Directed Energy Deposition Facilitates High Speed ​​Applications

Abstract

To provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for controlling the density of fluid in the vicinity of a functional object to improve one or more related performance determination criteria.SOLUTION: In a certain embodiment, the invention utilizes a directed energy deposition device which deposits energy along one or more routes in a fluid to form a low density region in the vicinity of an object. In a certain embodiment, the invention relates to synchronization of energy deposition to one or more parameters which may affect functional performance of the object.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 37

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] (CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application is jointly filed with: (1) International Application No. PCT / US2016 / 038239, filed on June 17, 2016; No. 15 / 186,337, filed on May 17, 2015; and (3) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 15 / 186,337, filed on June 18, 2015. All of the above-referenced related applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. , incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] In addition, each of the following United States patents is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: Incorporated in: U.S. Patent No. 6,527,221, issued March 4, 2003; U.S. Patent No. 7,063,288 issued on October 17, 2006, U.S. Patent No. 7,121,511 issued on January 1, 2010, U.S. Patent No. 7,648,100 issued on December 19, 2011, and U.S. Patent No. 8,000 issued on December 20, 2011. No. 79,544, issued March 27, 2012; U.S. Patent No. 8,141,811, issued August 20, 2013; U.S. Patent No. 8,511,612 granted on September 17, 2013; U.S. Patent No. 8,534,595 granted on September 17, 2014 No. 8,827,211 issued on September 9, 2015, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,960,596.

[0003] FIELD OF THEINVENTION Many applications, such as flow control, drag reduction, and vehicle control, among others Energy deposition techniques have been disclosed in the past to achieve dramatic effects in A study of the great benefits of energy deposition has shown that the benefits of energy deposition are not obtained when no changes are made. Decisions about how and / or when to deposit energy to enhance the benefits of Several modifications can be made. One such modification is the combination of energy deposition and one or more To synchronize, "time" or "phase" the effects of other processes, The energy deposition may be controlled by such other methods to achieve a desired benefit or maximize a desired effect. The term "synchronize," "time" or "align" refers to the process of "Coordinate" means to time an event or process relative to one or more other events and / or processes. (They can be used interchangeably to refer to such events and / or Processes include, but are not limited to: propulsion processes; fluid mechanical processes; chemical processes; specific motions; the injection, addition, and / or transfer of additional energy or deposition;injection, addition, and / or deposition of further material;removal of energy;removal of material; pressure changes; application of one or more forces; combustion processes; ignition processes; explosion processes. Furthermore, the concept of energy deposition does not involve adding energy to a medium or resulting in heating of the medium. This heating or energy deposition is broadly interpreted to include any process that This causes the medium to expand faster than the original density, resulting in areas of the medium that are less dense than the original medium. This can be done quickly enough (e.g., instantaneously) so that it remains after tension. Another possibility is Energy deposition and / or processes that result in heating produce a phase change in the medium. and thereby determining the density and / or other properties, e.g. In particular, the density, viscosity and / or strength can be modified. These changes in the one or more media, including the degree of flow, may result in changes in the flow characteristics of the one or more media. , as well as alterations of other properties and responses of the affected medium.

[0004] By reducing the resistance when traversing the loom, air jets, water jets, In the case of shuttles, picks, and other loom applications, this refers to increasing the passing speed. Synchronize energy deposition to match the movement of the material being transported. The lift and propulsion forces at a given time, and the energy and energy used to achieve these forces Reducing drag on the ground vehicle by synchronizing the energy deposition. Among the various types of barrels used to propel a projectile to projectiles, firearms, or is the deposition of energy in the breacher barrel. The reduction of projectile resistance is , the same amount of drive energy (e.g., propellant in a conventional gun or electrical drive energy in a railgun) The reduction in drag also requires less drive energy (e.g. For example, a lower charge, e.g., less than 90% of the charge compared to the standard charge for a particular device; For example, by using a charge between 50% and 90%, less than 70%, or less than 80%. This also allows for velocities to be achieved that are comparable to those achieved without modification. In conventional guns, this is a little This means that the same performance can be achieved with less propellant. This reduces the shock wave as the projectile exits the barrel. This reduction in acoustic signature is beneficial for the operator. This is useful in minimizing adverse effects on the hearing of nearby people, including the Reducing the acoustic signature can also mitigate detection by acoustic means (similar to a silencer). The energy deposition required to push the air out of the barrel can be applied in a variety of forms. For example, two embodiments include: (i) deposition of electromagnetic energy inside the barrel; or ii) that energy deposits can be chemical in nature; and that these two types of energy deposits The electromagnetic energy may include some combination of product approaches. The chemical energy can be in the form of an electric discharge, for example (expanding behind the projectile to When ignited, the propellant expands in front of the projectile and propels the gas out of the barrel (as opposed to the role of conventional propellants, which push the gas out of the barrel). This can be in the form of additional propellant that pushes the bullet out of the barrel. In powder coating applications, such as supersonic spray deposition, the energy deposition can be : Powder burst; application of heat; application of electric discharge; application of laser energy; plasma In supersonic and hypersonic propulsion, the engine (e.g., pulse detonators) Phases the energy deposition relative to the detonation in the fusion engine, thereby The hydrodynamic processes are properly phased (the timing depends on the length scale of the moving object and the thrust). the flight conditions and parameters, among other factors. The propulsion pulse is also synchronized to generate the laser pulse, which is fed into the pulsed power supply. It can be charged. [Background technology]

[0005] BACKGROUND OF THEINVENTION Since its launch, PM & AM Research has focused on how objects fly and move at high speeds. How the inventors control high-speed flight from high subsonic speed range to hypersonic speed range We have pioneered a wide range of energy deposition applications to transform how we do things and control flows. Several papers provide an intuition for the many possibilities opened up by this novel approach. There are several application examples. The basic effect is in areas where we want to flow high-velocity / high-pressure gas. This arises from our approach to rapidly expand gas from As a mere example (requiring image force and freedom), a projectile can be fired directly into water from one side to the other. Or first "part" the Red Sea, then fire the same bullets to bring the waters to the The effectiveness of a projectile traveling along a trajectory that does not include the Let's consider the differences in effectiveness (Figure 1).

[0006] In the first case, where a bullet is fired directly into dense water, even a huge, streamlined bullet can reach speeds of 1000 m / s Even a bullet of this size will penetrate less than 1 m of water. In the second case, the water is first "separated" After the water has been removed (i.e., the water has been removed to form a path), even the same bullet at 300 m / s , can easily travel very long distances (a heuristic example of this is falling due to gravity). (Not addressed here, but will be addressed later in this document) High velocity flows and high velocity moving objects / projectiles It is this concept and geometry that we exploit to achieve innovative control over It is Li. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] (Summary of the invention) Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of propelling an object through a fluid, comprising: The method includes: (i) instantaneously heating a portion of a fluid to form a lower density region surrounded by a higher density region; forming a higher density region, the higher density region being at least a portion of the heated portion of the fluid; (ii) reducing at least a portion of the object to a lower density (iii) a pulse propulsion unit for propelling the object into the region; In certain embodiments, for example, steps (i) to (ii) include exploding the reactants. (iii) is repeated at a rate of, for example, 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz, for example, 1 Hz to 80 kHz, 10 H Rates of z~50 kHz, 100 Hz~20 kHz, 1~10 kHz, 5~10 kHz, 10~25 kHz, 25~50 kHz or at a rate of 50-100 kHz.

[0008] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, the reactant is , may be in a higher density region. In certain embodiments, for example, the heating step may include Energy of 1 kJ to 10 MJ, for example, 10 kJ to 1 MJ, 100 to 750 kJ, or 200 kJ to 500 kJ In certain embodiments, for example, the heating step can include depositing the , 10-1000 kJ per square meter of cross-sectional area of ​​the object, e.g., 10-50 per square meter kJ, 50-100 kJ, 100-250 kJ, 250-500 kJ, or 500-1000 kJ of energy is injected into the fluid. In certain embodiments, for example, the heating step may include shock wave In certain embodiments, for example, the lower density region may include generating a Density of 0.01 to 10% of the density of the body, e.g., 0.5 to 5% of the density of the surrounding fluid, 1.0 to 2 In certain embodiments, for example, one of the fluids may have a density of 0.5%, or a density of 1.2-1.7%. The section can be heated along at least one path. In certain embodiments, At least one path is deposited from a laser, e.g., a laser filament induced path. In certain embodiments, the laser deposition lasts for a time between 1 femtosecond and 100 nanoseconds, e.g., 10 femtoseconds to 20 picoseconds, 100 fs Lasts for a time period between femtoseconds and 25 picoseconds, between 100 picoseconds and 20 nanoseconds, or between 100 femtoseconds and 30 picoseconds In certain embodiments, the laser pulse may include a laser pulse lasting for a period of 1000 s. The amount of energy deposited by the laser can range from 0.2 mJ to 1 kJ, e.g., 1 mJ to 10 mJ, 10 mJ to 3 J, 1 The radiation energy may range from 00 mJ to 10 J, from 10 J to 100 J, from 100 J to 1000 J, or from 500 mJ to 5 J. In general, the laser can produce light in the ultraviolet, infrared, or visible portions of the spectrum. In certain embodiments, at least one path is parallel to the direction of motion of the object. In certain embodiments, the lower density region may extend outward from at least one passage. In certain embodiments, for example, the heating portion of the fluid may include a certain amount of the heating fluid. The component can be heated by an electrical discharge, for example, a pulsed discharge. Discharge is 10 6 ~10 7 In certain embodiments, the fluid can move at velocities of up to 1000 m / sec. The discharge may be for a period of 0.1 to 100 microseconds, e.g., 0.1 to 2 microseconds, 1 to 5 microseconds, 5 to 4 It may last for 0 microseconds, for a period of 10 to 30 microseconds, or for a period of 30 to 100 microseconds. In this embodiment, the lower density region is for a period of 10 to 30 microseconds, for example, 20 to 300 microseconds. milliseconds, 20-200 microseconds, 30-100 microseconds, 100-500 microseconds, 400-1500 microseconds It can be formed in a time of 500 to 3000 microseconds or in a time of 500 to 3000 microseconds. In an embodiment, the lower density region is 10 to 1000 milliseconds, for example, 20 to 80 milliseconds, 30 to 60 milliseconds. sec, 80-120 ms, 150-600 ms, or 400-1000 ms after thermal buoyancy. In certain embodiments, for example, the object can be destroyed by a pulse detonator. and a pulse detonation engine, the pulse detonation engine being configured to In certain embodiments, the detonation may include a pulse detonation engine. The suction nozzle of the nozzle can be timed to be in the higher density region. In an embodiment, the fluid may be air, and the pulse detonation engine may be an air-breathing engine. Certain embodiments may, for example, include, prior to step (ii), adding a certain amount of air to the The method may further include incorporating the breathing pulse detonation engine. In an embodiment, the pulse detonation engine is required to heat a portion of the fluid. In certain embodiments, a pulse detonator may provide at least a portion of the required power. The motion engine can provide energy to the pulsed power supply. The pulsed power supply supplies energy to the filamenting laser. The filament laser forms the path, and the path generates a pulse discharge. In certain embodiments, the pulsed power supply supplies energy to the pulsed discharge generator. A gas generator may be provided, which is used to heat a portion of the fluid. In certain embodiments, for example, additional portions of the fluid are heated to form lower density regions. In certain embodiments, the lower density region and the even lower density region may further include the steps of: Certain embodiments may, for example, separate at least one of the objects. The method may further include the step of directing additional moieties to the region. The method may further include directing at least a further portion of the object to a lower density region. In certain embodiments, for example, the heated portion of the fluid may define a tube. In one embodiment, the speed of sound in the tube is at least 100% greater than the speed of sound in the surrounding fluid. For example, it can be at least 150%, 200%, 500%, or at least 1000% higher. In certain embodiments, the motion of the object within the tube may be subsonic. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the motion of the object external to the tube may be supersonic. In this embodiment, the tube is 5% to 100% of the effective cross-sectional diameter of the object, for example, 5% to 20%, 20% to 75%, 3 In certain embodiments, for example, the object may have a diameter of 0% to 50%, 75% to 96%, or 35% to 45%. The body may have a base diameter of 0.5 to 4 m, for example, 1 to 3 m, or 1 to 2 m. The object moves at a speed of Mach 6 to 20, for example, Mach 6 to 15, Mach 6 to 10, Mach 6 to 8. In certain embodiments, the heating can move through the fluid at speeds of up to 1000 rpm, or up to Mach 7-8. The step of depositing energy of 100 to 750 kJ into the fluid; the object may In certain embodiments, the object movement can be characterized by a bottom diameter of 0.5 to 4 m. In certain embodiments, the object may move at a speed between Mach 6 and 20, e.g., hypersonic. Capable of moving at speeds of Mach 6-15, Mach 6-10, Mach 6-8, or Mach 7-8. In certain embodiments, the heating step may be performed at a rate of 1000 / m2 per square meter of cross-sectional area of ​​the object. Depositing energy of 00 to 200 kJ, for example 125 to 175, or 140 to 160 kJ, into the fluid. In certain embodiments, the tube may be adapted to support the object at an altitude of 10-20 km, e.g., 12. of the cross-sectional area of ​​the object when it is at an altitude of 5 to 17.5 km, 14 to 16 km, or 14.5 to 15.5 km The cross-sectional area may be 1 to 25%, for example, 2 to 15%, 3 to 10%, or 3.5 to 4.5%. In an embodiment, the tube is adapted to allow the object to fly at an altitude of 20-40 km, e.g., 25-35 km, 28-32 km. or 6.25 to 56.25% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the object when the object is at an altitude of 29.5 to 30.5 km, e.g., 10 to In certain embodiments, the tube may have a cross-sectional area of ​​40%, 20-30%, or 24-26%. The object is at an altitude of 40-60 km, e.g., 40-50 km, 42-48 km, or 44-46 km. At some point, the cross-sectional area of ​​the object is 25 to 225%, for example, 50 to 200%, 75 to 150%, or 95 to 105%. In certain embodiments, the resistance experienced by the object in step (ii) may be at least In certain embodiments, for example, the object may be a guide rail. In certain embodiments, for example, the object may be in a room, a tube, or a gun barrel. could be.

[0009] Certain embodiments may, for example, provide a mobile object, the mobile object comprising: (i) the mobile object; A filament laser configured to form a pathway in a portion of a fluid surrounding the body. (ii) configured to deposit energy along the path to form a low density region; (iii) pulse detonation engines. In embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other embodiments. In certain embodiments, for example, a filament laser may be used. In certain embodiments, the laser may include a pulsed laser, for example, a directed energy deposition laser. The storage device may include a pulsed discharge generator. a sensor configured to detect whether a certain portion is present within a low density region; and v) operatively connected to a directed energy deposition device and a pulse detonation engine; 1. A synchronous control device comprising: (a) forming a path; and (b) depositing energy along the path; and (c) synchronizing the relative timing of operation of the pulse detonation engines. The synchronization control device may further include a synchronization control device configured as follows:

[0010] Certain embodiments may, for example, incorporate a pulse propulsion vehicle into a directed energy deposition subassembly. This subassembly may be any one of the methods described herein. It may operate to achieve and / or include one or more of the embodiments.

[0011] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of operating a vehicle, the method comprising: Repeating the following steps (i) to (iv) at a rate of 0.1 to 100 times per second: i) firing a filament laser; and (ii) directing energy deposition. (iii) discharging the device in synchronism with the discharge of the object to induce at least a portion of the object into the low density region. (iv) synchronizing the step of: (i) introducing a signal to the mobile unit when a predetermined portion of the mobile unit enters the low density region; The step of detonating the pulse detonation engine.

[0012] Certain embodiments may utilize a bottom resistance created by, for example, a low pressure area near the rear of the vehicle. A method for reducing drag can be provided, the method comprising: (i) providing at least one and instantaneously depositing energy along one path, thereby discharging a quantity of fluid to at least said and (ii) displacing a portion of the displaced amount of fluid into a low pressure region. The method includes the step of: directing the pressure in the low pressure region into the low pressure region, thereby increasing the pressure in the low pressure region. The invention relates to, for example, a moving body propelled by a pulse propulsion unit, and an energy deposition device. and synchronizing the discharge of the first and second electrodes with the generation of a propulsion pulse by the pulse propulsion unit. .

[0013] Certain embodiments may, for example, provide a fluid flow control for a cross section of a forward portion of a fuselage that includes multiple intake nozzles. A method for reducing wave drag exerted by a wave guide may be provided, the method comprising: (i) providing a wave guide for a wave guide; A portion of the fluid is instantaneously heated to a higher temperature that includes at least a small portion of the heated fluid portion. surrounded by a density region (e.g., aligned or substantially aligned with the longitudinal central axis of the fuselage) (ii) forming a lower density region (i.e., a region of lower density that is aligned with the lower density region); (iii) directing a first portion of the fuselage that is not yet heated into the lower density region; and ) directing a second portion of the fuselage, the second portion including at least one of the intake nozzles, into the higher density region. The method includes the step of:

[0014] Certain embodiments provide, for example, a method for forming a low density region in a fluid adjacent to an object. The system can include: (i) a directed energy laser equipped with a laser assembly; A dispersion device is used to measure a number of pulses that emerge from the object and intersect at one or more coordinates in the fluid. forming a laser beam, the one or more coordinates being located relative to the object; and (ii) one or more of the laser beams defined by the plurality of laser beams. In a particular embodiment, the method includes the steps of: depositing energy along the path. One or more (e.g., including all) of the aspects may be used interchangeably with any other embodiment or portion thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the step of depositing energy can include one or more The method may include depositing a predetermined amount of energy per unit length of the path. In embodiments, for example, a low density region may have a characteristic diameter along one or more paths. and the characteristic diameter is an amount of energy deposited per unit length of the one or more paths. In certain embodiments, for example, the diameter of the tube may be proportional to the square root of the characteristic In certain embodiments, for example, the characteristic diameter may be the inverse of the pressure of the surroundings of the fluid. In certain embodiments, the diameter of the tube is the characteristic diameter. In certain embodiments, for example, at least two of the multiple pulsed laser beams may be , a source laser beam generated by the laser subassembly of the object In certain embodiments, the ion beam can be generated by splitting a ion beam (e.g., In some embodiments, a portion of the fluid may be compressed between the low density region and the object. For example, at least a portion of the deposited energy is transferred to at least one electrode. and at least a fraction of the deposited energy can be delivered by at least In certain embodiments, for example, a subassembly of the object may be In certain embodiments, for example, a subassembly of an object may include at least one electrode. The assembly may include at least one other electrode. At least one electrode and / or the at least one other electrode is disposed in a recessed cavity in the surface of the object. It can be placed in the section.

[0015] Certain embodiments provide, for example, a method for forming a low density region in a fluid adjacent to an object. The system can: (i) calculate coordinates starting from the coordinates entering the object and exiting the object; (ii) directing a laser beam along a line of sight terminating at a target; and The method includes depositing energy along a path defined by the laser beam.

[0016] Certain embodiments can provide, for example, a method for forming low density regions in a fluid. The method includes: (i) providing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that forms a transmission path configured to direct the deposition of energy; and (ii) depositing energy along the transmission path to form the low density region. Includes steps.

[0017] In certain embodiments, for example, one or more (including, for example, all) of the following embodiments may be included: ) may include each of the other embodiments or portions thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, The transmission path may be through a fluid, e.g., air, and / or through a solid surface, e.g., a moving object ( For example, it can follow the surfaces of aircraft, missiles, trains, torpedoes, and other fast moving objects. In certain embodiments, for example, the method includes stepping (i ) to (ii) are repeated, for example, 1 Hz to 80 kHz, 10 Hz to 50 kHz, 100 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 Repeat steps (i) and (ii) at a rate of 10 kHz to 10 kHz, 5 to 10 kHz, or 10 to 30 kHz. In certain embodiments, the method may further include repeating steps (i)-(ii) at a rate of For example, the step of forming a transmission path may include using one or more energy sources, e.g. emits one energy source, two energy sources, three energy sources, or four energy sources In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more radiated energy sources may include electromagnetic radiation, e.g., x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and / or radio waves; RF plasma discharge; electric current; electron beam; particle beam; charged particle beam; discharge; and / or In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation may include at least one In certain further embodiments, for example, the first energy The source, the second energy source, and / or the third energy source may include at least one directed energy In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation may include at least In certain further embodiments, the laser beam may include, for example, one or more energy The energy source may include at least one directed energy beam. For example, the step of forming the transmission path may include emitting a laser beam and an electron beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the laser beam and the electron beam are irradiated simultaneously. In certain further embodiments, for example, a laser beam and an electron beam can be used. In certain embodiments, for example, one or more energies can be emitted continuously. The step of radiating the source to form a transmission path may include radiating one or more pulses, a series of pulses, a series of pulses, or a series of pulses. Ultrashort pulses, sporadic pulses, random pulses, and near-continuous radiation. Continuous radiation of energy and / or a combination of some or all of these types of radiation In certain embodiments, the one or more energy sources may be radiated as The step of forming a transmission path by the laser may be performed in a time period of 1 attosecond to 1 femtosecond, for example, 100 attoseconds to 1 femtosecond. The pulse duration may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, lasting for a period of at least 10 ... In an embodiment, the step of radiating one or more energy sources to form a transmission path comprises: Lasts for a time period between 100 nanoseconds and 100 femtoseconds, e.g., 10 femtoseconds to 20 picoseconds, 100 femtoseconds to 25 picoseconds, 100 picoseconds to 20 nanoseconds, or 100 femtoseconds to 30 picoseconds The pulse may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, of duration. In the embodiment, the step of radiating one or more energy sources to form a transmission path may be performed within a period of 100 nanoseconds to 100 nanoseconds. Lasts for a period of at least 1 microsecond, e.g., lasts for a period of at least 500 nanoseconds to 1 microsecond In certain embodiments, one or more energy pulses may be used. The step of radiating the energy source to form a transmission path may be performed for a period of time ranging from 1 microsecond to 10 seconds, for example. , lasting for a period between 10 microseconds and 1 second, or for a period between 100 microseconds and 500 microseconds In certain embodiments, one or more energizing pulses may be included. The step of radiating the energy source to form a transmission path is performed for a period of 10 seconds to 1 minute, for example, 20 seconds. It may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, lasting for a period of up to 40 seconds. In this embodiment, for example, the step of forming a transmission path includes: (a) forming a first energy source through the first energy source; The fluid features (e.g., regions of higher density and / or pressure, e.g., waves or wave fronts) are then detected by the (b) destroying the waves or the water generated by the first energy source; or by the entire wave or wave front or by the destruction of the wave or wave front) (c) introducing a third energy source into the fluid. In certain embodiments, for example, the step of forming a transmission path may include (a) A step of emitting a first energy source to destroy standing waves in a fluid adjacent to a moving object. (b) passing a second energy source through the disrupted portion of the fluid; followed by (c) introducing a third energy source into the fluid to form a transmission path. In certain embodiments, for example, the first energy source may include a laser beam; the third energy source may include an electron beam; and the third energy source may include a laser beam. In certain embodiments, for example, the characteristics of the disrupted fluid include waves, e.g., standing waves or dynamic waves. Waves, e.g. waves adjacent to an object, e.g. waves generated by the motion of a moving object In certain embodiments, for example, the step of forming a transmission path includes: (a) providing a first energy (b) introducing a second energy source into the fluid; In certain further embodiments, for example, the first energy source can include a laser. The second energy source may be a laser beam or an electron beam, and the second energy source may be a microwave beam. In certain embodiments, for example, forming the transmission path may include forming conductive particles and / or In certain embodiments, for example, the deposited energy may include forming ionic particles. Energy is a combination of one or more energy sources, e.g. one energy source, two energy sources, three energy sources, In certain embodiments, the energy source may include one energy source, or four energy sources. The energy deposited can be electromagnetic radiation, e.g., X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microphones, etc. radio waves; RF plasma discharge; electric current; electron beam; particle beam; charged particle beam; radiation may include one or more forms of energy including electrical current; corona discharge; and / or combinations thereof. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation is at least one laser beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the first energy source, the second energy source, The first energy source and / or the third energy source include at least one directed energy beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation is generated by at least one laser beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the one or more energy sources may include at least In certain embodiments, the method may include, for example, directing at least one directed energy beam. The energy that is transmitted is distinct from the energy source or sources used to form the transmission path. In certain embodiments, the energy may include at least one form of energy, such as, for example, deposition. The energy that is applied is combined with one or more energy sources that are used to form the transmission path. In certain embodiments, the energy may include at least one form of energy, such as, for example, deposition. The delivered energy may be one or more pulses, a series of pulses, a series of ultrashort pulses, or sporadic pulses. , random pulses, near continuous deposition, or as a continuous deposition of energy. In certain embodiments, the energy deposition can be from 1 attosecond to 1 femtosecond, e.g. At least one pulse lasting for a time period between 100 attoseconds and 1 femtosecond, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may include a time period between 1 femtosecond and 100 nanoseconds. Duration, e.g., 10 femtoseconds to 20 picoseconds, 100 femtoseconds to 25 picoseconds, 100 picoseconds to 20 At least one pulse lasting for a nanosecond or for a period between 100 femtoseconds and 30 picoseconds In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may include a pulse, e.g., multiple pulses. Lasts for a period between nanoseconds and 1 microsecond, e.g., lasts for a period between 500 nanoseconds and 1 microsecond It may include at least one pulse, for example, multiple pulses. The energy deposition may be for a time period between 1 microsecond and 10 seconds, for example, between 10 microseconds and 1 second, or for a time period between 100 microseconds and 1 second. At least one pulse lasting for a time period between microseconds and 500 microseconds, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may be for a period of time between 10 seconds and 1 minute, for example, 20 The pulse may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, lasting for a period of time ranging from 2 to 40 seconds. In certain embodiments, for example, energy deposition and one or more The radiation of the energy source can occur on different time scales. In certain embodiments, For example, energy deposition and radiation of one or more energy sources to form a transmission path. can be performed on the same or approximately the same time scale. For example, energy deposition may involve the emission of one or more energy sources to form a transmission path. In certain embodiments, for example, the energy The deposition occurs on a time scale slower than the emission of one or more energy sources to form a transmission path. This can be done in a few minutes.

[0018] Certain embodiments are suitable for use in, for example, moving objects (e.g., transportation vehicles, transport vehicles, cargo aircraft, ultrasonic A method for propelling a vehicle (high-speed vehicle, hypersonic vehicle, or high-altitude vehicle) through the atmosphere can be provided. The method includes: (i) heating a portion of the atmosphere in front of and / or to the side of the moving body to form a low density region; (a) a step of detecting an energy deposit, the step being configured to couple to and absorb the energy deposit; (b) forming an initiation region in front of the moving body; and (b) depositing energy in the initiation region. (ii) heating at least a portion of the object to form the low density region; (iii) synchronizing the step of guiding the vehicle into the low density region with pulse propulsion to propel the vehicle. The step includes detonating a reactant within the unit.

[0019] In certain embodiments, for example, one or more (including, for example, all) of the following embodiments may be included: ) may include each of the other embodiments or portions thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, The initiation region may be in contact with a moving object. In certain embodiments, for example, the initiation region may be in contact with a moving object. It is not necessary to contact the body, for example, the initiation region is located ahead of the moving body in the direction of motion. In certain embodiments, for example, the initiation region may extend beyond a maximum of 4 seconds after the propelled vehicle is driven. For example, up to 3 seconds, 1 second, 500 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds, or 1 millisecond before the moving object. In certain embodiments, for example, the initiation region may be formed by a propelled mobile object. It can be formed 1 millisecond to 4 seconds before, for example, 10 milliseconds to 3 seconds before, or 50 milliseconds to 1 second before. Or, it can be formed 100 milliseconds to 500 milliseconds before the moving object is propelled. In an embodiment, for example, the heated portion of the atmosphere may be heated up to 4 seconds prior to the propelled object, e.g. Formation up to 3 seconds, 1 second, 500 milliseconds, 10 milliseconds, or 1 millisecond before the moving object. In certain embodiments, for example, the heated portion of the atmosphere may be within 1 mm of the propelled object. For example, it can be formed 10 milliseconds to 3 seconds before, 50 milliseconds to 1 second before, or The time can be formed 100 to 500 milliseconds before the object being propelled. In this manner, for example, forming the initiation region may include forming conductive particles and / or ionic particles. In certain embodiments, for example, the method may include: determining a vehicle altitude according to the vehicle altitude; A step of selecting at least one form of energy for radiation to form an initiation region. In certain further embodiments, for example, a small amount of the selected material may be used for irradiation. At least one form of energy is released when the vehicle travels below a certain threshold altitude. In certain further embodiments, the selected beam for radiation may include, for example, a laser beam. At least one form of energy is generated when the vehicle travels at or above a predetermined threshold altitude. In certain embodiments, for example, the method includes: selecting at least one form of energy to be deposited on the initiation region to form the region; In certain further embodiments, for example, the selected material for deposition may further include a step of: At least one form of energy is generated when the moving object is moving at a speed lower than a predetermined threshold speed. In certain further embodiments, for example, the selected At least one form of energy is generated when the moving object moves at or above a predetermined threshold speed. In certain embodiments, for example, the The method is to repeat steps (i) to (iii) at a rate between 0.1 Hz and 100 kHz, e.g. , 1 Hz to 80 kHz, 10 Hz to 50 kHz, 100 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 to 10 kHz, 5 to 10 kHz rates. Repeating steps (i) to (ii) or repeating steps (i) to (iii) at a rate of 10 to 30 kHz. In certain embodiments, for example, the sequence forming the initiation region may further include repeating the steps. A step can have more than one energy source, e.g. one energy source, two energy sources, three The method may include emitting one energy source, or four energy sources. For example, the one or more radiated energy sources are: electromagnetic radiation, e.g., X-rays, ultraviolet Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves; RF plasma discharge; electric current; electron beam; particle A charged particle beam; an electric discharge; and a corona discharge. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation is at least one laser beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the first energy source, the second energy The source and / or the third energy source may include at least one directed energy beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation is at least one laser beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the one or more energy sources may include at least In certain embodiments, for example, the initiation region may include a single directed energy beam. The step of forming the pattern includes emitting a laser beam and an electron beam. In some embodiments, for example, the laser beam and the electron beam can be emitted simultaneously. In certain further embodiments, for example, the laser beam and the electron beam are emitted sequentially. In certain embodiments, for example, one or more energy sources may be irradiated to initiate the process. The step of forming the region may include one or more pulses, a series of pulses, a series of ultrashort pulses, a sporadic Emits pulsed, randomly pulsed, and near continuous radiation as a continuous stream of energy In certain embodiments, one or more energy sources may be irradiated to form an initiation region. The steps of forming the ion beam may last for a time period between 1 attosecond and 1 femtosecond, for example, between 100 attoseconds and 1 femtosecond. In certain embodiments, the method may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, each of which includes one or more pulses. The step of irradiating the one or more energy sources to form the initiation region may range from 1 femtosecond to 100 nanoseconds. seconds, e.g., 10 femtoseconds to 20 picoseconds, 100 femtoseconds to 25 picoseconds, 100 picoseconds to 30 picoseconds, At least one pulse lasting for a time period between 100 and 20 nanoseconds, or between 100 and 30 picoseconds. In certain embodiments, one or more energy sources may include a pulse, e.g., multiple pulses. The step of emitting radiation to form the initiation region lasts for a time period between 100 nanoseconds and 1 microsecond, e.g. For example, at least one pulse lasting for a time period between 500 nanoseconds and 1 microsecond, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, one or more energy sources may be irradiated to stimulate the initiation region. The forming step may be for a time period between 1 microsecond and 10 seconds, for example, between 10 microseconds and 1 second, or At least one pulse lasting between 100 microseconds and 500 microseconds, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, one or more energy sources may be irradiated to stimulate the initiation region. The step of forming the at least one ion beam lasts for a period of 10 seconds to 1 minute, for example, for a period of 20 seconds to 40 seconds. In certain embodiments, the deposition may include, for example, a single pulse, or multiple pulses. The energy being used may come from one or more energy sources, e.g. one energy source, two energy sources In certain embodiments, the system may include one energy source, three energy sources, or four energy sources. For example, the energy deposited may be: electromagnetic radiation, e.g., X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light. Line, microwave, and radio waves; RF plasma discharge; electric current; electron beam; particle beam; charged particle One or more forms of energy selected from the group consisting of beam; discharge; and corona discharge. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation may include at least one laser. In certain further embodiments, for example, the first energy source, the second energy source, The energy source and / or the third energy source may include at least one directed energy beam. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electromagnetic radiation may include at least one laser. In certain further embodiments, for example, the one or more energy sources can include a laser beam. , at least one directed energy beam. In certain embodiments, for example, The energy deposited may be one or more energy sources used to form the initiation region. In certain embodiments, the energy may include at least one form different from The deposited energy may be one or more of the energies used to form the initiation region. In certain embodiments, the at least one form of energy may be in common with the source. The energy deposited may be one or more pulses, a series of pulses, a series of ultrashort pulses, or sporadic. Deposited as pulses, random pulses, near continuous deposition, or as a continuous deposition of energy In certain embodiments, the energy deposition can be from 1 attosecond to 1 femtosecond. At least one pulse lasting for a time period between 100 attoseconds and 1 femtosecond, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may include a pulse of 1 femtosecond to 100 nanoseconds. For example, 10 femtoseconds to 20 picoseconds, 100 femtoseconds to 25 picoseconds, 100 picoseconds to 30 picoseconds, At least one pulse lasting for a time between 100 and 200 nanoseconds, or for a time between 100 and 30 picoseconds In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may include one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses. , lasting for a time period between 100 nanoseconds and 1 microsecond, for example, lasting for a time period between 500 nanoseconds and 1 microsecond In certain embodiments, the method may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, of: The energy deposition may be for a time period between 1 microsecond and 10 seconds, for example, for a time period between 10 microseconds and 1 second, or At least one pulse lasting for a time period between 100 microseconds and 500 microseconds, e.g., multiple pulses In certain embodiments, the energy deposition may include pulses for a period of time between 10 seconds and 1 minute, e.g. , may include at least one pulse, e.g., multiple pulses, lasting for a period of 20 seconds to 40 seconds. In certain embodiments, for example, energy deposition and one or more methods for forming an initiation region are used. The radiation of the above energy sources can occur on different time scales. For example, energy deposition and one or more energy sources for forming an initiation region may be used. The radiation can occur on the same or approximately the same time scale. In some embodiments, for example, the energy deposition may include one or more energy sources to form an initiation region. In certain embodiments, for example, the radiation of energy Energy deposition occurs at a time slower than the emission of one or more energy sources to form the initiation region. It can be done on a scale.

[0020] In certain embodiments, for example, certain laser assemblies may be configured to direct the energy deposition path to In some cases, it may not be effective or may be less effective at forming ions in the fluid. The laser assembly is adapted to detect when the fluid is below a threshold pressure and / or density and / or when the fluid is moving. May not be effective when moving objects are operating at threshold speeds and / or altitudes. In further embodiments, where a particular laser configuration is not fully effective, e.g. , or a particle beam in combination with another energy source, e.g. a laser beam, e.g. An electron beam can be used to form the pathway for energy deposition. In certain embodiments, The device, e.g., the mobile body, may be equipped with a sensor for detecting low availability. and the device is adapted to use a laser configuration to increase the effectiveness of the path formation by using an electron beam ( or a combination of energy sources. It can be seen.

[0021] Certain embodiments may include, for example, a ground vehicle (e.g., a train, a magnetic To provide a method for propelling levitation trains (high-speed trains, super express trains, and hyperloop trains) (i) storing a store of electrical energy on board the ground vehicle; (ii) transmitting at least a portion of the electrical energy from the ground car to a conductive portion of a track assembly; a step of momentarily discharging the portion, the portion being disposed forward of a fuselage of the ground vehicle; This causes a portion of the air near the discharged electrical energy to expand, creating a higher density area. (iii) forming a lower density region surrounded by at least one of the (iv) directing a portion of the object into the lower density region; In a particular embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of: detonating a reactant in a propulsion unit; One or more (e.g., including all) of the aspects may be used interchangeably with any other embodiment or portion thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the storage of electrical energy may include It may be instantaneous from one or more booster subassemblies to the ground vehicle. For example, the ground vehicle may be magnetically levitated.

[0022] Certain embodiments may be used in, for example, ground vehicle transportation systems (e.g., trains, magnetic levitation high-speed trains, (i) a superexpress train, and a hyperloop train; (b) a line assembly including a power supply; (ii) a line assembly for receiving and storing a portion of the power supply; (iii) a storage device, e.g., a condenser, configured to store forming at least one path connecting one or more electrodes present on the line assembly to a portion of the line assembly; a laser configured to detect a position of the track assembly at a front portion of the ground vehicle; (iv) providing a portion of a stored power supply to said at least one pathway; (v) a directed energy deposition device configured to deposit the material along the receiving a portion of the stored power supply, forming the at least one path, and depositing a portion of the stored power supply simultaneously. The controller is configured to:

[0023] Certain embodiments may, for example, be used to reduce drag on ground vehicles (e.g., trains, magnetic levitation height How to improve the transportation of trains (high-speed trains, super express trains, hyperloop trains, high-speed passenger cars, and automobiles) The method can include the steps of: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly. the subassembly receiving energy from a power supply of the ground vehicle to The energy is deposited on a path that connects the fuselage of the vehicle to a coordinate on the ground located in front of the fuselage. It is designed to allow

[0024] Certain embodiments may be used, for example, in the manufacture of fluid-containing barrels (e.g., in connection with small arms and railguns). A method of propelling an object through a barrel of a gun, the method comprising: (i) discharging a small amount of the fluid through the barrel of a gun; (ii) heating at least a portion of the fluid from the barrel. forming a low density region within the barrel; and (iii) reacting the reactants adjacent the object. The method includes the step of igniting and / or exploding the

[0025] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, the reactant is , explosive charges and / or propellants (e.g., chemical propellants). For example, the reactant can be attached to the object. In certain embodiments, for example, the fluid In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of the fluid is For example, two electrodes are disposed within, along, or adjacent to the bore of the gun barrel. Heating can be achieved by an electric arc between poles (e.g., insulated electrodes). In, for example, at least a portion of the fluid can be heated by ignition of a chemical reactant. In certain embodiments, the chemical reactant can be attached to or placed on the object. In certain embodiments, the chemical reactants can be ignited by an electrical pulse. In certain embodiments, the electrical pulse can be provided by the object. In an aspect, the electrical pulses can be provided by a piezoelectric generator. For example, the fluid may be a gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the fluid may be air. In certain embodiments, the fluid may be a liquid. In certain embodiments, the fluid may be compressible. In certain embodiments, the fluid may be incompressible. In certain embodiments, the fluid The heating portion of the flow can be heated to change the phase. A body part is heated by ignition and explosion of a chemical reactant, for example by an electrical pulse In certain embodiments, the electrical pulse can be delivered by, e.g., into, the object. The mechanism may be partially or completely contained. The electrical pulses are generated by a piezoelectric generator, e.g., a piezoelectric generator that is partially or completely contained within the object. In certain embodiments, for example, the object may be a projectile, e.g. In certain embodiments, for example, the barrel may be a part of a firearm, or a rail. In certain embodiments, for example, heating can increase the viscosity of the heated portion of the fluid. In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of the fluid may be reduced by 5 to 1 20 J of energy, for example, 10-100 J, 10-30 J, 25-75 J of energy, or 25-50 In certain embodiments, the heating may be performed by a discharge having an energy of 100 J. For example, the method may further include ejecting the object from the barrel. In some embodiments, the object may be a projectile. In some embodiments, the barrel may be a component, such as a railgun. In certain embodiments, for example, the magnitude of the generated acoustic signature can be a component of A conventional 30-06 rifle, a conventional 300 Magnum rifle, a jet engine on takeoff, and / or at least 10% less than the magnitude of the acoustic signature of an M2 howitzer, e.g., 10% to 50% The acoustic properties may be at least 25%, 50%, or at least 75% less. In certain embodiments, for example, the magnitude of the generated acoustic signature is less than 300 dB, e.g., 50 dB to 150 dB, less than 250 dB, less than 200 dB, less than 175 dB, less than 150 dB, or less than 125 dB could be.

[0026] Certain embodiments can provide, for example, a method of delivering a projectile, the method comprising: (i) the barrel, including a breech that allows for the functional containment of the projectile within the bore of the barrel; a fluid supply device configured to evacuate a portion of the fluid present in the lumen and configured to evacuate the lumen and / or the fluid supply device proximate the lumen; (iii) a barrel sweep system including a tangentially disposed pulse heating system; and Includes the system.

[0027] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, pulsed The thermal system may be located proximate the breech. In certain embodiments, for example, The thermal heating system may further include a chemical propellant. In certain embodiments, the chemical propellant comprises: It may be integral with the projectile and / or the cartridge containing the projectile. In such a manner, for example, the pulse heating system may distribute energy along at least one path within the lumen. The method may further include a pulsed discharge generator that may be configured to deposit a gas. In an embodiment, the pulse heating system is configured to form at least one path. In certain embodiments, the method may further include a pulsed filament laser capable of Filament lasers are located in close proximity to the projectile and / or in a cartridge containing the projectile. In certain embodiments, the vehicle can be powered by embodied chemical propellants. The filament laser is integrated with a projectile and / or a cartridge containing the projectile. It is possible.

[0028] Certain embodiments may, for example, involve the interlocking of the operation of the barrel sweep system with the operation of the projectile launch system. It may further include a synchronization controller that may be configured to control the relative timing. .

[0029] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for improving a projectile delivery system. The method includes the steps of: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly; The assembly is configured to deposit energy within a bore of a barrel of the projectile delivery system. It has been done.

[0030] Certain embodiments may include, for example, propelling a projectile within the bore of a gun barrel equipped with a barrel sweep system. A method for detecting a fluid in the gun can be provided, the method comprising: (i) actuating the gun and the sweep system to detect a fluid from the lumen; followed several milliseconds later by (ii) ejecting a projectile launch system The method includes the step of starting.

[0031] Certain embodiments may, for example, reduce the acoustic signature of a projectile by equipping the barrel with a sweep system. In accordance with the present invention, a method for reducing the chemical properties can be provided.

[0032] Certain embodiments may include, for example, a gun (sometimes a breaching gun, also called a breaching gun, which includes: (i) a breaching gun for a bore of a barrel; A ported barrel including a breech that allows for the functional accommodation of shotgun cartridges; ii) a catheter configured to drain at least a portion of the fluid present within the lumen; (iii) a barrel clearing system including an integrated pulse heating system; and (iv) a firing system.

[0033] Certain embodiments are directed to a firearms cartridge configured for use with, for example, a breaching gun. The small arms cartridge may be provided with: (i) a cartridge adjacent to the rear of the barrel; (ii) a propellant adjacent to at least one projectile; Another directed energy deposition device located in close proximity to the projectile, e.g., a pre-propellant and wherein upon ignition of said prepropellant, at least 98% of the original gas at atmospheric conditions is discharged from the barrel of the gun. % of the propellant; and (iii) the directed energy deposition device configured to eject A launch system configured to synchronize operation of the directed energy deposition device prior to detonation. In certain embodiments, one or more of the following embodiments (e.g., In certain embodiments, each of the embodiments may include any of the other embodiments or portions thereof. For example, the launch system coupler may include a reserve propellant coupler operatively connected to the launch system of the gun. The device may further include a pre-propellant priming charge.

[0034] Certain embodiments may be used, for example, to detect moving objects (e.g., military vehicles) that are in contact with an underside and are immersed in a fluid. Vehicles, armored vehicles, Humvees, armored personnel vehicles, passenger cars The present invention provides a method for modifying a shock wave approaching the undercarriage of a vehicle (such as a train, a minesweeping vehicle, and / or a minesweeping vehicle). The method may include: (i) heating a portion of the fluid along at least one path to generating at least one volume of heated fluid expanding outwardly from the passageway; the path extending between the substructure and the lower surface; and (ii) the duration of the heating. to modify the shock wave.

[0035] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, shock waves may include Therefore, the total momentum applied to the moving body is at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, 30% , 40%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, impact The average acceleration experienced by the moving body as a result of the waves is reduced by at least 40%, for example by at least 50%. It may be reduced by at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80%. In an embodiment, for example, a portion of the fluid may be heated by an electrical discharge. So, for example, we can deplete a portion of the fluid by depositing at least 3 PV units of energy into it. where P is the ambient pressure of the fluid, and V is the pressure between the substructure and the underside. is the volume of fluid between them.

[0036] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a way to modify the blast wave approaching a surface. The method includes the steps of: (i) heating a portion of the surface to form at least one hole in the surface; and (ii) timing the heating to generate at least one of the blast waves before the blast wave exits the surface. The method includes the step of forming a hole.

[0037] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, one of the surfaces The portion can be heated by depositing energy onto the surface. For example, the amount of energy deposited on the surface may be between 1 kJ and 10 MJ, for example, between 10 kJ and 1 MJ, 10 In certain embodiments, for example, the surface may be paved. It may be a covering material present under the road, soil, and / or vehicle substructure. Then, a part of the surface is divided into 200 to 1 cubic meter of the volume between the substructure and the surface. Depositing energy on the surface in an amount of 500 kJ, for example, 250 to 400 kJ, or 300 to 350 kJ. In certain embodiments, the blast can be 100-500 MJ, e.g. For example, the deposited energy may be 200 to 400 MJ. The amount of energy transferred from the blast to the moving object is determined by the amount of energy deposited on the moving object. At least 10 times, for example at least 20 times, 50 times, 100 times, or less of the amount of energy deposited. In certain embodiments, the amount of movement as a result of the blast wave can be reduced by at least a factor of 200. Reduce the net acceleration applied to the body by at least 10%, e.g., at least 20%, 30%, 40% In certain embodiments, the portion of the surface can be moved It can be heated by electrical radiation from the body.

[0038] Certain embodiments may be used to detect, for example, moving objects (e.g., military vehicles, armored vehicles, Attached to the undercarriage of vehicles (Humvees, armored personnel carriers, passenger cars, trains, and / or minesweeping vehicles) A method for mitigating an approaching explosive gas explosion can be provided, the method comprising: (i) reducing a portion of the fluid to a applying heat along at least one path to form at least one low density passage. Thus, the path extends from the lower structure to the outside of the moving body; and (ii) The heating is timed to allow the at least one low density passage to pass at least one of the detonation gases. The method includes the step of receiving a copy of the document.

[0039] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a vehicle equipped with a blast mitigation device, The blast mitigation device is configured to: (i) detect an incipient blast below the undercarriage of the vehicle; (ii) an energy sensor along at least one path located under the undercarriage of the vehicle; (iii) a directed energy deposition device configured to deposit energy into the initial explosion; A device configured to time operation of the directed energy deposition device to wind detection. In certain embodiments, one or more of the following embodiments (e.g., In certain embodiments, the above-mentioned embodiments may each include other embodiments or portions thereof. For example, the energy deposition may include heating a portion of the fluid along at least one path to and configuring the passage to generate at least one volume of heated fluid that expands outwardly from the passage. In certain embodiments, for example, the energy deposition can be performed by applying a pressure to the undercarriage of the vehicle. The substrate may be configured to form at least one hole in the underlying surface.

[0040] Certain embodiments may be used, for example, in vehicles equipped with blast mitigation devices (e.g., military vehicles, armored vehicles, etc.). vehicles, Humvees, armored personnel carriers, passenger cars, trains, and / or minesweeping vehicles) the blast mitigation device can be adapted to (i) detect an incipient blast below the undercarriage of the vehicle; (ii) a sensor configured to receive the moving object from a lower structure of the moving object to the outside of the moving object; Directed energy configured to deposit energy along at least one path. (iii) actuation of the directed energy deposition device in response to detection of the initial blast. A synchronization controller configured for timing is included.

[0041] In certain embodiments, for example, a mobile object equipped with a blast mitigation device (e.g., a military vehicle, Armored vehicles, Humvees, armored personnel carriers, cars, trains, and / or minesweeping vehicles) This can provide a method for mitigating the blast wave from an improvised explosive device. For example, an improvised explosive device may be buried.

[0042] Certain embodiments provide a method for modifying a vehicle to withstand, for example, an explosion. The method includes the steps of: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly; A subassembly is configured to deposit energy under a substructure of the vehicle. There are.

[0043] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for supersonic deposition of a spray on a surface. The method includes: (i) directing at least one laser pulse through a fluid to the surface; forming at least one path through the fluid, the at least one path comprising: (ii) applying a certain amount of electrical energy to the surface; emitting the gas along the path to form a low density tube; followed by a few microseconds of and then (iii) ejecting the powder, particulate, and / or spray or aerosol material from the supersonic spray nozzle. In a particular embodiment, the method includes the steps of: discharging the material into the low density tube. One or more (e.g., including all) of the aspects may be used interchangeably with any other embodiment or portion thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, steps (i) to (iii) may be performed at a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz. Repeat at a rate of 1 Hz to 80 kHz, 10 Hz to 50 kHz, 100 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 to 10 k Hz, repeat at a rate of 5-10 kHz, or repeat at a rate of 10-30 kHz.

[0044] Certain embodiments can provide, for example, a spray deposition apparatus, the spray deposition apparatus comprising: (i) a nozzle configured to spray particulates and / or spray material onto a surface; (ii) the nozzle a pulse filter configured to form at least one path between the filter and the surface; (iii) a filament laser that deposits energy along at least one path to produce a low-density (iv) a pulsed discharge generator configured to form a pulsed tube; and The relative timing of the formation of the path, the deposition of the energy, and the spraying is synchronized. In a particular embodiment, the synchronous control device includes one or more of the following embodiments: The above (e.g., all inclusive) may include each of the other embodiments or portions thereof. In embodiments, for example, the spray can be ultrasonic spray.

[0045] Certain embodiments may provide a method for physical vapor deposition using, for example, a spray deposition device. Certain embodiments can include, for example, depositing a metal powder onto a metal surface.

[0046] Certain embodiments provide methods of spray processing, for example using a spray deposition device. can be done.

[0047] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for improving a supersonic nebulizer, The method includes the steps of: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly; The nozzle is configured to deposit energy in a path connecting the nozzle of the spray device and a surface. It has been made.

[0048] Certain embodiments are suitable for use in, for example, intermittent weaving machines or looms (e.g., air jet weaving machines, rotor jet loom, shuttle loom, picks loom, and / or high speed loom The present invention provides a method for producing a woven fabric by operating an air jet weaving machine, the air jet weaving machine comprising: configured to receive a yarn and further configured to form a warp span. The method further comprises: depositing energy to generate a low density gas for the weft yarn to pass through the span. The method includes forming an id path.

[0049] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, the energy The step of depositing the ion beam is performed at 5 to 50 mJ per 10 cm of guide path for a weft thread with a diameter of 1 mm, e.g. For example, 5-8 mJ, 8-10 mJ, 10-15 mJ, 15-20 mJ, 20-30 mJ, 30-40 mJ, or 40-50 mJ. or at least 8 mJ, at least 20 mJ, or at least 40 mJ. In certain embodiments, for example, the weft yarn has a diameter of 0.1 to 1 mm, for example, 0.25 to 0.75 mm. or a diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 mm, for example a diameter of 0.6 mm. For example, the weft yarn is wound at a speed of 100 to 500 m / s, for example, at a speed of 200 to 400 m / s, or at least A velocity of at least 200 m / s, for example at least 250 m / s, at least 300 m / s, or at least In certain embodiments, the vehicle can move through a guided path at a speed of up to 350 m / s. For example, the weft yarn may be wound at a speed exceeding Mach 0.1, for example, at a speed exceeding Mach 0.3, or at a speed exceeding Mach 0.8. Traveling through a guided path at a speed exceeding Mach 1, or exceeding Mach 1.5 In certain embodiments, for example, the fabric can be spun at a rate of 500 to 60,000 picks / min. For example, 2000-50,000 picks / min, 8,000-30,000 picks / min, or 15,000-25,000 picks / min. In certain embodiments, for example, the induction pathway may include: It may be a cylinder.

[0050] Certain embodiments may, for example, advance the weft yarn through a low density guided path with a jet of high pressure air. In certain embodiments, the high pressure air jet is synchronized with the energy deposition. In certain embodiments, the low density induction path may be downstream of the high pressure air jet. It can be formed.

[0051] In certain embodiments, one or more (e.g., including all) of the following embodiments may be combined with other In certain embodiments, for example, further comprising: A portion of the energy is deposited downstream of the booster air supply to form an additional low density induction path. In certain embodiments, for example, the weft yarns can be wetted with a certain amount of water. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the amount of water can be induced in a low-density induction channel. It can be vaporized.

[0052] Certain embodiments may be used, for example, in weaving machines (e.g., air jet weaving, intermittent air jet Weaving machines, water jet weaving machines, shuttle weaving machines, pick weaving machines, and / or high speed weaving machines ), an air jet weaving machine configured to produce a woven fabric, The loom comprises: (i) a sley mounted on a loom configured to form a warp shed; (ii) a low density guidewire across the warp shed; a directed energy deposition assembly configured to form a conductive path; and (iii) a weft. a supply of pressurized air configured to advance a portion of the low-density guided path through the low-density guided path; In certain embodiments, one or more of the following embodiments (e.g., all of In certain embodiments, the above-mentioned embodiments may each include other embodiments or portions thereof. For example, the warp shed can be 3-30 m long, e.g., 4-4.5 m, 4.5-6 m, 6-8 m, 8-10 m, It may be 5 to 25 m long, or 10 to 20 m long.

[0053] Certain embodiments are suitable for use in, for example, weaving machines (e.g., air jet weaving machines, water jet weaving machines, The present invention provides a method for improving a weaving machine (a weaving machine for a weaving machine, a shuttle weaving machine, a pick weaving machine, and / or a high speed weaving machine). The method can include the steps of: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly. The subassembly is arranged such that the yarn dispensing nozzle of the loom is disposed on the opposite side of the loom. The energy is applied to a path that connects to the electrodes and passes through the profile of the multiple reeds. It is configured to deposit [Brief description of the drawings]

[0054] Detailed Description of the Drawings [Figure 1] Schematic image contrasting the ineffectiveness of a bullet (1A) attempting to travel at high speed through water with the same bullet (1B) moving effortlessly after the water has been displaced laterally from its path. In the brute force approach, the bullet's energy is transferred to the water (and deforms the material) very quickly. In our approach, the bullet travels a much longer distance and interacts with its surroundings with much weaker forces.

[0055] [Diagram 2] Intense discharges can be used to deposit energy along any geometry on a surface, with examples shown here of (2A) a semicircular path and (2B) a straight line.

[0056] [Diagram 3] Time series of Schlieren images showing a blast wave (supersonic shock wave) (left image (3A) and center image (3B)) pushing open a region of hot, low-density gas as a result of energy being deposited with the shock wave (right image (3C)) propagating at the speed of sound in the direction away after its intensity has dropped to Mach 1 and can no longer drive / push open the low-density region.

[0057] [Figure 4] Energy is deposited in the air by focusing a very intense laser pulse to a point in the air, with enough intensity to ionize gas molecules virtually instantaneously compared to the fluid's response.

[0058] [Diagram 5] Shadowgraph images demonstrate that the blast wave from a laser "spark" such as that shown in Figure 4 opens up a region of low density gas that persists for long periods as a low density region in the surrounding gas.

[0059] [Figure 6] The laser filament creates a linear ionization pathway along the path of the ultrashort laser pulse.

[0060] [Figure 7] In contrast to electrical discharges that are typically difficult to control spatially and temporally (7A), laser filaments from ultrashort laser pulses can be used to generate and precisely guide electrical discharges along their linear paths (7B).

[0061] [Figure 8] In FIG. 8, a very small, low density "tube" is photographed in place of a much larger tube.

[0062] [Figure 9] (9A) Integrated force and (9B) impulse as a function of time exerted by the blast wave beneath a test plate with different initial densities beneath the moving body (100%, 10%, and 7.5% of the surrounding density).

[0063] [Figure 10] Conceptual diagram of a conductive path along the surface of a ground vehicle that quickly directs high-pressure gas from the confined space beneath it.

[0064] [Figure 11]The drag on the cone is significantly reduced as it travels through a low density tube created by the upstream deposition of energy along the stagnation line of the cone. The letters on the graph correspond to times indicated by the vertical lines beside them which correspond to similarly labeled frames in FIG.

[0065] [Figure 12] The parameters varied in the study results shown in Figure 13 were: four Mach numbers, M = 2, 4, 6, 8; three cone half angles, 15°, 30°, 45°; and four low-density "tube" diameters, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the cone base diameter.

[0066] [Figure 13] Drag reduction and return versus energy input are plotted for a 15° / 30° / 45° cone moving at Mach 2, 4, 6, and 8 in tubes with diameters of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the cone's base diameter. In some cases, almost all of the drag is removed, and in all cases the energy required to open the "tube" is less than the energy saved in drag reduction, showing up to a 65-fold return on the energy deposited ahead of the cone.

[0067] [Figure 14] Density profiles taken at times corresponding to those marked in Figure 11 showing the change in flow as the cone flies through the low density "tube". Sequence 14A through 14D demonstrate a significant reduction in the bow shock (with its associated wave drag and sonic boom) and strong repressurization of the base, suggesting elimination of bottom drag and increased propulsive effectiveness of the exhaust products at the base.

[0068] [Figure 15] A conductive path 108 can be drawn and guided in the air to enable the electrical discharge required to control / regulate the moving body's shock wave(s).

[0069] [Figure 16] Schematic of splitting of a laser pulse by multiple electrically isolated focusing / discharge devices.

[0070] [Figure 17] Schematic showing the optical path / elements for focusing the laser pulse by the conical shell electrode (123).

[0071] [Figure 18] Schematic of an example of how an array of discharge devices can be used to enhance energy deposition by phasing multiple smaller discharges to form a much larger core.

[0072] [Figure 19] Schematic of an example of how an array of discharge devices can be used to enhance energy deposition by phasing multiple smaller discharges to "sweep" a flow in a desired direction.

[0073] [Figure 20] In the 3D experiment, the initial core position is axisymmetric with the mover (20a), resulting in maximum drag reduction and no lateral forces or torques. The core is then gradually moved upwards as the experiment progresses, and quasi-steady state values ​​of the control forces and torques can be monitored over the full range of core positions. We characterized a displacement of approximately ½ of the base radius (Figure 20b).

[0074] [Figure 21] Frame of a test run using a standard core to study the effect on heating, resistance, and control forces of forming a hot, low density core ahead of the shock wave of a hypersonic moving object. (Top (20A) - Density; Bottom Left (20B) - Pressure; Bottom Right (20C) - Temperature; Bottom Right (20D) - Resistance, Forces, and Moments)

[0075] [Figure 22]A low density tube can also be formed from the side of the vehicle by an oblique shock wave to facilitate imaging and ejection of the sub-vehicle without slowing down the main vehicle.

[0076] [Diagram 23] Top row (left to right, 23A-23C) - Shock waves opening up a low-density "hemisphere" on a surface in still air resulting from energy instantaneously deposited with a separate laser pulse; bottom row (left to right, 23D-23F) - The same laser pulse is used to instantaneously deposit energy to generate shock waves opening up a similar low-density "hemisphere" that is shown to be convected by air flowing along the same surface.

[0077] [Figure 24] Plot of relative pressure as a function of dimensionless radius for a cylindrical shock wave at different dimensionless times. The initial (undisturbed) gas pressure is po.

[0078] [Diagram 25] Plot of flow Mach number as a function of dimensionless radius for a cylindrical shock wave at different dimensionless times. The speed of sound ahead of the shock wave is ao.

[0079] [Figure 26] Plot of relative density as a function of dimensionless radius for a cylindrical shock wave at different dimensionless times. The initial (undisturbed) gas density is o.

[0080] [Figure 27] Time series (left to right, 27A-27C) Schlieren images of a Nd:YAG laser discharge in a Mach 3.45 flow. The laser incidence is from bottom to top, and the spot remains visible because the CCD pixels are saturated. The free-flow direction is from right to left.

[0081] [Figure 28]Time-lapse Schlieren photograph of the expanding heated spot as it flows to the left in a hypersonic wind tunnel and interacts with a standing arc shock wave on a hemisphere model. Both the measured pressure reference and the instantaneous data along the sphere are shown in this drawing as lines around the sphere.

[0082] [Figure 29] Pressure time history at the stagnation point of the model for the three energy levels.

[0083] [Diagram 30] Simulation results of filament diameter and electron concentration as a function of propagation distance at an initial power of 49.5 MW. Significant photoionization appears to occur only at short lengths where the beam limit is at a maximum.

[0084] [Diagram 31] Simulation results of the filament envelope diameter as a function of propagation distance at an initial power of 160 MW. The filament diameter remains confined to within about 100 micrometers over several thousand meters.

[0085] [Diagram 32] Laser initiation / induced discharge across 30 cm. An ionizing ultraviolet laser pulse is sent through a hole in the bottom electrode and passes through a hole in the top electrode.

[0086] [Diagram 33] FIG. 33A is a single laser-ionization path; FIG. 33B is a discharge following a path formed by a laser-ionization path; FIG. 33C is two ionization paths created by two separate laser pulses; FIG. 33D is a discharge following a V-shaped path formed by two laser pulses.

[0087] [Diagram 34]Figure 34A is the aerowindow designed under the supervision of Dr. Wilhelm Behrens, formerly of TRW. Figure 34B is the complete configuration with high pressure inlet, aerowindow, vacuum tube, and exhaust line.

[0088] [Diagram 35] Schematic diagram of a pulse detonation engine cycle.

[0089] [Diagram 36] A second conceptual diagram of the dynamics of a pulse detonation engine.

[0090] [Figure 37] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an air jet loom having an integrated directed energy deposition device.

[0091] [Figure 38] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a firearm subassembly having an integrated directed energy deposition device.

[0092] [Figure 39] Schematic diagram illustrating the concept of an example flow field of a hypersonic impinging jet, as may occur in continuous hypersonic multiphase flow applications, such as thermal spray coatings or powder coatings, among others.

[0093] [Diagram 40] Schematic showing the concept of an example cold gas dynamic-thermal spray coating system.

[0094] [Diagram 41] 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a vehicle equipped with a blast mitigation device.

[0095] [Diagram 42] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a vehicle equipped with earthmoving equipment.

[0096] [Diagram 43]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a directed energy deposition apparatus having a pulsed laser subassembly.

[0097] [Diagram 44] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a small arms cartridge having an integrated directed energy deposition device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0098] Detailed Description of the Invention The basic concept behind our energy deposition approach is that we Redistributing the air density by rapidly (instantaneously) depositing energy in / The ability to sculpt the shape of the material. To effectively "separate" the air. , (e.g., short laser or microwave pulses, among other techniques, and / or Energy must be deposited in the air (in the form of a discharge or electrical current) much faster than the gas can expand. It is important to note that as the gas is heated, it propagates Any heating that involves this, even at very high temperatures, will not affect the results that we have described herein. In general, "rapid" / "instantaneous" heating processes do not produce very effective results. , producing a "snap" or "bang" sound.

[0099] (i) to adjust the intensity and spatial distribution of energy deposition in a particular mode; (ii) to (iii) to maintain specific pathways and passages for proper transmission of energy; To combine; apply various energy deposition techniques to achieve the widest range of applications; Able to handle a variety of possible atmospheric and flow conditions. Deposits additional energy To create a nucleation / induction / initiation region (e.g., an initial pathway); or to provide additional energy to The most effective energy deposition approach is to deposit the energy in an initial region or pathway such as The approach is to determine whether the region should be formed (all represented media and mixed phases, e.g. gas, liquid, It depends on the atmospheric conditions (including gas, solid, and plasma) and the operating conditions of the associated flows. Atmospheric and flow conditions can couple more energy into the following steps: Other atmospheres and currents may require an initial pathway formed by the deposition of energy. conditions may require the energy to be deposited in a single step. In certain applications, The energy may be: along one or more surfaces; within one or more regions of the atmosphere / flow; and / or One or more of the energy deposition steps may be Energy deposition techniques, including but not limited to: electromagnetic radiation (from x-rays to microscopy); ranges from 1000 to 15000 Hz; RF plasma discharges; and electron beams, charged particle beams, discharges, and cosmic rays. current in the form of a corona discharge; is the temporal duration ranging from a continuous beam to an ultrashort pulse (e.g., attosecond pulse; mutosecond; picosecond; nanosecond; microsecond; millisecond; second pulse widths; and longer pulse widths; These time scales are dependent on the different implementations and modes of energy deposition. The different modes may be different, with the deposition of the different modes occurring at different time scales. In addition to its use in itself, continuous or long-term energy deposition can also be used to It can facilitate pulsed impact energy deposition. Furthermore, certain processes using energy deposition can be Applications involving pulsing / phasing / synchronization may also include longer pulses and continuous processes. .

[0100] The above embodiments of different energy deposition applications and techniques are shown to be useful in various altitudes and flight conditions. Energy deposition can be performed under different operating atmospheres / conditions with limited Although not widely used, there are many spray coating techniques, including thermal spraying, plasma spraying, and detonation. ion spraying; wire arc spraying; flame spraying; high velocity fuel spray coating y oxy-fuel coating spraying); warm spray; cold spray; It can also be phased / synchronized to different types of thermal spray coating techniques. The above embodiments of the application and technology of the present invention may be implemented in a variety of possible embodiments (in various possible operating atmospheres and conditions). Among other applications are looms, gun barrels, trains, engines, moving objects, explosion mitigation, ignition, detonation, This can be applied to nations.

[0101] To illustrate the following discussion, reference will first be made to FIGS. 2 and 3 as examples of the expansions being described. It is best to "shoot" the energy in a specific region of air (for example, along a line or point). When the explosive is deposited "instantaneously," the surrounding air is heated by the expanding blast wave. The blast wave resulting from the deposited energy is attenuated / diminished to the speed of sound. The surrounding gas is swept outwards until the gas reaches a temperature where it is at equilibrium with the hot gas. is much lower than the initial / surrounding density (in some cases less than 15% of the surrounding density, e.g. , less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1.5%, and the other 98.5% When the expanding shock wave slows down to the speed of sound, it continues to expand at the speed of sound. It no longer pushes gas outwards or expands the low density region. A low-density region (created when the object expands at supersonic speed) remains and is compressed by the surrounding ambient pressure. Equilibrate (e.g., the low density region remains as a "bubble" of low density, hot gas at ambient pressure) The bubble does not collapse on itself, i.e., the bubble is in the "air separated" region. The volume of this pressure-balanced low-density region is directly proportional to the energy deposited in the gas. and is also proportional to the surrounding pressure (e.g., the resulting low-density volume deposits energy (It doubles when the initial atmospheric pressure is halved.) This expansion and the resulting low density along the surface An example of the concentration region is shown in Figure 3, which is a Schlieren photograph taken along the path of the discharge. FIG. 2(b) shows an end view of one straight leg of a discharge such as that shown in FIG. 2(b).

[0102] The simplest example of an expanding low density "bubble" is the expansion of a low density sphere by applying air to a point in the air. This can be seen when the energy is deposited on the gas (Figure 4), from which the gas expands spherically and symmetrically. It expands (Figure 5).

[0103] Similar simple geometries arise when energy is deposited along a straight line (Figure 6, 7 and 8). This causes the gas to expand and release energy along the first line / axis. A low density cylindrical volume (or "tube") centered on the line / axis that has been deposited on the substrate is opened.

[0104] The high temperature, low density geometry equilibrates with the ambient pressure for a long period of time compared to the flow dynamics of interest. The fact that the sphere and "tube" in the air and the surface surface) and hemispheres and hemi "tubes", as well as other more complex geometries, It can be kept "open" long enough to exercise control over the

[0105] One of the simplest ways to imagine the benefits of this approach is to look at a confined explosion. This provides intuition that can be applied to other high-speed flow applications, e.g. The present invention can be directly applied to the navigation and propulsion systems. Upon detection of a pressure rise and / or shock wave, the gas is directed to be lowered (almost instantly) These problems in the area of ​​explosion mitigation arise in high speed flight and propulsion systems. These same concerns are present in this first example, which is intended to extend the basic concept to a broad range of hypersonic applications. In one particular example of explosion mitigation, high pressure explosive gases are When air is trapped between the bottom of a moving body and the ground, it creates a shock wave in the surrounding gas. The high pressure gas remains under the moving object for a long time. The more the pressure on the bottom increases, the stronger the combined impact will be on the moving body. The goal of this application is to push high pressure gas out from under the moving object as quickly as possible. venting the moving body, thereby reducing the pressure under the moving body and allowing the integrated To achieve this, low density radial conductors along the bottom of the vehicle are used. By opening a passage and quickly directing high pressure gas from under the moving body to the outside, the gas is This allows the moving object to be vented quickly from under it. This is achieved by incorporating directional energy depositors (DEMs) onto ground vehicles to create low-density pathways. along which nearby blast waves (e.g., below the moving object) can escape quickly. This can greatly reduce the force and time that the blast gas presses against the moving object. Therefore, the total impact force applied to the moving object by the blast is minimized. When the airtightness is lower than that of the moving object, the force and impact that may result from an explosion are reduced. An example is shown.

[0106] Creates a high velocity passageway that allows high pressure gas to escape more quickly from under and around the moving object To this end, we have developed a guiding path along the surface of the moving object (similar to the path shown in FIG. 2). These conductive paths are confined to the It can be used to vent high pressure gas in a given volume almost instantly, and provides high speed propulsion. For use in equipment such as isolators, combustors, diffusers, and exhaust systems This is useful in any situation where it is beneficial to quickly relieve a harmful pressure rise. obtain.

[0107] One reason that moving objects fly inefficiently through the air at high speeds is that they move most of their By effectively accelerating a column of air (from origin to final destination) relative to the velocity In addition to the resulting high fuel costs, there is a large amount of energy being added to the air. However, there are further problems, such as: strong sonic booms; damage caused by collisions with moving objects behind the nose. and accelerating still air to match the speed of the moving object. This is related to unwanted pressure and heating along the leading edge and stagnation line due to frictional forces that occur when do.

[0108] Instead, the moving object emits directed energy along a long (e.g., laser filament-guided) line. Resistance is dramatically reduced when passing through the low-density "tube" opened by the energy deposition device. The resistance curve is calculated instantly, and the total energy consumption is significantly reduced. An example is shown in Figure 11. In this graph, the cone is a dense gas at the edge of a "tube". As the cone passes through the tube, a slight increase in resistance from the baseline is observed. Drag drops dramatically when the cone flies through the low density areas of the "balloon." When the shock wave is generated again, the resistance will resume to the nominal resistance, the initial / constant resistance. In effect, when a moving object or projectile passes through a low-density "tube," it is transported to another low-density The density "tube" can be opened and the vehicle / projectile will enjoy a continuous reduction in drag. The exact point at which the next "tube" begins can be determined by optimization for a given application. It is important to regenerate the resistance by depositing energy to create another "tube". The extent to which the resistance can consistently rise before decreasing again is a function of the repetition rate of energy deposition. Determine the strength of the pressure regulation that is driven, which moves until energy is deposited (again Divided by the effective tube length (adjusted to accommodate the distance the body / projectile actually travels) This regulation is approximately equal to the speed of the vehicle. This regulation can be an additional source of aircraft noise and can also be due to the resonance of the vehicle. and tuning by adjusting the "tube" length to avoid unpleasant frequencies. Each successive "tube" also redirects the "tube" slightly. It also presents an opportunity to control a vehicle using a virtual reality camera (as addressed further below).

[0109] The drag reduction and energy savings of implementing this technology will be investigated under various parameters. parameters, e.g., Mach number, cone angle, and diameter of the "tube" compared to the cone base. The dependence of the parameters on the Mach number is shown in Figure 12. , it should be understood that this is for a nominal, constant flow. Energy accumulates upstream Once this is done, the traditional definition and concept of a uniform Mach number no longer applies. This is because the speed of sound in the "tube" is equal to the speed of sound in the nominal, unchanging free flow of the The conventional definition is that the speed of sound inside the "tube" is many times faster than the speed of sound outside the tube. The Mach number is significantly lower than the Mach number outside the "tube". The flow inside the tube is subsonic compared to the supersonic / hypersonic flow outside the tube, Flows not regulated by energy deposition observed when flying through uniform air Some of these dynamics are described herein. , can only be achieved by depositing energy into the flow.

[0110] The maximum drag reduction and energy savings (input energy) for the various cases shown in Figure 12 The results for the return on investment (return on capital) are summarized in Figure 13 and include a 60% or higher For example, a reduction in drag of 80% to 95% or even up to 96% and an input in the total energy balance. Includes returns of more than 30x, e.g., more than 50x or more than 65x on energy (i.e., Deposit in the air in front of the cone to open up a low density "tube" along the cone's stagnation line For each watt or joule put in, 65 times this "put" energy is pumped forward into the cone. is usually necessary to counter the much stronger resistance that would be encountered if no energy were deposited in the (the propulsive force or energy saved).

[0111] Several interesting trends are observed in the results. The most fundamental observation is that By opening the groove, the drag reduction is large for all Mach numbers and cone angles. A more subtle and interesting observation is the energy efficiency (i.e., the power saved) (input energy)-(additive energy) / (input energy) has two regions. This energy efficiency is the amount of energy that is For each unit of energy deposited in front of the vehicle to open the "bubble," One region occurs at higher Mach numbers where the cone is narrower, and this In this region, the arc-shaped shock wave tends towards oblique / attachment. In this region, the energy efficiency is The rate increases with Mach number, and the most efficient "tube diameter" increases with increasing Mach number. , which transitions from small to large diameters in a clear and easily understood way. Gas along the stagnation line Removal of gases further from the stagnation line always provides the greatest benefit, and the benefit of removing gases further from the stagnation line is It is a function of the speed of the moving object, with the advantage being greater at higher Mach numbers. In the region of , the arc shock wave tends to be a normal stand-off shock wave. A strong increase in efficiency was observed for the small diameter "tube", which is due to the arc-shaped shock wave. It effectively plays the role of "drilling holes" and the flow inside the "tube" (at high sound speeds) (in the "tube") can now be subsonic and no longer restrained by the arc of the cone shock wave. Because it is not bundled, it is able to release the high pressure gas behind a normal shock wave (Figure 14).

[0112] Efficiency studies involve identifying the energy that can be deposited to achieve optimal performance. However, the effects scale should also be noted, and the specific platform The amount of energy deposited in the foam is also a consideration for the platform / vehicle system. It should be noted that the decision can be made based on what is available. Even if the "tube" is opened wider than optimal, there is still increased range and velocity, lower Better mobility / projectiles in terms of fuel consumption and reduction of exhaust and noise / sonic boom performance (other benefits listed below) even if significantly less than optimal It is particularly useful to be able to obtain significant benefits when depositing energy. The actual capacity of the energy storage and power that can be included in the system depends on the available size, weight, and the amount and power available, and how much of these same parameters are relevant to the This flexible iterative process can be determined by how the technology is improved after adoption. This allows room for adoption of the technology in any system that can benefit from it. In addition, the energy required to open a given volume of low density gas varies depending on the ambient pressure. If we assume that the energy deposited in the air is proportional to the amount of energy encountered in increasing altitude, This effect is seen in the case of a given range of energy powers. The system opens up larger and larger "tube" diameters as the vehicle / projectile gains altitude. Instead of increasing the "tube" diameter, the Increased low density volume can be used to increase tube length, or both length and diameter. The increase in "tube" length is itself This results in increased velocity and, as shown in FIG. 13, a larger "tube" diameter. can help maximize efficiency at higher Mach numbers.

[0113] Representative from the dramatically altered flow dynamics resulting from flight through a low-density "tube." The density-profile frame is shown in Figure 14. The letters A, B, C, and D are the same as those in the resistance curve of Figure 11. (D represents when the cone traveled through the first part of the "tube"). and describes the deformation / protrusion of the tube resulting from the interaction of the tube with the cone. (not ).

[0114] The difference arising from the nearly settled density distribution in frame A and the following dynamics are As a result, the inventors realize several things: During normal flight, there is a strong arc-shaped shock wave and associated sonic boom, but the low density " Flying through a "tube" significantly reduces both the arc shock wave and the associated sonic boom. r; In normal flight, gases accelerated sideways and forwards by the cone flow into the bottom of the cone. As it leaves the low pressure / density region, the gas deposits energy and forms a low density "tube" When moving laterally from the front of the cone by forming a The accumulated gas in the enclosure recirculates behind the cone and serves to repressurize the base; This repressurized bottom reduces bottom resistance; The significantly higher gas density at the bottom leads to a certain level of propulsion products. Containment can also be provided, which greatly enhances the propulsion effectiveness of the exhaust system. and increases its effective impact by many times. This is usually due to the low density and low pressure bottom Recirculating atmospheric gases versus having a simple exhaust of high pressure products that are not confined to an area However, by preventing the backflow of the propellant products and utilizing their high pressure for a longer period of time, This is due to the above.

[0115] Staging of propulsion and energy deposition to optimize dynamics Considering a number of beneficial dynamics, the embodiments described herein improve efficiency and ,Flexibly apply it to take advantage of / synchronize the symbiotic effects / benefits of the various steps / processes This is especially true for length scales, ignition, air-fuel ratio, timing, repetition rate, Chemical processes, electrical discharges, laser pulses, microwave pulses, electron beams, valving / throttling This may involve the optimization of many possible parameters, including: nothing: Laser emission: In laser emission applications, one embodiment uses rear-facing optics. The driving laser beam is then refocused to heat and expand the gas or ablation products. and pushing it out from the rear end of the launch vehicle; launching it from the rear end of the launch vehicle; as a propulsion source One or more ground-based lasers. The laser system and launch vehicle: -Deposit some laser energy in front of the vehicle to create a low density "tube" Allows opening and reduces resistance; -Adjust the size of the moving body and throttle the internal path to drive the laser pulse ( (several) to allow sufficient heating of the propulsion air; - Regulating the gas flow in front of the vehicle to push the propellant gas more efficiently Sizing the moving body to form a high density backstop capable of -Delivers a drive laser pulse to activate the transition before the next laser pulse repeats the process. The moving body is designed to take full advantage of the low density "tube" and the propulsive pressure. PDE / Chemical Lasing / Pulsed Power: This type of system uses the This requires the same type of phasing / timing optimization considerations. However, in this case, The driving energy is a series of pulsed chemical detonations that occur inside the moving body. The timing of the detonation is controlled by properly timed valving and ignition. and the detonation generates the necessary energy to deposit upstream. It can really drive the process. Industrial and transportation applications: In these cases, similar timing and Applying system optimization and optimization to different propulsion systems, e.g. electric propulsion and magnetic levitation, By considering different potentials, the desired level of phasing can be achieved. Each element ensures optimal fluid flow and also reduces the amount of energy used. are used in on-board systems, for example propulsion and flotation systems.

[0116] As already mentioned, discharge not only offers dramatic benefits, but also controls aerodynamics. and finally use it to request powerful and efficient control over the moving object. One possible technique is to realize flexible geometries that can be used. When used, they must provide a conductive path to allow current to flow. The ability to "draw" a conductive path using a laser pulse (Figure 6) to induce / initiate a discharge (Figure 7) As demonstrated elsewhere, filament lasers offer the flexibility to produce any number of desired patterns. Such ionization paths can be created with sufficient precision and length to be traced.

[0117] An example is shown in FIG. 15, where the conductive path (108a, b) is connected to the point P I Intersecting currents at The second example of FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 is an actual discharge device. In this example, a laser pulse 111 is generated by three separate electrical The electrical current is directed to a lens / electrode assembly 102 which is electrically insulated (FIG. 17).

[0118] The adjustable (122) optical element 121 focuses the different pulses passing through each metal cone 123. The metal cone is bundled so that the filamentation starts as close as possible to the top of the metal cone. This allows for the best electrical connection. The metal cones are the best fit for the capacitor bank. When the ionization path is created, the capacitor is charged to its energy. As a result, the electrical energy stored in the capacitor is discharged along the path. is deposited in the air along the conductive paths in the form of ohmic heating.

[0119] Another embodiment is a system of several energy filters arranged / phased to achieve a number of objectives. A ghee release device can be used to achieve the desired flow control (Figures 18 and 19).

[0120] An array of energy emitting devices is illustrated in Figure 18. Energy Emitting Mechanism or Element An array of elements 106a, 106b, 106c are arranged in a body 101. The body 101 has an inner ring of elements 106b. The array comprises a central element 106a surrounded by an outer annular array of elements 106c. The entire array of elements 106 can be used to sequentially fire individual elements 106 or groups of elements 106. This increases the efficiency and magnitude of energy deposition. After expanding outward from the central heated core created by core element 106a, element 106 This is achieved by continuously pushing the fluid 105 outward in a cylindrical shape using an array of In this example, when the discharge is performed, the current flows through the other two elements 106b and 106a. The ionization path 108 that completes this conductive circuit is then followed by the next set of conductive paths and The discharge may be between 106c and 106a (or 106b).

[0121] In operation, as illustrated in FIG. 18 (top), the central element 106a and one or more of the inner arrays The upper element 106b can be fired to create a central heating core 160a. The cylindrical shock wave expands outward and may weaken as it expands. To add energy to the weakened cylindrical expansion, the example shown in Figure 18 (bottom) is Element 106b can be fired as shown. Further expansion will cause the outer array Element 106c may also be fired to maintain strong, continued expansion of heating core 160b.

[0122] A schematic diagram of a similar application involving a linear array of energy emitting devices 102 is illustrated in FIG. The energy emitting device 102 is attached to the moving body 101 and emits the energy from the innermost From the emission device 102a, the outermost energy emission device 102f, which is the furthest from the center line of the moving body 101 The continuous firing of the suction nozzles 140 causes the incoming fluid 105 to move outward along the wings 150 in a wave-like motion. Push out.

[0123] The energy emitting device 102 typically includes an electrical In addition, as already explained in connection with Figures 16 and 17, The energy emitting devices can be efficiently fired simultaneously to create the conductive path 108. The energy emission device 102 also uses an electrical discharge to direct the fluid 105 toward the tips of the wings 150. Fluid can also be fired in pairs in succession to sweep outwards. This method of sweeping toward the wing 150 also directs the fluid above and below the wing 150. Environmental sensors can be included to monitor performance, the environmental sensors including energy -Can be coupled to an energy emission device to modify various parameters of the deposition do.

[0124] In addition to reducing drag, there are several related benefits that come with the use of the energy deposition techniques described: There are advantages.

[0125] The Cobalt CFD solver was used to investigate the control forces and moments associated with this technology. The 3D staining process produces a low-density core that strikes the moving object over a continuous range of off-axis positions. The offset of the core position is shown as the upper part in Figure 20. In the implementation of the above, the initial position of the core is coaxial with the moving body, and then (without the angle of attack, the cone axis This resulted in a gradual upward movement of the of the core when offset by an amount ranging from the axis to approximately half the base diameter. A quasi-steady-state evaluation of the effects was then possible, which is shown diagrammatically in FIG. They extend this series of experiments to examine the full range of responses resulting from flight-aligned cores. was carried out.

[0126] Figure 21 shows the density, pressure, and temperature at the surface of a body. Moments and forces are the same The two moments are plotted as coefficients on the graph. The two moments are plotted as coefficients on the graph for different payloads / missions. These are examples of different centers of mass that produce stable flight for the Also, typically unstable moving bodies (whose centers of mass are behind the center of pressure) move through the low-density core. This is due to the higher density of the outer edge of the bottom. This is because the gas in the vehicle significantly shifts the center of pressure to the rear of the vehicle and behind the center of mass. This advantage in stabilizing an otherwise unstable design makes it much easier to ensure a stable hypersonic vehicle. This technology is flexible and eliminates the traditional constraints on the location of the center of mass. The advantages of this include reduced design constraints by allowing a much wider performance envelope; The use of significantly lower cost materials and a significant reduction in the requirements for fineness of the body, as well as the use of a thermal protection system Relaxation of TPS requirements results in significant weight savings, easier inlet (re)start, and Significantly reduced control / actuator hardware is also included.

[0127] Analytical upper bound estimates and calculated lower bounds for a general cone are given for altitude and Mach number. These upper and lower bounds are applicable to various applications. In some embodiments, the present invention provides limitations that are useful for evaluating the utility of this technology in, for example, A launch vehicle with a base of 1 m is needed to obtain useful effects over the entire range of Mach 6 to 20. A deposition power of 480 kW is available for the 1 / 5 diameter core at hypersonic speed. It can be opened 15 km away from the vehicle; a 1 / 2 diameter core can be opened 30 km away; and A full diameter core can be opened at an altitude of 45 km if only 10% of this power is available. The inventors were able to open the "tube" to about 1 / 3 of the diameter described, with improved efficiency, control, and And still further advantages can be obtained in terms of a significantly simplified design.

[0128] One of the current limiting factors for hypersonic mobility is the mitigation of the thermal effects of sustained hypersonic flight. In addition to reducing drag and enabling control of the vehicle, our approach The approach reduces the temperature of the moving surface and the heat generated. This reduces the weight of the TPS and the This allows for a significant reduction in the special material required for the edge. This allows for a significant improvement in the vehicle's performance by opening up a small diameter "tube" in front of the vehicle. has demonstrated a significant advantage in how pre-drilled holes aid in guiding larger nails. This will help guide the moving object as well as the moving object as a whole. It is useful to consider the extreme case of opening up a "tube" that can fit into the The athletes will be fixed into "tubes" similar to the Olympic luge sleds. The moving object can be intuitively understood. When the moving object starts to collide with the "tube" wall, The moving object experiences a very strong force pushing it back to the center. This is due to the vertical and other forces. It works in all directions, the moving object finds its position and the weight of the moving object is applied to the upward resistance force. As a result, the entire body acts as a lifting surface and Similarly, the same phenomenon that balances gravity can be achieved by distributing the forces and temperatures associated with it evenly. However, the entire body acts as a control surface in the sense that a restoring force is constantly applied to restrain the moving object within the tube. On the other hand, this can be achieved by simply moving the "tube" in the desired direction. This involves directing the laser pulse (which can be as easy as directing the initiation / guiding laser pulse). The force of the fluid causes the moving body to follow and distributes the control force over the entire body as needed. This makes the control very attractive because it ensures that the requirements by eliminating the need for heavy hypersonic actuator / control surface systems. The authors show that trade can be made to help accommodate the hardware required for their approach. In a particular case, each flap has a significant associated volume and weighs approximately 20 kg. These actuators require power from a gas cylinder or moving object. These have additional weight, volume requirements, and risks, and therefore should be eliminated. , which can offset the requirements of the energy deposition system.

[0129] As discussed above, the best approach to fully utilize the benefits of the techniques described herein is is to design a moving object based entirely on fluid dynamics, thereby reducing drag. , flight stabilization, design constraint reduction, lift / control / inlet / propulsion enhancement, and speed These offer numerous benefits, including dramatic advances in performance, range, payload, and fuel efficiency. This allows full utilization of the benefits that are typically found in otherwise optimized systems. This technology is a step change away from existing platforms by enabling incremental improvements in performance that cannot be achieved with conventional There are many ways that you can gradually "buy its way" to a platform. Some examples of this are: Depositing energy along a surface to eliminate unavoidable protrusions. Reducing resistance (e.g. vertical tails, joints, rivets, wipers, seams, etc.) These techniques include: In addition to the improved performance they can provide, these technologies can enable capabilities that are not normally achievable. One set of applications is shown in Fig. 22, where an oblique shock wave is used to strike a moving object. A hole is drilled into the tube from the side to allow the passage of the projectile / sub-mobile object as well as optical imaging. This includes the ability to facilitate monitoring and communication.

[0130] This piercing of the shock wave of the main vehicle is particularly useful in certain hypersonic flight applications. This can be valuable because opening holes allows the formation of pathways through which This allows images to be recorded more clearly and eliminates the holes that are usually encountered. Can a secondary body be launched from a primary mobile body without strong interaction with the shock wave? etc.

[0131] Further examples of high speed flow control and enhancement of supersonic / hypersonic propagation / transport include propulsion and internal External flow applications, particularly supersonic inlets starting, and squealing and other resonant sounds. These include reducing engine / augmentor noise. The inventors have used various electrode types, with or without lasers depending on the specific details. The inventors have also investigated wind tunnel performance, industrial / manufacturing processes, and surface discharges achieved by Terrestrial applications of energy deposition along the surface and / or in the open air to improve transport This applies to:

[0132] In the above flight applications, our primary concern is to achieve dramatic gains in capacity and efficiency. In ground-based industrial / manufacturing / transportation applications, size, weight, and Power constraints can be further alleviated. Want to remotely control uncooperative mobile objects This desire to deposit energy on a remote platform has also led the inventors to In the example, the fluid dynamics resulting from the deposition of energy remain the same. However, while reducing size / weight / power requirements to most efficiently deposit energy into the flow. Instead of carefully designing a platform of its own to make it work, the main work is now provides energy to a remote platform to control the dynamics of the platform; In this case, the energy is deposited by efficient discharge. Instead, the inventors ended up using less efficient lasers (and / or microstrips). The energy from the waves is then rapidly transferred to or near the surface of a remote platform. The cost of this energy (for its generation efficiency) is This is much higher than simply using the on-board discharge as the primary energy deposition source. In return, it locally modifies the drag and lift on the remote projectile / vehicle. Therefore, this energy can be transmitted over a long distance to meaningfully control the projectile / vehicle. Figure 23 shows the long distance capability in both still and flowing air. 1 shows a Schlieren image of the laser energy deposited on the surface. In the sinus test, we related our ability to disrupt surface flow and boundary layers. Also, a significant effect on both lift and drag on the wing could be measured.

[0133] Deposition into rapid / instantaneous energy flows faster than the flow can mechanically respond A number of embodiments and mechanisms are used, including laser, discharge, microwave, electron beam, etc. This can be achieved by creating a blast wave that dilutes a certain amount of gas at the The energy is deposited into various useful geometries that dramatically modulate the density / shape of the fluid. By combining these two techniques, excellent control can be achieved. This control occurs because the body interacts with the surrounding fluid density. The forces that arise when the body interacts with a region of dramatically reduced density. The typical geometry is a spherical shape formed outside the body and and low density regions ("tubes") of the cylinder and "hemispherical" and "hemicylinder" shapes formed along the surface. These geometries are characterized by non-linear (relative to the surrounding density) Greater reduction in resistance, heating, pressure, and shock waves when moving through a fluid with a constantly lower density This allows for dramatic increases in speed, efficiency, control, and overall performance that flow directly from the The most advantageous use of this innovative approach is to maximize effectiveness over the entire desired operating range. To achieve beneficial dynamics, inlet, timing, and thrust can be adjusted. The aim is to design systems based on existing or near-future platforms. These benefits are included to "adopt" the techniques and / or enable specific capabilities. Such efforts can be pursued on a smaller scale by : Individual reduction of strong shock / resistance / heating / pressure, among other things; internal flow of high-speed propulsion units control; inlet (re)start at low Mach numbers; ground testing; manufacturing; ground transportation; and The supersonic / hypersonic platform is used to facilitate the passage of optical signals and sub-vehicles. The shock wave generated by the shock wave may include drilling a hole.

[0134] Several fundamental physical mechanisms explain the dramatic advances they offer in controlling high-speed flows. This is the basis of various embodiments in the deposition of energy to achieve high speed flight and Our approach revolutionizes flow control, and in certain embodiments, we The goal is to move air preferentially and optimize how the air works. When efficiently and instantly ("rapidly") deposited at one point, it creates a spherical shock wave, with 1-2 The energy flows instantaneously along the line. When the material is piled up over time, this same expansion occurs, creating a low-density system that contains about 1-2% the density of the surrounding air. The volume we "open" depends on the amount of energy we deposit. is directly proportional to the energy and to the pressure of the surrounding air, and therefore is The energy required to open a given low-density volume is much faster than that required for hypersonic flight (as hypersonic flight typically occurs). The advantages of flying through 1-2% ambient density over flying through ambient density are numerous: These include: significant reduction in drag; enhanced stability; significant reduction in energy use; No nick boom; Reduced stagnation temperature and pressure; Reduced noise; Bottom repressurization (bottom Eliminates drag on the propulsion system and greatly improves the propulsion effectiveness of the propulsion system; Reduces exhaust emissions; and This includes a dramatic increase in flight envelope at altitude.

[0135] The main effect we exploit when developing new applications is the instantaneous release of It is our ability to add energy and change the shape of that density. The evolution of large amounts of energy concentrated along point and line sources has been thoroughly characterized. In Plooster's detailed computer studies, he found that the instantaneous deposition of energy We present his data in dimensionless units for an infinite source of radiation (Figs. 24 to 26). In this case, the energy is deposited at r=0, the distance from the origin (in 1D cylindrical coordinates) is In each graph, λ is plotted along the abscissa. , the characteristic radius R of the actual distance r o =(E o / bγp o ) 1 / 2 where E0 is the ratio of is the energy deposited per unit length, P0 is the pressure ahead of the shock, and γ = 1.4 and b is 3.94. Several plots are drawn on each graph, and above each line These numbers represent the dimensionless time τ, which is a characteristic time of real time t. Time t o =R o / a o where a is the ratio of o is the speed of sound in the surrounding air ahead of the shock wave All fluid parameters are calculated based on the fluid parameters of the surrounding atmosphere ahead of the cylindrical shock wave. The pressure (p / p o ), radial velocity (u / a o ), and the density (ρ / ρ0).

[0136] A further utility of these results is that Plooster can perform the This comes from the fact that these results were verified using a small variation in The long-term dynamics are similar to those of the ideal source, with essentially identical initial conditions, but with a more diffuse A range of deposited energy from a single source, e.g., multiple sources, up to a finite spread This result shows that the present invention is effective in reducing / controlling the shock wave along a wide area in front of the shock wave. It is sufficiently logical to further encompass every method that scientists might consider for depositing energy. It appears to be a bust.

[0137] Figure 25 shows the expansion shock wave rotation at about τ = 0.147 when a cylindrical shock wave propagates radially outward. This shows sound waves from a blast wave pushing open a low density tube as an expanding cylinder pushes the sound waves away. The characteristic compression and rarefaction occurs at approximately τ = 0.2 in the pressure trace of Figure 24. As a result, this time corresponds roughly to the time when the low-density tubes begin to It stops expanding rapidly and remains nearly stationary from about τ=0.14 to well beyond τ=6.0. Figure 26 shows the time it takes for the sonic shock wave to propagate radially outward. The very low density core remains effectively stationary and varies from radius λ = 0 to approximately λ = 0.5. The beauty and usefulness of this long low density cylindrical core is that The cylindrical core lasts for a very long time and can be used as a low density passage. the moving body (and / or the high pressure air being pushed forward by the moving body, and / or the relief The high-pressure gas that must be removed from the exhaust pipe can pass through the exhaust pipe with virtually no resistance. be.

[0138] A parametric study was performed to characterize the effect of low density tubes on the body in flight. To do this, we used parameters and scales from the Plooster results to model low-density regions of various radii. The energy required to open the tube was estimated. Specifically, the simulations Along the streamline ahead of the arc-shaped shock wave generated by a supersonic / hypersonic cone (in this case is a theory on the reduction of shock and drag caused by the sudden accumulation of heat (along the stagnation line). The purpose of this study is to show the usefulness of the line-deposit geometry. The advantage is that it extends the duration of impact reduction / resistance reduction without the continuous application of energy. This allows the instantaneous energy deposition mechanism to be repeated in the form of successive pulses. If energy is suddenly / instantaneously deposited, the air expands as shown above and becomes a low density "chamber". This ideal stationary low density tube (and the expansion of the deposited energy) Two mechanisms that act to destroy the spherical or other shape formed by the nucleus are: (i) heat (ii) buoyancy; and (ii) thermal diffusion. In fact, these two mechanisms act on non-uniform density distributions. As a result, both interfacial and bulk fluid instabilities occur.

[0139] As with a hot air balloon (without the balloon), thermal buoyancy creates a high and low temperature inside the "tube" or "bubble". It is driven by the buoyancy of the dense gas. It is driven by viscosity, instability, other dissipative forces, and light air. Ignoring the very low terminal velocity of the object, the highest upward acceleration that a low-density gas can encounter is The velocity is the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m / s 2 ) The length scale of general interest to us is So, 1 cm can be considered small, but it is not a meaningful movement for low density gas. At the unrealistic upper limit of full gravitational acceleration, the gas would move 1 cm in about 0.05 seconds. This movement is generally characterized by fairly low density features on the order of centimeters or larger. This is much faster than thermal diffusion, which should have a significant effect on the To account for a number of assumptions that make this possible, we assume that significant low density features are at least 0. During this time, even if the vehicle is moving at Mach 0.9, it will move about 30 m. This means that any target moving object can interact with any low-density structure that the inventors wish to form. Provide sufficient time to complete the interaction.

[0140] For low density features of significant size (e.g. features larger than a few centimeters), these features The time scale for the signature to dissipate by thermal diffusion is longer than the time scale of thermal buoyancy estimated above. Thermal diffusion is essentially the flow of thermal energy along a temperature gradient, Eventually, thermal equilibrium is reached (i.e., heat is transferred from the hot gas to the adjacent cooler gas). As can be seen from Fig. 26, the interface of the “tube” has a very strong density gradient, which is very This corresponds to a very strong temperature gradient at the interface of the low density "tube". Because this effect occurs at the surface and acts on small length scales, this effect is extremely Small features on the ends, e.g., very small diameter spheres or very small diameter "tubes" Most notable in.

[0141] A prime example where small, low-density features play a major role is the laser pulse blasting a sample of the material in air. The energy deposited in the plasma creates a very small diameter nucleus that acts as a precursor to the discharge. This occurs when creating a low density tube. In this case, the diameter of the low density tube is By meter, it can be on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers or more. In such cases, the inventors imaged the dynamics of the "tubes" and observed their 100 microns size. We have evaluated lifetimes from a few seconds to a millisecond (Fig. 8) and further studies have confirmed these time scales. It was used for diagnosis.

[0142] These very small, low-density "tubes" formed by intense laser pulses The main role played by this is to deposit a great deal of energy along the path. The goal of the device is to help induce and initiate electrical discharges that can reach the Earth's surface. These discharges last for approximately 10 6 m / sec or At higher velocities, the discharge is generated along a small precursor path and can easily propagate for tens of meters. This will give the tube a sufficient lifespan.

[0143] The ionization pathways and tiny "tubes" created by the laser One additional problem that can be encountered is the effect of turbulence. In practice, this is problematic for several reasons. It has been shown that this is not such a big problem: (i) to propagate the laser pulse, (ii) filament and focused pulses are not only turbulent but also require several tens of nanoseconds; Propagation has been demonstrated to survive through complex high-speed shock / turbulent flows (one example is (iii) the expected discharge Development takes several microseconds. Uses discharges in larger operationally useful "tubes." On these time scales and dynamics that are essential for the formation of turbulence, the turbulence This is not a major obstacle since the time scale is much slower than that of

[0144] The standard feature we use to consider aerodynamic advantage is Plooster's approximately This is a low-density core that has been shown to extend down to λ = 0.5 (Figure 26). If we want the radius of the a to be a certain value, we use λ=r / R o Using the definition of E o ) can be calculated, where R o =(E o / 5.34×p o ) 1 / 2 and p o is the ambient air pressure (the constant 5.34 is derived using the value of γ, which is the water vapor pressure). (It is slightly different from 1.4 to account for the temperature difference in air, and can be calculated for dry air.) Therefore, we can determine the energy per length required to form a low-density core of radius r. First, the inventors o =5.34×po × R o 2 Then, rearrange the data so that , R o Denoting by terms λ and r, we say: E o =5.34×p o ×(r / λ) 2 The inventors obtain The main value of λ that we consider important is λ=0.5, since this is the approximate dimensionless width of the low-density core. The main dimensions that provide us with physical information are the dimensions that we want to create. is the actual radius r of the low-density core. As can be expected, to form a given low-density core, The energy required per unit length to For example, E o =21.5×p o ×(r) 2 Accounting for the additional factor 1 / 2 (squared), the actual energy The formula for calculating gy / length is: E o =5.34×p o ×(r) 2

[0145] To obtain the total energy required, we calculate E o Simply multiply by the length of the heating path. This length is one of the parameters of the system that should be optimized during the testing phase. and when determining the pulse repetition rate, which must also be optimized However, we have determined some nominal gas heating requirements. Here we consider a range of pulse energies and average powers so that they can be determined. Select the nominal value of

[0146] One approach is to heat the gas ahead of the moving object, creating a new low-density "core" " to prevent a "break" in the hot path, so that the front , causing it to collide with the rear of the leading core. However, the power and total energy deposition The energy-saving method involves leaving a gap of unheated air between each successive core. This allows us to calculate the time required to actually recreate the arc-shaped shock wave in front of the moving body. When the arc shock wave of the moving object is regenerated, the next heating core is It serves to dissipate the arc-shaped shock wave again. It effectively blocks the moving object after it leaves the low density core. The actual distance to recreate the shock wave depends on the vehicle's shape, angle of attack, and flight parameters. Whatever this length may be, we believe that the energy deposition length and repetition rate This distance can be accommodated by adjusting the repeat rate. If they adjust these values ​​to allow a tube to form, the length of the tube will be This is the same distance required to create a new arc-shaped shock wave (we measure the distance along the stagnation line). Since the ratio of unheated gas to heated gas is 1:1, the inventors were able to determine the potential of the energy deposition. The force required can be halved. A similar phenomenon occurs when using spot heating in front of a moving object. In fact, the optimum ratio of hot core length to unheated length was determined by wind tunnel testing. This parameter will be determined through experiments and more detailed simulations. Our main motivation for optimally using this parameter is to It appears that the shock wave takes a particularly long time to "regenerate" after it leaves the low-density "tube." This is because the above conceptual In some cases, such an approach could save 50% of the energy we deposit. and the inventors have demonstrated that (by halving the energy input to achieve the same benefits) This would double the current efficiency.

[0147] The reason for considering the above method(s) of heating an extended air path is to improve shock wave control. The inventors have proposed a method for the time-domain heating of a point before a shock wave. We start by judging from the solution research and then summarize the experiments we have performed: Areas of extended heating are timed.

[0148] A beautiful time-resolved wind tunnel study by Adelgren et al. (Figs. 27 and 28) shows that a spherical model at Mach 3.45 This makes it possible to observe the effect of energy deposition on the arc-shaped shock wave of the laser. The region is approximately a point source, but is somewhat elongated along the pulse propagation direction and is aligned with the wind tunnel airflow. The beam is generated in the transverse direction (entering the side of the wind tunnel). The resulting heat is This evolution as an expanding spherical shock wave has been widely discussed. The main feature of this expansion is the outward movement of high density / high pressure waves, creating hot, low density "bubbles". This low density "bubble" is the spherical blast wave that leaves a central area. The sonic shock wave then continues to expand outward and decays. Stop when you do.

[0149] Figure 27 shows the addition of about tens of mJ to the flow using a 10 nanosecond infrared pulse. A spherical shock wave expansion is observed as it advances downstream. A low density "bubble" It is found that a decaying sonic shock wave maintains its virtually constant radius as it continues to expand. This low density "bubble" has energy that flows along a line, as quantified by Plooster. As they are deposited a spherical resemblance to a cylindrical low density "tube / core" is formed.

[0150] Figure 28 shows the same geometry with a spherical wind tunnel model placed in the flow behind the energy deposit. When superimposed on the Schlieren image, the laser-induced spherical expansion is seen to be The pressure distribution when interacting with the shock wave is shown. Using the surface of the model as the zero axis, , the "circular" line in front of the model is the reference surface pressure (measured when the flow is undisturbed). The other line is the surface pressure measured when the picture was taken. The flame is generated by a stream of low-density laser-heated "bubbles" passing through pressure ports on the surface of the model. This demonstrates the instantaneous pressure drop when

[0151] Figure 29 shows the time evolution of pressure at the stagnation point (the point with the largest pressure fluctuation) of the model. As the low density "bubbles" interact with the model and the shock wave, the pressure rises. , when a high-density expanding shock wave first interacts with the model shock wave and pressure sensor. Then, when the low density "bubbles" follow, a pressure drop occurs. This causes the An outward plume of 30 is generated, which then transforms into an arc-shaped shock wave structure. The result is a laser-heated gas and a supersonic object arc shock wave and The simple nature of the interaction with the flow field is demonstrated.

[0152] To investigate more efficient cylindrical geometries, PM&AM Research conducted wind tunnel experiments. Some preliminary experimental work was done to assess what was needed, and the inventors A conventional shock wave is impinged on various low density geometries to investigate the effect of shock-tube geometry Analytical calculations and numerical simulations were also carried out. These considerations were The authors suggest that there is a great advantage to using the metric to measure the energy of a given amount at a point in front of the shock wave or at a point in the were deposited along the same shock wave front line (oriented in the direction of shock wave propagation). This allows the gas to mix to some extent, and the overall impact on the shock wave is minimal. For sonic vehicles, very little air travels through the vehicle's path with a "point-heat" geometry. Almost half of the gas expands toward the moving object and enters the shock wave of the moving object. While the other half of the bomb hits the moving object head-on, the other half of the bomb moves away from the moving object, creating a shock wave In contrast, the acceleration of a steep line In the case of heat, almost all of the cylindrically expanding gas is pushed laterally out of the path of the moving body. The migrants preferentially move into the low density tubes (or at least away from the stagnation line). The temperature, pressure, and other properties at the leading edge and along the entire front of the moving body are observed. The gas then moves laterally before the vehicle encounters it, and the gas then moves laterally. When the gas moves to the The vacuum is then recirculated to the rear of the moving body. This recirculation is usually performed when the bottom of the vacuum is re-applied. This not only eliminates the resistance at the bottom, but also allows the propulsion system to be pushed. These dynamics provide a denser medium in which the propulsion can occur, thus dramatically increasing the propulsion efficiency. The dynamics are shown in Figure 14 and a parametric study of the dramatic drag reduction and energy savings. These are reported in the appendix and references to this overview.

[0153] When the moving body fully utilizes the heating path (core), another heated path is formed momentarily. The size and speed of the moving body, as well as the length of the heating cores and the spacing between successive cores, can be determined by the following factors: The repetition rate is based on the length of any unheated space that is allowed to remain.

[0154] The technique proposed by the inventors is based on a precisely defined extended geodesic zone in front of the shock wave of a moving object. It relies heavily on the coupling of electromagnetic energy into air at the orbit of the laser. Spark has been studied since its great success in the 1960s. Other contributing mechanisms, such as soot and carrier diffusion, have also been identified. However, in our application, we require a non-simple spark in air. The inventors have developed a well-controlled, extended zone that should be heated as efficiently as possible. These methods can still be optimized and the present invention One of their main concerns is the ionization and excitation that arise from a laser pulse propagating through the atmosphere. It is energy accumulation.

[0155] The advantage of using ultraviolet wavelengths is the controllable ionization and energy deposition. Researchers are using infrared lasers to deposit energy into the air, One advantage is that the available infrared laser amplifier materials are The first is its wide range, and the second is its very strong heating and ionization capabilities. The relatively large amount of secondary light produced by infrared absorption reduces the amount of energy available for heating the air. The energy will be reduced.

[0156] Comparing ultraviolet and infrared laser-induced ionization, the actual mechanism are quite different. One main difference is that the higher frequency of ultraviolet light makes it The advantage of this is that it can penetrate a wider range of plasma. This is because the light is reflected by the ionized gas. To avoid this, the laser frequency must exceed the plasma frequency of ionization. So the (low frequency) infrared laser starts to ionize the gas. Immediately, the infrared laser is strongly reflected by the newly created plasma, The result is generally that the energy remaining in the pulse is a single ionized spot that prevents the pulse from propagating toward the target or along the path of the pulse. A series of plasma "spheres". In the case of a single ionized spot, the typical elongation is The laser-induced detonation wave propagates backward toward the laser, and various mechanisms This detonation wave can occur along the pulse width. 5 Propagates at a speed of m / sec This allows for a method for forming an extended high temperature path in front of the moving body. Unfortunately, at best, the inventors believe that the Relatively short paths (on the order of centimeters) that are likely to be effective only in small applications However, the infrared-induced formation of a series of plasma spheres has been reported in several Even this "dotted" line does not meet the "extension" required by the inventors. This can serve as an approximation of the formation of a “closed high temperature path.”

[0157] Another difference between the ionization mechanisms of infrared and ultraviolet light is the "avalanche" or "cascade" effect. The result of these analyses is the competition between single-photon ionization and multiphoton ionization. Longer, shorter pulses, and lower pressure gas all promote multiphoton ionization and produce more Longer wavelengths, longer pulses, and higher gas pressures promote cascade ionization. Scathode ionization occurs in the presence of high photon densities via inverse bremsstrahlung. This process is assisted by the gas atoms / molecules, which absorb the momentum of the laser photon and then transport the electron forward. The increased momentum of the free electron causes it to collide with another electron bound to the gas atom / molecule. This continues until the particle has enough kinetic energy to be ionized by the impact. This results in two electrons absorbing a photon and increasing their kinetic energy. These dynamics Then, one electron finds enough photons, enough gas molecules to interact with, and a large number of As long as there is enough time for the steps, the single electron can be multiplied any number of times. An estimate of the threshold strength required to achieve this resolution is: I th ≒(ω 2 +ν eff 2 )×(τ p ×ν eff ) -1 In the formula, ν eff is the effective rate of momentum transfer between electrons and gas particles (proportional to the gas pressure) ω is the laser frequency; τ p is the pulse width. I th But the lower the laser It is clear that the luminance decreases with increasing frequency, higher pressure, and longer pulse length.

[0158] In the case of multiphoton ionization, non-ionized gas atoms / molecules and (which provide the ionization energy) Higher order collisions occur within n photons (enough to supply the electrons). The photon potential is 15.5 eV, and the 248 nm KrF radiation has a photon energy hν of 5 eV. At least four such photons are needed to provide 15.5 eV for the ion. The conversion is considered to be a four-photon process (i.e., n=4). In this case, n = 13, and in the case of 10.6 μm photons and hν = 0.1165 eV, n = 134 photon processes. (very unlikely collisions). Using further rules of thumb, we find that multiphoton ionization dominates. Certain pulse lengths can be shown: P×τ p <10 -7 (Torr×s)

[0159] This means that at atmospheric pressure, τ pis less than 100 picoseconds for multiphoton ionization, which should be dominant. longer pulses with more energy should be at lower pressures (higher altitudes) ) can be used.

[0160] As already mentioned, the cascade ionization that occurs during a long infrared pulse occurs over most of the pulse. In the case of an ultraviolet pulse, the ionized region is The device can be used to ionize an extended region of gas, while remaining relatively transparent. In fact, the area centered on the optical focus of the system, a single "ray" extending in any direction, Lee range (z R ) can be ionized:

number

[0161] Comparing the energies required by the two different ionization mechanisms, we It turns out that short UV pulses are much more efficient / effective at forming conductive pathways.248 Using radiation of 10 nm 13 e - / cm 3 ionized to 1 cm in diameter 2and the length is 1 meter To generate an air passage of only 2.4 mJ of pulse energy is required. This avoids the problem of plasma reflection, and the infrared laser is focused on the ion beam in the same passage. If it can be used for quantification, it will almost always do so (2.7 × 10 19 e - / cm 3 ),about A pulse energy of 6.4 J is required. The total energy used from the laser is However, the conversion of electricity to laser light is generally very expensive due to its inefficient nature. Then, a laser filament couples energy into the gas to open a low-density passageway with a very small diameter. If a septum is formed in the air, this low-density pathway can be used to generate a high-energy discharge. The low density passages couple the energy into the air much more efficiently than a laser. The energy emitted by the discharge is also It is much cheaper to produce than ghee. It combines the most useful elements of each deposition method. In matching the 1.06 μm laser, we found that when preionization was performed, One possible benefit of this phenomenon is that the ionization of the air by the laser pulse is enhanced. The method strategically couples infrared light into air using ionization from an ultraviolet laser to produce infrared light. The goal of this process is to show where the linear energy deposition occurs. In addition, ultraviolet light can be generated as a harmonic of infrared light. It overcomes the ionization produced by the laser pulse and couples the energy into the air to create a low-density This low density pathway is important in that it allows charges to flow more easily. This allows the discharge to travel much faster along the path of the ionizing laser pulse. The short time scales involved also allow the formation of metastable species during the onset of the discharge, e.g. This increases the facilitating effect that metastable oxygen can have. A potential alternative method of coupling low-cost energy into the region of gas being thinned is microwaves. This research into this combination is currently in its early stages.

[0162] Laser pulsing techniques significantly expand our options for heating extended paths. The major advance in the technique has been the development of filament formation. Most of this work has been on infrared filaments. Wire filaments are recommended to overcome / complement many of the shortcomings of using infrared wavelengths. According to one theory, ultraviolet filaments can be kilometers long and emit a few joules. of energy, has a radius of about 100 μm, and has an energy of 1×10 12 e - / cm 3 ~1×10 16 e - / cm 3 of In contrast, infrared filaments deliver more than a few mJ of energy. When this energy is depleted (by loss of propagation), the filament Brodeur explains that most of the filament energy is When diffracted from the more highly ionized inner core, the large penumbral diameter of 1 mm eter), which was later demonstrated by simulation. This light is used for the formation of new filaments when the previous filament is destroyed. It remains as a reservoir.

[0163] Comparing ultraviolet and infrared, an ultraviolet filament loses about 40 μJ / m, and about 2×10 15 e - / cm 3 It has been shown that this produces ionization of It has been reported that this results in more than 20 times the ionization achieved by the ionizer, resulting in a 20-fold increase in electrical conductivity. Another beneficial feature is that Ultraviolet filaments do not lose energy through a "cone of radiation" of light, and therefore This uses the energy of the gas more efficiently to ionize and heat it. This is because the discharge occurs This translates into more efficient formation of small, low density tubes that facilitate

[0164] The theoretical results are shown in FIG. 30 and show the relationship between field strength and ionization on a length scale of meters. Given sufficient initial energy and pulse duration, These vibrations occur within an envelope that can extend for kilometers. In both Figures 30 and 31, the vertical axis is in μm and the horizontal axis is in meters. The lines in Figure 31 represent the filament boundaries for an initial power of 160 MW, where the beam effectively widens. The predictions of this model are in good agreement with experiment. Ionization and photon density The similarity of the infrared filament in vibration between the filament array and the This suggests a potentially interesting interplay between the individual "boundary" fields. This may allow crosstalk or energy exchange between the array filaments. Such an array is initially designed to have a maximum local intensity at a particular point relative to the nuclear filament. The beam profile is then formed by creating a 1 meter long beam. The array of thin filaments deposits energy in a highly concentrated and controlled manner. One possibility to combine the two would be to use a quartz crystal to act as a waveguide for infrared light. The intensity of the infrared light will ionize the gas. The intensity can be lower than that normally required to achieve the desired thermal stability, but the intensity between the ultraviolet filaments can be reduced. The ionized region will help couple infrared radiation into the gas, eliminating the need for This would allow efficient coupling of infrared radiation into the gas without the need for extremely high field strengths. Such complementary approaches address the (typically too strong) issue of infrared ionization and associated waste. The low density formed by the ultraviolet filament can be mitigated. The optical passages can also direct infrared light more effectively.

[0165] The first method we focused on to cost-effectively increase heat accumulation is to use a laser. using a low density region created by an ionized ribbon or filament of gas; It forms the nucleus of the discharge and guides the discharge.

[0166] This was achieved by guiding an 80 mJ, 1 picosecond laser pulse through two toroidal electrodes. This was done by creating an ionization path between these electrodes. The laser ionized pathways are maintained at a voltage lower than the discharge voltage. A low-density path was formed between the electrodes, which became the nucleus of the discharge and guided the discharge in a straight line. (Figure 32). This precursor laser pulse can reduce the threshold breakdown voltage by 25-50%. (The threshold breakdown voltage is typically about 20-30 kV / cm at sea level.) This improvement in breakdown voltage is due to: A number of mechanisms result, the main advantage being the small amount of energy deposited by the laser pulse itself. Longer filaments are obtained from small low density areas / tubes opened by the grease. - Initiation / induction discharge was demonstrated as shown in Figure 7, and an intermediate length of 2 m was generated. do.

[0167] We also demonstrated that the ion beam formed by multiple laser pulses, as shown in FIG. A discharge was generated by connecting the multiple paths (Figure 33).

[0168] To further address the practical implementation of this technology on real platforms, The axially-formed laser was propagated through an aerodynamic window, which has historically been used to provide high-intensity Used to "separate" two areas through which the laser energy must propagate This is because the laser intensity is high enough that the energy is This is necessary when the beam cannot pass through the solid window without catastrophic destruction of both the Rather than separating the different regions with solid windows, aerodynamic windows separate them with cross airflow. High pressure air expands through the nozzle / throat, creating shock and rarefaction waves on either side of the window. This creates a strong pressure gradient across the window (perpendicular to the flow direction). When the high and low pressures match the external pressures on either side of the window, the laser pulse can pass through. If small holes are drilled (see Figure 34), the fluid passes through the window or enters / exits the window. There is little or no flow through the

[0169] Use of aerodynamic windows provides clean separation between the energy release device and any external atmospheric conditions This can range from static applications at sea level to supersonic / hypersonic applications at various altitudes. In fact, the flow within the aerodynamic window changes with changing external conditions (e.g. altitude and It can be adjusted to suit the external pressure variations due to the speed / geometry of the moving object. do.

[0170] In our demonstration, the filament was propagated from the vacuum side of the aerodynamic window (Figure 34) to the surrounding atmosphere. The filaments were also formed by the propagation of turbulence / shocks in the aerodynamic window from the atmosphere. It propagates through the beam flow and experiences pressures ranging from 4 Torr to 80 Torr (approximately 0.53 kPa to 10.67 kPa). At these low pressures, the filament became defocused and exited the low pressure chamber through a solid window. It was reported that the filaments formed again under atmospheric conditions. The study demonstrates the robust nature of the ultraviolet filament and demonstrates its suitability for a wide range of applications, including supersonic / hypersonic applications. Too vulnerable to be deployed on and from any platform This eliminates concerns that

[0171] Radiation is a cost-effective way of depositing large amounts of "low-cost" energy into the air. Similar to our technique for coupling electricity to a laser plasma, microwave energy can also be used. Plasma set by laser is more cost-effective than laser energy A cost-effective way to increase the energy deposited in the air along the geometry of The plasma produced by the laser can also serve as a means of dissipating energy. Two related benefits of using microwaves to couple more efficiently into air are: ) there is no need to close a circuit to combine energy; (ii) there is no need to leave the energy Multiple energy depositions can be performed at high speeds and can be beneficial. Combining techniques, in particular laser pulses and / or filters of different wavelengths, Even more flexibility including lament, electrical discharge, microwave pulse, and / or electron beam. Certain conceptual geometries and resulting combinations have been reported and the inventors also investigated the details of the coupling of short microwave pulses into laser plasmas and filaments. is.

[0172] The various individual mechanisms that occur in succession to achieve the desired aerodynamic advantage are listed in Table 1. Appropriate consideration should be given to the response times of all sensors and electronics used in the entire system. Summarize the conceptual timescales involved in each step of the conceptual application to provide context The table shows two relaxation mechanisms, thermal diffusion and thermal buoyancy, and the regions where they dominate. The very weak current formed by the filament itself (which allows the discharge to occur) is compared to the For very small "tubes", thermal diffusion acts to eliminate the hotter, less dense tubes. This is the fastest mechanism. In this case, the tube is driven for just a few microseconds to generate the discharge. The large amount of energy deposited by the discharge remains for time scales longer than seconds. In the larger "tube" formed by the The rate-limiting factor for breaking down the tubes is negligible (acting at the interface of the high-temperature and high-density gases). The mechanism is thermal buoyancy and instability, which causes a significant shock to the tube for milliseconds. This time is sufficient for even the slowest moving object to propagate through the tube. The time scale required to actually open the tube was also estimated, and this estimate is sufficient for even the fastest moving object to gain the advantage of flying through the tube. Fast enough to open the tube in a matter of hours (often without needing a laser) Many applications are possible, including flow control by depositing energy into the During the energy deposition, the applicable time scales remain roughly the same. The time scale for coupling of microwave energy into the laser plasma has yet to be clearly quantified. The study does not address this time scale because it does not yet have a detailed analysis of the Table 1: Basic timescales for conceptual applications Ultrashort pulse lasers have a pulse width of about 10 13 ~10 16 e - Form a filament with a plasma density of / cc a. Speed ​​of light: (3×10 8 m / sec) → 1 ft / nanosecond (30.48 cm / nanosecond) Electrons recombine: energy (i.e., heat) is transferred to the gas b. The plasma recombines in about 10 ns (maximum 100 ns) Opens small, low-density passages (allowing discharge) c. Opens in a few tens of nanoseconds (destruction begins due to thermal diffusion over 100 microseconds to 1 millisecond) Generate a discharge d.10 6 ~10 7 m / s → 10 ft / microsecond (304.8 cm / nanosecond) The discharge lasts for a few microseconds e. Ohmic heating of the gas by passing an electric current through it (linear lightning) Open large low density passages f. Destruction due to thermal buoyancy after tens of microseconds to hundreds of microseconds (tens of milliseconds), This allows low-resistance propagation over tens of meters for a moving object moving at 1 km / s. The total time for this entire process is approximately the same as the time it takes to open the large tube (about 100 microseconds). equal g. A moving object moving at a speed sufficiently fast (1-3 km / sec) compared to the flight speed must use a large tube. In the time it takes to open, the object moves only 10-30 cm, and the object moves several tens of cm through the tube. (Can move tens of meters in a matter of milliseconds)

[0173] In considering various applications, hardware and latency are important factors to consider. and their consideration in determining the timing chain for a particular application is herein It is suggested that we should emphasize the importance of making realistic estimates and building a work system. To this end, (in addition to the basic timescales summarized in Table 1) For example, the time scale of the inlet unstart In the mitigation of (inlet unstart), the physical time scale is important, but the sensor, signal , and any processing (we prefer purely hardware solutions where possible) (preferably by using a 10-second timer) but can add to waiting time (especially when sensors, because other hardware items are typically faster). Taking our flow control approach further, we have compared it to other currently available technologies. Roach's fast response time stands out.

[0174] The inventors have developed an energy Some subtle issues of deposition in the flow of water are discussed. A more physical / intuitive understanding of the dynamics is presented. To help deepen the understanding and stimulate future development of this broad range of innovative technologies, They're working on a ton of details to fundamentally change how people fly.

[0175] So far, energy has been used to move fluid, e.g., air, laterally out of the path of an object. The deposition of ions reduces resistance, thereby promoting forward motion of the object. The energy deposition is disclosed in various other patents [citing the Kremeyer patent]. In one embodiment of the drag reduction, the object is Energy is deposited to create a moving low density region. This low density region has a finite range, and as the object moves to maintain the advantage of propagation through low density areas. Additional low density regions can be formed in the vicinity of the surface of the substrate. These regions can be formed very close to each other. If this is achieved, it is possible to form a nearly continuous low-density region and enjoy the benefits of nearly continuity. Low density regions require energy to establish, which reduces their benefits. It is more effective to make optimal use of the “best advantage” definition / goal depending on the application and These benefits may vary based on the relative value of the benefits and resources involved. Although not guaranteed, it is possible to choose a combination of speed, range, energy, weight, and sound, among other possibilities. These include acoustic characteristics, momentum, time, power, size, payload, effectiveness, accuracy, and maneuverability. These advantages vary depending on the application and the specific parameters. must be tailored to a given implementation and its specific conditions and goals. The inventors have developed concepts for tailoring specific embodiments and methods to optimize desired benefits. The present invention incorporates the concept of pulsed energy deposition synchronized with a pulse event or a unique event. Some examples are provided below.

[0176] (Synchronized Pulse Operation for High Speed ​​Aircraft / Projectile Applications) In a previous disclosure, the dynamics of a moving object moving through a low density tube was disclosed. A pulse effect has been demonstrated that begins when the body enters the low density tube. This effect is It lasts for a certain period of time, the period depending on the length of the low density tube and the speed of the moving object. 14A-14D are arranged in sequence and show the approximate relative time for each. The gap is separated by a resistive trace in the inset. One aspect of the dynamics to note is that A cone-shaped conceptual moving object is a low-density tube formed by a line of deposited energy. Resistance of the conceptual moving object as it passes through a denser sheath of air surrounding it This higher density sheath dilutes the lower density tube. The gas is pushed outward in a cylindrical shape to move the moving object into the low density part of the tube. At time D, the moving object enters the first part of the tube and encounters a greatly reduced resistance. traverses the length and re-establishes steady-state flow conditions as evidenced by the resistance curve An additional point to note is that the passage of the moving object through the low density tube The seemingly complete elimination of the mid-air shock wave and associated far-field sonic boom.

[0177] Beyond these aspects of great interest, one important aspect of the dynamics is the redistribution density is the pressure distribution around the moving body resulting from

[0178] As can be seen in FIG. 14A, before the migrating body enters the low density portion of the tube, the migrating body The density at the base of the moving body is extremely low. This rarefied low density / low pressure region at the base of the moving body is a typical ultra-low pressure region. This is the result of sonic / hypersonic fluid dynamics. This region is responsible for throwing snow out of the path of the snowplow. The snowplow (leaving a cleared area behind it) is also moving forward and to the side from the vehicle. This dynamic also arises from the gas in the path of the moving object being pushed in the opposite direction. This is similar to the kinetics we use to deposit energy to form low density regions. In either case, the gas is forced outwards, leaving behind a rarefied region. This is in contrast to the typical case of supersonic / hypersonic flight, where no energy is deposited in front of the moving object. In contrast, the mechanical energy imparted by the moving body to the upstream gas is This results in a high pressure region and shock wave, and the high pressure behind the shock wave, known as wave drag, acts on the transition. The moving body mechanically pushes the gas forward and laterally outward from the moving body. The vacuum remaining after the movement creates a low pressure area of ​​vacuum at the bottom of the moving body, causing the moving body to move backwards. Both of these forces are the forces we have been trying to overcome by applying energy to the front of the moving object. The gas is then pushed laterally out of the path of the moving object, resulting in a large reduction in the amount of gas that can be pumped through the gas. The extent to which these forces are relaxed is based on the length of the material that we deposit in front of the moving body. The amount of energy in the moving body is determined by the amount of gas in the moving body. Removal of gas from the front of the moving body reduces wave drag. Also, the gas that is mechanically pushed outward when pushed by the moving body is minimized. (which also minimizes the sonic boom). As mentioned above, bottom drag is typically It arises from a low pressure area that remains when a moving object or projectile mechanically pushes gas outward from it. In contrast, the gas in front of the moving object / projectile absorbs the energy in front of the moving object / projectile. When pushed to the side by the pile, the mobile object / projectile This leaves a low density region behind the moving object that acts as a drag at the bottom, and this gas flows just outside the moving object's path. It may be more stationary, or if in the path of the moving object, it may be more likely to be detected by the moving object itself. are not mechanically accelerated and, as a result, the lateral force exerted on the gas by the moving object / projectile is The less transverse momentum is added to the gas, the Sonic booms are reduced and the bottom is not thinned. Gas from the front of the moving body is absorbed by the moving body. It is completely removed at the edge of the body (for example, opening a tube whose radius is the same as the radius of the moving body). In this limit, the high-density region of gas pushed out of the low-density tube immediately follows the mover. The bottom is almost completely recirculated and repressurizes the bottom. This repressurized bottom is the total resistance of the moving body. In addition to contributing significantly to the reduction of drag, this effect, in combination with the pulse propulsion process, The overall efficiency of the movement of the moving object can be maximized. Considering aerodynamic characteristics, propulsion force, and the actual pulse propulsion process. highly compressible flight regimes, particularly the supersonic and hypersonic regimes, and the high subsonic / transonic regimes This allows for even further optimization of the vehicle in the region. In one embodiment, the best advantage is that Design aircraft with this concept to produce the simplest and most cost-effective vehicle. Other best advantages are those already mentioned, e.g. the shortest possible flight. The time it takes to move the aircraft is one example of this. In addition to depositing the energy, the inventors have These dynamics are then combined with a pulse propulsion system (which is more efficient than constant propulsion). For example, pulse detonators, among other pulse propulsion options, are much more efficient. Other and / or additional processes may also be synchronized with the These dynamics can be synchronized to achieve the benefits of pulsed We first consider pulse propulsion using the example of a detonation engine. Two conceptual representations of the engine dynamics are shown in FIG.

[0179] One very important aspect of pulse propulsion is the pressure at the exit / exhaust plane of the system. Typical of very low bottom pressures resulting in very low pressures at the exit / exhaust plane of the advance system. In such cases, the detonation tube (the combustion part of the pulse detonation engine) , it fills with reactants very quickly. Assuming a very low back pressure, the propulsion cycle (blowing The high pressure portion of the thrust cycle (the downtime) does not last very long. The cycle time is determined by the engine design, whose geometry can be varied to change the cycle time. An additional important factor that affects cycle time is: The mass flow rate at the inlet (more specifically, typically a valve) affects the rate at which the mass flow rate and pressure at the inlet plane of the detonation tube, which is opened and closed by a The outlet / exhaust, which affects the residence time of the ion products and the thrust available from them. Under typical flight conditions, these pressures at the inlet and outlet planes are It depends on the parameters. If we add the energy deposition kinetics above, This allows very favorable changes in the conditions at both the inlet and outlet of the pulse detonation engine. It will be possible to do this.

[0180] In the basic approach, air from the front envelopes the vehicle and propels it towards one or more propulsion units. The outlet(s) of the outlet are repressurized, allowing higher density air to enter, enhancing containment of the exiting gas. The thrust is adjusted to coincide with the thrust portion of the pulse propulsion (e.g., pulse detonation) cycle. Time the energy deposition pulse in front of the vehicle with the forward pulse. For example, the dynamics may be the thrust generated by one or more pulse detonation engine cycles. Bottom resulting from energy being deposited ahead of the vehicle to optimize thrust Pressure rise (i.e., pressure rise at the propulsion unit / unit exit / exhaust plane(s)) Includes synchronization / phasing / timing. Increased density at the propulsion unit or unit exit(s) The additional containment provided by this is the recommendation for unaugmented operation. Significantly improves progress effectiveness.

[0181] Similarly, the shock wave arc of the moving object is re-established (after being reduced by the low density tube). The establishment of a low bottom pressure when the engine is started is done simultaneously to facilitate the purge and fill phases of the propulsion cycle. The lower bottom pressure allows for a more rapid partitioning of the combustion products. This allows for the charging of new fuel and new combustion reactants. The rocket mode can be used in the 100m rocket mode (with oxidizer on board and no external air is used). When maximum power / thrust is desired, regardless of external conditions, especially when speed and power are transferred This can be applied when evaluating the reduction in weight and volume of a moving object.

[0182] If the propulsion process is air breathing, the inventors move from the front of the vehicle. Time the energy deposition to preferentially direct a certain amount of displaced air to the inlet. All these details are timed with each other and take advantage of various dynamics. The repressurization period and maximum exhaust pressure are determined by the vehicle design, which can be optimized for The agreement with the duration of the force allows us to determine the length of the low-density tubes we form and the length of the PDE. This can be determined by changing the Among other things, all these parameters are important to optimize the performance of the vehicle for a given application. Similarly, the inlet may be adjusted to accommodate the previous match condition already in place. It can be designed to admit air to supply the specified propulsion cycle. For added flexibility, we do not require the same cycles to be matched (e.g. For example, a slug of dense gas around the body to repressurize the bottom is used to reduce skin friction. So if the migration is too slow, we will create a period of high pressure at the bottom. However, there is a PDE cycle that does not necessarily start when the low density tube is started. The size of the moving body is adjusted to coincide with the thrust generation phase of the blast, and the time of the dynamics is adjusted. For example, we may choose to use shorter low density tubes or shorter end tubes. If you want a shorter detonation tube for your engine, you can use the , like a Gatling gun (or whatever pattern provides the most favorable forces and dynamics) By applying one approach to forming multiple engines working in series, Each detonation tube may have its own inlet. The inlet is subjected to similar successive application of a ring electrode which alternately arcs against a center electrode. These discharges can be provided by a V-shaped discharge initiated / induced by a laser. This V-shape not only removes air from in front of the moving object, reducing overall resistance, but also The air between the legs of the V is compressed and forced through a smaller inlet than would normally be required. To provide higher pressure and oxygen to the engines at their inlets To achieve this, the inlets fire in the same order as the detonations in the multiple engine tubes, but The advantage of bottom repressurization combined with the presentation of high density gas at the inlet is realized by designing the platform. The delay is determined by an amount of time that best aligns the entire engine cycle with the They took into account the engine valves that are open to admit air and closed during detonation. Adding a rotary valve (following the same spirit as the Gatling gun concept, for example) By doing so, the rotation can be adjusted / changed to facilitate proper thrust sequence. Such rotational motion can similarly be used to facilitate the creation of laser filaments. can.

[0183] The timing of upstream energy deposition and engine cycles depends on the system design and engine Adjusting the length and diameter of the engine tubes affects the operating parameters. In both cases, the cycle time of the thrust pulse is equal to the cycle time of the energy deposition. The number of engines themselves can also be determined. These cycle times can range from less than a millisecond to several In particular, one range of interest is high speed (conceptually Mach 6 to 1000 mph). (resulting in cycle times of 0.025 ms to 0.2 ms) These energy deposition cycle times can be as short as 10 cm to 40 cm. A suitable number of shorter, appropriately sized, diameters are used to match the propulsion cycle time of the It is possible to use engine tubes to match this. In order to take advantage of both the high and low pressure cycles resulting from the dynamics of the tube, The actuator can be adjusted to produce thrust pulses shorter than this cycle time. Perfect matching of gas deposition and the propulsion cycle is unlikely if the timing requirements become too restrictive. The duration of the thrust pulse may be matched to the pressure cycle at the bottom of the energy deposit. A further variable that may or may not help achieve the best possible match is whether the air is conditioned. The degree to which the potential array enters the inlet and potentially drives the potential array of the engine tube To better match the dynamics, we have multiple potential engine tubes, each with its own Each exhaust tube may be discharged at its own separate exhaust plane, or the engine tube may be connected to one or more common exhaust planes. At the other end of the potential cycle time, there is flexibility to allow for more efficient discharge to the exhaust plane. Long cycle times are achieved by flying at low speeds (e.g., Mach 0.8 to Mach 6) and increasing the amount of deposited energy. This can be obtained when using longer tubes of ghee (e.g., 1-10 m), and a certain range Reduction in drag in the vicinity and a bottom of about 40 ms to 0.5 ms (which should correspond to the propulsion cycle time) The longer cycle times in this range are for single engine chutes. A small number of engine tubes containing tubes are used to connect the vehicle and the engine (tube(s) ) in details that depend heavily on the design and operating conditions.

[0184] Initiated by an ionizing laser pulse (e.g., a laser filament) Similar to the use of discharges along closed paths, which are often used to direct energy to more distant deposition techniques, e.g. For example, deposition of microwave energy can be used to provide additional deposition in front of the moving body; This deposition could potentially be achieved by using a laser plasma to project the material in front of the moving object. This microorganism is seeded / promoted by forming an ionized region. The wave energy is preferentially generated using a laser filament, e.g. The high microwave energy produced by a sufficiently short microwave pulse can be used to induce The microwave energy can be generated by using the energy of the It is also possible to increase the binding of energy to the air. The three advantages are, in particular: (i) no return path is required, and any guiding / seeding path or area is (ii) the volume to which energy is supplied is reduced; Takes longer to inflate and flies at very high Mach numbers (e.g., Mach 9-25) However, laser-induced discharges can also be very large at these speeds. (iii) the advantage of ionizing shock waves, typically above Mach 12 or 13; In this case, the microwave and / or laser energy, which is focused further away, creates an ionizing shock wave. and any problems that may arise from a discharge interacting with an ionizing shock wave. An explanation for this consideration when using discharges is that the laser path is This must be favored over other potential pathways, which include various levels of ionization at higher Mach numbers. It is essential.

[0185] In addition to depositing energy into the air in front of the moving object, it also creates a In the case of air breathing applications, the inlet(s) are used to condition the air being taken in. Both internal and external, surface discharges are used in phasing / synchronizing energy deposition. and external flow to enhance propulsive effectiveness, performance, control, and / or overall efficiency of the vehicle. It is also possible.

[0186] Similar to the high-velocity vehicle / projectile application example above, energy Deposit gas in front of a high speed ground vehicle and phase / synchronize / time with various other motion processes. In the case of high-speed trains, most of the energy storage infrastructure is Already exists. Electric pulses can be used to lift, propel, monitor, and / or control ground vehicles. This existing infrastructure is already being used to dramatically reduce resistance. must be deposited to form a low density area in front of the ground vehicle that facilitates much higher speed operation. This significantly facilitates the use of grid power to provide the energy needed to power the vehicle. Since there is already a track that defines the path of the ground vehicle and guides the ground vehicle, the laser beam No electric current is required. A high energy discharge is used to project an electric current in front of the ground vehicle along its path. Energy can be deposited to open up low density regions or tubes that precisely follow the tracks. The size of the low density tubes allows for the desired level of low drag while also promoting aerodynamic stability for the ground vehicle. It can be controlled to cause a decrease in velocity. The diameter of the tube is determined by the energy deposited per length and by the surrounding atmospheric pressure. In the case of depositing energy along the ground or along a line, the A circle centered on the line of deposited energy (as long as energy is deposited along the line in the middle) The energy flows along an ideal line on a plane, not along the ideal shape of a low density tube. The shape of the tube when depositing the powder is semi-cylindrical.

[0187] If the half cylinder were replicated as a reflection on an ideal plane, it would be perfectly It appears to be a thin cylinder, just like deposition in open air. Only half of the cylinder is thin. Therefore, it takes only half the energy to achieve a perfect cylinder in open air, for the same diameter. This is necessary to open a semi-cylinder along the ground (along the track). In fact, a perfectly flat deviation of the track geometry from the normal, and the generated Departures from the ideal occur due to interactions between the shock waves, the ground, and the actual geometry of the track. However, the low density volume opening in front of the ground vehicle is an ideal semi-surface structure on an ideal plane. The volume is approximately the same as that of a cylinder, and its actual shape is adjusted by shaping the track. In fact, at a level that is insensitive to deposition details, many Beneficial features can be built into the process. One of these features is The energy is delivered in the form of multiple sub-pulses rather than a single pulse (to form a low density tube). This is the ability of the material to accumulate during discharge, thereby reducing the size / capacity of many circuit elements and conductors. It may be possible to reduce the number of circuits required and make more efficient use of existing circuits. or when there are multiple propulsion and / or levitation magnets ganged together at a given point along the track. The energy from these individual circuits is redirected / reused separately and fed back into the can be forwarded to drive a discharge along a segment of the line, thereby Energy is collected and integrated from propulsion and levitation circuits that are linked in close or overlapping time The same advantages are achieved as would be achieved if the propulsion and levitation circuits were Each of the drive circuits is also integrated first, but instead of being integrated first, the discharge circuit is integrated independently. The present invention can also be configured to drive the ion exchanger. So, a conductive path along the line (along which a discharge is generated and energy is deposited) is created. The conductive path is embedded in a low-conductivity medium (e.g., from a path that is slightly more conductive than the cleats, or other potential less conductive track materials Slightly preferentially conductive paths can also be constructed as "dotted lines" of conductive material, e.g. For example, it may consist of a piece of electrode material embedded in a line material with low electrical conductivity. multiple, temporally distinct, ionizing radiation that breaks down into a single low-density tube. As well as the flexibility offered by splitting the discharge into spatially distinct discharges, the discharge can also be split into spatially distinct discharges. The emission can be combined into a single arched low density tube. This spatial separation can be, for example, between different pieces of electrode material, and this "dotted line" The different segments of the neutron are energized independently. The spatial separation is such that they run approximately the same length. This can also be done in the form of a discharge that travels a separate path (one variation of this is the spatial The energy is deposited along multiple parallel paths that are spatially distinct, and from these the low-density tubes expand and merge to form one large arched, low-density tube). However, these separate paths are likely not ideal and do not necessarily need to be perfectly parallel to each other. It is not necessary, each path is slightly offset. Different paths are time and space related. If the lattice is close enough to the center of the lattice and can be merged into an arched low-density tube, This flexibility in wavenumber and time frequency can be expressed as the distribution of energy along different paths at different times. These can be further combined by depositing them between the layers of the earth. In addition to reducing the tolerances, this flexibility also reduces the need for multiple feed lines (e.g., multiple thrusters). Unnecessary circuits that combine energy from the power supply lines that power the advancing and / or levitation coils Reuse / recover energy from multiple propulsion and / or levitation coils without the need for additional Another feature is that it can more fully utilize existing circuits without requiring additional Protection against weather and environmental hazards, e.g., pathway(s) and discharge(s), especially from bird droppings. A small canopy providing protection is placed over one or more preferential conductive paths of the less conductive line material. The tube can be placed in a place that is convenient for opening in order to prevent water from accumulating due to rain. Non-hazardous drainage can also be provided and the canopy can be lined for additional environmental protection. It can be fitted over the entire road, and the canopy can potentially minimize reflections. and optionally with netting or other protective gear if wildlife is to be excluded. A mesh can also be fitted around the track. Further operational features include, for example, A light brush is dragged at the rear of the vehicle, allowing the track to be cleared by the passage of a surface car. The discharge itself also helps to eliminate any potential contamination.

[0188] For propulsion, the design of electrically propelled high-speed ground vehicles (e.g., magnetic levitation vehicles) A linear synchronous motor in which power is supplied to the windings of the guideway (i.e., the "active guideway"). A phase motor can be used. Electromagnets are energized for both propulsion and levitation purposes. Once supplied, the inductive energy stored in the loop / circuit must be dissipated. The high voltage generated after a car passes over the vehicle minimizes arcing caused by the dissipation of this energy. A great deal of effort is typically put into making the In the future, strong arcs will occur that have been deemed difficult to mitigate. The energy is dissipated in circuit elements that dissipate the energy over longer time scales. By piling the fuel in front of the ground vehicle and removing the air in front of the ground vehicle, rather than Moreover, at high speeds, the thrust required to propel ground vehicles can be reduced. The energy is equal to or greater than the energy required to push the gas out of the path of the ground vehicle. Therefore, the power and energy delivered to the induced propulsion elements reduces the drag of the ground vehicle. is already appropriately sized to deliver the pulsed electrical energy required for This available power, energy, and circuits from the propulsion elements are (The electrical energy stored inductively is increased by the reduction of resistance and the stabilization of the In order to convert the discharge into one suitable for enhanced A specific circuit is required, which must be attached to each induction magnet along the line. The vehicle can be mounted on a ground vehicle or can be included in the actual ground vehicle, which reduces costs. A hybrid approach may also be used, in which part of the discharge circuit is , distributed along the track, part of the discharge circuit is contained in the ground car, and during normal operation, Electrical shocks only occur in front of the ground vehicle, which can serve as an advantageous natural safety mechanism. Regarding energy, at lower velocities, e.g., 100 m / s to 280 m / s, the energy pulse The gas is deposited in the form of a discharge in front of the ground vehicle, and the ground vehicle moves forward against the friction and resistance forces. Approximately 50% to 300% larger thrust pulses are used to achieve higher speeds and stability At higher velocities, for example 250 m / s to 600 m / s, the energy A pulse is deposited in the form of an electric discharge in front of the ground vehicle, causing the ground vehicle to move against the friction and resistance forces. A force that provides greater speed and stability at approximately 20% to 200% the magnitude of the thrust pulse used to propel it forward. At higher velocities, for example, 450 m / s to 1200 m / s, the energy The energy pulse is deposited in the form of an electric discharge in front of the ground vehicle, and the energy is directed toward the friction and resistance forces. A higher velocity, approximately 15% to 150% the magnitude of the thrust pulse used to propel the ground vehicle forward. In one embodiment, the hardware along the track can be , are expected to be standardized, and will have the same maximum energy propulsion (and floating, if necessary) Above) Pulse and discharge energy can be generated in front of the ground vehicle between the propulsion magnets. Given this ample availability of power, the development of a ground vehicle that offers higher speed and stability is There will always be enough power to deposit energy in the form of a discharge forward. This flexibility allows you to adjust the energy of these discharge pulses to improve the efficiency of your ground vehicles. Optimize and / or facilitate higher speeds than would normally be possible and / or increase ground vehicle stability These energies and energy ratios can be determined by the configuration of the ground vehicles and circuits, and adjusted based on the operating conditions.

[0189] High-speed trains benefit from the deposition of energy ahead of them, reducing resistance and improving their stability. and no need for electrical propulsion or magnetic levitation to improve inductivity. Any high speed ground vehicle can benefit from these dynamics. Electric propulsion, including magnetic levitation vehicles Vehicles are particularly well suited to employing this technology, regardless of the propulsion or cushioning approach. Aerodynamic forces help center the ground car in a low-density tube that forms along the track. This technology benefits from the stability, controllability, and simplicity of the ground vehicle and the fact that the track is linear. This helps increase the speed at which the ground vehicle can travel when veering off the road.

[0190] When weaving fabric on a loom, the weft thread (or filling or yarn) In order to produce a woven fabric, it is necessary to advance the warp threads in a certain way. However, shuttles, rapiers (single rigid, double rigid, double flexible) sible, and double telescoping), projectile, air jet, and warp A number of methods are used to drive / insert the weft thread, including target jets. In addition to single weft insertion (or single pick insertion), multi-phase weft insertion (or pick insertion) is also possible. In all of these applications, one limiting factor in loom performance is the width of the weft thread. The speed at which the warp threads can be traversed. This speed is determined, but not limited to, by the speed at which the warp threads can be traversed during the traversing process. The force of the force tends to be limited by a number of factors, including the resistance forces encountered and the turbulence / stability. These restrictions apply to any moving object listed above (shuttle, rapier, projectile, etc.). Synchronize (or phase) the energy deposition in front of the timed) to reduce drag, increase stability, and allow weft / pick to cross warp threads. This can be significantly mitigated by increasing the speed at which the energy deposition can occur. The method involves producing a low density tube or a series of low density tubes to rapidly traverse the warp yarns of the weft. This increased speed and stability can be achieved with single or multi-phase weft yarns. Either the pick / insert approach can facilitate faster throughput. In addition to increasing the productivity of the weaving machine by increasing the throughput of the low density tubes, The increased stability achieved when moving the weft allows the weft to move stably over much longer distances. (This allows the loom to produce a wider end product.) In addition to cost savings in manufacturing longer looms (which produce wider final fabrics), In addition, a further advantage of the weft yarn travelling a longer distance is that the initial and final acceleration events The acceleration and deceleration times and the energy are reduced in that more weft threads are placed in the deceleration event. The main advantage of these improvements (faster speed or wider width) is that the energy is better utilized. This also increases the productivity of the weaving machine, and the combination of these allows for larger areas of fabric to be woven. This can lead to even greater productivity gains in that smaller quantities can be produced in a shorter amount of time. As a result, any one of the methods used to move the weft threads across the warp threads can be used. The phasing / synchronization / timing of the energy deposition in front of the method Cost efficiency can be improved.

[0191] When using a physical object, such as a rapier, shuttle, or projectile, The dynamics of energy deposition are such that a line of energy is deposited in front of the object, minimizing its resistance. The dynamics described in reducing the resistance of an aircraft or ground vehicle in terms of minimizing the drag and increasing its stability. These same concepts are very similar to the mechanics of air jets or water jets. are utilized and are described in more detail herein. A jet and water jet are jets that have no additional inertia other than the thread / weft / yarn itself. Because they are difficult to cut, they are typically used when high throughput is desired. Or the additional inertia of the projectile increases the time required to accelerate and decelerate the weft. Combing causes additional unwanted stress on the thread / weft / yarn itself. A shaping reed can be used to provide a path for the movement of the weft yarn. However, the weft yarn is launched, which is suddenly decelerated by resistance, and the speed is increased to a faster speed. It is limited by instabilities caused by turbulence and drag forces in the water. In the case of jet looms, the weft thread is spun by water jets instead of air jets. The same idea that we described for the air jet loom was carried forward and applied to the water jet loom. (This also applies to booster looms.) The weft yarn slows down between the booster jets before A jet is used to re-accelerate the weft thread, always keeping it below its maximum speed, and the weft thread is then pulled to its normal size. One approach to alleviating the problems caused by air resistance is to use a weft The technique involves moving the material through a vacuum, low pressure, and / or high temperature environment. It has been developed in industry (e.g., coating of Mylar films in the packaging industry, among others). ). Rather than operating in a vacuum, low pressure, and / or high temperature environment, A further advantage of this is that the weft and its propelling jet are This stability is achieved by the length scale and time scale of the tube. The ability to closely match the length and time scales of the weft and the movement of the scales Because the warp yarns must be free to move back and forth, The company has set up a physical vacuum tube that can propel the weft with a compressed air booster jet. It is impossible to estimate the energy required to temporarily form a low-density tube in air. The deposition of the weft can be guided and the weft can be made easier by the compressed gas booster. The warp threads can be easily propelled without introducing any physical obstacles that would impede their movement. Most current designs offer the advantage of a vacuum guide tube that does not shrink. The booster still propels the weft. and those support structures (e.g., modified reeds) are used as support structures for energy deposition. The booster may also function as an optical element or a high voltage electrode, or some combination of both. Each of these, including their respective combinations, is more efficient than the current high-pressure booster. This is much simpler than depositing energy using only laser energy. In this case, the optical element only needs to be placed on the booster support structure. Only the discharge energy is used. If the booster is used, only the high voltage electrodes need to be placed on the booster support structure. If high voltage energy is used, both the optical element and the high voltage electrode are placed on the booster support structure. The fact that the weft threads are much less susceptible to wear and fraying due to turbulence and resistance; As well as the low density tube, the weft yarn is much better supported and much less resistant when moving through it. This allows the weft yarn to travel much longer distances due to both the fact that it has less resistance to the weft. become.

[0192] In one embodiment, to match the diameter of the low density tube to a 0.6 mm diameter yarn, about 6 mJ of energy must be deposited for each 10 cm length. Instead of the typical peak weft speeds of 4800 m / min (approximately 80 m / sec) to 4800 m / min (approximately 80 m / sec), the weft is at a low density If the speed of travel through the tube is significantly higher, 300 m / s, the weft is relieved. At this speed, the weft moves 4 to 12 times faster than without the energy deposition. The weft threads move 4 to 15 times faster than the weft threads move in the weaving machine. ), the increased stability and speed of the weft thread path can increase the yarn length by more than three times. A fabric of the same shape is formed with each pass of the weft yarn. As a result, both the speed and width are When the total production of the loom is increased according to the amount of weft movement by the use of energy deposition, The output of the loom is increased by 12 to 45 times compared to the unimproved loom. If the width of the loom is considered to be 2 to 4 times longer, the energy deposition in front of the weft threads will be The increase in loom production is between 8 and 60 times. For larger weft diameters, Large diameter, low density tubes are formed to facilitate its movement. Energy per unit length corresponds to the volume of the low density tube that the energy opens up. The energy scales with the square of the tube diameter, so the energy is In order to minimize wear on the material, we have chosen a tube with a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the weft yarn. Since the weft width tends to open up, it corresponds approximately to the square of the weft width.

[0193] Ionic solution or air jet or water jet in water jet application example To further restrict the conductive fibers in any of the applications, a strong magnetic field is applied to the conductive fibers. Aligning with the desired direction of travel of high speed yarns to more precisely constrain the liquid and / or yarn path It is possible.

[0194] Among the many types of gun barrels used to propel a projectile, to force air out of the barrel Depositing energy into the barrel of a gun, firearm, or breacher. Projectile resistance The reduction in the amount of drive energy (e.g., propellant in a conventional gun or railgun) is achieved by using the same amount of drive energy (e.g., The reduction in drag also allows for less drive energy. By using energy, speeds can be achieved that are comparable to those achieved without modification. In a conventional gun, this means the same performance can be achieved with less propellant. Therefore, less propellant is required, reducing the shock wave as the projectile leaves the barrel. This reduction in acoustic signature may have adverse effects on the hearing of nearby persons, including the operator(s). This reduction in acoustic signature is also useful for minimizing noise (as well as sound deadening devices). ) Detection by acoustic means may also be mitigated.

[0195] The energy deposition used to push air out of the barrel can be applied in any form. Two such forms are: (i) the deposition of electromagnetic energy inside the barrel; or (ii) that energy deposition can be chemical in nature; and that these two energy deposition approaches The electromagnetic energy can be in the form of an electrical discharge inside the barrel. One embodiment that can accomplish this is a two-electrode discharge that can be discharged across a non-conductive gap. Separation or discharge of one charge into the conductive barrel or other parts of the structure housing the barrel. The chemical energy (expands behind the projectile and propels it into the gun) When ignited, it expands and releases gases in front of the projectile (as opposed to the role of conventional propellants, which push the gases out from the body). This can be in the form of additional propellant that is pushed out of the barrel. This additional propellant can be contained within the bullet itself. In one embodiment, the projectile includes a conductive path that transmits an electrical ignition pulse. This path is a closed circuit completely contained within the bullet. This closed circuit may also include a conductive support structure and / or barrel to complete the circuit. In one embodiment among others for igniting the barrel sweep propellant, the bullet is fired at its normal speed. The projectile includes a piezoelectric structure to generate a high voltage when struck by the firing mechanism. This high voltage is then applied by the ammunition used to accelerate the projectile or charge of the bullet. When propelled by the gun barrel, it removes air from the barrel and accelerates the projectile or charge of the gun better. To facilitate this, a barrel-sweeping propellant at the tip of the projectile can be ignited.

[0196] In each case, the explosion is caused by either an electrical discharge, a chemical propellant, or a combination of the two. The total energy deposited in front of the bullet is the total energy that is accumulated in the gun before the charge or projectile is accelerated out of the bullet. This energy is used to remove the volume of the barrel. should be sufficient to achieve this, so approximately 3×p o × V, where V is the gun is the volume of the body, and p o is the ambient pressure. Assuming the ambient pressure is standard atmospheric, 16 The energy required to clear the barrel of a 12-gauge shotgun is About 12 J of energy. This is especially useful for breacher rounds, which have a higher velocity. to minimize the number of breaching loads and acoustic shock to personnel. This same calculation can be repeated for all sizes of This can be done to substantially remove the air from the barrel, and requires less energy based on the volume. The energy required to move the heated gas along the barrel can be calculated simply by The heating gas can be increased to accommodate any cooling that may be encountered when the In other words, it is possible to accommodate various considerations and still achieve the desired barrel sweep. Deposit more energy, including 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, and up to 10x, to It is possible.

[0197] Gun barrels and / or supporting structures (e.g., small arms, machine guns, mortars, among others), as well as limited Conventional and non-conventional ammunition, such as small caliber ammunition, including breacher ammunition, are not included in the list of ammunition used by the US Army. The device that achieves this, including all rounds, including medium and large caliber rounds, is can be manufactured to achieve this.

[0198] Multiphase flow applications including, but not limited to, powder coating and supersonic spray deposition applications Examples include, but are not limited to, powder jets; atomized spray jets; different pressure Jets of different gases at different powers; Jets of plasma; Heating applications; Discharge applications; Laser pulses Phased energy deposition using other processes, including the application of Energy deposition in this way is compared to applications where it is not synchronized with other processes. There can be many benefits to such multiphase flow applications when synchronized with other processes. Among other types of energy deposition, radiation, similar to other applications disclosed in A low density tube is created from the nozzle to the support layer by using an electric current to deposit energy into the flow. can be opened to more efficiently guide the particles toward the substrate at high velocity. Laser plasma, e.g. can be initiated / induced by a laser filament Particle streams may also help guide the discharge or take advantage of preferential conductive paths. By using this method, the discharge can be guided along a line extending from the nozzle to the substrate. In the example, a small diameter low density tube (equivalent to a small nozzle outlet) is cut by laser printing. Can be opened using plasma / filament only.

[0199] Specifically, supersonic spray deposition of various materials is being used to achieve more efficient impact velocities. It can be facilitated by energy deposition in conjunction with other pulsed process applications; and Desired results, such as coating quality, coating uniformity, surface abrasion, adhesion, crystallization characteristics, among others. The effect of improving the coating strength and corrosion resistance can be obtained. In the case of depositing energy, the inventors adjusted the pressure and gas density to obtain the plasma It is also possible to generate a more efficient plasma for deposition. Also, the temperature and density of the flow can be adjusted. It is also possible to adjust the intensity, allowing for much higher particle velocities because the pulse conditions The condition is that these high particle velocities can be made subsonic in the much faster sonic environment we create. Depending on the geometry of the deposited energy, the inventors usually It eliminates shock waves that can separate particles in the flow, resulting in more uniform gas flow, particle separation, and The displacement and damping of these shock waves also reduces the deceleration caused by the particles. This insures a faster and more uniform impact velocity of the particles on the substrate surface. If it is desired to control the radial distribution of particles within the jet, we can Depositing energy along the center of the flow to push particles toward the edge of the flow Alternatively, we can deposit energy at the edge of the flow stream to Particles can be pushed toward the center of the flow stream. By pulsing the supply of the moving gas, we have achieved a pulsed energy deposition. This allows the inventors to synchronise the flow of gas particles from the nozzle exit. Formation of low density tubes by depositing energy along the axis of the flow to the supporting layer The high sound speed of this low density tube allows the particle pulse to be at what would normally be supersonic speeds unless the energy was deposited to form a low density tube. It can be moved at subsonic speed along a low density tube. If the speed is not sufficiently subsonic, the Mach number will drop and the negative effects of supersonic flow (e.g. , shock structures at the support layer) are minimized due to the reduction in Mach number that we achieve. In addition to modifying the distribution of particle density and synchronizing it with energy deposition, the inventors Various forms of energy deposition can be used simultaneously to affect particle interaction with the target surface. For example, the controlled particle distribution and the synchronization of the formation of low-density tubes can be used to The inventors provide, among other modalities, one or more laser pulses to a target surface, This allows the discharge to be controlled, the gas temperature to be adjusted, and the plasma to be affected. In implementing the integration, many parameter ranges are feasible, and their validity is evaluated based on the atmospheric, flow, It depends on the conditions, geometry, particles, feed rate, target material, and the desired effect. As an example, we have found that the low density tubes we form achieve faster speeds. a discharge synchronized to follow the supply of particles to produce the low density tube The particle supply begins when the discharge is initiated (this discharge lasts for several milliseconds). The supply of particles occurs in a manner consistent with the formation and depletion of low-density tubes. The timing and repetition rate depend on the flow conditions and geometry. The discharge energy is determined by the diameter of the spray nozzle and the distance to the substrate. Specifically, the discharge energy is determined by the cross-sectional area of ​​the outlet of the spray nozzle and the target surface area, as described above. This can be approximately three times the product of the volume V determined by the distance and the pressure in the flow (approximately 3 × p o ×V). Repeat The repetition rate is determined by the flow velocity divided by the distance to the target surface and is the period during which the flow is delivered. Between them, the low density tubes are depleted and the more detrimental impact structures are developed at the support surface. is present and can be filled with multiphase flow. It does not last long enough to allow the multiphase flow to fill the low density tube before the structure grows. To achieve this, the multiphase flow is synchronized for 20% to 95% of the duration of the low-density tube travel. In addition, the time required for the growth of undesired impact structures on the surface of the support layer can be reduced. Considering this, the period of migration of the low-density tube is slightly longer (e.g., 95% to 16% of this period). As the shock structure begins to reform within the jet, the remaining particle stream The stream also serves to guide the discharge as an energy deposition source to the supporting layer as a ground. In principle, energy deposition pushes the particle stream laterally away from the substrate. , the particles decelerate the dense gas as the jet stream density begins to increase. The flow of the particles can be adjusted, and after the deposition of energy, a low density tube is formed, and the particles is preferentially drawn into the low density tube and guided to the support layer at high velocity. In such a geometry, we have found that the low energy generated by the deposited lines of energy Much higher density, much better confinement of the stream within the tube and much more uniform deposition The impact velocity can be guaranteed. In addition, the inventors have found that the corona from the high voltage source that the inventors use in depositing energy It is also possible to initiate a much more effective plasma at lower densities using either a dc or RF source. Similarly, laser pulses or a stream of laser pulses at a high repetition rate can be directed at a target. The addition of these forms to the process can be synchronized with the particles impacting the target surface. The injection of energy (e.g., plasma and laser, among others) reduces all collisions of particles with the surface. It can be applied for a period or part of the time before the impact, especially when the paint accumulates. Further processing of either the surface of the particles and / or the particles after impact and / or both. To further act on these, this additional energy injection before and / or after the particle impact is This process during a single period of the low density tube may include This can be repeated after the regulated / synchronized particle stream has been discharged.

[0200] This synchronization is effective over a wide range of particle sizes and material densities, as well as a wide range of flow conditions. More flexible, adaptable and cost-effective high-speed spray processes, e.g. for many surface treatments Among other things, it provides painting, cleaning, and peening. The particle density is 0.8 to 23 g / cc. The driving pressure can be between 1 and 60 atmospheres (bar (100 to 6000 kPa)) and the unmitigated flow The Mach number is 1-12, the particle velocity is 150-3000 m / s, and the ratio of particle velocities is Depending on the conditions, the value may be 0.1 to 1.0. Examples of particles include, but are not limited to, abrasives. Examples include abrasives, peening materials, dielectrics, and metals. With a powder density of 1000 cc and a flow Mach number of 2 to 5, the particle velocity is 400 to 1200 m / s. The filter may have an exit area of ​​A and is positioned a distance L from the support layer (thus The area of ​​the jet column between the nozzle and the support layer is approximately equal to the product of A x L. To open the low density tubes in the column, the column pressure may be higher than atmospheric pressure under some conditions. An amount of energy approximately equal to the pressure inside the tube multiplied by 3 x A x L is required. To open a continuous stream of gas from one end to the other, the gas flow rate must be divided by the distance L. A conceptual example would require the application of this energy at a repetition rate of 50 m. m 2 area of ​​the nozzle exit, a distance L of 10 cm, and a notional pressure of about 2 bar (about 200 kPa). It takes about 1 J of energy to open the tube. In the case of 100 mJ, this energy is reduced to 100 mJ, but the repetition rate is inversely proportional to L, so The repetition rate will be adjusted when the same power is required. The repetition rate can be 0.2 to 3 times the purely calculated end-to-end gas velocity / L, but is more typical. is 0.8 to 1.6 times this simply calculated repetition rate. Similarly, The amount of useful energy is simply calculated as the pressure in the column multiplied by 3 x A x L. The pressure is 0.2 to 3 times the energy (this pressure varies within the column, so it is difficult to generalize) and this value is best evaluated for each application, available geometry, and set of conditions. The return on added power input is improved coating and processing results, and the ability to achieve results that would normally be impossible. This can speed up the material processes, reducing the total power requirement by 10 times the energy deposition rate. and increasing the driving pressure and gas flow rate increases the efficiency.

[0201] The energy deposition along the surface of a moving object to open a low-density (high-temperature) passage at high sound speeds is excessive. Generally, the high pressure explosive gas is removed by removing the air from under the moving object. can escape more quickly, thereby reducing the residence time of high pressure gas under the moving object. This minimizes the forces and shocks transmitted to the moving body by the high pressure gas. Similar considerations can be applied to any surface that is subject to a blast. In addition to the above applications, the inventors have also investigated the effects of the explosion on the ground beneath a moving object where it is initially trapped. or other materials. This energy deposition can be used to: Breaking down the confining soil / material to more gradually vent the explosion products and The product is more quickly expelled from beneath the moving body through a low density, high sonic velocity region beneath the moving body. It can also be discharged when the energy is deposited in soil or other materials that contain the explosion. If the explosive gases are not released, they can be trapped and This transfers momentum very efficiently to the cladding that is then This transfers energy to the moving object very effectively. The energy is deposited and creates a hole in the cladding. When the pressure under the cladding is released, the high pressure gas is vented to the low density gas under the vehicle. Not only is the shock wave rapidly expelled through the high sound velocity region of the waves are created that effectively expel gas from under the moving object through the air), typically The soil or covering material is accelerated more uniformly into the moving body, and the hole is now removed. If the material in the surrounding column is not relieved, As a result, energy is accumulated under the moving object. When gas is discharged from under the moving object by accumulating it (typically by using an electric discharge to instantly (heating the object suddenly and creating a shock wave that pushes the surrounding air out from under the object) and In both cases, energy is deposited in the coating (typically by electrical discharge or laser pulses). or a combination of the two to deposit energy into the soil or covering. (a) Burial blasting / explosion is performed on the moving object to break up the soil or covering material and release the blast gases. and reduce the total momentum transferred from the blast wave to the moving object by at least 30%. and the average acceleration experienced by the moving object and its contents can be reduced by at least 70%. To remove or dilute gas from under the moving object, a pressure of about 3×p o ×V Energy In the formula, p o is the ambient air pressure below the moving body, and V is The volume under the moving object that is to be removed / diluted. The amount of energy required to open the coating and the coating that must be destroyed is The result is a highly effective delivery and placement method that allows for easy transport and It is best to simply deposit an amount of energy that is neither too strong nor too weak for the body. All these considerations depend on the vehicle itself and how it is constructed. This value can generally be about 10 kJ to 1 MJ. This gives a vehicle clearance of about 20 cm and a vehicle speed of about 8 m. 2 The undercarriage area is designed to evacuate air. The energy required to remove the sulphur dioxide is approximately 0.5 MJ, and the remaining 0.5 MJ is required to open a hole in the soil / covering material. Most explosive devices have an energy content of several hundred MJ. Assuming that it is possible, the resulting acceleration of the moving body can be significantly reduced to reduce the total motion for the moving body. Less than 1 MJ was needed to eliminate more than 30% of the accumulated fuel. The input of less than 1 MJ into the energy removed reduces the explosive load on the moving object by approximately 100 MJ. It is possible.

[0202] FIG. 37 illustrates one embodiment of an air jet loom 1000 equipped with a directed energy deposition device 1016. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a directed energy deposition device 1016. The directed energy deposition device 1016 is A portion of the span that extends to the electrode 1018 and is defined by the warp threads 1010A, 1010B (front and rear positions) A straight line path passing through the outer periphery of the deformed reeds 1008A and 1008B attached to the sley 1012 is generated. In operation, the pulsed laser subassembly 1014 is configured to At a fixed time, a directed energy deposition device 1016 deposits electricity along a linear path to form a low density Next, a nozzle 1004 connected to a high-pressure air supply unit 1006 blows the weft yarn 100 A portion of 2 is advanced along low-density induction path A.

[0203] FIG. 38 illustrates a firearm subassembly 2000 having an integrated directed energy deposition device 2002. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment. In operation, the directed energy deposition device 2002 is utilized to deposit a Fluid can be purged from the lumen of the body 2004 to form a low density region A. During its duration, the projectile 2006 can be propelled from the barrel by ignition of the propellant 2008. The energy deposition device 2002 can be coupled, for example, to an insulated electrode exposed in the bore region of the gun barrel. In such an approach, the energy deposition can be achieved by using an electric Other approaches to bore cleanout include chemical pre-propellant injection prior to ignition of the propellant 2008. By igniting the accelerator, the gas in the lumen is heated, which allows the gas to be expelled. Cut.

[0204] FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of a vehicle 3000 equipped with a blast mitigation device. The device is arranged around the sensors 3002A, 3002B and the vehicle body 3004 and exposed to the chassis 3006. When the sensors 3002A and 3002B are activated, the energy Energy depositor 3008 deposits energy along path A into the space between chassis 3006 and the ground. This forms a low-density region B.

[0205] FIG. 42 is a schematic diagram showing one embodiment of a vehicle 4000 equipped with earthmoving equipment. The device is arranged around the vehicle body 4004 and includes sensors 4002A, 4003A, 4004B exposed to the vehicle undercarriage 4006. 2B and a directed energy deposition device 4008. When the sensors 4002A and 4002B are activated, When the energy depositor 4008 deposits energy into the ground along path A, at least It penetrates the surface and breaks down or separates B (eg, holes) in the surface material.

[0206] FIG. 43 illustrates a directed energy deposition apparatus 5000 having a pulsed laser subassembly 5002. 5 is a schematic diagram showing one embodiment of a pulsed laser subassembly 5002. 5006 is aligned with a reflector 5008. During operation, the pulsed laser 5004 can generate a laser beam A, which The laser beam A is split into two beams and directed toward the outside of the directed energy deposition device 5000. It can be delivered to the body.

[0207] FIG. 44 illustrates a firearm cartridge having a directed energy deposition device 6002 incorporated therein. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a cartridge 6000. The cartridge 6000 is a directed energy deposition device. a synchronization controller 6004 configured to synchronize operation of the device 6002 with ignition of the propellant 6006; The synchronous controller 6004 starts the directed energy deposition device 6002 first, followed by the propulsion device 6004. The propellant 6006 can be configured to ignite and launch the projectile 6008.

[0208] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that It should be clear that such embodiments are shown by way of example only. It is to be understood that the claims which define the scope of the invention and which are within the scope of the present invention and their equivalents are intended to cover all such claims. are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. The present application provides the following invention. (Configuration 1) The method for producing a woven fabric is to operate an intermittent air jet weaving machine having a weft and a span. Depositing energy to form a low density guided path for the weft yarn to pass through the span. The method comprising the step of: (Configuration 2) The energy deposition step is 5 to 50 times per 10 cm of guide path for a weft thread with a diameter of 1 mm. The method of claim 1, comprising depositing mJ. (Configuration 3) 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the weft yarn has a diameter of 0.1 to 1 mm. (Configuration 4) Any one of configurations 1 to 3, wherein the weft passes through the guide path at a speed of 100 to 500 m / sec. The method described in paragraph . (Configuration 5) 5. Any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fabric is formed at a rate of 500 to 60,000 picks / min. Method of posting. (Configuration 6) The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the guide path is a cylinder. (Configuration 7) further comprising the step of advancing the weft yarn through the low density induction path by a jet of high pressure air. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, comprising: (Configuration 8) 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the jet of high pressure air is synchronized with the energy deposition. (Configuration 9) The method according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the low-density induction path is formed downstream of the high-pressure air jet. Law. (Configuration 10) A further portion of the energy is deposited downstream of the booster air supply to produce further low density induced The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein a conductive path is formed. (Configuration 11) 11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the weft yarn is wetted with a large amount of water. (Configuration 12) 12. The method of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the quantity of water is vaporized in the low density induction path. Law. (Configuration 13) 1. An intermittent air jet weaving machine configured to produce a woven fabric, comprising: (i) a plurality of modified reeds attached to a sley and configured to form a warp shed; Devices installed; (ii) a directional energy source configured to form a low density guide path across the warp shed; Energy deposition assembly; and (iii) a pressurized air configured to advance a portion of the weft yarn through the low density induction path; a weft nozzle in communication with the supply of (Configuration 14) 14. The weaving machine according to claim 13, wherein the warp shed has a length of 3 to 30 m. (Configuration 15) A method for improving an air loom comprising: mounting a directed energy deposition subassembly on the air loom; a step for attaching a yarn dispensing nozzle of the loom to the opposite end of the loom; The electrodes are connected to the side of the device, and the energy is applied to a path passing through the outer periphery of the multiple deformed reeds. The method is configured to deposit

Claims

1. 1. A method of reducing drag on a projectile in a barrel of a gun, comprising depositing energy in the barrel to push air out of the gun barrel in front of the projectile, the deposited energy being electromagnetic energy and / or chemical energy disposed in front of the projectile.

2. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a round with 50% to 90% less driving charge than a conventional round, when fired in said gun, achieves projectile muzzle velocity comparable to a conventional round fired in said gun without depositing energy forward of the projectile.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical energy comes from an ignited barrel-sweeping propellant.

4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the barrel-sweeping propellant is in addition to a driving charge that deposits driving energy to propel the projectile from the gun.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the barrel-sweeping propellant is an integral part of a round which includes the projectile and a driver charge.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the projectile further comprises a piezoelectric element that ignites the barrel-sweeping propellant.

7. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein a round having an integral barrel-clearing charge and less of a driving charge than a conventional round, when fired, achieves projectile muzzle velocities comparable to conventional rounds fired in said gun without depositing energy forward of the projectile.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic energy results from an electrical discharge inside the gun.

9. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the discharge is in the form of an electric arc between two insulated electrodes positioned adjacent to the breech of the gun.

10. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the discharge is in the form of a closed circuit entirely contained within the projectile.

11. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the gun is a small caliber gun, a medium caliber gun, a large caliber gun, a breaching gun, a machine gun, a mortar, a rail gun, or a small arms firearm.

12. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the deposited energy is sufficient to expel a volume of air in the barrel or is a multiple of the energy sufficient to expel a volume of air in the barrel.

13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mitigating acoustic detection.

14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising increasing the muzzle velocity of the projectile.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further increases the impact velocity or impact energy of the projectile.

16. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method reduces acoustic signatures to minimize adverse effects on the hearing of nearby people.

17. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method reduces acoustic signatures to minimize adverse effects on the hearing of nearby people.

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