Expandable piston

Abstract

A piston may be arranged to move within the cylinder to define a variable volume chamber and expand in two directions under the influence of pressure within the variable volume chamber to provide a seal against the cylinder. The piston may include a primary leg and a secondary leg arranged to move relative to one another in a first direction. The primary leg and secondary leg may each include a plurality of segments arranged to move relative to one another in a second direction. The piston may be suitable for use with the inner rotor, forming an end of a protrusion on the inner rotor that fully exits and re-enters the cylinder.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application relates to a piston for an inner rotor or the like for an energy transfer machine. [Background technology]

[0002] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0202921 (the '221 publication published Nov. 13, 2003) discloses a two-dimensional rotary displacement device including a housing, an outer rotor, and at least one inner rotor. The rotational axes of the outer rotor and the at least one inner rotor are parallel. As the outer rotor rotates within the housing, the inner rotor rotates within the outer rotor. WO 07 / 019703 (the '703 publication) published Feb. 22, 2007 discloses a two-dimensional rotary displacement device including a stator with an inner rotor that rotates on a shaft on a rotating carrier. As the carrier rotates within the stator, the inner rotor rotates about the shaft and meshes with the stator. Each of these devices uses an inner rotor. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0295301 (the '301 publication, published December 27, 2007) describes an inner rotor suitable for such applications. Further improvements to the inner rotor described in the '301 publication are described below. 。 Summary of the Invention

[0003] An energy transfer machine is provided that includes a carrier, an inner rotor, and an annular housing. The carrier may be fixed for rotation within the annular housing. The inner rotor may be fixed for rotation about the inner rotor axis within the carrier. The annular housing may have a radially inner surface that defines a cylinder, and the inner rotor has outward projections that project outwardly to mate with the cylinder and define a variable volume chamber within the cylinder as the inner rotor rotates within the carrier during operation. The outward projections of the inner rotor are expandable circumferentially and axially under pressure within the variable volume chamber. There may be fluid transport passages in at least one of the inner rotor, the annular housing, and the carrier to allow for fluid flow into and out of the variable volume chamber.

[0004] In various embodiments, any one or more of the following features may be included: the carrier may be fixed and the annular housing may be configured to rotate within the outer housing during operation; the annular housing may be fixed and the carrier may be configured to rotate within the annular housing during operation; the outward projections may each include a primary leg and a secondary leg arranged to slide circumferentially relative to one another under pressure in the variable volume chamber for sealing contact with the inward projection of the annular housing when the respective inward and outward projections intermesh with one another during operation; the primary leg and secondary leg may each include a plurality of segments axially biased relative to one another by pressure in the variable volume chamber for sealing contact with the axial wall of the cylinder when the respective cylinder and outward projection intermesh with one another during operation. The primary leg segments may define one or more primary leg slots separating the primary leg segments, and the secondary leg segments may define one or more secondary leg slots separating the secondary leg segments, and fluid under pressure in the variable volume chamber enters the primary leg slots and the secondary leg slots to expand the primary leg slots and the secondary leg slots. The primary leg slots and the secondary leg slots may have respective interior boundaries defined by respective axially movable seal interfaces. The respective axially movable seal interfaces may be defined by respective substantially circumferentially extending seals. Each seal may have a seal ridge and a seal groove arranged to mate with a corresponding groove and ridge of at least one of the segments separated by the respective slot, and axial movement of the respective seal interface is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the engagement of the seal ridge and seal groove with the corresponding groove and ridge. The seal ridges and seal grooves may be aligned longitudinally along the seal. Each seal may include at least one lateral ridge. One or more of each seal may include a substantially radial portion.The primary leg segments or the axially endmost segment of the secondary leg segments may include an axial end surface for sealing contact with an axial wall of the cylinder. The axial end surface may contact the axial wall at a radially outer edge of the axial end surface. The axial end surface may include a lip at a radially outer edge of the axial end surface. The primary leg segments and the secondary leg segments may each be connected to a respective corresponding segment of the other outward projection of the outward projection to rotate with the respective corresponding segment about the inner rotor axis. The primary leg and the secondary leg may be arranged to slide relative to each other along a seal interface provided on a circumferentially movable sliding seal including a radially extending portion on one of the primary leg and the secondary leg, and a circumferential contact seal of the substantially circumferentially extending seal may be arranged to contact the radially extending portion on one of the primary leg and the secondary leg.

[0005] Also provided is an energy transfer machine that includes a piston arranged for longitudinal movement within a cylinder to define a variable volume chamber, where the term "cylinder" does not imply a particular cross-sectional shape. The piston may include primary and secondary legs arranged to slide relative to one another in a first transverse direction under pressure within the variable volume chamber to make sealing contact with a wall of the cylinder in the first direction, and the primary and secondary legs may each include a plurality of segments biased relative to one another in a second transverse direction by pressure within the variable volume chamber to make sealing contact with a wall of the cylinder in the second direction. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0006] Embodiments will now be described with reference to the figures, in which, by way of example, like reference numbers refer to like elements. [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an inner rotor including components axially positioned relative to one another. [Diagram 2]FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an inner rotor having three heel elements axially positioned relative to one another and two toe elements axially positioned relative to one another. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the heel element of the inner rotor of FIG. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is an exploded isometric view of the two heel elements of FIG. 3, showing a seal for sealing between the different heel elements. [Diagram 5] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the toe element of the inner rotor of FIG. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of one of the toe elements of FIG. 5, showing a seal for sealing between the toe elements. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 is an isometric partial cross-sectional view of the inner rotor. [Figure 8] 8 shows a view of FIG. 7 with the outermost toe elements omitted to better show the seals between the elements and the through holes for receiving the pins. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a circumferential seal between two toe elements as shown in FIG. 8, here shown separated from the other elements. [Figure 10] FIG. 9 is an isometric view of a portion of the inner rotor of FIG. 8 with one of the two heel elements omitted to better show the circumferential floating seal between the two heel elements. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is an isometric view of a circumferential floating seal between two heel elements as shown in FIG. 10, here shown separated from the other elements. [Figure 12] FIG. 8 is an isometric view showing the axial seal between the primary and secondary legs of the inner rotor of FIG. 7, here shown separated from other elements. [Figure 13] FIG. 11 is an isometric view showing the view of FIG. 10 with the seal removed to show grooves formed in the rotor elements to receive the seal. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a side view corresponding to the isometric view of FIG. 13. [Figure 15]FIG. 8 is a circumferential cross-sectional view through a heel element of the inner rotor of FIG. 7. [Figure 16] FIG. 8 is an isometric cross-sectional view of the inner rotor of FIG. 7 showing a series of axial holes that receive flexible pins or spring wires. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is an isometric view of a variation of the embodiment of the inner rotor of FIGS. 7-16, showing an axial lip. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional isometric view of the embodiment of FIG. 17 showing the cut-off toe element of the inner rotor. [Figure 19] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a rotor leg of a rotor suitable for a multi-rotor embodiment. [Figure 20] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a multi-rotor embodiment; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0007] Minor changes may be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from what is covered by the scope of the claims.

[0008] An inner rotor with expandable protrusions is shown in the '301 publication with a fixed outer rotor or stator. Expandable inner rotors can also be used in devices with a rotating outer housing, for example as described in the '221 publication. An inner rotor with circumferentially expandable outward protrusions is described in the '301 publication.

[0009] In the figures and detailed description, the direction of rotation and leading edge and trailing edge designations are used for reference purposes. Opposite rotation and reverse configurations are also possible.

[0010] In the detailed description and claims, the term "cylinder" is used to describe the space defined by the radially inner surface of an annular housing with which the outward projections of the inner rotor mate. The outward projections act as pistons within the cylinder to define a variable volume chamber. The term "cylinder" is not used to imply a particular cross-sectional shape. For example, the cross section of a cylinder need not be circular, but could be rectangular, for example. The term "cylinder" can be used to refer to any cavity into which a piston enters to define a variable volume chamber, such as in non-rotor embodiments.

[0011] The terms "primary leg" and "secondary leg" may be used when each leg of the rotor is divided into components that are movable relative to one another (and these components may be further divided into sub-elements, as described below). The terms "primary leg" and "secondary leg" do not necessarily imply a difference between the primary and secondary legs, but may be assigned as appropriate to the respective components they describe. In the embodiments shown in this document, one of the components has a longer perimeter than the other, but in other embodiments, their perimeters may be equal. For convenience, in the embodiments shown, the term "primary leg" is assigned to the component that has the greater perimeter length. The portion of the primary or secondary leg that forms the leading edge is referred to herein as the "heel" and the portion of the primary or secondary leg that forms the trailing edge is referred to herein as the "toe". In the embodiments of Figures 2-18, the "toe" is in the "primary leg".

[0012] Prior art embodiments can be modified to allow for axial expansion as shown in Figures 1-18. By providing a seal between the toe and heel portions and allowing the toe and heel to rotate relative to one another, it has been shown that the rotor legs can expand circumferentially to form contact seals between the toe and forward cylinder wall as well as the heel and rearward cylinder wall, which are proportional to the pressure of the fluid being sealed in the chamber. This has been shown to work very well, but does not provide moveable seals on the sides of the rotor.

[0013] Many rotating devices require an inner rotor that must seal against the front and back walls of the rotating cylinder and the axial surface between the inner rotor and the inwardly facing axial surface of the cylinder. In other non-limiting embodiments or use cases, the cylinder may instead be fixed with one or more rotors that rotate about their one or more central axes, and the one or more rotors rotate simultaneously about the central axis of the cylinder.

[0014] In some applications, it is possible to achieve the required seal with a close tolerance fit. This can be very difficult to achieve with very high pressure, low viscosity fluids such as air. For example, applications where manufacturing tolerances or wear compensation is required, where higher pressures are required, or where thermal expansion makes a close tolerance fit difficult or impossible for a given pressure, more advanced seal configurations are required. Particularly challenging is the scenario where friction between the cylinder wall and the side of the inner rotor causes the temperature of the inner rotor to rise disproportionately to the outer rotor. This can create a thermal runaway situation where the inner rotor expands axially, increasing friction and generating more heat. The observed result is an axial expansion of the inner rotor, which closes the gap between the inner rotor and the outer rotor sidewall to a point that creates an interference fit with high friction, high wear, and even more heat generation.

[0015] A solution is needed that allows for contact or very near contact fit of the inner rotor and outer rotor (or stator) cylinder walls and accounts for axial manufacturing tolerances, wear, and thermal expansion of the inner and outer rotors.

[0016] Presented below are several different configurations that allow the inner rotor to expand axially. The embodiments include rotor geometries that allow axial as well as circumferential expansion. This solution aims to allow for loose manufacturing tolerances, low cost, and to compensate for changes in geometry due to thermal expansion or wear. Furthermore, the axial force between the outward facing inner rotor sidewall and the interfacing sidewall of the outer rotor is proportional to the pressure generated in the cylinder in the embodiments, so this sealing force is sufficient to seal and does not cause excessive friction or wear.

[0017] Thus, in addition to expanding circumferentially, embodiments of the rotors can expand axially. This can be done in a number of ways, including simply placing two rotors side-by-side as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a first inner rotor 502 adjacent to a second inner rotor 504. The inside diameters (IDs) of both of these rotors 502 and 504 can move axially on cylinders, such as the inner rotor's shaft cylinder 506, or bushings, such as axially unconstrained bearings. The axial movement of the inner rotor 502 is indicated in FIG. 1 by a double-headed arrow labeled 508, and the axial movement of the inner rotor 504 is indicated by a double-headed arrow labeled 510.

[0018] In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, each secondary leg 644 forms a heel 604 and is formed from a component that is divided into three axial components, a near side heel element 608, a central heel element 610, and a far side heel element 612. These three components can move axially independent of each other. "Heel" is used here to refer to the leading edge of the leg when the rotor 600 is rotating clockwise relative to the illustrated view, as indicated by the curved arrow 606 in Figure 2. Near side and far side are relative to the illustrated view.

[0019] The rotation of these components may be constrained relative to one another or their rotational positions may be constrained by the cylinder walls they contact. Each primary leg 642 forms the rotor toe 602 and is formed from a component split into two axially movable halves 614 and 616 that can move axially independently of one another. The rotation of these components may likewise be constrained relative to one another or their rotational positions may be constrained by the cylinder walls they contact.

[0020] 3 shows only the heel elements 608, 610, 612, which together rotate circumferentially together to form an interlocking heel element 624. The toe element is not shown in this view.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows an exploded view of the central heel element 610 and the far heel element 612, with the near heel element 608 not shown for simplicity. Between the heel elements 608 and 610 is a heel floating seal 618, and between the heel elements 610 and 612 is another heel floating seal 619. In this embodiment, each heel floating seal 618 or 619 is positioned in a respective groove of two components (sealing between the two components), such as groove 620 in the far heel element 612. The heel floating seals 618 and 619 reduce leakage radially inward from the outer diameter (OD) of the rotor through the legs through the gaps between the three components. Note that the heel floating seals 618 and 619 are only shown on one leg for simplicity of explanation, but it is intended that there is a similar seal on each leg. Heel seals 618 and 619 are shown in grooves on two components, but they can be in a groove on one component or fixed on one component and contact the other component. The seals can also be floating radially and axially. The seals can have a radial or somewhat radial surface to prevent circumferential movement of the seal within the groove, as shown by the heel seal radial portion 622 on heel floating seal 618 in FIG. 4.

[0022] Figure 5 shows only the toe element of Figure 2, which in this embodiment is made up of two symmetrical components, a first toe element 614 and a second toe element 616, which can move axially relative to each other and together form only the combined toe element 626. The axial movement of toe element 614 is indicated using arrow 632 and the axial movement of toe element 616 is indicated using arrow 634. A rotor toe seal 630 is shown between toe elements 614 and 616.

[0023] 6 shows only the far toe element of the inner rotor of FIG. 2, showing the far toe element portion of an exemplary leg including a circumferential toe seal groove 640 and a toe floating seal 636 within the groove. Again, groove 640 and toe seal 636 may have a radial or somewhat radial portion, in this embodiment a toe seal radial portion 638 that prevents circumferential movement of the seal. These grooves and seal elements are omitted from the other leg for simplicity.

[0024] An important consideration in these designs is that floating seals are deemed effective between two or more axially movable components. However, floating seals are not deemed practical on the axial outer surface of the inner rotor because, unlike a piston where the ring is always in the cylinder, the legs of this rotor move in and out of the compression chamber and can therefore be caught as they re-enter the chamber. Thus, the axial outer surface of the inner rotor functions as an axially movable seal. In a preferred embodiment, the toe and heel can also float relative to each other. Pressure from compression, compressed air intake, combustion, or other sources can enter the space between the rotor elements from the rotor OD to the seal to move them axially apart. Similarly, pressure from compression, compressed air intake, combustion, or other sources is exposed between the rotor OD and the seal, and to the radial surfaces of the toe and heel between the components as they slide circumferentially over one another. This pressure forces the toe and heel into the cylinder wall, creating a seal against leakage. The expansion of the rotor elements axially against the sides of the chamber provides a seal to prevent leakage on the axial surface. As a result, the rotor can expand in all directions with a force proportional to the pressure in the chamber.

[0025] Many different configurations of rotor elements and seals are possible and have been devised by the inventors. Characteristics that help achieve the sealing performance shown herein include:

[0026] a) Axial surfaces on two or more rotor elements having a circumferential seal between them, whereby the pressure radially outward from the seal is greater than the pressure between the surfaces radially inward from the seal. This pressure is a result of the effectiveness of the seal and is also used to generate an axial force that pulls two or more components apart, thereby forming a seal between the outermost axial faces of the inner rotor elements adjacent the inward facing cylinder walls of the outer rotor.

[0027] b) The seal will preferably have features including some radially aligned surfaces that prevent circumferential movement of the seal relative to the groove of the inner rotor that it occupies, thereby aligning the circumferential ends of the seal with the toe or heel contact surfaces.

[0028] c) Slight modifications to the above would still provide some of the benefits. These modifications could include a seal that is shorter than the length of the groove, or a groove that is shorter than the full circumference of the leg from toe to heel.

[0029] Shown in Figure 7 is a partial cross section of an inner rotor 700 including axial expansion and sealing arrangements that prevent or reduce leakage of fluid radially inward from the compression chamber beyond the legs of the inner rotor, and also allow and cause circumferential expansion of the toe and heel portions of the rotor, and axial expansion of the rotor elements to form a seal on the outward facing surface of the inner rotor legs against the axially inward facing surface of the outer rotor chamber. In this non-limiting embodiment, the larger of the two independent rotor sets includes three toe elements 702, 704, 706, and the smaller includes two heel elements 708 and 710. This is in contrast to Figures 2-6, where the larger circumferential set is made up of three rotors and the smaller circumferential set is made up of two (toe elements). Either configuration is acceptable.

[0030] Also shown in Figure 7 are heel axial seal 716, shown in more detail in Figures 10 and 12, and toe circumferential seals 722, 724, shown in more detail in Figures 8 and 9. Curved arrow 712 indicates an exemplary direction of rotation.

[0031] In FIG. 8, the outermost toe element 702 is not shown to provide a better view of the circumferential seal 722 between the outer toe element 702 and the intermediate toe element 704. A through hole 772 disposed in the first heel element 708 is displayed to accommodate a flexible pin 742. Other heel or toe elements may also feature a through hole to accommodate a flexible pin or other deformable element for providing a preload. The flexible pin 742 is shown in more detail in FIG.

[0032] In FIG. 9, the toe circumferential seal 722 between the two toe elements shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 is shown in isolation. In this non-limiting embodiment, the first toe circumferential seal 722 has multiple ridges 726 and grooves 727, here aligned longitudinally as raised concentric features, which serve to provide multiple sealing effects when the ridges 726 interface with corresponding grooves on the toe element 704 and the grooves 727 interface with corresponding ridges on the toe element 704. Any number of ridges and / or grooves can be used. In one embodiment, a single ridge 726 or groove 727 can mate with a single corresponding groove or ridge on the toe element 704, and similarly, multiple ridges and grooves can mate as shown. The lateral ridges 728, here radially aligned features on the toe circumferential seal 722, prevent the seal from moving circumferentially. The radial direction is indicated by arrow 767 and the circumferential direction is indicated by arrow 768. These radially aligned features have an axial width greater than the width of the seal and prevent leakage circumferentially along the groove from the radial space 734 shown in Figure 14. The axial width of the radially aligned features is indicated by arrow 769 and the seal width is indicated by arrow 770. This radial space 734 between the toe and heel elements is not sealed and provides a circumferential force to push the toe and heel apart.

[0033] FIG. 10 also shows one of the two heel elements hidden, revealing a circumferential floating seal 718 between the two heel elements. This seal is similar to the circumferential seal between the toe elements described above. The seal configuration also provides an axially aligned seal 716 that prevents leakage between the circumferentially expanding toe element 702 (hidden in FIG. 10) 704, 706 and the heel element 708 (hidden in FIG. 10) 710. FIG. 10 features a through hole 771 for a flexible pin 742. The flexible pin 742 is shown in more detail in FIG. 16. The circumferential floating seal 718 is on the axially facing inner surface 778 of the second heel element 710.

[0034] The circumferential seal 718 between the heel elements is shown by itself in FIG. 11. This circumferential seal includes a portion that defines an axially aligned groove 720 for an axially aligned face seal. As with the seal between the toe elements, it has a plurality of concentric ridges 756 that define grooves 758 between the ridges, and a lateral ridge 760, which here is a radially aligned feature. There may also be a plurality of lateral ridges 760. As with the seal between the toe elements, a single longitudinal ridge 756 or a single longitudinal groove 758 may be used to mate with a corresponding groove or ridge on the heel element. In the embodiment shown, a portion 762 of the seal extends over the axial seal 716 (shown in FIG. 12) to define a notch 720 for receiving the axial seal 716. In another embodiment, the portion 762 may be formed as a single piece that includes the protrusion 714 on the axial seal 716. In another embodiment, the circumferential seal 718 and the heel axial seal 716 may be formed as one piece rather than two separate pieces.

[0035] Figure 12 shows the axial seal 716 in its entirety. The relief 715 on the left facing surface of this image is provided to allow fluid to act primarily on the left facing surface and push the seal towards the right of the groove. The protrusion 714 on the left side along the center plane is provided to prevent the seal from moving axially within the groove.

[0036] FIG. 13 shows a partially exploded rotor leg section with the seals removed, showing groove 730 and ridge 731 corresponding to heel seal ridge 756 and groove 758, and groove 732 and ridge 733 corresponding to toe seal ridge 726 and groove 727, where grooves and ridges 730, 731, 732, 733 are formed in the rotor elements to receive the seals.

[0037] Figure 14 shows a side view of the partially exploded rotor of Figure 13, also with the seals removed. From this view it is clear where the fluid pressure from the compression chambers is intended to access and where the seals prevent it from flowing. The slots 734 between the left toe and right heel are pressurized, forcing the toes and heels apart circumferentially so that they contact their respective rear and outer rotor cylinder walls with sufficient force to provide an effective seal. In this embodiment, the slots 734 are partially aligned radially.

[0038] It should be noted that the arrows in Figures 15-18 show the surface indicated by the arrow as viewed along the direction of the arrow.

[0039] FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the rotor and seal 718 taken along a direction tangential to the outer diameter (OD) of the inner rotor, showing the slot (circumferential radial space 736) between rotor heel elements 708 and 710 (portions of the rotor radially outward from the seal). Fluid pressure from compression, compressed air intake, combustion, or other sources in a chamber at the outer diameter (OD) of the inner rotor can act on axially facing surfaces 752 and 758 on either side of this slot 736, pushing the axially movable rotor elements, rotor heel elements 708 and 710, away from each other. A force on a first axially facing inner surface 752 of the first rotor heel element 708 pushes the first rotor heel element 708 to form a seal between the axially outermost surfaces 740 of the rotor heel elements 708 against the axially inward facing surface of the cylinder wall. It is understood that a pressure gradient exists from the radially outermost surface of the seal to the radially innermost surface of the seal, and much of this pressure gradient also contributes to the outward axial force generated between the axially movable rotor elements as a result of the fluid pressure in the variable volume chamber.

[0040] For each of the seals shown between the inner rotor elements, the seal may be separate from the rotor element that forms the seal between the components, as shown, or may be integrally formed with one of the rotor elements. In the former case, each seal may have one or more seal ridges or one or more seal grooves arranged to mate with one or more corresponding grooves or one or more corresponding ridges of each segment. In the latter case, each seal may have one or more seal ridges or one or more seal grooves arranged to mate with one or more corresponding grooves or one or more corresponding ridges of the non-integral component. In either case, the seal may extend generally into a general groove in at least one component, with the ridges and grooves mating on the seal and in this general groove.

[0041] The second rotor heel element 710 experiences a similar force on an axially-facing inner surface 778 of the second rotor heel element 710. The second axially-facing inner surface 778 can also be seen in FIGS.

[0042] The front and rear faces of the cylinder define the relative angular positions of the toe and heel elements (so that a leg entering the cylinder is at the correct circumferential width to enter the cylinder due to the circumferential width of the leg before it that is already in the cylinder.) Similarly, the axial width of the leg that is in the cylinder sets the axial width of the next leg about to enter the cylinder.

[0043] Seal Preload

[0044] FIG. 16 shows one of many possible ways to preload or preenergize the seal. A cross-sectional plane reveals a series of axial holes that allow flexible pins or spring wires 742, such as spring steel, nitinol, or titanium wire, to be inserted into the rotor without bending the dining assembly when the toe and heel portions are spread apart at a larger angle than when they are inserted into the outer rotor chamber. When the toe and heel are brought together in the operating position, the spring wire elastically deforms, generating an outward circumferential force between the toe and heel, forming the initial sealing contact between the toe and heel of the inner rotor and the leading and trailing edges of the chamber of the outer rotor. A similar strategy can be used to preload the sides of the inner rotor against the axially inward facing faces of the outer rotor cylinder. The flexible pin 742 shown here has a component of axial force that the pin exerts on the outermost inner rotor member, which may similarly accomplish some or all of the axial energizing.

[0045] For each rotor that seals against a cylinder wall, it is desirable for the torque or force induced by the fluid or gas pressure forcing the rotor towards the wall and sealing against it to slightly exceed or exceed the torque or force induced by the fluid or gas pressure pushing the rotor away from the wall it is sealing against. This ensures adequate sealing while minimizing excessive wear, friction, and heat.

[0046] For an area of ​​constant fluid pressure, the net force that the fluid exerts on a surface along a given measurement axis is proportional to the surface area of ​​the surface projected onto a plane to which the measurement axis is normal. Of general reference, including areas of varying fluid pressure such as overseals, the net force along a given measurement axis is equal to the integral of the local fluid pressure, at every point on the surface in question, multiplied by the projection of the surface onto a plane to which the measurement axis is normal. The net torque is equal to the integral of the local fluid pressure, at every point on the surface in question, multiplied by the projection of the surface onto a plane containing the axis of rotation, multiplied by the moment arm about the axis of rotation at the point in question.

[0047] Thus, the surfaces of the rotor that are subjected to fluid forces that cause the rotor to expand or contract circumferentially or axially can be designed with different geometries while ensuring that the net force or torque results in effective sealing.

[0048] For example, the heel leading surface 744 is designed with a similar geometry as the heel inner surface 748 of the axial radial space 734, but is designed such that the product of the projected surface area and respective moment arm of the curved surface 744 of the heel leading edge at the high pressure side of the seal between the heel and the cylinder wall is less than the product of the projected surface area and respective moment arm of the curved inner surface of the circumferentially facing heel inner surface 748 at the high pressure side of the heel axial seal 716, thus providing a net non-zero torque in a direction away from the toe and toward the heel, providing a sealing force against the cylinder wall.

[0049] The toe trailing surface 746 is designed with a similar geometry as the toe inner surface 750 of the axial radial space 734, but is designed such that the product of the projected surface area and respective moment arm of the curved surface 746 of the toe trailing edge at the high pressure side of the seal between the toe and the cylinder wall is less than the product of the projected surface area and respective moment of the curved inner surface of the inner toe 750 at the high pressure side of the heel axial seal 716, thus providing a net non-zero torque in a direction away from the heel and toward the toe, providing a sealing force against the cylinder wall.

[0050] In the embodiment shown in Figures 17 and 18, the heel segment axial end face 764 has a lip 738 at its radially outward edge, and the toe axial end face 766 has a lip 740 at its radially outward edge. These lips can be repeated at the axial end face of the opposite axial side of the rotor. These lips form a sealing surface with the axial wall of the annular housing that defines the cylinder. The radially outward edges of the heel axial end face, as well as the locations of these lips radially outward of the slots (e.g., circumferential radial spaces 736) between the heel segments and between the toe segments, extend radially inward so that pressure within these slots helps to spread the segments and press the lip against the axial wall. The axial end faces need not be parallel to the axial wall, for example, the portions away from the radially outward edges can be angled away from the axial wall. Also, there need not be a lip: the radially outward edges of the heel and toe surfaces can be axially facing sealing surfaces that contact the axial wall without the need for a raised lip.

[0051] The toe lip 740 can be designed to have a small radial length and a relatively small surface area that forms a seal. A pressure gradient is created over this seal with the highest pressure toward the outer diameter (OD) and the lowest pressure toward the axial direction. The pressure on the first toe element 702, more specifically the pressure acting on the first axially facing toe element inner surface 754, and the pressure gradient forcing the first toe element 702 outward over the first toe circumferential seal 722 creates a force greater than the force created by the pressure on the toe lip 740, pushing the rotor outward. The exact balance of forces can be adjusted to obtain the optimum sealing force.

[0052] The balance of axial forces on the third rotor toe element 706 and heel elements 708 and 710 can be analyzed similarly.

[0053] 17 and 18 also show toe circumferential slots 780 and 782 between the toe members facing outwardly from the first and second toe circumferential seals 722 and 724, respectively.

[0054] Although shown in the context of an inner rotor, the principles used here can be used with other forms of pistons. A "leg" as shown here can function as a piston regardless of whether it is part of the inner rotor. An inner rotor element is also a piston element, and the description of an inner rotor element applies to any single leg of an inner rotor considered separate from the remainder of the inner rotor, and also applies to piston elements in general. For example, a piston can extend in a first direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of the cylinder and in a second direction. The leg components in a rotor embodiment can correspond to the piston components in this non-rotor embodiment, with the first direction corresponding to the circumferential direction of the rotor embodiment, the second direction corresponding to the axial direction of the rotor embodiment, and the longitudinal direction corresponding to the radial direction of the rotor embodiment.

[0055] In the example shown here, a rectangular (rectangular) leg (piston) is shown. In other examples, the leg need not be rectangular. For example, the leg could be another four-sided non-circular shape within a cylinder of corresponding shape.

[0056] For the purposes of this document, a cylinder is a cavity within which a piston travels defining a variable volume chamber, and is not limited to a geometric shape having a circular cross section.

[0057] In one embodiment, several of the energy transfer machines described can have their outputs combined together to increase power.

[0058] The embodiments described and claimed herein may be used in devices with a single inner rotor as shown, or multiple inner rotors as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,111,606. FIG. 19 shows an exemplary rotor foot 800 of a rotor suitable for a multi-rotor embodiment. Seals are not shown, but would be present in use. The circumferential expansion provided between the toe 802 and heel 804 allows for maintaining sealing contact between the leading and trailing edges and the cylinder wall even when the motion of the foot 800 relative to the annular housing has a non-radial component. The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 19 allows for circumferential expansion, but does not allow for substantial axial expansion of the heel 804, as there is only one heel element shown. As shown in FIGS. 1-18, versions with circumferential expansion and both heel and toe axially expandable may also be used in multi-rotor embodiments. FIG. 20 shows a schematic of the operation of a multi-rotor embodiment. In the version shown, there are four rotors 900, shown as circles representing the circular motion of the rotor legs, with the effective radius indicated by arrows 910. Each rotor 900 rotates about a respective axis 902, which is fixed relative to a carrier 904. The carrier 904 rotates relative to an annular housing 906 via axis 908. The rotor-carrier relative rotation and the carrier-annular housing relative rotation can be synchronized by the meshing of the rotor legs and the annular housing. Figure 20 shows a rotating annular housing 906 and a fixed carrier. The housing can be fixed and the carrier can rotate, or both can rotate relative to a separate fixed element, such as an additional housing (not shown).

[0059] The legs are in the cylinder only part of the time and are in sealing engagement only when they are in the cylinder at most. In conventional seals such as cylindrical pistons, the seals are in continuous contact and can be placed between the piston and the cylinder. If the inner rotor described above used a moving seal between the rotary piston and the cylinder, the seal would hang off the end of the cylinder when the rotor legs entered the cylinder. In the present invention, the fact that the legs in the cylinder set the axial width as well as the circumferential length allows the piston legs to move in and out of the cylinder. This use of the outer surface of the piston legs is also possible as a result of using variable gap interfaces between the axially movable leg elements and between the circumferentially movable leg elements. These seals between the components of the inner rotor only need to seal when pressurized, but can always be in sealing engagement.

[0060] The cylinder-contacting sealing surface of the inner rotor element, designated one of the left or right toe portions or left or right heel portions, is rigidly connected to a similar surface of the adjacent inner rotor leg, so that the axial and circumferential position of the sealing surface of the leg entering the cylinder is set by the leg already in the cylinder relative to the cylinder it enters (as the position of the sealing surface of the leg in the cylinder is set by its contact with the cylinder wall). In this way, the sealing surface of the incoming rotor leg can be precisely positioned relative to the cylinder wall to allow contact or a sufficiently small gap for effective sealing, without undue contact or interference that would cause the sealing surface of the incoming piston leg to "hang" or "hang" on the end of the cylinder.

[0061] This is made possible by the invention in that all right side forward sealing surfaces are constructed of one rigid element and all right side aft sealing surfaces are constructed of one rigid element. The same is true for the left side, where variable gaps are provided between the left and right components and between the forward and aft elements. The larger these gaps, the smaller the gap between the leg sealing surfaces and the cylinder wall. A combination of seals and grooves, or protruding features and grooves, are provided between the left and right elements and the aft and aft elements to provide a variable gap seal between these components. Furthermore, the proportions of these variable gap surfaces are of sufficient cross section to allow the pressurized fluid in these gaps to push the inner rotor element against the cylinder wall with a force proportional to the fluid pressure.

[0062] In the claims, the terms "comprising" and "comprising" are used in their inclusive sense and do not exclude other elements that may be present. The indefinite article "a" or "an" preceding a claim feature does not exclude a plurality of the feature being present. Each individual feature described herein may be used in one or more embodiments and its mere appearance in the specification should not be construed as essential to all embodiments defined by the claims.

Claims

1. An energy transfer machine, the energy transfer machine comprising: a carrier disposed within an annular housing, the annular housing having a plurality of cylinders defined by a radially inner surface of the annular housing, the annular housing and the carrier rotating relative to one another, at least one inner rotor disposed for rotation about an inner rotor axis within the carrier, the inner rotor having outward projections; an outwardly extending protrusion that projects outwardly to mate with the cylinder and defines a variable volume chamber within the cylinder as the inner rotor rotates within the carrier during operation; the outward projections of the inner rotor being expandable in circumferential and axial directions under pressure as the outward projections enter the variable volume chamber or under pressure supplied to the variable volume chamber from an external source; a fluid transport passageway to at least one of the inner rotor, the annular housing, and the carrier for permitting fluid flow into and out of the variable volume chamber; a seal is formed between the outward projection and the cylinder when the outward projection expands in the circumferential direction and the axial direction; Energy transmitter.

2. The energy transfer machine of claim 1 , wherein the annular housing is configured to rotate within an outer housing during operation.

3. The energy transfer machine of claim 1 , wherein the carrier is configured to rotate within the annular housing during operation.

4. 2. The energy transfer machine of claim 1, wherein each of the outward projections includes a primary leg and a secondary leg arranged to slide circumferentially relative to one another under the pressure in the variable volume chamber for sealing contact with the cylinder when the respective cylinders and outward projections intermesh during operation.

5. 5. The energy transfer machine of claim 4, wherein the primary leg and the secondary leg each include a plurality of segments axially biased by the pressure in the variable volume chamber into sealing contact with an axial wall that at least partially defines the cylinder when respective cylinders and outward projections intermesh with one another during operation, the axial wall at least partially defining the cylinder formed on a radially inner surface of the annular housing.

6. 6. The energy transfer machine of claim 5, wherein the plurality of segments of the primary leg define one or more primary leg slots separating the plurality of segments of the primary leg, the plurality of segments of the secondary leg define one or more secondary leg slots separating the plurality of segments of the secondary leg, and wherein the fluid under pressure in the variable volume chamber enters the one or more primary leg slots and the one or more secondary leg slots causing the one or more primary leg slots and the one or more secondary leg slots to expand.

7. The energy transfer machine of claim 6 , wherein the one or more primary leg slots and the one or more secondary leg slots have respective internal boundaries defined by respective axially movable seal interfaces.

8. The energy transfer machine of claim 7 , wherein each axially movable seal interface is defined by a respective substantially circumferentially extending seal.

9. 9. The energy transfer machine of claim 8, wherein each seal has one or more seal ridges or one or more seal grooves arranged to mate with one or more corresponding grooves or one or more corresponding ridges of at least one of the segments separated by a respective slot, and axial movement of a respective seal interface is accommodated by increasing or decreasing engagement of the one or more seal ridges or seal grooves with the one or more corresponding grooves or one or more corresponding ridges.

10. The energy transfer machine of claim 9 , wherein the one or more seal ridges or seal grooves are aligned along the length of the seal.

11. The energy transfer machine of claim 9 , wherein each seal includes at least one lateral ridge perpendicular to an extension direction of the one or more seal ridges or one or more seal grooves.

12. The energy transfer machine of claim 8 , wherein at least one of the seals includes a substantially radial portion.

13. 6. The energy transfer machine of claim 5, wherein an axially endmost segment of the plurality of segments of the primary leg or the plurality of segments of the secondary leg includes an axial end face for sealing contact with the axial wall that at least partially defines the cylinder.

14. 14. The energy transfer machine of claim 13, wherein the axial end face contacts the axial wall at least partially defining the cylinder at a radially outer edge of the axial end face.

15. The energy transfer machine of claim 14 , wherein the axial end face includes a lip at a radially outer edge of the axial end face.

16. 6. The energy transfer machine of claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of segments of the primary leg and the plurality of segments of the secondary leg are connected to a corresponding segment of each of the other outward projections of the outward projections to rotate with the corresponding segment about the inner rotor axis.

17. the primary leg and the secondary leg are arranged to slide relative to one another along a seal interface provided on a circumferentially movable sliding seal including a radially extending portion of one of the primary leg and the secondary leg; 9. The energy transfer machine of claim 8, wherein a circumferential contact seal of the substantially circumferentially extending seal is in one of the primary leg and the secondary leg and is positioned to contact the radially extending portion.

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