Drugs or medicines can be used for a limited duration or periodically for chronic disorders.

[0102] As described below, a drug or agent may include at least one API or a combination thereof in various types of formulations for the treatment of one or more diseases. Examples of APIs may include small molecules with molecular weights of 500 Da or less, polypeptides, peptides, and proteins (e.g., hormones, growth factors, antibodies, antibody fragments, and enzymes), carbohydrates and polysaccharides, as well as nucleic acids, double-stranded or single-stranded DNA (including naked and cDNA), RNA, antisense nucleic acids such as antisense DNA and RNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), ribozymes, genes, and oligonucleotides. Nucleic acids may be incorporated into molecular delivery systems such as vectors, plasmids, or liposomes. Mixtures of one or more drugs are also contemplated.

[0103] The drug or agent can be contained in a primary package or "drug container" adapted for use in a drug delivery device. The drug container can be, for example, a cartridge, syringe, reservoir, or other rigid or flexible vessel configured to provide a chamber suitable for storage (e.g., short-term or long-term storage) of one or more drugs. For example, in some cases, the chamber can be designed to store the drug for at least one day (e.g., from one day to at least 30 days). In some cases, the chamber can be designed to store the drug for about one month to about two years. Storage can be at room temperature (e.g., about 20° C.) or at refrigerated temperatures (e.g., from about −4° C. to about 4° C.). In some cases, the drug container can be or include a dual-chamber cartridge configured to separately store two or more components of a pharmaceutical formulation to be administered (e.g., an API and a diluent, or two different drugs), one in each chamber. In such cases, the two chambers of the dual-chamber cartridge can be configured to allow mixing between the two or more components before and / or during administration to the human or animal body. For example, the two chambers can be configured to be in fluid communication with each other (e.g., via a conduit between the two chambers) and to optionally allow mixing of the two components by a user prior to administration. Alternatively or additionally, the two chambers can be configured to allow mixing upon administration of the components to the human or animal body.

[0104] The drugs or agents contained in the drug delivery devices described herein can be used for the treatment and / or prevention of many different types of medical disorders. Examples of disorders include, for example, diabetes or complications associated with diabetes, such as diabetic retinopathy, thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thromboembolism or pulmonary thromboembolism. Further examples of disorders are acute coronary syndromes (ACS), angina, myocardial infarction, cancer, macular degeneration, inflammation, hay fever, atherosclerosis and / or rheumatoid arthritis. Examples of APIs and drugs are those found in handbooks such as Rote Liste 2014 (e.g., but not limited to, main groups 12 (antidiabetic agents) or 86 (oncology agents)) and the Merck Index, 15th edition.

[0105] Examples of APIs for the treatment and / or prevention of type 1 or type 2 diabetes or complications associated with type 1 or type 2 diabetes include insulin, e.g., human insulin, or a human insulin analog or derivative, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), a GLP-1 analog or GLP-1 receptor agonist, analog or derivative thereof, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, or a pharma-ceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, or any mixture thereof. As used herein, the terms "analog" and "derivative" refer to a polypeptide having a molecular structure that is formally derivable from the structure of a naturally occurring peptide, e.g., the structure of human insulin, by deletion and / or replacement of at least one amino acid residue present in the naturally occurring peptide and / or by addition of at least one amino acid residue. The added and / or replaced amino acid residue can be either a codable amino acid residue or another naturally occurring residue or a purely synthetic amino acid residue. Insulin analogs are also referred to as "insulin receptor ligands". In particular, the term "derivative" refers to a polypeptide having a molecular structure formally derivable from the structure of a naturally occurring peptide, e.g., the molecular structure of human insulin in which one or more organic substituents (e.g., fatty acids) are attached to one or more of the amino acids. Optionally, one or more amino acids present in the naturally occurring peptide are deleted and / or replaced by other amino acids, including non-codeable amino acids, or amino acids, including non-codeable ones, are added to the naturally occurring peptide.

[0106] Examples of insulin analogues are Gly(A21), Arg(B31), Arg(B32) human insulin (insulin glargine); Lys(B3), Glu(B29) human insulin (insulin glulisine); Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin (insulin lispro); Asp(B28) human insulin (insulin aspart); human insulin in which the proline in position B28 may be replaced by Asp, Lys, Leu, Val or Ala and in which the Lys in position B29 may be replaced by Pro; Ala(B26) human insulin; Des(B28-B30) human insulin; Des(B27) human insulin and Des(B30) human insulin.

[0107] Examples of insulin derivatives are e.g. B29-N-myristoyl-des(B30) human insulin, Lys(B29)(N-tetradecanoyl)-des(B30) human insulin (insulin detemir, Levemir®); B29-N-palmitoyl-des(B30) human insulin; B29-N-myristoyl human insulin; B29-N-palmitoyl human insulin; B28-N-myristoyl-LysB28ProB29 human insulin; B28-N-palmitoyl-LysB28ProB29 human insulin; B30-N-myristoyl-ThrB29LysB30 human insulin. ; B30-N-palmitoyl-ThrB29LysB30 human insulin; B29-N-(N-palmitoyl-gamma-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin, B29-N-omega-carboxypentadecanoyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-des(B30) human insulin (insulin degludec, Tresiba®); B29-N-(N-lithocholyl-gamma-glutamyl)-des(B30) human insulin; B29-N-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl)-des(B30) human insulin and B29-N-(ω-carboxyheptadecanoyl) human insulin.

[0108] Examples of GLP-1, GLP-1 analogs and GLP-1 receptor agonists are, for example, lixisenatide (Lyxumia®), exenatide (exendin-4, Byetta®, Bydureon®, a 39 amino acid peptide produced by the salivary glands of the flathead monster), liraglutide (Victoza®), semaglutide, taspoglutide, albiglutide (Syncria®), dulaglutide (Trulicity®), rExendin-4, CJC-1134-PC, PB-1023, TTP-054, langrenatide / HM-11260C (efpegrenatide). , HM-15211, CM-3, GLP-1 Erigen, ORMD-0901, NN-9423, NN-9709, NN-9924, NN-9926, NN-9927, Nodexene, Viador-GLP-1, CVX-096, ZYOG-1, ZYD-1, GSK-2374697, DA-3091, MAR-701, MAR709, ZP-2929, ZP-3022, ZP -DI-70, TT-401 (Pegapamodtide), BHM-034, MOD-6030, CAM-2036, DA-15864, ARI-2651, ARI-2255, Tirzepatide (LY3298176), Bamadutide (SAR425899), Exenatide-XTEN and Glucagon-Xten.

[0109] Examples of oligonucleotides are, for example, the cholesterol-lowering antisense therapeutic mipomersen sodium (Kynamro®) for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia, or RG012 for the treatment of Alport Syndrome.

[0110] Examples of DPP4 inhibitors are linagliptin, vidagliptin, sitagliptin, denagliptin, saxagliptin, berberine.

[0111] Examples of hormones include pituitary or hypothalamic hormones or regulatory active peptides and their antagonists, such as gonadotropins (follitropin, lutropin, chorion gonadotropin, menotropin), somatropine (somatropin), desmopressin, terlipressin, gonadorelin, triptorelin, leuprorelin, buserelin, nafarelin, and goserelin.

[0112] Examples of polysaccharides include glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronic acid, heparin, low molecular weight heparin or very low molecular weight heparin or derivatives thereof, or sulfated polysaccharides, such as the above-mentioned polysaccharides in polysulfated form, and / or their pharma- ceutically acceptable salts. An example of a pharma-ceutically acceptable salt of polysulfated low molecular weight heparin is enoxaparin sodium. An example of a hyaluronic acid derivative is Hylan G-F20 (Synvisc®), sodium hyaluronate.

[0113] The term "antibody" as used herein refers to an immunoglobulin molecule or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Examples of antigen-binding portions of an immunoglobulin molecule include F(ab) and F(ab')2 fragments that retain the ability to bind to an antigen. An antibody can be a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a recombinant antibody, a chimeric antibody, a deimmunized or humanized antibody, a fully human antibody, a non-human (e.g., murine) antibody, or a single chain antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody has effector function and is capable of fixing complement. In some embodiments, an antibody has reduced or no binding ability to Fc receptors. For example, an antibody can be an isotype or subtype, an antibody fragment, or a mutant that does not support binding to Fc receptors, e.g., with a mutation or deletion of the Fc receptor binding region. The term antibody also includes antigen-binding molecules based on tetravalent bispecific tandem immunoglobulins (TBTIs) and / or dual variable region antibody-like binding proteins (CODVs) with crossover binding region orientation.

[0114] The term "fragment" or "antibody fragment" refers to a polypeptide (e.g., antibody heavy and / or light chain polypeptide) derived from an antibody polypeptide molecule that does not include the full-length antibody polypeptide but comprises at least a portion of the full-length antibody polypeptide that is still capable of binding to an antigen. An antibody fragment may include truncated portions of a full-length antibody polypeptide, but the term is not limited to such truncated fragments. Antibody fragments useful in the present invention include, for example, Fab fragments, F(ab')2 fragments, scFv (single-chain Fv) fragments, linear antibodies, monospecific or multispecific antibody fragments, such as bispecific, trispecific, tetraspecific and multispecific antibodies (e.g., diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies), monovalent or multivalent antibody fragments, such as bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent and multivalent antibodies, minibodies, chelating recombinant antibodies, tribodies or bibodies, intrabodies, nanobodies, small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), binding domain immunoglobulin fusion proteins, camelized antibodies, and VHH-containing antibodies. Additional examples of antigen-binding antibody fragments are known in the art.

[0115] The term "complementarity determining region" or "CDR" refers to short polypeptide sequences in the variable regions of both heavy and light chain polypeptides that are primarily responsible for mediating specific antigen recognition. The term "framework region" refers to amino acid sequences in the variable regions of both heavy and light chain polypeptides that are not CDR sequences and are primarily responsible for maintaining the proper arrangement of CDR sequences to allow antigen binding. Although framework regions themselves typically do not directly participate in antigen binding, as is known in the art, certain residues in the framework regions of a particular antibody may be directly involved in antigen binding or may affect the ability of one or more amino acids in the CDR to interact with an antigen.

[0116] Exemplary antibodies are anti-PCSK-9 mAb (eg, alirocumab), anti-IL-6 mAb (eg, sarilumab), and anti-IL-4 mAb (eg, dupilumab).

[0117] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the APIs described herein are contemplated for use in the drug or medicament in the drug delivery device. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, for example, acid addition salts and base salts.

[0118] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications (addition and / or removal) of the various components of the APIs, formulations, devices, methods, systems and embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the full scope and spirit of the invention, which includes such modifications, and any and all equivalents thereof.

[0119] In the following, an example of an emergency management system, an example of a corresponding personal computing device configured for such an emergency management system, and respective methods of initiating an emergency request are described in more detail with reference to the drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0120] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example of an emergency management system. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an emergency management system. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of a first and second personal computing device of the emergency management system. [Figure 4] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of a data structure of important parameters. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a data structure of personal data. [Figure 6] 1 is an example of a flowchart for initiating an emergency request using an emergency management system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0121] An example of an emergency management system 80 according to the present disclosure is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1, where a user 1 is equipped with at least one personal computing device 10. The personal computing device 10 may include a housing 11 and a collar 12 for attaching the personal computing device 10 to a part of the body of the user 1. In some examples, as also shown in Fig. 1, the personal computing device 10 may include a belt 13 that allows the personal computing device 10 to be attached to the waist or hips of a person or user 1.

[0122] In Fig. 1, a first personal computing device 10 is shown in addition to a second personal computing device 100. The first personal computing device 10 is implemented as a smart watch or as an activity tracker worn by a user 1. The second personal computing device 100 is implemented as a personal hub, a personal digital assistant, or a smartphone. In some examples, the second personal computing device 100 is implemented as a personal computer or as a tablet computer. Further shown in Fig. 1 is a drug delivery device 50.

[0123] The drug delivery device 50 is configured to administer a medicament, such as a drug, to a user 1. The drug delivery device 50 is embodied as an injection device, as an infusion device, such as an injection pen or an infusion pump. In some examples, the drug delivery device 50 is embodied as an inhaler.

[0124] The emergency management system 80 further includes an external electronic device 200 provided by an external service provider 202. The external service provider 202 may be an external data provider. The external service provider 202 may have access to an electronic storage device 222, for example implemented as a database. The implementation of the external electronic device 200 and the use of the external service provider 202 are only optional. At least one of the first and second personal computing devices 10, 100 is operable to communicate with at least one of the emergency service provider 300 and the external service provider 202, typically via a communication network 180.

[0125] In the illustrated example, a first personal computing device 10 is operable to communicate wirelessly with a second personal computing device 100, where only the second personal computing device 100 is able to communicate with an emergency services provider 300 over a communications network 180. Typically, the wireless communications between the first personal computing device 10 and the second personal computing device 100 are short-range communications links.

[0126] The short-range communication link is implemented by a commonly available wireless communication standard, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, NFC, IrDA, etc. In some examples, the first personal computing device 10 and the second personal computing device 100 are coupled by wires. The communication network 180 may be one of a cellular network, a traditional telephone network, and the Internet. Typically, the communication network 180 is a digital communication network. In some examples, the communication network is an analog communication network.

[0127] As shown in more detail in Figures 2 and 3, the first personal computing device 10 is implemented as a wearable electronic device. The first personal computing device 10 includes a housing 11 and a number of sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28. The first personal computing device 10 includes a collar 12 that allows the personal computing device 10 to be attached to the wrist of a user 1. In this manner, the personal computing device 10 is permanently worn by the user 1.

[0128] The personal computing device 10 further includes an electronic storage device 16 and a processor 14. Additionally, the first personal computing device 10 includes a communication interface 40. By means of the communication interface 40, the personal computing device 10 can communicate with another, and therefore a second, personal computing device 100. In a typical example, the first personal computing device 10 is operable to collect user vital data 400 by utilizing at least one of the sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28. The sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 are coupled to the processor 14.

[0129] The signals generated by the sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 are at least processed or pre-processed by the processor 14. At least one of the sensor signals, the processed sensor signals or the pre-processed sensor signals are at least temporarily stored in the electronic storage 16 of the first personal computing device 10. The processor 14 is further coupled to the communication interface 40. In this manner, the signals, the processed signals or the pre-processed signals obtained from at least one of the sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 are transmitted and communicated to at least the second personal computing device 100.

[0130] For this transmission and communication, the second personal computing device 100 includes a communication interface 140. The communication interface 40 and the communication interface 140 are configured to set up and / or establish a wireless communication link between the personal computing device 10 and the personal computing device 100.

[0131] The multiple sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 are configured to measure at least one of the following key parameters of the user 1: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback and / or haptic feedback. For example, the sensor 20 is implemented as a position sensor. This sensor may include a magnetic field sensor capable of determining the orientation of the personal computing device 10 relative to the surrounding magnetic field. The sensor 22 is implemented as an acceleration sensor. Thus, the sensor 22 can provide information about the movement state of the personal computing device 10. The sensor 24 is implemented as a heart rate sensor. The sensor 26 is implemented as a body temperature sensor and the sensor 28 is implemented as an ECG sensor.

[0132] In another example, the sensor 24 is implemented as a blood glucose sensor. In particular, when the first personal computing device 10 is worn by the user, the sensor 24 can be in contact with the skin of the user 1. The device can penetrate the user's outer skin permanently or periodically. The sensor 24 is configured for continuous glucose measurement. The sensor 24 and / or the personal computing device 10 are configured to measure and / or transmit measurement data to at least one of the second personal computing device 100, the external service provider 202, the electronic storage device 222 and / or the emergency service provider 300.

[0133] In some examples, when the sensor 24 is implemented as a glucose measuring sensor, the sensor 24 is integrated into the first personal computing device 10. In other examples, the sensor 24 is a separate sensor unit configured to communicate with at least one of the first personal computing device 10 and the second personal computing device 100. The sensor 24 may be enclosed in a separate housing and include a wireless transmitter configured to communicate with at least one of the first personal computing device 10 and the second personal computing device 100. The sensor 24 and / or the first personal computing device 10 are configured to measure and / or determine the user's blood glucose level at regular time intervals, for example according to a predetermined schedule.

[0134] The first personal computing device 10 is configured as an activity tracker or as a smartwatch. The device may include a blood glucose measuring sensor 24 or may wirelessly communicate with a separate blood glucose measuring sensor 24, for example in permanent or regular contact with the skin of the user 1 or at least temporarily embedded on or under the skin of the user. In addition to the multiple sensors, the personal computing device 10 may further include at least one indicator 30. The indicator 30 is implemented as a visual, audio or tactile indicator. Thus, the indicator 30, which is typically coupled to the processor 14, may include at least one of a light source, a speaker and a buzzer, or a combination thereof, to provide at least one of visual, audio or tactile feedback to the user 1.

[0135] The first personal computing device 10 is configured, inter alia, to measure, record and / or collect important data of the user 1. The collected important data is stored in a storage device 16 and processed by a processor 14 of the same personal computing device 10. In combination with a second personal computing device, the important data collected by the first personal computing device 10 is at least partially transmitted to the second personal computing device 100. The second personal computing device 100 includes a housing 101 and a processor 110. The second personal computing device 100 further includes a storage device 120 coupled to the processor 110. The second personal computing device 100 includes a communication interface 140 configured to communicate with the communication interface 40 of the first personal computing device 10.

[0136] The second personal computing device 100 further includes at least one of a microphone 150 and a speaker 160. In this way, the user 1 can directly interact with the second personal computing device 100 using natural language or dedicated voice commands. The microphone 150 and the speaker 160 are coupled to the processor 110. The second personal computing device 100 further includes another communication interface 142 operable to communicate with a communication interface 240 of the external electronic device 200 provided, for example, by an external service provider 202. The second personal computing device 100 may include another communication interface 144 specifically configured to communicate with a communication interface 340 of the emergency service provider 300.

[0137] The multiple communication interfaces 140, 142, 144 are implemented by separate different hardware components or by one and the same hardware component. The communication interfaces 140, 142, 144 are implemented as wireless communication interfaces and / or as wired communication interfaces depending on the specific configuration of the user environment 5 and the available access to a communication network 180 such as the Internet. The communication between the communication interfaces 142 and 240 as well as the communication between the communication interfaces 144 and 340 are provided by one and the same communication network 180 or by separate communication networks depending on the specific implementation of each communication link. The communication links between the second personal computing device 100 and the external service provider 202 and the emergency service provider 300 are implemented as analog or digital communication links.

[0138] In some examples, the first personal computing device 10 is configured to communicate directly with at least one of the external electronic device 200 of the external service provider 202 and the emergency service provider 300, where the communication interface 40 of the first personal computing device 10 is configured to communicate with at least one of the communication interfaces 240, 340 of the external electronic device 200 and the emergency service provider 300, typically via the communication network 180. In this example, the emergency management system 80 may not have a second personal computing device 100.

[0139] The drug delivery device 50 may also include a communication interface 52. The communication interface 52 is configured to communicate with at least one of the communication interfaces 40, 140, 142, 144 of the first or second personal computing device 10, 100. Typically, the communication interface 52 is configured as a wireless communication interface for establishing a communication link with at least the wireless communication interface 140 of the second personal computing device 100.

[0140] As shown in the combination of Figures 2 and 3, the external service provider 202 includes an external electronic device 200. The external electronic device 200 is implemented as a fixed data processing center. The external electronic device 200 includes a processor 210 and an internal electronic storage device 220. The external electronic device 200 further includes a communication interface 240 for communicating with the communication interface 142 of the second personal computing device 100. The external electronic device 200 further includes a communication interface 242 for communicating with a separate or external electronic storage device 222. The electronic storage device 222 is implemented as a database, which electronic storage device 200 can permanently access.

[0141] The external electronic device 200 further includes another communication interface 244. The communication interface 244 is implemented to communicate directly with a communication interface 342 of the emergency service provider 300.

[0142] In some examples, the emergency management system 80 includes a user interaction system 250. The interaction system 250 may include a voice interface 146 implemented or provided by the second personal computing device 100 and a further voice interface 246 implemented or provided by the external electronic device 200. The voice interfaces 146, 246 may complement or correspond to each other. The voice interfaces 146, 246 are configured to exchange data via a communication link coupling the communication interface 142 and the communication interface 240.

[0143] At least one of the electronic storage devices 16, 120, 220, 222 is configured to store personal data 500 of the user 1. The personal data 500 includes at least one of the following data: age, sex, weight, user address information, type of illness, prescribed medications, medication history, medical history and / or emergency history of the respective user 1. The personal data 500 or a portion thereof is stored in at least one of the electronic storage devices 16, 120, 220, 222.

[0144] The personal data 500 is made available to at least one of the processors 14, 110, 210 for deriving an urgency indicator based on the collected importance data 400 and the personal data 500. Each processor 14, 110, 210 also has access to the importance data 400 collected by the personal computing device 10.

[0145] The at least one processor 14, 110, 210 is configured to derive, calculate or estimate an urgency level indicator based on the personal data 500 of the user 1 and the collected criticality data 400 of the same user 1. By appropriately processing the criticality data 400 and the personal data 500, the at least one processor 14, 110, 210 and / or the respective computer program located in the processor 14, 110, 210 provides an urgency level indicator indicative of the level of urgency to which the user is exposed or which has actually occurred to the user.

[0146] The specific implementation of the emergency management system 80 may vary. In some examples, the entire emergency management system 80 is incorporated into the first personal computing device 10, where the personal computing device 10 is configured to communicate directly with the emergency service provider 300. In this case, the electronic storage device 16 providing the personal data 500 may also temporarily store the acquired or collected vital data 400 provided by the multiple sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28.

[0147] Here, the processor 14 is configured to derive an emergency level indicator based on the collected vital data 400 and based on the personal data 500. The personal data 500 is provided from the electronic storage device 16. The vital data 400 is provided from at least one of the multiple sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28.

[0148] Upon determining or deriving an urgency level indicator that exceeds a predetermined upper threshold, the processor 14 may autonomously initiate generating an emergency request and transmitting the emergency request directly to the emergency services provider 300 via the communications interface 40. The generation and / or transmission of the emergency request may be accompanied by activation of a user-detectable indicator 30. The personal computing device 10 may further include an input 32, for example embodied as a button or touch-sensitive area on or within the housing 11 of the personal computing device 10.

[0149] Using the input 32, the user can disable automatic emergency request generation and / or automatic emergency request transmission to the emergency service provider 300. In a typical scenario, the personal computing device 10 can derive an urgency level indicator based on the personal data 500 and based on the collected key data 400, that exceeds a predefined upper urgency threshold. Hence, the personal computing device 10 is configured to activate the indicator 30 at predefined time intervals to indicate to the user 1 that the personal computing device 10 is about to transmit an emergency request to the emergency service provider 300.

[0150] User 1 is then given the possibility to interact with input 32 in order to override the automated emergency request and / or to confirm the automatic emergency request. By activating input 32, for example by pressing it down, user 1 is further given the possibility to manually trigger the generation and transmission of an emergency request to emergency service provider 300. In this way user 1 is given the possibility to call for assistance even in situations where the emergency level indicator is below a predefined upper or lower emergency threshold.

[0151] In some other examples, the emergency management system 80 includes a first personal computing device 10 and a second personal computing device 100, where the first personal computing device 10 is specifically dedicated and configured to collect and provide user critical data 400 to the second personal computing device 100. The local electronic storage 16 of the first personal computing device 10 is used to temporarily store data, e.g., pre-processed critical data provided from at least one of the sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28. This local electronic storage may be particularly useful in situations where the communication link between the communication interface 40 and the communication interface 140 should be temporarily interrupted or unavailable.

[0152] The user's personal data is stored in one of the electronic storage devices 120, 220, 222. If the personal data 500 is stored in the electronic storage device 120 of the second personal computing device 100, the processor 110 of the second personal computing device 100 is configured to process the personal data 500 provided from the electronic storage device 120 together with the important data 400 obtained from the first personal computing device 10 via the communication interface 140.

[0153] In this example, the second personal computing device 110 is configured to derive an urgency level indicator based on processing the personal data 500 and the collected vital data 400. In response to the derived urgency level, the processor 110 is configured to generate an emergency request and / or transmit the emergency request to an emergency service provider 300, for example, via the communications interface 144. For purposes of processing the personal data 500 and the collected vital data 400, the second personal computing device 100 is configured to communicate with the external service provider 202 via the communications interface 142.

[0154] In some other examples, the emergency management system 80 includes only the second personal computing device 100 and not the first personal computing device 10. In this case, the vital data 400 is collected by the second personal computing device 100. To this end, the second personal computing device 100 may also include at least one of the sensors 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 configured to measure at least one of the following parameters: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback, haptic feedback, as currently described in connection with the first personal computing device 10. The second personal computing device 100 is configured as a wearable electronic device. The wearable electronic device includes a smartphone or a smart watch.

[0155] In this embodiment, and even in the example of an emergency management system including a first personal computing device 10 and a second personal computing device 100, the second personal computing device is implemented as a smart watch or smartphone and is provided with a diabetes management software application, e.g., a diabetes management application. The second personal computing device 100 can receive blood glucose data of the user 1 from the first personal computing device 10, e.g., by a wireless communication link. The second personal computing device 100 can further receive data from a drug delivery device 50. The data from the drug delivery device 50 can indicate the amount of medication currently or recently administered to the user 1.

[0156] Optionally, in addition to collecting the vital data 400 from the first personal computing device 10 and collecting the personal data 500 from the drug delivery device 50, at least one of the first and second personal computing devices 10, 100 is further operable to collect and / or transmit data regarding the user's current physical activity, location and / or orientation. For example, and for precise location determination of the user 1, publicly available or stored location data of the user 1's Wi-Fi environment and / or instantaneous GPS data derivable by at least one of the first and second personal computing devices 10, 100 are further used.

[0157] Based on data received from the drug delivery device 50 indicative of a current or recent medication administration process, and based on blood glucose level data received from the first personal computing device 10, and optionally based on supplemental vital data 400 received or collected by one of the first and second personal computing devices 10, 100, a fairly accurate urgency level indicator for the generation of a subsequent emergency request is derived, generated and / or provided.

[0158] For example, the second personal computing device 100 may provide or include a user interaction system 250 that allows it to communicate with the user 1 based on natural language processing and / or natural language recognition. The second personal computing device 100, e.g., the built-in voice interface 146, may communicate with the external electronic device 200 and / or with a voice interface 246 of the external service provider 202 to interpret voice sequences emitted by the user 1 and recorded or received by the microphone 150. Implementing a user interaction is particularly useful when the emergency level exceeds a lower emergency threshold.

[0159] Therefore, before generating and sending the emergency request to the emergency service provider 300, the second personal computing device 100, e.g. its processor 210, is configured to enter into a dialogue with the user 1 in order to specify in more detail the current problem or potential emergency event. The user dialogue is autonomously triggered, e.g. by the processor 110, when the emergency level indicator crosses a predefined lower emergency threshold. In order to characterize the emergency problem, the dialogue system is configured to present the user with a series of questions which the user must answer appropriately.

[0160] Here, the user dialogue system 250 is implemented to enter into a multi-step cascade, or to perform multiple escalation stages. In a first stage, the dialogue system may ask the user 1 to specify a potential urgent problem. Here, the user is prompted to spell his / her name, the current date or the current time. If the user does not respond or gives an inappropriate response that does not correspond to a correct answer, the user dialogue system 250 may enter into a subsequent escalation stage.

[0161] In a subsequent or second escalation stage of user interaction, the questions directed to user 1 are issued with greater intensity, for example, at increased brightness when presented visually, or at increased volume in the case of an auditory interaction.

[0162] Furthermore, in the second or subsequent escalation state, the questions are simplified compared to the questions provided in or during the first or initial escalation stage. In this way, the user should be given the possibility to provide a clear and unambiguous response. A repeated inability to respond or to respond adequately invokes a further, for example a third, escalation stage of the user dialogue system.

[0163] The emergency management system can now establish direct communication between the second personal computing device 100 and the emergency services provider 300. In an alternative or further escalation stage, the personal computing device 100 is configured to generate and send an emergency request to the emergency services provider 300.

[0164] Additionally, the emergency management system is implemented with a number of different sensitivity levels. A particular sensitivity level is individually assigned to a particular user of the emergency management system 80. The sensitivity level may depend on the severity of the disease and the likelihood of an emergency that may result from that severity of the disease. As an example, a user suffering from type II diabetes may be classified into one of a number of available sensitivity or severity levels.

[0165] At the first level, the user must undergo diabetes education and lifestyle changes. The user must focus on weight loss, exercise regularly, change diet, and / or quit smoking. At the second level of diabetes, the user may receive monotherapy with an oral antidiabetic drug. At a further level, or at a third level, the user may receive a combination of two or more antidiabetic drugs or therapy using insulin. At a further level, for example a fourth level, the user may receive insulin therapy, possibly in combination with an oral antidiabetic drug.

[0166] Here, the higher the level, the more likely the user's metabolic derailment. The higher the user's level of treatment, the higher the sensitivity level of the emergency management system may be. The higher the level, the more sensitive the emergency management system is with regard to processing the personal data 500 and the critical data 400, deriving, generating or estimating the emergency level indicator, or the emergency request. The higher the sensitivity level, the lower the threshold of the emergency level indicator and / or the threshold for generating the emergency request. In general, and for each generation and transmission of an emergency request to the emergency service provider 300, the emergency request may include at least one, or a number of collected critical or personal data of the user 1. In this way, the emergency service provider 300 is immediately communicated with the relevant critical parameters or personal data.

[0167] To interact with the user 1, the second personal computing device 100 can communicate with an external service provider 202, in particular with the external electronic device 200, and / or with an electronic storage device 222, for example embodied as a database. This is particularly useful for providing a high level of fairly accurate speech recognition, especially when the user interaction system 250 is embodied as a voice-based interaction system.

[0168] In some examples, a communications link between the communications interface 244 of the external electronic device 200 and the communications interface 342 of the emergency services provider 300 is also provided for transmitting an emergency request to the emergency services provider 300. This may be particularly beneficial in cases where the personal computing device 100 does not have a separate communications interface 144 configured to communicate directly with the emergency services provider 300.

[0169] In such an example, it is only desired and necessary for the personal computing device 100 to communicate solely with the external electronic device 200, where an emergency request is generated by the personal computing device 100 and transmitted via the external electronic device 200 to an emergency services provider 300.

[0170] In some further examples, the second personal computing device 100 is simply used as a communication hub to provide data transmission between the first personal computing device 10 and the external electronic device 200 and / or emergency service providers. Here, the processing of the collected important data 400 and the personal data 500 is provided and performed by the processor 210 of the external electronic device 200. In this way, the computational demands and required computing power for the processors 120 and 14 are reduced to a minimum. This also has the advantage that no eventual software updates need to be performed on the personal computing devices 10, 100, which provide ongoing, latest or recent developments regarding the derivation of the emergency level indicator. In such examples, the personal data 500 is stored in the electronic storage 220 and / or database 222 of the external electronic device 200.

[0171] This has the further advantage that the personal data, especially data regarding type of disease, prescribed medicines, medicine history, treatment history or emergency history, is updated by a number of external entities, such as the external service provider 202. Hence, the external service provider 202 may be either a healthcare provider or a medicine manufacturer.

[0172] Via a data link between the emergency service provider 300 and the external electronic device 200, e.g. a communication link between the emergency service provider 300 and the external service provider 202, immediate feedback from the emergency service provider 300 regarding the medical and emergency history of a particular user 1 is provided, especially after an emergency request has been sent to and processed by the emergency service provider 300. According to the feedback from the emergency service provider 300, algorithms configured to derive the personal data and / or the emergency level indicator are adapted or modified accordingly.

[0173] An example of a set of important data captured and / or collected by the personal computing device 10 is shown in Fig. 4. The important data 400 includes a number of data fields 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414. As shown by way of example in Fig. 4, the data field 402 indicates the position or location of the user 1. This data field may indicate the instantaneous position or location where the user 1 is located. The data field 404 indicates the orientation of the user 1. As shown in the example of Fig. 4, the user is in an upright position. The data field 406 indicates the current state of movement. Here, as an example, it is shown that the user has not moved in the past 5 seconds. The data field 408 indicates a potential noise or sound signal emanating from the user. Here, as an example, it is shown that the user 1 has not generated any audible sound in the past 10 seconds.

[0174] In a data field 410, the heart rate of user 1 is shown. Here, the data field 410 is partitioned into an instantaneous heart rate, which is equal to 85 beats per minute (bpm). A data field is further provided that represents an average heart rate over a given time interval, for example during the past hour or the past day. As shown in the example, the instantaneous heart rate of 85 bpm is slightly above the average heart rate of 75 bpm. In another data field 412, the respiration rate is shown. Here, the instantaneous respiration rate is shown to be 17 strokes per minute, compared to an average respiration rate of 15 strokes per minute. In another data field 414, the instantaneous and / or average blood pressure is shown.

[0175] For the estimation or derivation of the urgency level indicator, at least one or several data fields 402, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414 are processed by at least one of the processors 14, 110, 210 described above. Each processor 14, 110, 210 also has access to or is provided with personal data 500, as shown in the example of Fig. 5. Typically, the personal data includes a data field 502 indicating the age of the respective person. A data field 504 indicates the gender of the user 1. A data field 506 indicates the actual weight of the person. A data field 508 indicates the known type of disease of the respective person. Here, an indicator, for example represented by an index or a number, is provided for each of the various types of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases or respiratory defects. The higher the index or number, the more the respective disease or problem applies to the respective user. Of course, the personal data 500 of each user 1 is provided with a unique identifier that allows the personal data 500 to be associated with a specific user of the plurality of users.

[0176] Another data field 510 shows the prescription medicines. Here, a number of medicines are listed, identified by the name of the medicine. For each medicine, the amount of the medicine and the prescription schedule are shown in the data field 510. If the emergency management system 80 comprises a drug delivery device 50 configured to communicate with at least one of the personal computing device 10, 100 and the external service provider 202, the medicine history is recorded as a medicine history in the data field 512. The medicine history data field 512 provides a memory of what time or what day a well-defined amount of a particular medicine was administered to the user. The medicine history data field 512 can further indicate whether the intake of a particular medicine was passively or actively confirmed by the user 1. Another data field 514 describes or records the emergency history of a particular user. Here, the type of emergency is recorded, as well as the time or date of the previous such emergency.

[0177] The personal data 500 is processed and evaluated together with the vital data 400 by at least one of the processors 14, 110, 210 to derive or calculate an urgency level indicator. The urgency level represented by the urgency level indicator is useful for classifying the degree of urgency as well as for distinguishing between different types of emergency problems, for example whether the urgency level indicator represents a serious problem or a relatively harmless emergency situation. In addition, the emergency request generated by the at least one processor 14, 110, 210 comprises the personal data 500 of the respective person as well as further useful information representing the actual measured vital parameters 400 of the respective person 1.

[0178] In Fig. 6 an example of a method for initiating an emergency request is shown by means of a flow chart. In a first step 600, vital data 400 of a person 1 is collected. In a parallel step 602, personal data 500 of the same person 1 is provided. In a subsequent step 604, based on the collected vital data 400 and the provided personal data 500, at least one of the processors 14, 110, 210 derives an emergency level indicator. In a subsequent step 606, the derived emergency level indicator is compared with an emergency threshold. For example, in step 606, the derived emergency level indicator is compared with an upper emergency threshold. If in step 606 the emergency level indicator exceeds a predefined upper emergency threshold, the method proceeds directly to step 608, where an emergency request is generated and sent to the emergency service provider 300.

[0179] Here, the user 1 is possibly given the possibility to interrupt or disable the emergency request before sending such emergency request to the emergency services provider 300. Hence, the indicator 30 of the first personal computing device 10 or a respective indicator, for example the speaker 160, of the second personal computing device 100 can prompt the user 1 to confirm or abort the sending of the emergency request to the emergency services provider 300 during a predefined time interval.

[0180] If, at step 606, the derived urgency level indicator is less than or equal to the upper urgency threshold, the method proceeds to step 610. At step 610, the urgency level indicator is compared to a predefined lower urgency threshold. If the urgency level indicator is less than the predefined lower urgency threshold, the method returns to steps 600 and 602, whereupon the method continues to collect critical data 400 for user 1 accordingly. The loop consisting of steps 600, 602, 604, 606, 610 is performed as long as one of the comparisons at steps 606, 610 reveals that the urgency level indicator equals or exceeds one of the outer or lower urgency thresholds.

[0181] If, at step 610, the urgency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower urgency threshold, the method proceeds to step 612. At step 612, the method initiates a user dialogue with User 1. The user dialogue is performed visually and / or audibly by the user dialogue system 250. To this end, the content-based dialogue system may initiate a series of questions for User 1 and prompt User 1 to respond thereto. Depending on User 1's response, the dialogue system 250 may execute a number of escalation stages.

[0182] Finally, the user interaction system 250 ends at step 614, where it is evaluated whether the current emergency problem has been solved. If so, and if the same has been confirmed by the user 1, the method returns to steps 600 and / or 602. Otherwise, when the emergency problem has not been solved by the user interaction, the method proceeds to step 608. In response, an emergency request is generated and sent to the emergency service provider 300. [Explanation of symbols]

[0183] 1 User 5 User environment 10 Personal Computer Devices 11. Housing 12 Colors 13 Belt 14 processors 16 Electronic storage devices 20 Sensors 22 Sensors 24 Sensors 26 Sensors 28 Sensors 30 Indicators 32 Input section 40 Communication Interface 50 Delivery Device 52 Communication Interface 80 Emergency Management System 100 Personal Computer Devices 101 Housing 110 Processor 120 Storage device 140 Communication Interface 142 Communication Interface 144 Communication Interface 146 Voice Interface 150 Microphones 160 Speaker 180 Communication Network 200 External Electronic Devices 202 Service Provider 210 Processor 220 Electronic storage devices 222 Electronic storage devices 240 Communication Interface 242 Communication Interface 244 Communication Interface 246 Voice Interface 250 Dialogue System 300 Emergency Service Providers 340 Communication Interface 342 Communication Interface 400 Important Data 402 Data Field 404 Data Field 406 Data Field 408 Data Field 410 Data Field 412 Data Field 414 Data Field 500 Personal Data 502 Data Field 504 Data Field 506 Data Field 508 Data Field 510 Data Field 512 Data Field 514 Data Field 600 User Dialogue System

Claims

1. An emergency management system (80) configured to initiate an emergency request, comprising: a personal computing device (10, 100) configured to collect vital data (400) of a user (1), the personal computing device (10, 100) including at least one communication interface (40, 140, 142, 144) operable to communicate with at least one of an external electronic device (200) and an emergency service provider (300); an electronic storage device (16, 120, 220, 222) configured to store personal data (500) of a user (1); at least one processor (14, 110, 210) coupled to said electronic storage device (16, 120, 220, 222); The at least one processor (14; 110, 210) is configured to: deriving an emergency level indicator based on the personal data (500) and the collected critical data (400); and operative to generate an emergency request in response to an increase in the urgency level indicator above a predefined upper urgency threshold and to transmit the emergency request to an emergency services provider (300); The emergency management system further includes a user interaction system (250) operable to enter into a user interaction with a user (1), wherein the at least one processor (110, 210) is configured to initiate the user interaction system (250) when the emergency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower emergency threshold, and The emergency management system, wherein the at least one processor (14; 110, 210) is operable to lower the emergency level indicator when the user exhibits an appropriate or expected response while interacting with the user interaction system (250), and wherein the at least one processor (14; 110, 210) is operable to raise the emergency level indicator when the user exhibits an inappropriate or possibly unexpected response while interacting with the user interaction system (250).

2. Generating and transmitting the emergency request includes providing at least a portion of the collected sensitive data (400) and at least a portion of the personal data (500) to the emergency service provider (300). The emergency management system (80) of claim 1, further comprising:

3. The emergency management system (80) of claim 1 or 2, wherein deriving the emergency level indicator (300) comprises probabilistically analyzing the collected vital data (400) based on the personal data (500).

4. The emergency management system (80) of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the personal computing device (10) includes at least one sensor (20, 22, 24, 26, 28) operable to measure at least one of the following critical parameters: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, audio signal, tactile signal.

5. The emergency management system (80) of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the personal data (500) includes at least one of the following data: age, gender, weight, address information, type of illness, prescribed medications, medication history, medical history, and emergency history.

6. 6. The emergency management system (80) of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor (14, 110, 210) is configured to continuously collect vital data (400) and continuously derive an emergency level indicator, the at least one processor (110, 210) being further configured to autonomously generate and send an emergency request to an emergency services provider (300) when the emergency level indicator exceeds a predetermined upper emergency threshold.

7. The emergency management system (80) of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein at least one of the user interaction system (250) and the processor (110, 210) is operable to modify the emergency level indicator based on a response of the user (1) during or during the user interaction.

8. The emergency management system (80) of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a medication delivery device (50) including a communication interface (52) configured to communicate with a personal computing device (10, 100) and to provide data related to the medication history to the personal computing device (10, 100).

9. A personal computing device (10, 100) configured to initiate an emergency request, comprising: a processor (14, 110) operable to collect and process critical data (400) of a person (1); an electronic storage device (16, 120) coupled to the processor (14, 110) and operable to store at least one of important data (400) and personal data (500) of the person (1); at least one communication interface (40, 140, 142, 144) coupled to the processor (14, 110); The at least one communication interface (40, 140, 142, 144) is operable to transmit an emergency request to an emergency service provider (300), where the processor (14, 110) comprises: deriving an emergency level indicator based on the collected critical data (400) and the personal data (500); to generate an emergency request based on an emergency indicator, and an emergency request in response to an increase in the emergency level indicator above a predetermined upper emergency threshold; To send to emergency service provider (300) It is operational and Here, the personal computing device (10, 100) a user interaction system (250) operable to enter into a user interaction with the user (1), wherein the processors (14, 110) are configured to trigger a user interaction system (250) when the emergency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower emergency threshold, and wherein at least one processor (14, 110) is operable to lower the emergency level indicator when the user exhibits an appropriate or expected response while interacting with the user interaction system (250), and wherein at least one processor is operable to raise the emergency level indicator when the user exhibits an inappropriate or unexpected response while interacting with the user interaction system (250).

10. 10. The personal computing device (10, 100) of claim 9, further comprising a voice interface (146) configured to process voice-based input or voice-based feedback of a user (1).

11. A personal computing device (10, 100) according to claim 9 or 10, configured as a wearable electronic device (10) and comprising at least one sensor (20, 22, 24, 26, 28) operable to measure at least one of the following key parameters: heart rate, respiration rate, blood glucose level, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, body temperature, position, movement state, orientation, auditory feedback, tactile feedback.

12. 13. A method of initiating an emergency request, comprising: A step of collecting important data (400) of a user (1); providing personal data (500) of a user (1) from an electronic storage device (120, 220, 222); deriving an urgency level indicator based on the personal data (500) and the collected criticality data (400); generating an emergency request based on the urgency level indicator and sending the emergency request to an emergency services provider (300) in response to an increase in the urgency level indicator above a predefined upper urgency threshold; entering into a user dialogue with a user (1) when the urgency level indicator exceeds a predefined lower urgency threshold; lowering the urgency level indicator when the user responds appropriately or as expected during interaction with the user interaction system (250); and and raising the urgency level indicator when the user exhibits an inappropriate or possibly unexpected reaction while interacting with the user interaction system (250).

13. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein generating the emergency request includes providing at least a portion of the collected vital data (400) and at least a portion of the personal data (500) to an emergency services provider (300).

14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the critical data (400) is collected continuously and the generation and / or sending of the emergency request is autonomously triggered based on the collected critical data (400).

15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs including instructions that, when executed by a personal computing device, cause the device to: Collect important data (400) of a user (1); Providing personal data (500) of a user (1) from an electronic storage device (120, 220, 222); deriving an urgency level indicator based on the personal data (500) and the collected critical data (400); generating an emergency request based on the urgency level indicator; transmitting said emergency request to an emergency services provider (300) in response to an increase in the emergency level indicator above a predetermined upper emergency threshold; entering into a user interaction with a user (1) when the urgency level indicator exceeds a predetermined lower urgency threshold; lowering the urgency level indicator when the user responds appropriately or as expected during interaction with the user interaction system (250); and The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium raises an emergency level indicator when a user exhibits an inappropriate or possibly unexpected reaction while interacting with a user interaction system (250).

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