MANUAL PROVIDING DEVICE, MANUAL READING SYSTEM, METHOD, AND PROGRAM
The system enhances manual understanding by adding positional information to text data, allowing engineers to perform tasks accurately without images, maintaining cleanliness.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- JP2021083603
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2021-05-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-01-15
- Estimated Expiration
- 2041-05-18
AI Technical Summary
Conventional manuals lack sufficient information on the positional relationship between target and peripheral parts, making it difficult for customer engineers to perform tasks without referring to images, which can leave their hands dirty.
A system that acquires image data from manuals, detects symbols and edges, and generates work procedure information by adding relative positional information to text data, enabling manual understanding without images.
Enables customer engineers to understand repair procedures without needing to refer to manual images, maintaining cleanliness and ensuring accurate task execution.
Smart Images

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Abstract
Description
[Technical field]
[0001] The present invention relates to a manual providing device, a manual reading system, a method, and a program. [Background technology]
[0002] Conventionally, various manuals (also called instruction manuals or user guides) are used in various situations (Patent Document 1).
[0003] For example, one of the maintenance tasks of customer engineers in the manufacturing industry includes repairing products at customer sites. One particularly common task is replacing product parts. If a customer engineer does not know the replacement procedure, he or she will replace the part in question while referring to the manual. This type of work is often performed in a small space and the customer engineer's hands often get dirty. For this reason, there is a need for voice confirmation that allows customer engineers to refer to the manual without having to change their posture significantly or touch it with dirty hands. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]
[0004] However, in addition to the text explaining the procedure, the manual contains images with superimposed marks indicating the positional relationship between the target part and the surrounding parts and the direction in which the target part should be moved or removed. Also, the surrounding parts shown in the images may not be mentioned in the text explaining the procedure. Therefore, simply reading out the text of the manual lacks information regarding the positional relationship between the target part and the surrounding parts and the direction in which the target part should be moved or removed, and it is not possible to present sufficient information for performing the work.
[0005] Therefore, an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to enable a user to understand a manual even without an image of the manual. [Means for solving the problem]
[0006] The apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention includes an image data input unit for acquiring image data in a manual, and a Indicate the location of the target part A symbol detection unit detects a symbol contained in the image data in the manual. Identify the scope of surrounding components an edge detection unit that detects an edge; and The above Target parts and The above The apparatus includes a relative position information acquisition unit that acquires relative position information with respect to peripheral parts, and an output unit that outputs work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to text data in the manual. Effect of the Invention
[0007] In one embodiment of the present invention, a manual can be understood without an image of the manual. [Brief description of the drawings]
[0008] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining an overview of the present invention. [Diagram 2] 1 is an overall configuration diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention; [Diagram 3] 1 is a hardware configuration diagram of a manual providing device and a user terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 4] 1 is a functional block diagram of a manual providing device according to an embodiment of the present invention; [Diagram 5] 11 is a flowchart of a manual providing process according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0009] Hereinafter, each embodiment will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In this specification and the drawings, components having substantially the same functional configurations are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description will be omitted.
[0010] <Terminology explanation> In this specification, a "manual (also called an instruction manual or user guide)" refers to an electronic manual that includes text data and image data. For example, the manual is a manual for repairing precision equipment such as a multifunction printer, but is not limited to this and may be any manual. For example, a customer engineer or the like can use the manual to replace parts of a precision equipment such as a multifunction printer in order to repair the precision equipment. In this specification, a "symbol" refers to an arrow, circle, triangle, square, or other symbol that is superimposed on a photograph or illustration showing a procedure in image data in a manual. The symbol indicates the position of the target part (the part that is the subject of the procedure). The symbol can also represent the procedure to be performed on the target part (e.g., remove). In this specification, an "edge" refers to an edge (i.e., a boundary) detected in image data in a manual. Based on the edge, the range of parts, such as peripheral parts (parts existing around the target part), is identified.
[0011] <Summary> Fig. 1 is a diagram for explaining the outline of the present invention. In the present invention, work procedure information can be generated and presented by adding text data based on symbols and edges included in image data in a manual (specifically, relative position information showing the relative positional relationship between a target part (a part to be worked on) and peripheral parts (parts existing around the target part)) to the text data in a manual.
[0012] For example, suppose a manual contains the procedure for a task as shown in Figure 1. In this example, the screws, clamps, and connectors are the target parts (the parts that are the target of the task), and the LCD is a peripheral part (the parts that are located around the target part). Also, the symbols (in this example, the arrow, circle, and triangle symbols) are defined to mean "remove" the part whose position is indicated by the symbol.
[0013] Specifically, the manual includes text data of "LCD[A] (4 screws (may be a screw mark), 1 clamp (may be a clamp mark), 7 connectors (may be a connector mark)" and image data. The text data includes the name of the peripheral part (LCD), the name or mark of the target part (screw, clamp, connector), and the number of each target part (4 screws, 1 clamp, 7 connectors). The image data has 4 circle symbols, 1 triangle symbol, and 7 arrow symbols superimposed. In this example, the manual points out the peripheral part [A] on the image data and describes it as LCD[A] in the text data. Note that there may be no explanation in the text data (i.e., only an indication by a mark on the image data).
[0014] Using this image data, the positions of the target parts (screws, clamps, connectors) are identified based on the symbols (four circle symbols, one triangle symbol, seven arrow symbols), and the range of the surrounding parts (LCD) and the range in which the surrounding parts (LCD) and the target parts (screws, clamps, connectors) exist are identified based on the edges.
[0015] In this invention, by adding text (specifically, relative position information indicating the relative positional relationship between the target part (the part that is the subject of the work) and surrounding parts (the parts that exist around the target part)) generated based on the symbols and edges contained in image data (image data in a manual) to the text data in the manual, it is possible to generate and present text data (also called work procedure information) that completely expresses the contents of the work.
[0016] The following is an example of work procedure information.
[0017] Before (i.e., text data in the manual) LCD [A] (4 screws, 1 clamp, 7 connectors)
[0018] After (i.e., work procedure information supplemented by adding text data based on symbols and edges contained in the manual to the text data in the manual) LCD removal instructions. First, remove the clamp, which is located on the bottom left side of the LCD. Next, remove the seven connectors. There is one on the bottom right side of the LCD, three on the top left side, one on the top left side, and two on the right side. Finally, remove the four screws. The screws are located on the four corners of the LCD.
[0019] Regarding the order, a rule base can be used: non-screw (the order of the Before text) → screw.
[0020] As described above, it can be seen that the work procedure information is presented in a state where the position of the target part relative to the surrounding parts is complemented with respect to the text data of "Before." Furthermore, the work procedure information may be complemented with the work on the target part (e.g., removing it, etc.). Note that the wording [A] used when checking simultaneously with the image as in this example may be deleted from the work procedure information, or may be replaced with the wording indicated by [A].
[0021] <Overall configuration diagram> Fig. 2 is an overall configuration diagram according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 2, the manual reading support system 1 can include a manual providing device 10 and a user terminal (customer engineer terminal) 20. The user terminal 20 can transmit and receive data to and from the manual providing device 10 via any network.
[0022] In response to a request from the user terminal 20, the manual providing device 10 presents work procedure information that has been supplemented so that an electronic manual including text data and image data can be understood from the text data alone. Specifically, the manual providing device 10 acquires image data of an object (for example, a part of a precision device such as a multifunction printer) from the user terminal 20. The manual providing device 10 also identifies image data in the manual that corresponds to the image data of the object. The manual providing device 10 also detects symbols and edges included in the image data in the manual. The manual providing device 10 also generates supplemented work procedure information by adding text data generated based on symbols and edges included in the image data in the manual to the text data in the manual. The manual providing device 10 also outputs the work procedure information to the user terminal 20. The manual providing device 10 is composed of one or more computers.
[0023] The user terminal (customer engineer terminal) 20 is a terminal used by a person who uses a manual according to one embodiment of the present invention (for example, a customer engineer who repairs precision equipment such as a multifunction printer). Specifically, the user terminal 20 transmits image data of an object to the manual providing device 10. The user terminal 20 also receives work procedure information for the object from the manual providing device 10. For example, the user terminal 20 is a smart device, smart glasses, or the like.
[0024] <Hardware configuration> FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the hardware configuration of the manual providing device 10 and the user terminal 20 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] As shown in FIG. 3, the manual providing device 10 and the user terminal 20 are constructed by a computer, and as shown in FIG. 3, are equipped with a CPU 1001, a ROM 1002, a RAM 1003, a HD 1004, a HDD (Hard Disk Drive) controller 1005, a display 1006, an external device connection I / F (Interface) 1007, a network I / F 1008, a data bus 1009, a keyboard 1010, a pointing device 1011, a DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable) drive 1013, and a media I / F 1015.
[0026] Among these, the CPU 1001 controls the overall operation of the manual providing device 10 and the user terminal 20. The ROM 1002 stores programs such as an IPL used to drive the CPU 1001. The RAM 1003 is used as a work area for the CPU 1001. The HD 1004 stores various data such as programs. The HDD controller 1005 controls the reading or writing of various data from the HD 1004 under the control of the CPU 1001. The display 1006 displays various information such as a cursor, a menu, a window, a character, or an image. The external device connection I / F 1007 is an interface for connecting various external devices. In this case, the external device is, for example, a USB (Universal Serial Bus) memory or a printer. The network I / F 1008 is an interface for data communication using a communication network. The bus line 1009 is an address bus, a data bus, or the like for electrically connecting each component such as the CPU 1001 shown in FIG. 3.
[0027] The keyboard 1010 is a type of input means having a plurality of keys for inputting characters, numbers, various instructions, etc. The pointing device 1011 is a type of input means for selecting and executing various instructions, selecting a processing target, moving a cursor, etc. The DVD-RW drive 1013 controls reading and writing of various data from a DVD-RW 1012 as an example of a removable recording medium. Note that the medium is not limited to a DVD-RW, and may be a DVD-R, etc. The media I / F 1015 controls reading and writing (storing) of data from a recording medium 1014 such as a flash memory.
[0028] <Function block> Fig. 4 is a functional block diagram of manual providing device 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 4, manual providing device 10 includes image data input section 101, symbol detection section 102, edge detection section 103, symbol data storage section 104, image related data storage section 105, relative position information acquisition section 106, text data storage section 107, and output section 108. Note that the stored data may be inside or outside the device (system). Moreover, manual providing device 10 executes a program to function as image data input section 101, symbol detection section 102, edge detection section 103, relative position information acquisition section 106, and output section 108. Each of these sections will be described below.
[0029] The image data input unit 101 acquires image data included in a manual. The image data is electronic data in which symbols are superimposed on photographs, illustrations, etc. showing work procedures.
[0030] For example, the image data input unit 101 acquires image data in a manual based on image data of an object acquired from the user terminal 20. Specifically, the image data input unit 101 acquires image data of an object (for example, a part of a precision device such as a multifunction printer) from the user terminal 20. Furthermore, the image data input unit 101 identifies image data in the manual that corresponds to the image data of the object acquired from the user terminal 20, and uses the image data.
[0031] The symbol detection unit 102 detects symbols included in the image data. Specifically, the symbol detection unit 102 detects symbols included in the image data by referring to information stored in the symbol data storage unit 104. For example, the symbol detection unit 102 detects, as a symbol, an area in the image data that has information (e.g., color (red, blue, etc.) or density) that is characteristic compared to other parts. The detected symbol specifies the position of the target part (e.g., the position indicated by an arrow or triangle, or the position inside a circle or square). For example, the symbol detection unit 102 can detect symbols using a method such as template matching.
[0032] The edge detection unit (part detection unit) 103 detects edges included in the image data. The detected edges identify the range of the peripheral parts and the range in which the peripheral parts and the target part exist. Specifically, the edge detection unit 103 identifies the parts included in the image data by referring to information stored in the image-related data storage unit 105. Also, for example, the edge detection unit 103 identifies an area (an area surrounded by edges) having information that is characteristic compared to other parts in the image data, other than the area of the symbol detected by the symbol detection unit 102, as the range of parts such as peripheral parts. For example, the edge detection unit 103 can detect edges using existing techniques such as the Canny method, blob analysis, and convex hull calculation. Also, for example, the edge detection unit 103 can detect a part or the whole of the target part and the peripheral parts using a technique such as CAD matching.
[0033] The symbol data storage unit 104 stores data on symbols used in the manual (i.e., symbols included in the image data). Specifically, the shape, color, etc. of each symbol are stored in the symbol data storage unit 104. Furthermore, the symbol data storage unit 104 may store the operation for the target part whose position is indicated by each symbol, the name of the part whose position is indicated by each symbol, etc.
[0034] The image-related data storage unit 105 stores data (e.g., computer-aided design (CAD) data) related to parts in image data included in the manual. Furthermore, the image-related data storage unit 105 may also store names of parts such as peripheral parts.
[0035] The relative position information acquisition unit 106 acquires relative position information between the target part and the peripheral parts. Specifically, the relative position information acquisition unit 106 acquires relative position information (e.g., the position of the target part relative to the peripheral parts) based on the symbol detected by the symbol detection unit 102 and the edge detected by the edge detection unit 103 (i.e., based on the range of parts such as the peripheral parts). The relative position information acquisition unit 106 may acquire information on the work for the target part whose position is indicated by each symbol.
[0036] The text data storage unit 107 stores the text data included in the manual. It is assumed that the text data used corresponds to the image data acquired by the image data input unit 101 (i.e., the text data in the manual that explains the image data).
[0037] The output unit 108 outputs the work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to the text data in the manual. Specifically, the output unit 108 generates and outputs the work procedure information by adding the information acquired by the relative position information acquisition unit 106 to the text data corresponding to the image data. For example, the work procedure information output unit 203 transmits audio data of the work procedure information to the user terminal 20.
[0038] The output unit 108 combines the relative position information (e.g., "at the top right of"), which is text data, with the text data corresponding to the image data (e.g., "at the top right of the LCD, remove the screw"). If the text corresponding to the image is a sentence such as "remove the screw of the LCD", the output unit 108 performs rule-based processing such as searching for "screw" and inserting it before it, or using a method of analyzing the order of parts of speech in the sentence (morphological analysis) to insert it after "noun (LCD)" and "particle (of)" and between "noun (screw)", and knows where to insert it, such as in "remove the screw at the top right of the LCD".
[0039] In addition, text data originally linked to image data can be extracted, and if the correspondence is unclear, the most suitable data can be selected from a list of registered text data, or it can be added as external input.
[0040] <<How to detect symbols and edges>> The method of detecting symbols and edges will be described in more detail. Below, an example will be described in which the symbol is the circle symbol in Fig. 1 and the peripheral part is the LCD in Fig. 1. Note that <Example 1> to <Example 8> may be combined.
[0041] <Example 1> In one embodiment of the present invention, since peripheral parts such as LCDs are usually "rectangle" shaped, the edge detection unit 103 can detect and obtain a rectangle (figure (rectangle) detection) from information that the longest line segments on the outermost sides are arranged to form a rectangle even if some parts are missing (two sets of two parallel line segments intersect perpendicularly when extended). Note that other figures may also be set as detection targets.
[0042] <Example 2> In one embodiment of the present invention, the edge detection unit 103 uses the difference in RGB values between the green color of the LCD and the light gray color behind it to detect the LCD area and capture the coordinates of its edges as edges.
[0043] <Example 3> In one embodiment of the present invention, the edge detection unit 103 uses the difference in pixel values between the green color of the LCD and the light gray color behind it to detect the LCD area and capture the coordinates of its edges as edges.
[0044] <Example 4> In one embodiment of the present invention, the edge detection unit 103 acquires (by setting a threshold value) an area having RGB values or pixel values close to the end of the line, such as [A] in Figure 1, and can capture the coordinates of that end as an edge.
[0045] <Example 5> In one embodiment of the present invention, when there are multiple symbols, the edge detection unit 103 detects the smallest area containing the symbols as the smallest area of candidate parts, and from there, the coordinates of the edge of an area with similar pixel values or RBG values can be detected as an edge.
[0046] <Example 6> In one embodiment of the present invention, the edge detection unit 103 can capture the position of the LCD by a combination of edge detection and morphology processing. This is thought to be unnecessary when the difference in pixel values between the LCD (peripheral part) and the background part (background board) is large (dark green and light gray) as in Fig. 1, but when the difference in pixel values between the peripheral part and the background part is small, after edge detection, morphology processing is used to expand the fine edges in the peripheral part (increasing the area with high pixel values in the peripheral part), and the difference in pixel values with the background part is increased, thereby obtaining the area of the peripheral part and capturing the coordinates of its edge as the edge.
[0047] <Example 7> In one embodiment of the present invention, the edge detection unit 103 can perform detection by template matching (similar image matching) using data on peripheral parts (including but not limited to CAD) as described above. In the case of CAD, the color information of the actual peripheral parts may differ, and in preparation for such a case, one possible measure is to discard the color information. In addition, when the angles of the photos of the CAD and the image in the manual are different, one possible measure is to use a method in which "the posture of the input image can be estimated by comparing a wireframe image rendered after removing hidden lines with an image in which only line segments are drawn by extracting straight lines from the input image" to recognize the parts as the same even when the angles are different, thereby improving accuracy.
[0048] <Example 8> When using a photograph instead of the CAD data in <Example 7>, it may be necessary to change the threshold due to the influence of lighting, etc. In that case, it is possible to provide a mechanism that allows the threshold to be changed relatively (contrast with surrounding parts) or dynamically (for example, by allowing it to be specified interactively or by converting it into information that is less susceptible to the influence of lighting (such as H space for HSV)).
[0049] <Processing method> FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a manual providing process according to one embodiment of the present invention.
[0050] In step 11 (S11), the image data input unit 101 acquires information (e.g., image data) for identifying an object from the user terminal 20. For example, the object is an object on which a customer engineer works (e.g., a part that the customer engineer replaces). Smart glasses worn by the customer engineer or the like may capture an image and transmit it to the manual providing device 10, or a smart device or the like may capture an image and transmit it to the manual providing device 10 via an interface such as a chatbot or an input box in a web browser.
[0051] In step 12 (S12), the image data input unit 101 acquires image data in the manual. Specifically, the image data input unit 101 identifies image data in the manual that corresponds to the image data of the object acquired from the user terminal 20 in S11. For example, the image data input unit 101 identifies the object included in the image data of S11, and acquires image data in the manual that describes the object.
[0052] In step 13 (S13), the symbol detection unit 102 detects symbols included in the image data in the manual of S12. Also, the edge detection unit 103 detects edges included in the image data in the manual of S12 (i.e., identifies the range of parts such as peripheral parts).
[0053] In step 14 (S14), the relative position information acquisition unit 106 acquires relative position information between the target part and the peripheral parts. Specifically, the relative position information acquisition unit 106 acquires relative position information (e.g., the position of the target part relative to the peripheral parts) based on the symbol detected by the symbol detection unit 102 in S13 and the edge detected by the edge detection unit 103 in S13 (i.e., based on the range of parts such as peripheral parts). The relative position information acquisition unit 106 may acquire information on the work for the target part whose position is indicated by each symbol.
[0054] In step 15 (S15), the output unit 108 generates work procedure information by adding the relative position information acquired in S14 to text data corresponding to the image data.
[0055] The manual providing device 10 may present work procedure information that has been generated in advance (which may be stored in any storage device), or may generate and present work procedure information in response to a request from the user terminal 20.
[0056] When presenting work procedure information that has been generated in advance, the manual providing device 10 acquires information (e.g., image data) for identifying an object (e.g., a part of a precision device such as a multifunction printer) from the user terminal 20. The manual providing device 10 also identifies at least one of image data and text data in the manual that corresponds to the information for identifying the object. The manual providing device 10 also identifies work procedure information that has been generated in advance and that is linked to at least one of image data and text data in the manual. The manual providing device 10 also outputs the work procedure information to the user terminal 20.
[0057] In step 16 (S16), the output unit 108 outputs the work procedure information generated in S15. Specifically, the output unit 108 outputs the work procedure information to the user terminal 20. For example, the output unit 108 outputs the work procedure information by voice. Note that the output unit 108 may display the work procedure information on a smart device, display the work procedure information in AR (Augmented Reality) on smart glasses, or the like.
[0058] <Effects> Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, a customer engineer or the like can hear audio of work procedure information in which text based on symbols and edges contained in images in the manual is added to the text in the manual. Therefore, the customer engineer or the like can understand the manual only from the text information even without images. As a result, the customer engineer or the like can work while understanding the procedures for repairing precision equipment such as a multifunction printer without changing his / her position to look at the manual or holding the manual with dirty hands.
[0059] Each function of the above-described embodiments can be realized by one or more processing circuits. Here, the term "processing circuit" in this specification includes a processor programmed to execute each function by software, such as a processor implemented by an electronic circuit, and a device such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), a DSP (digital signal processor), an FPGA (field programmable gate array), or a conventional circuit module designed to execute each function described above.
[0060] Although the examples of the present invention have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and various modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the gist of the present invention described in the claims. [Explanation of symbols]
[0061] 1. Manual Reading Support System 10. Manual provision device 20 User terminal (customer engineer terminal) 101 Image data input unit 102 Symbol detection unit 103 Edge detection unit 104 Symbol Data Storage Unit 105 Image related data storage unit 106 Relative position information acquisition unit 107 Text data storage section 108 Output section [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]
[0062] [Patent Document 1] JP 2002-269147 A
Claims
1. an image data input unit for acquiring image data from within a manual; a symbol detection unit that detects a symbol indicating a position of a target part included in image data in the manual; an edge detection unit that detects edges that identify the range of peripheral parts included in image data in the manual; a relative position information acquisition unit that acquires relative position information between the target component and the peripheral components based on the detected symbol and edge; an output unit that outputs work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to text data in the manual; A manual providing device comprising:
2. 2. The manual providing device according to claim 1, wherein the output unit outputs work procedure information in which information about the work performed on the target part is further added to text data in the manual.
3. 3. The manual providing device according to claim 1, wherein the work procedure information is output by voice.
4. 4. The manual providing device according to claim 1, wherein the manual is a manual for a multifunction peripheral.
5. A manual provision device as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the edge detection unit sets a threshold to obtain an area having RGB values or pixel values adjacent to the end of a line that are close to the said value, and captures the coordinates of the end as the edge.
6. A manual provision device as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the edge detection unit, when there are multiple symbols, detects the smallest area containing the symbols as the smallest area of the candidate part, and detects the coordinates of the edge of an area having similar pixel values or RGB values as the edge.
7. A manual provision device as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the edge detection unit changes the threshold value relatively or dynamically.
8. A manual reading support system including a manual providing device and a user terminal, The manual providing device includes: an image data input unit for acquiring image data in a manual based on image data of an object acquired from the user terminal; a symbol detection unit that detects a symbol indicating a position of a target part included in image data in the manual; an edge detection unit that detects edges that identify the range of peripheral parts included in image data in the manual; a relative position information acquisition unit that acquires relative position information between the target component and the peripheral components based on the detected symbol and edge; an output unit that outputs to the user terminal work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to text data in the manual.
9. 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: acquiring image data from within a manual; detecting a symbol indicating a position of a target part included in image data in the manual; detecting edges that identify the extent of peripheral parts included in image data in the manual; acquiring relative position information between the target component and the peripheral components based on the detected symbols and edges; outputting work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to text data in the manual; The method includes:
10. Computer an image data input unit for acquiring image data in a manual; a symbol detection unit that detects a symbol indicating a position of a target part included in image data in the manual; an edge detection unit that detects edges that identify the range of peripheral parts included in the image data of the manual; a relative position information acquisition unit that acquires relative position information between the target component and the peripheral components based on the detected symbol and edge; an output section for outputting work procedure information in which the relative position information is added to text data in the manual; A program to function as a
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