Mono Structure

Abstract

The monostructure (10) comprises a first layer (20) and a second layer (30). The first layer (20) is molecularly continuous with the second layer (30). The first layer (20) and the second layer (30) each have a characteristic mechanical property. The value of the characteristic mechanical property of the first layer (20) is different from the value of the characteristic mechanical property of the second layer (30).

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates to mono-structures. In particular, the present disclosure relates to mono-cast mono-structures. [Background technology]

[0002] Impact resistant structures are well known and have many applications. For example, dampers / bumpers can be applied to walls in a factory to limit damage from vehicles. In one such example, dampers, bumpers and / or buffers can be applied to the walls of a goods entrance to protect the entrance from damage when vehicles are backed up into the entrance to load or unload goods from the vehicle. Impact resistant bollards are also well known. Bumpers are fitted to the front of vehicles to absorb and dissipate the energy of an impact, minimizing or avoiding damage to the vehicle body.

[0003] Such impact-resistant structures are traditionally constructed from different materials (e.g., plastic, a single material with uniform properties supported on a metal substrate). Although beneficial because the mechanical properties of the different components can be selected to achieve optimal damping performance and structural integrity, the joining of dissimilar materials can complicate the manufacturing process and introduce inherent weaknesses into the structure, as the materials of the structure tend to separate over time. Once separated, the structure may fail completely or at least exhibit a severely reduced performance. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] Therefore, an article that can provide or improve on the impact protection and / or dampening capabilities of the prior art examples while overcoming the multiple material joining problems of the prior art solutions would be highly desirable. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] overview According to the present disclosure there is provided a structure and an article as set out in the accompanying claims. Other features of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the following description.

[0006] A monostructure (10) may be provided comprising a first layer (20) and a second layer (30), said first layer (20) being molecularly continuous with said second layer (30), each of said first layer (20) and second layer (30) having a characteristic mechanical property, the value of said characteristic mechanical property of said first layer (20) being different from the value of said characteristic mechanical property of said second layer (30).

[0007] The characteristic mechanical property value of the first layer (20) may be substantially different from the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer (30).

[0008] The characteristic mechanical properties are a. Hardness; b. Elastic modulus; c. Density; d. Ultimate tensile strength; e. Yield strength; f. Yield strength; g. Yield strain; h. High fatigue strength, or i. Creep strength and / or ductility It can be any of the following:

[0009] The characteristic mechanical property may be hardness, the first layer (20) having a hardness value substantially different from a hardness value of the second layer (30).

[0010] The characteristic mechanical property may be a modulus of elasticity, and the first layer (20) has a modulus of elasticity value that is substantially different from a modulus of elasticity value of the second layer.

[0011] The structure may be a cast structure.

[0012] At least one of the layers may include a foam region.

[0013] The layers may be made of a polymer. The layers may be made of the same polymer.

[0014] A member (50) may be provided that comprises a monostructure in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0015] The member (50) may be elongate and have a length (L), and the first layer (20) may have a length that is at least 50% of the length (L).

[0016] The member (50) may further comprise a third layer (40), the third layer (40) being spaced from the first layer (20) by the second layer (30), the third layer (40) being integrally formed with and having molecular continuity with the second layer (30), the third layer (40) having a characteristic mechanical property, the value of the characteristic mechanical property of the third layer (40) being different from the characteristic mechanical property of the second layer, and the second layer (30) being more flexible than the first layer (20) or the third layer (40), whereby a pivotable link may be formed between the first layer (20) and the third layer (40).

[0017] The characteristic mechanical property may be hardness, and the first layer (20) may have a hardness value that is greater than a hardness value of the second layer (30) and greater than a hardness value of the third layer (40).

[0018] The characteristic mechanical property may be a modulus of elasticity, and the first layer (20) may have a modulus of elasticity value that is greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the second layer (30) and greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the third layer (40).

[0019] Member 50 may be flat, with the length and breadth of member 50 being greater than its width.

[0020] Also, shock absorbing posts formed as a mono-structure may be provided.

[0021] A shock absorbing post (100, 102, 104) may be provided that includes a first layer (20), a second layer (30) and a third layer (40) formed as a mono-structure (10) and having a length (L). The third layer (40) may be spaced apart from the first layer (20) by the second layer (30) along the length (L) of the post (100, 102, 104). The third layer (40) may be configured to be attached to a support substrate (60). The second layer (30) and the first layer (20) may extend in a direction away from the support substrate (60). The second layer (30) may be more flexible than the first layer (20) or the third layer (40), thereby forming a swingable link between the first layer (20) and the third layer (40).

[0022] The first layer (20) may be in molecular continuity with the second layer (30). The third layer (40) may be in molecular continuity with the second layer (30). The layers (20, 30, 40) may be formed from a polymer (e.g., a non-linear polymer) or a rubber.

[0023] The layers (20, 30, 40) of the post (100, 102, 104) may define sidewalls (110) that define a cavity within the post (100, 102, 104) such that the post (100, 102, 104) is hollow along at least a portion of its length (L).

[0024] The side wall (110) may have a thickness of at least 5 mm and at most 30 mm.

[0025] The side wall (110) may have a thickness of at least 9 mm and at most 15 mm.

[0026] The posts (100, 102, 104) may be hollow along at least a portion of the length of the posts (100, 102, 104) defined by the first layer (20).

[0027] The posts (100, 102, 104) may be hollow along a length of the post (100, 102, 104) defined by the second layer (30).

[0028] The posts (100, 102, 104) may be hollow along at least a portion of the length of the posts (100, 102, 104) defined by the third layer (40).

[0029] The third layer (40) may be configured to be at least partially attached to the support substrate (60) so as to extend from below a surface of the support substrate (60). The second layer (20) may have a length that is greater than or equal to 2% and less than or equal to 10% of the length (L). The third layer (40) may have a length that is greater than or equal to 8% and less than or equal to 20% of the length (L).

[0030] The second layer (20) may have a length that is about 4% of the length (L). The third layer (40) may have a length that is about 14% of the length (L).

[0031] The third layer (40) may be configured to be attached to the support substrate (60) so as to extend from an outer surface of the support substrate (60). The second layer (20) may have a length of 2% to 10% of the length (L). The third layer (40) has a length of 3% to 20% of the length (L).

[0032] The second layer (20) may have a length that is about 4% of the length (L).The third layer (20) may have a length that is about 6% of the length (L).

[0033] The third layer (40) may define an end wall (112) of the post (102) that defines a mounting feature (114) for receiving a fastening element (116) that extends through the end wall (112) and into the support substrate (60).

[0034] The third layer (40) may include a plurality of mounting configurations (120) spaced about the sidewall (110), each mounting configuration (120) configured to receive a fastening element (116) extending into the support substrate (60).

[0035] Each of the first layer (20), the second layer (30), and the third layer (40) may have a characteristic mechanical property, and the value of the characteristic mechanical property of each of the first layer (20), the second layer (30), and the third layer (40) is different from the other layers (20, 30, 40).

[0036] The characteristic mechanical property may be hardness, and the first layer (20) may have a hardness value that is greater than a hardness value of the second layer (30) and greater than a hardness value of the third layer (40).

[0037] The characteristic mechanical property may be a modulus of elasticity, and the first layer (20) may have a modulus of elasticity value that is greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the second layer (30) and greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the third layer (40).

[0038] Thus, there is provided a shock absorbing post formed as a monocast, mono-structure that is configured to provide impact resistance, dampening and / or energy absorption while retaining structural integrity.

[0039] A mono-structure may be provided, which may be a monocast mono-structure, including at least two layers and configured to provide impact resistance, damping and / or energy absorption while retaining its structural integrity.

[0040] Examples of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show examples of mono-structures according to the present disclosure that can be used in different applications. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0041] [Figure 1] 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating examples of dampers and / or shock resistant members. [Diagram 2] 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating examples of dampers and / or shock resistant members. [Diagram 3] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a schematic example of an impact resistant member provided as a post. [Figure 4] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a schematic example of an impact resistant member provided as a post. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a first example of the impact resistant post of FIG. 4. [Figure 6] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a second example of the impact resistant post of FIG. 4. [Figure 7] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a second example of the impact resistant post of FIG. 4. [Figure 8] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a third example of the impact resistant post of FIG. 4. [Figure 9] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a third example of the impact resistant post of FIG. 4. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 shows the post of FIGS. 4, 6 and 7, and the similar posts of FIGS. 5, 8 and 9, in a modified state. [Figure 11] 1A-1C show examples of impact resistant members of the present disclosure provided as elongated members. [Figure 12] 1A-1C show examples of impact resistant members of the present disclosure provided as elongated members. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0042] Detailed Description The present disclosure relates to a mono-structure that may be provided as an impact-resistant member 50 and / or a damping member 50. The mono-structure is integrally formed from a single material. In other words, the mono-structure is integrally formed from a single material. The mono-structure may be cast. That is, the structure according to the present disclosure may be a monocast structure. The structure according to the present disclosure may be a monolithic structure.

[0043] 1-12 are diagrams illustrating examples of mono-structures according to the present disclosure. The term "member" is used to refer to both impact-resistant and damping members according to the present disclosure.

[0044] In all examples, the mono-structure 10 includes a first layer 20 and a second layer 30. That is, the mono-structure 10 includes at least the first layer 20 and the second layer 30. Also, as shown in Figures 2, 4, 5 to 12, a third layer 40 may be provided. In other examples, the mono-structure 10 may include four or more layers.

[0045] In all cases, at least some layers are integrally formed. That is, there is molecular continuity between at least some layers. In other words, the properties of a layer may differ from adjacent layers or other layers in the structure, but the layers are formed as part of a continuous process to form a unitary structure (i.e., a monostructure). Thus, the molecules that define the area between adjacent layers form a continuous structure with both layers. That is, there are no junctions between the integrally formed (molecularly continuous) layers. In other words, a monostructure of the present disclosure may be defined as a unitary structure having areas (referred to herein as sections, volumes and / or layers) that have different characteristic mechanical properties. The layers are made of the same material, so long as the constituent parts of the material of the different layers are the same, but the constituent parts may be present in different concentrations in some layers compared to other layers, which may result in differences in the properties (e.g., characteristic mechanical properties) of the layers.

[0046] Each layer may be defined by a characteristic mechanical property. In examples where there are only two integrally formed layers, the characteristic mechanical property value of the section (i.e., volume) of material forming the first layer 20 is different from the characteristic mechanical property value of the section (i.e., volume) of material forming the second layer 30. In examples where there are more than two layers (as shown in Figures 2, 4, 5-12), the characteristic mechanical property value of the section (i.e., volume) of material forming one layer is different from the characteristic mechanical property of the section (i.e., volume) of material forming at least one of the other layers. In such examples, the characteristic mechanical property values ​​of the section (i.e., volume) of material forming two or more layers, but not all layers, may be the same. In further examples, the characteristic mechanical property values ​​may be different for each layer.

[0047] The material may be and / or include a polymer (eg, a non-linear polymer), or a rubber.

[0048] Thus, in the example shown in Figures 1 and 3, the first layer 20 is integrally formed with the second layer 30. That is, the first layer 20 has molecular continuity with the second layer 30. In other words, the portion (i.e., volume) of material forming the first layer 20 has molecular continuity with the portion (i.e., volume) of material forming the second layer 30. The first layer 20 and the second layer 30 can both be made of the same material. The first layer 20 and the second layer 30 can both be made of the same material, so long as the material components of the first layer 20 and the second layer 30 are the same, but the components can be present in a different concentration in the first layer 20 than in the second layer 30.

[0049] The section (or volume) defining the first layer 20 has a characteristic mechanical property that is substantially different from the value of the characteristic mechanical property for the section (or volume) defining the second layer 30 .

[0050] The member 50 may be provided in any suitable shape. For example, in the example shown in Figures 1 and 2, the member 50 may be cubic or cylindrical and / or elongated. In other examples, the member 50 may be configured as a sheet (e.g., having a thickness that is substantially less than its length and width). That is, the member 50 may be flat, with the length and breadth of the member 50 being greater than its width.

[0051] In all examples, member 50 has a length "L" (also referred to as a height "H" depending on its orientation) that is a dimension that encompasses all layers of member 50. First layer 20 may be more than 50% of length "L", with the remaining portion of length L being made up of the remaining layer or layers.

[0052] For example, as shown in the examples of FIGS. 2 and 4, the member 50 includes a third layer 40, which is spaced apart from the first layer 20 by the second layer 30. In such examples, at least 50% of the length "L" of the member 50 is comprised of the first layer 20, with the remainder being comprised of the second layer 30 and the third layer 40. The second layer 30 may be longer, shorter, or the same length as the third layer 40. The third layer 40 is integrally formed from the same material as the second layer 30 and has molecular continuity with the second layer 30. The third layer 40 has characteristic mechanical properties, the values ​​of which are different from the values ​​of the characteristic mechanical properties of the second layer.

[0053] Said characteristic mechanical property may be any of hardness, modulus of elasticity, density, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, yield strain, high fatigue strength, or creep strength and / or ductility.

[0054] The first layer 20 can have a characteristic mechanical property value that is substantially greater than the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer 30. The first layer 20 can have a characteristic mechanical property value that is substantially less than the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer 30.

[0055] The first layer 20 may have a characteristic mechanical property value that is substantially greater than the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer 30, which may be substantially greater than the characteristic mechanical property value of the third layer 40, and which may be lower than the characteristic mechanical property value of the third layer 40.

[0056] The first layer 20 may have a characteristic mechanical property value substantially lower than the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer 30, which may be substantially lower than the characteristic mechanical property value of the third layer 40, and which may be greater than the characteristic mechanical property value of the third layer 40.

[0057] In an example where the characteristic mechanical property is hardness, the first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is substantially different than the hardness value of the second layer 30. For example, the first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is substantially greater than the hardness value of the second layer 30. The hardness values ​​of the layers may differ by at least 5%. The first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is at least 5% greater than the hardness value of the second layer 30.

[0058] In another example, the first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is substantially less than the hardness value of the second layer 30. The first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is 95% or less of the hardness value of the second layer 30.

[0059] In instances where the characteristic mechanical property is modulus of elasticity, the first layer 20 can have a modulus of elasticity value that is substantially different from the modulus of elasticity value of the second layer 30. For example, the first layer 20 can have a modulus of elasticity value that is substantially less than the modulus of elasticity value of the second layer 30.

[0060] In another example where the characteristic mechanical property is elastic modulus, the first layer 20 may have an elastic modulus value that is substantially greater than the elastic modulus value of the second layer 30 .

[0061] The first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is substantially greater than the hardness value of the second layer 30 and greater than the hardness value of the third layer 40. Alternatively, or in addition, the first layer 20 may have a modulus of elasticity value that is substantially greater than the modulus of elasticity value of the second layer 30 and greater than the modulus of elasticity value of the third layer 40.

[0062] The first layer 20 may have a hardness value that is substantially less than the hardness value of the second layer 30 and less than the hardness value of the third layer 40. Alternatively, or in addition, the first layer 20 may have an elastic modulus value that is substantially less than the elastic modulus value of the second layer 30 and less than the elastic modulus value of the third layer 40.

[0063] The first layer 20 may have a hardness value substantially greater than the hardness value of the second layer 30, which may be substantially greater than the hardness value of the third layer 40, and the hardness value of the second layer 30 may be less than the hardness value of the third layer 40.

[0064] The first layer 20 may have a hardness value of about 60 on the Shore D hardness scale.

[0065] The second layer 30 may have a hardness value of about 90 on the Shore A hardness scale.

[0066] The third layer 40 may have a hardness value of about 95 on the Shore A hardness scale.

[0067] Alternatively, or in addition, the first layer 20 may have an elastic modulus value substantially greater than the elastic modulus value of the second layer 30, which may be substantially greater than the elastic modulus value of the third layer 40, and the elastic modulus value of the second layer 30 may be lower than the elastic modulus value of the third layer 40.

[0068] Thus, for example, in the example shown in FIGS. 1-4, the first layer 20 may be harder and / or have a higher modulus of elasticity than the second layer 30.

[0069] When the example of Figures 1 and 2 is provided as a damper or impact resistant member, the first layer 20 provides a protective layer (i.e., is stiffer and less flexible than the second layer 30), which provides the majority of the damping / flexibility / energy absorption, thereby protecting the substrate 60 to which the member is attached (in use).

[0070] In the example of FIG. 1, the second layer 30 may be adhered to the substrate 60, i.e., by chemical bonding, mechanical bonding (e.g., fasteners), or by the provision of cooperating features on the second layer 30 and the substrate 60 so that they are held together (e.g., tongue and groove, or such arrangement).

[0071] In the example of FIG. 2, a third layer 40 that is stiffer and / or less flexible (i.e., has a higher value of elastic modulus) than the second layer 30 may be bolted or otherwise secured to the substrate 60, for example, in the same manner that the second layer 30 may be secured to the substrate 60 in the example of FIG. 1.

[0072] Thus, the examples of Figures 1 and 2 may be suitable for protecting the walls 60 of a goods entrance (i.e., in a factory or retail store) from impact damage from vehicles, or may be used as a vehicle bumper or in other applications where protecting the substrate 60 from impact is beneficial.

[0073] In the examples of Figures 3 and 4, the impact resistant members may be provided as posts 90, 100, e.g. bollards, in either two layers as shown in Figure 3, or three layers as shown in Figure 4. The posts 90, 100 may be fixed to the ground with adhesive or by some mechanical fastener, e.g. as described in connection with the examples of Figures 1 and 2, or as described in connection with the examples of Figures 5-7 and 10 below. Alternatively, the posts may be partially embedded in the substrate 60, as shown in Figure 9. In such examples, the second layer 30 is manufactured to be more flexible than the first layer 20 and / or the third layer 40 (if present), so as to form a swingable link between the first layer 20 and the substrate 60.

[0074] Thus, in the example of Figure 3, the second layer 30 provides a hinge between the first layer 20 and the substrate 60. In the examples of Figures 4-10, the third layer 40 is stiffer / has a higher modulus than the second layer 30 and therefore provides a rigid anchor to the substrate 60. In this example, the second layer 30 is softer than the first layer 20 or the third layer 40 and forms a swingable link / hinge between the first layer 20 and the third layer 40.

[0075] 5-10 show various examples of the post / bollard 100 of FIG.

[0076] In the figures, the different layers are shaded / hatched differently to indicate the presence of three distinct layers, but in all instances, all three layers may be visually identical, i.e., they may all have the same external color and texture, with no visible transitions between said layers.

[0077] Figure 5 is a side view of a first example 100 of the impact resistant post of Figure 4, which may be substantially cylindrical. Figures 6 and 7 show end and side views, respectively, of a second example 102 of the impact resistant post of Figure 4. Figures 8 and 9 show end and side views, respectively, of a third example 104 of the impact resistant post of Figure 4. Figure 10 shows the post 102 of Figures 6 and 7 in operation (which is identical to the operational aspects of the examples of Figures 5, 8 and 9).

[0078] In all of the examples of Figures 5 to 10, the post / bollard 100, 102, 104 comprises a first layer 20, a second layer 30 and a third layer 40 formed as a mono-structure 10 and having a length L.

[0079] The third layer 40 is spaced from the first layer 20 by the second layer 30 along the length L of the post 100, 102, 104. In each example, the third layer 40 is configured to be attached, anchored, and / or fixed to a support substrate 60. That is, the third layer 40 is configured (e.g., molded and having suitable structural integrity and physical properties) to be fixed to a support substrate 60 (i.e., an area of ​​ground, a floor of a building, an artificial surface - e.g., concrete, tarmac surface, resin, ceramic, or hardcore structure, or other suitable base material).

[0080] Thus, in use, the third layer 40 is fixed to a suitable substrate 60, with the second layer 30 and the first layer 20 extending away from the supporting substrate 60 to provide an obstacle, barrier and / or marker for vehicles and other moving objects.

[0081] As mentioned above and described in more detail below with respect to Figure 10, the second layer 30 is more flexible than the first layer 20 or the third layer 40, thereby forming a pivotable link between the first layer 20 and the third layer 40. Thus, when impacted (e.g., by a vehicle), the first layer 20 may move relative to the third layer 40 due to the pivotable link provided by the second layer 30. Additionally, the first layer 20 and the third layer 40 may deform upon impact.

[0082] Also, as previously discussed, the first layer 20 is in molecular continuity with the second layer 30, and the third layer 40 is in molecular continuity with the second layer 30. The layers 20, 30, 40 of the posts 100, 102, 104 may be formed from a polymer (e.g., a nonlinear polymer) or a rubber.

[0083] Also, as mentioned above, each of the first layer 20, second layer 30 and third layer 40 of the posts 100, 102, 104 has characteristic mechanical properties, and the values ​​of the characteristic mechanical properties of each of the first layer 20, second layer 30 and third layer 40 are different from the other layers 20, 30, 40.

[0084] The layers 20, 30, 40 of the example posts 100, 102, 104 of Figures 5-10 define sidewalls 110 that define a cavity 130 within the post 100, 102, 104 such that the post 100, 102, 104 is hollow along at least a portion of its length (L). The examples of Figures 2 and 3 may be hollow as well.

[0085] The sidewall 110 may have a thickness of 5 mm or more and 30 mm or less. The sidewall 110 may have a thickness of 9 mm or more and 15 mm or less. The sidewall 110 may have a thickness of about 11 mm, 11.5 mm, or 12 mm.

[0086] The example posts 100, 102, 104 of FIGS. 5-10 may have an outer diameter of greater than or equal to 100 mm and less than or equal to 300 mm along substantially the entire length of the posts 100, 102, 104.

[0087] The example posts 100, 102, 104 of FIGS. 5-10 may have an outer diameter of not less than 150 mm and not more than 250 mm along substantially the entire length of the post 100, 102, 104.

[0088] The example posts 100, 102, 104 of FIGS. 5-10 may have an outer diameter of about 180 mm, 190 mm, or 200 mm along substantially the entire length of the posts 100, 102, 104.

[0089] In the examples of FIGS. 6, 7, 10 and 8, 9, the outer diameter of the posts is substantially constant along the entire length of the posts 102,104.

[0090] In the example of FIG. 5, the outer diameter of the posts may be substantially constant along most of the length of the posts 102, 104, with the posts increasing in maximum diameter towards the end of the post 100 that includes the third layer 40.

[0091] In the example of FIG. 5, the outer diameter may be substantially constant along 80% to 90% of the length of the posts 102, 104, with the posts increasing in maximum outer diameter toward the end of the post 100 that includes the third layer 40.

[0092] In the example of FIG. 5, the outer diameter may be substantially constant along about 85% of the length of the posts 102, 104, with the posts increasing in maximum outer diameter toward the end of the post 100 that includes the third layer 40.

[0093] In the example of Figures 5-10, the posts 100, 102, 104 may be hollow along at least a portion of the length of the posts 100, 102, 104 defined by the first layer 20. In the example of Figures 5-10, the posts 100, 102, 104 may be hollow along at least a portion of the length of the posts 100, 102, 104 defined by the second layer 30. In the example of Figures 5-10, the posts 100, 102, 104 may be hollow along at least a portion of the length of the posts 100, 102, 104 defined by the third layer 40.

[0094] In the example of Figures 8 and 9, posts 100, 102, 104 may be hollow along the entire length of post 104, with sidewall 110 defining a hollow tube that may be open at both ends.

[0095] In the example of FIGS. 5-18, a cap 140 (shown in FIG. 10) may be provided to cover and / or seal the ends of the posts 100, 102, 104 defined by the first layer 20 to close the cavity 130.

[0096] In the examples shown in Figures 5, 6, 7, and 10, the third layer 40 is configured to be at least partially mounted on the support substrate 60. That is, in the examples shown in Figures 5, 6, 7, and 10, the third layer 40 is configured to be mounted on an outer surface (i.e., an upwardly facing surface) of the support substrate 60. That is, in these examples, the third layer 40 is configured to be mounted on the support substrate 60 such that it extends from, but does not extend into, the outer surface of the support substrate 60. Thus, a structure including a substrate 60 and posts 100, 102 according to the present disclosure may be provided.

[0097] In the example of Figures 5, 6, 7 and 10, the third layer 40 defines an end wall 112 of the post 102 which defines a mounting structure 114 for receiving a fastening element 116 (e.g., a bolt, rivet, pin or other fastening member) that extends through the end wall 112 and into the support substrate 60 to hold the post 102 in place.

[0098] 5, the mounting arrangement 114 of the third layer 40 comprises a plurality of mounting arrangements 120 spaced about the sidewall 110, each configured to receive a fastening element 116 (shown in dotted lines) that, in use, extends into the support substrate 60 to hold a post in place. The mounting arrangement 114 defines a region that increases in diameter towards the end having the third layer 40. The mounting arrangement 114 may be provided as a boss, flange or flanges having a suitable number of passages, each of which is configured to receive a fastening element 116.

[0099] 6, 7 and 10, the mounting arrangement 114 is a passageway 118 for receiving a fastening element 116 that extends through the end wall 112 and into the support substrate 60. The passageway 118 may be located at the geometric center of the end wall 112, which may be aligned with the central axis of the post 102.

[0100] 5, 6, 7, and 10, the second layer 30 may have a length of 2% to 10% of the length (L), and the third layer 40 may have a length of 3% to 20% of the length (L). The second layer (20) may have a length of about 4% of the length (L), and the third layer 40 may have a length of about 6% of the length (L).

[0101] In a non-limiting example, the length L of the post 102 in the example of Figures 6, 7 and 10 may be about 1275 mm, with the second layer 30 having a length of about 50 mm and the third layer having a length of about 75 mm.

[0102] In the example shown in Figures 8 and 9, the third layer 40 is configured to be at least partially mounted in the supporting substrate 60. Thus, in use, the third layer 40, or at least a portion of the length of the third layer 40, may be sunk, embedded, embedded, and / or cast into the substrate 60. Thus, a structure may be provided comprising the substrate 60 and the post 104 according to the present disclosure. Thus, when in-situ, the third layer 40 may extend from below the surface of the supporting substrate 60. In examples where the post 104 is hollow along its length and open at least at the end defined by the third layer 40, the material of the substrate 60 may extend partially along the inside of the post 104 to help secure the post 104 in place, for example when the substrate is concrete, paving material, or some other hardening medium.

[0103] 8 and 9, the second layer 30 may have a length of 2% to 10% of the length (L), and the third layer 40 may have a length of at least 8% but not more than 20% of the length (L). The second layer 30 may have a length of about 4% of the length (L), and the third layer 40 may have a length of about 14% of the length (L).

[0104] In a non-limiting example, the length L of the post 104 in the example of Figures 8 and 9 may be about 1275 mm, with the second layer 30 having a length of about 50 mm and the third layer having a length of about 175 mm.

[0105] Thus, in use, the third layer 40, or portions thereof, may be sunk, recessed, embedded and / or cast into the substrate 60. Thus, a structure may be provided that includes the substrate 60 and the posts 104 in accordance with the present disclosure. Thus, when in situ, the third layer 40 may extend below the surface of the supporting substrate 60.

[0106] Figure 10 shows how the arrangements of Figures 5-9 react to an impact, which is indicated by an arrow. This figure is most similar to the arrangements of Figures 6 and 7, with a central bolt 116 holding the post 102 to the substrate 60. However, the mode of operation of all the examples of Figures 3, 4, 5-9 is the same, however mounted.

[0107] As previously described herein, the second layer 30 is made to be more flexible than the first layer 20 and / or the third layer 40, said second layer 30 forming a swingable link between the first layer 20 and the substrate 60. Thus, in operation, when the post 100, 102, 104 is struck by an object (e.g., a vehicle) on the first layer 20, the second layer 30 is tensioned on the impact side and compressed on the opposite side of the impact, thereby allowing the first layer 20 to swing (i.e., angle) relative to the third layer 40 and / or the substrate 60. The first layer 20 may be deformed by the impact, and to a lesser extent the third layer 40 may also be deformed.

[0108] In examples where the material of the posts 100, 102, 104 includes a polymer (e.g., a nonlinear polymer) or rubber, when the impact ends and the object (e.g., a vehicle) moves away from the posts 100, 102, 104, the first layer 20, the second layer 30 and the third layer 40 return to their original shapes and relative arrangements.

[0109] In the example of Figs. 11 and 12, the impact resistant member 50 is provided as an elongated member, with the first layer 20 and the third layer 40 having the same characteristic mechanical property value but different from the characteristic mechanical property value of the second layer 30 sandwiched therebetween. The characteristic mechanical property of the second layer 30 is therefore selected such that it is more flexible than the first layer 20 and the third layer 40, thus providing a hinge therebetween. In this application, the member 50 may be applied to a substrate 60 having a corner, as shown in Fig. 12, and bend around the corner so that the second layer 30 protects the corner of the substrate. The first layer 20 and the third layer 40 are configured to be applied to the walls defining the corner, and therefore, in use, are at an angle to each other (e.g., at right angles to each other, as shown in Fig. 12). Thus, the first layer 20 and the third layer 40 provide impact damage protection, and the second layer 30 provides additional damping and corner protection, while allowing the member 50 to flex and easily secure around the substrate 60. This means that the impact resistant member 50 can be provided in one piece, with no assembly required, and screwed, glued or otherwise secured to the substrate 60 in one step.

[0110] As mentioned above, the structure may be a cast structure, i.e. the monostructure may be manufactured by a casting process, and thus the material and / or mechanical properties of the layers may be influenced by the manufacturing process of the cast structure.

[0111] In instances where the monostructure is not a cast structure, but rather is manufactured, for example, by injection molding techniques, at least one of the layers may include a foamed region.

[0112] While the mono-structure is integrally formed from a single material, it will be understood that the mono-structure may form a portion of a product, the product including other layers or materials added to the mono-structure, such as labels, graphics, fixtures and accessories.

[0113] Thus, a one-piece member 50 is provided that is configured to be attached to a substrate to help protect the substrate (as shown in Figures 1, 2, 11, 12) or as a barrier using the substrate as an anchor (e.g., as shown in Figures 3 to 10). The fact that the impact resistant member comprises a mono-structure (which may be a mono-cast mono-structure) means that it can be provided to a user and attached in place without the need for assembly. This simplifies manufacturing, shipping, and installation. Furthermore, the member 50 according to the present disclosure has better structural integrity (i.e., is less likely to come apart, e.g., delaminate) than examples of the related art.

[0114] The absolute and / or relative thicknesses of the walls and / or layers of the example posts of Figures 5-10 are selected to provide different responses to impact depending on the physical response required of the post. Depending on the application, if the value is selected too low, the structure will not have the desired effect. If it is too thick, the post will bend or flex too much and will not be able to resist sufficient force.

[0115] Attention is directed to all articles and documents related to this application that are filed contemporaneously or prior to this application and that are publicly available herewith, and the contents of all such articles and documents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0116] All features disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and / or all steps of the disclosed methods or processes, may be combined in any combination, except where at least some of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive.

[0117] Each feature disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), unless expressly stated otherwise, may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

[0118] The invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing embodiments. The invention extends to any novel, or any novel combination of features disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or any novel, or any novel combination of steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

1. A member (50) provided as an impact resistant member, The member (50) comprises a monostructure (10), the monostructure (10) is integrally formed from a single polymeric material in that the polymeric material components throughout the monostructure (10) are the same; A first layer (20) integrally formed with a second layer (30), the first layer (20) has molecular continuity with the second layer (30); said first layer (20) and said second layer (30) being formed from a single polymeric material in that the polymeric material components of said first layer (20) and said second layer (30) are the same; At the same time, said constituent portions of said polymeric material are present in different concentrations in said first layer (20) compared to said second layer (30) such that the polymeric material of said first layer (20) has a characteristic mechanical property value that differs from the characteristic mechanical property value of the polymeric material of said second layer (30).

2. The characteristic mechanical properties are a. hardness; b. Elastic modulus; c. density; d. Ultimate tensile strength; e. Yield strength; f. Yield strength; g. Yield strain; h. High fatigue strength, or i. Creep strength and / or ductility The member (50) of claim 1, wherein:

3. The component (50) of claim 1 or 2, wherein the structure is a cast structure.

4. The member (50) of claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the layers includes a foamed region.

5. The member (50) of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the layer is made from a polymer.

6. The member (50) of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the member (50) is elongated and has a length (L), and the first layer (20) has a length that is at least 50% of the length (L).

7. the member (50) further comprising a third layer (40), the third layer (40) being spaced from the first layer (20) by the second layer (30); the third layer (40) has molecular continuity with the second layer (30); said third layer (40) having characteristic mechanical properties; the value of a characteristic mechanical property of said third layer (40) is different from the characteristic mechanical property of said second layer; The member (50) of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second layer (30) is softer than the first layer (20) or the third layer (40), thereby forming a pivotable link between the first layer (20) and the third layer (40).

8. 8. The component (50) of claim 7, wherein the characteristic mechanical property is hardness, and the first layer (20) has a hardness value greater than a hardness value of the second layer (30) and greater than a hardness value of the third layer (40).

9. 9. The member (50) of claim 7 or 8, wherein the characteristic mechanical property further comprises a modulus of elasticity, and the first layer (20) has a modulus of elasticity value that is greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the second layer (30) and greater than a modulus of elasticity value of the third layer (40).

10. 7. The member (50) of claim 6, wherein said member (50) is planar and the length and width of said member (50) are greater than its depth.

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