Self-aligning radio frequency connector

Abstract

The present disclosure describes a rigid self-aligning radio frequency ("RF") connector including a rigid body with a first connecting end and a second connecting end opposite the first connecting end. The RF connector can also include a recess disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body between the first connecting end and the second connecting end, and a foldable connector support that can include a connecting portion and a foldable portion. The foldable connector support can be disposed within and protrude from the recess and is configured to fold into the recess. The foldable connector support can also be configured to interface with the interface surface to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface and to facilitate generation of a reaction force sufficient to nominally align the RF connector with a device to which it is to be connected.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Rigid radio frequency ("RF") connectors are often used to connect various devices. Such connectors can be known by a variety of names, such as "bullet" (connector / adapter with two female ends) or "barrel" (connector / adapter with two male ends). Such connectors can have a variety of sizes, lengths, and connection types based on a given application.

[0002] Examples of rigid RF connectors and connection systems are shown in Figures 1A-1D. In this example, a typical RF connector 10 in the form of an RF bullet is shown having a rigid cylindrical body 100. The rigid body 100 includes a first connecting end 102 and a second connecting end 104. In this example, the connecting ends 102, 104 include female connectors or connector configurations / interfaces, and the first connecting end 102 can be spring loaded. Other RF connectors are known that can have male connectors or connector configurations / interfaces (e.g., barrel connectors), or male and female connectors or connector configurations / interfaces. Additionally, RF connectors can have different widths, lengths, configurations, and / or shapes than the examples shown.

[0003] In some applications of rigid RF connectors, the first connecting end (see, for example, the first connecting end 102 of the RF connector 10) can be selectively attachable and detachable to the first device (see, for example, the first device 120), and the second connecting end (see, for example, the second connecting end 104 of the RF bullet 10) can be selectively attachable and detachable to the second device 130. However, connecting one of the connecting ends to one of the devices may cause the RF connector to be misaligned with the other of the devices. For example, with the first connecting end 102 connected to the first device 120, the second connecting end 104 may be misaligned with the second device 130 due to an off-axis connection with the first device 120 (see FIG. 1B). This may be even more problematic in the case of a blind connection of the RF connector 10 to the second device 130. In a blind connection, the RF connector 10 passes over or through a structural member before connection (see, for example, spacer 150, where the RF connector 10 passes through an opening 152 in the spacer 150). A user cannot directly manipulate the RF connector 10 to make a blind connection.

[0004] While one or more of the first and second devices 120, 130 may be capable of accepting a misaligned RF connector 10, the resulting misaligned interface increases the likelihood of damage to the RF connector 10 and / or the first and second devices 120, 130. It has been found that such damage may include teeth or other portions of the RF connector 10 breaking off from the RF connector 10. In some applications, these pieces of RF connector debris (sometimes referred to as foreign object debris or "FOD") may be harmful as they may interfere with or damage components and / or systems in which the RF connector 10 is used.

[0005] Therefore, it is preferable to align the RF connector 10 with the second device 130 (see FIG. 1C ) before attempting to connect the second connection end 104 with the second device 130. This helps to prevent or at least minimize damage to the RF connector 10 and the generation of FOD associated with a damaged RF connector 10.

[0006] In view of the foregoing, various objects or mechanisms have been implemented to attempt to align the RF connector with the device to facilitate a clean blind connection. However, such mechanisms have been insufficient. Some examples include an O-ring added onto the RF connector at a first mating end of the RF connector to attempt to align the RF connector with a second device. However, such O-rings positioned or placed at or proximate to the periphery end positions of the RF connector have been found to be insufficient to provide the force required to properly align the RF connector. Other examples include an interference fit gasket positioned or placed at or proximate to one or both ends of the RF connector. However, because the gasket is of a radially extending configuration relative to the RF connector, the gasket may align the RF connector too tightly (the gasket does not accommodate the off-axis position or orientation of the RF connector) to allow the RF connector to properly mate if the device and / or spacers or other devices / objects between the devices are offset to any degree from one another. Thus, an interference fit does not allow for sufficient offset tolerance between the devices.

[0007] It should also be noted that a solution for aligning RF connectors must allow for connections even when the devices to be connected are offset from their nominal positions. For example, referring to FIG. 1D, the first and second devices 120, 130 are shown offset relative to the spacer 150. To connect the RF connector 10 to both the first device 120 and the second device 130, the RF connector 10 must be positioned at its maximum offset position, as shown, directly adjacent the inner surface 154 of the opening 152 of the spacer 150. Thus, any solution for positioning RF connectors in nominal alignment must preferably also accommodate situations such as that shown in FIG. 1D, where the devices 120, 130 and / or the spacer are offset from their nominal positions.

[0008] Therefore, there is a need to facilitate nominal alignment of the RF connector with the device to which it is connected, while at the same time allowing for various offsets in tolerance between the device to be connected and any other structural members (e.g., spacer 150).

[0009] Features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrate, by way of example, features of the invention. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0010] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 illustrates an isometric view of a typical rigid RF connector. [Figure 1B] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a rigid RF connector, a spacer, and first and second devices to be connected with the RF connector, where the RF connector is misaligned. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of the RF connector of FIG. 1B in alignment with the first and second devices. [Figure 1D] FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view illustrating the offset tolerance of the spacer and the first and second devices of FIG. [Figure 2A]FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a flared O-ring secured to the RF connector, the flared O-ring shown in an extended state according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B is a partial cross-sectional view of the RF connector and foldable connector support of FIG. 2A, with the flared O-ring shown in a fully folded state. [Figure 3A] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of an exemplary hollow core shaped O-ring, according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 3B] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a typical semicircular (C-shaped or half-moon) O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 3C] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a typical D-shaped O-ring, according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 3D] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a typical acute angle shaped O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 3E] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a typical V-shaped O-ring, according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 3F] 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in the form of a typical caret-shaped O-ring, according to an example of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 1 is a cross-sectional view of a system for an RF connector and a foldable connector support disposed on and protruding from a surface (e.g., a recessed surface) of a spacer according to an example of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0011] Reference will now be made to the illustrated examples, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended.

[0012] As used herein, the term "substantially" refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, property, quality, state, structure, item, or result. For example, an object that is "substantially" enclosed means that the object is completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed. The exact acceptable degree of deviation from absolute perfection may depend on the particular situation, in some cases. Generally speaking, however, the approximation to perfection results in the same overall result as if absolute and complete perfection had been obtained. The use of "substantially" is equally applicable when used in a negative sense to refer to the complete or nearly complete lack of an action, property, quality, state, structure, item, or result.

[0013] As used herein, "adjacent" refers to the close proximity of two structures or elements. In particular, elements identified as "adjacent" may abut or be connected. Such elements may be close or proximate to one another without necessarily touching one another. The exact degree of proximity may, in some cases, depend on the particular situation.

[0014] An initial overview of the inventive concepts is provided below, followed by a more detailed description of specific examples. This initial overview is intended to aid the reader in understanding the examples more quickly, but is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the examples, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0015] This disclosure describes a rigid, self-aligning radio frequency ("RF") connector. According to one example, the RF connector can include a rigid body including a first connecting end and a second connecting end opposite the first connecting end. The RF connector can also include a recess disposed on an exterior surface of the rigid body between the first connecting end and the second connecting end, and a foldable connector support.

[0016] The foldable connector support may include a connecting portion and a foldable portion. The foldable connector support may be disposed within the recess and may protrude from the recess while being configured to be folded into the recess. The foldable connector support may also be configured to interface with an interface surface to facilitate generation of a reaction force. The reaction force may be sufficient to support at least a portion of the mass of the RF connector against the interface surface. When the first connecting end is connected to the first device, the reaction force facilitated or provided by the foldable connector support may nominally align the second connecting end with the second device. As used herein, a nominal position or nominal alignment refers to a planned or specified position or alignment where the actual position or alignment may differ from the planned or specified alignment.

[0017] In one embodiment, the foldable portion can include a protruding state and a folded state. The connecting portion can be fixed to a surface of the recess, and the foldable portion can be configured to fold into the recess.

[0018] In one embodiment, the recess can include a stop configured to prevent longitudinal movement of a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess.

[0019] In one embodiment, the rigid body may include a substantially cylindrical shape. The recess may include an annular configuration.

[0020] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a flared O-ring supported within the recess. The foldable portion can include a flared portion of the flared O-ring that extends both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connecting portion. The flared portion can be flexible and configured to fold into the recess.

[0021] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a hollow core O-ring disposed within the recess. The hollow core O-ring can be configured to flatten within the recess.

[0022] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a half-moon o-ring that can include first and second ends defining a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess and an arcuate portion defining a foldable portion that protrudes from the recess and is configured to fold within the recess.

[0023] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a d-shaped O-ring. The d-shaped O-ring can include a flat surface defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The d-shaped O-ring can also include an arcuate portion extending from the flat surface defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0024] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes an acute angled O-ring. The acute angled O-ring can include a base portion defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The acute angled O-ring can also include an acute angled extension portion extending from the base portion defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from the recess and fold within the recess.

[0025] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a v-ring. The v-ring can include two angled members extending from a connecting portion. The two angled members can define a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0026] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes a caret-shaped ring that can include two ends that define a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and can also include an inverted V-shape extending from the two ends that defines a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0027] The present disclosure further describes a system that facilitates blind connection of a rigid radio frequency ("RF") connector from a first device to a second device. In one embodiment, the system can include an RF connector. The RF connector can include a rigid body, a first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the first device, and a second connection end opposite the first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the second device.

[0028] The system can include a structural support member (e.g., a spacer) disposed or positioned between the first device and the second device. The structural support member can include an interface surface adjacent to the rigid body of the RF connector.

[0029] The system can include a recess disposed on one of the rigid outer surface of the RF connector or the interface surface of the structural support member. The system can also include a foldable connector support. The foldable connector support can include a connecting portion and a foldable portion. The foldable connector support is disposed within the recess, can protrude from the recess, and is configured to fold into the recess. The foldable connector support can be configured to facilitate generation of a reaction force to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface.

[0030] In one embodiment, with the first and second devices offset from one another by a maximum offset distance, the RF connector is forced against the interface surface such that the foldable portion is folded completely into the recess.

[0031] In one embodiment, when the first connecting end is connected to a first device, a reaction force provided by the foldable connector support can align the second connecting end nominally with the second device.

[0032] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes an extended state and a folded state.

[0033] In one embodiment, the connecting portion can be secured to a surface of the recess and the foldable portion can be configured to fold into the recess.

[0034] In one embodiment, the recess can include a stop that can be configured to prevent longitudinal movement of a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess.

[0035] In one example, the rigid body can include a substantially cylindrical shape, the interface surface can include an inner surface of an opening formed in the structural support member, the rigid body can be configured to be inserted into and extend through the opening, and the recess can include an annular configuration.

[0036] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a flared O-ring supported within the recess. The foldable portion can include a flared portion of the flared O-ring that extends both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connecting portion. The flared portion can be flexible and configured to fold into the recess.

[0037] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a hollow core O-ring disposed within the recess. The hollow core O-ring can be configured to flatten within the recess.

[0038] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a half-moon o-ring that can include first and second ends defining a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess and an arcuate portion defining a foldable portion that protrudes from the recess and is configured to fold within the recess.

[0039] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a d-shaped O-ring. The d-shaped O-ring can include a flat surface defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The d-shaped O-ring can also include an arcuate portion extending from the flat surface defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from the recess and fold within the recess.

[0040] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes an acute angled O-ring. The acute angled O-ring can include a base portion defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The acute angled O-ring can also include an acute angled extension portion extending from the base portion defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from the recess and fold within the recess.

[0041] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a v-ring. The v-ring can include two angled members extending from a connecting portion. The two angled members can define a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0042] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes a caret-shaped ring that can include two ends that define a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and can also include an inverted V-shape extending from the two ends that defines a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0043] In one embodiment, the recess may be disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector between the first and second connecting ends.

[0044] In one embodiment, the recess may be disposed on an inner surface of the opening.

[0045] The present disclosure further describes a method for facilitating connection of a rigid radio frequency ("RF") connector between a first device and a second device. In one embodiment, the method can include connecting a first connecting end of a rigid body of the RF connector to the first device, positioning the rigid body of the RF connector adjacent to an interface surface of a structural support member (e.g., a spacer) disposed or positioned between the first device and the second device, and supporting the rigid body of the RF connector against the interface surface of the structural support member.

[0046] The RF connector can be supported by a reaction force provided by a foldable connector support. The foldable connector support can include a connection portion and a foldable portion. The foldable connector support can be disposed in and protrude from a recess disposed in one of an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector or an interface surface of the structural support member. The foldable connector support can be configured to fold into the recess. The method can further include connecting a second connection end of the rigid body of the RF connector to a second device.

[0047] In one embodiment, the method may further include causing the foldable portion adjacent the interfacing surface to fold completely into the recess with the first and second devices offset relative to one another.

[0048] In one embodiment, when the first connecting end connects to the first device, a reaction force provided by the foldable connector support can align the second connecting end nominally with the second device.

[0049] In one embodiment, the foldable portion can be configured to provide a reaction force in the extended state and can be configured to fold into a recess in the folded state.

[0050] In one embodiment, the connecting portion can be secured to a surface of the recess and the foldable portion can be configured to fold into the recess.

[0051] In one embodiment, the recess can include a stop that can be configured to prevent longitudinal movement of a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess.

[0052] In one example, the rigid body can include a substantially cylindrical shape, the interface surface can include an inner surface of an opening formed in the spacer, the rigid body can be configured to extend through the opening, and the recess can include an annular configuration.

[0053] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a flared O-ring supported within the recess. The foldable portion can include a flared portion of the flared O-ring that extends both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connecting portion. The flared portion can be flexible and configured to fold into the recess.

[0054] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a hollow core O-ring disposed within the recess. The hollow core O-ring can be configured to flatten within the recess.

[0055] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a half-moon o-ring that can include first and second ends defining a connecting portion secured to a surface of the recess and an arcuate portion defining a foldable portion that protrudes from the recess and is configured to fold within the recess.

[0056] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a d-shaped O-ring. The d-shaped O-ring can include a flat surface defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The d-shaped O-ring can also include an arcuate portion extending from the flat surface defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0057] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes an acute angled O-ring. The acute angled O-ring can include a base portion defining a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess. The acute angled O-ring can also include an acute angled extension portion extending from the base portion defining a foldable portion configured to protrude from the recess and fold within the recess.

[0058] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support can include a v-ring. The v-ring can include two angled members extending from a connecting portion. The two angled members can define a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0059] In one embodiment, the foldable connector support includes a caret-shaped ring that can include two ends that define a connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and can also include an inverted V-shape extending from the two ends that defines a foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

[0060] In one embodiment, the recess may be disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector between the first and second connecting ends.

[0061] In one embodiment, the recess may be disposed on an inner surface of the opening.

[0062] To further explain the present technology, examples will now be provided with reference to the figures. FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support in a protruding state secured to the RF connector (with the RF connector in a nominal aligned position) according to an example of the present disclosure. In FIG. 2A, the rigid RF connector 20 includes a rigid body 200. In this example, the rigid body 200 is substantially cylindrical and includes a first connecting end 202 and a second connecting end 204 opposite the first connecting end 202. The RF connector 20 can be configured to connect to a first device and a second device, such as the first and second devices 120, 130 (see FIGS. 1B-1D). Examples of first and second devices to which the RF connector can connect include, but are not limited to, a transmit / receive RF module and an RF radiating element, a transmit / receive RF module and an RF power splitter / combiner, two separate RF power splitters / combiners, and an RF module that blind mates with a panel mount cable / connector.

[0063] The rigid body 200 can be formed of any material suitable for an RF connector. For example, the rigid body 200 can be formed of a metallic material such as brass, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, or an alloy of one or more of these materials. Although not shown, the RF connector 20 can include a conductive core formed of a conductive material such as copper, brass, or an alloy thereof that facilitates relaying a signal transferred through the RF connector 20 from the first connecting end 202 to the second connecting end (or vice versa). The rigid body 200 shown in FIG. 2A is cylindrical, but other shapes such as RF connectors with square or rectangular cross sections can also be used.

[0064] The RF connector 20 may include a recess 206 disposed between the first end 202 and the second end 204 of the RF connector 20, offset from a pivot point of the RF connector 20 created about one of the ends of the RF connector 20 when the end is connected to a first or second device (with the other end not yet connected). In one example, the recess 206 may be disposed at or proximate to a midpoint of the RF connector 20. In the example shown in FIG. 2A, the recess 206 may include an annular configuration in the form of a groove formed in a portion of the top surface 205 of the rigid body 200 and extending circumferentially around the rigid body 200. However, the recess 206 may take different shapes and sizes and configurations other than those shown in FIG. 2A. For example, in another embodiment, the recess may be defined by spaced apart protruding members extending circumferentially around the RF connector 20. In other words, the recess may not necessarily be formed in the rigid body 200.

[0065] In another embodiment, the RF connector 20 may include a number of different recesses at different locations on or around the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20. These may include longitudinally configured recesses, circumferentially configured recesses, or a combination thereof.

[0066] The RF connector 20 may further include a foldable connector support 210, and the recess 206 is configured to receive and accommodate the foldable connector support 210. The foldable connector support 210 is configured to nominally align the RF connector 20 with one or more devices to which it is intended to be connected (e.g., the first and / or second devices 120, 130 described above), and to still allow the RF connector 20 to maintain a proper connection even if the device to which the RF connector is connected is misaligned or offset. The foldable connector support 210 may be configured to be secured within the recess 206 and to protrude outwardly from the recess 206 a desired distance above the top surface(s) 205 of the rigid body 200. Additionally, the foldable connector support 210 can be configured to collapse, pivot, fold, curve, deflect, or otherwise fold within the recess 206 such that the foldable connector support 210 resides entirely within the recess 206 below the top surface(s) 205 of the RF connector 20. Thus, the recess 206 can be sized and configured to provide clearance for the foldable connector support 210 in a direction in which the foldable connector support 210 folds or otherwise deflects downwardly within the recess 206. As described in more detail below, the configuration of the foldable connector support 210 can be formed in a variety of configurations.

[0067] The foldable connector support 210 in Fig. 2A may be an O-ring having a flared cross section. The foldable connector support 210 may be referred to as a flared O-ring. The foldable connector support 210 in the form of a flared O-ring may include a connecting portion 212 and a foldable portion 214. The connecting portion 212 may be configured to be fixed or otherwise supported on or around one or more surfaces of the recess 206. In the illustrated example, the connecting portion 212 is fixed to a lower longitudinal surface of the recess 206 as well as to a wall of the recess 206.

[0068] The foldable connector support 210 may be secured to the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 within the recess 206 using any known means or methods, such as via adhesive, an interference fit, or a combination thereof.

[0069] The foldable connector support 210 in the form of a flared O-ring can be formed from an elastomeric material, such as a silicone elastic material, or other now known or later developed materials. The elastomeric material configuration can facilitate placement of the foldable connector support 210 within the recess 206 by stretching the foldable connector support 210 over the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 and pulling the foldable connector support 210 along the rigid body 200 into the recess 206. In this case, the connecting portion 212 contracts into the recess 206 such that the foldable connector support 210 is supported within the recess 206 by the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20.

[0070] The elastomeric material may have a durometer sufficient for the foldable portion 214 to provide an alignment force to the rigid body 200 of the RF connector as well as to fold completely into the recess 206 with little to no alignment force provided by the foldable connector support.

[0071] 2A, the recess 206 may include one or more stops, such as stop 208. In one example, as shown, the stop 208 may be in the form of a step in the recess 206. However, other structures or features formed as part of or added within the recess may also be used as a stop (e.g., one or more nub, fins, rails, adhesive, etc., as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art). The stop 208 may interface with the foldable connector support 210 to help limit longitudinal or other movement of the foldable connector support 210 once it is placed in place within the recess 206.

[0072] The foldable connector support 210 can be configured for use in association with an interface surface 252 of a structure or object (structural support member) located between the connecting portions of the first and second devices to be connected by the RF connector 20. In one example, as shown, the structural support member can be a spacer 250 in an RF network system. The spacer 250 can be a separate object placed between the devices to be connected, or it can be an extension of or connected to one or both of the devices to be connected by the RF connector 20. The interface surface 252 can be located adjacent to the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20. As shown in FIG. 2A, the interface surface 252 can include an inner surface of an opening formed through the spacer 250 through which the RF connector 20 passes. The size and configuration of the opening can be provided to facilitate movement (multi-axis translation and multi-axis rotation) of the RF connector 20 such that even with maximum offset and misalignment (worst case offset), the RF connector 20 can still connect with the first and second devices. It should be noted herein that an interface surface need not include or be defined by a through opening. Indeed, other interface surface shapes are contemplated herein, and thus the through opening is not intended to be limiting in any way. For example, the structural member or object can be a type other than a spacer, and the interface surface of that structural member or object is an open, planar interface surface.

[0073] Additionally, the foldable connector support 210 on the RF connector 20 can be sized and configured such that in a nominal position, an outer edge of the connector support 210 contacts the interface surface 252 of the through opening in the spacer 250, thereby serving to center the connector support 210 within the opening. In effect, the foldable portion 214 of the foldable connector support 210 can interface with the interface surface 252 to support the RF connector 20 in a predetermined position relative to the spacer 250 and provide a nominal alignment of the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 with the device to which the RF connector first or primarily connects. For example, when the RF connector 20 is inserted through the opening and the rigid body 200 of the RF connector is in and adjacent to the interface surface 252, the foldable portion 214 of the foldable connector support 210 protruding from the recess 206 will contact the interface surface 252 depending on the position and orientation of the RF connector 20 relative to the interface surface 252 of the spacer 250. In practice, the size and configuration of the foldable portion 214 is provided to extend from the RF connector 20 to the interface surface 250. The resilience of the elastomeric material of the foldable connector support 210 and the interaction of the connector support 210 with the interface surface 252 provide a reaction force that counteracts the force from the weight or mass of the RF connector 200, so that the foldable connector support 210 can support the RF connector 20 in a nominal position that is centered and aligned with respect to the spacer 250 and the device to which it is to be connected. In other words, the RF connector 20 is supported laterally (in this case radially) within the opening of the spacer 250 such that the RF connector 20 is supported at a distance from the interface surface 252 of the spacer 250 where the RF connector 20 is centered within the opening. Also, the foldable connector support 210 can be configured (i.e., its size, shape, configuration, material configuration, and durometer can be adjusted or configured) so that it does not distort under the weight of the RF connector 20 itself.

[0074] 2A, where interface surface 252 is an inner surface of an opening and foldable connector support 210 is a device flare or other type of O-ring as described herein, foldable connector support 210 and its interaction with interface surface 252 can generate a 360 degree reaction force radially in all directions that serves to center and align RF connector 20 within the opening, thereby providing a nominal alignment of the opening with a device to be connected to RF connector 20, facilitating an aligned connection, and preventing damage to the device and / or RF connector.

[0075] In an example where the foldable connector support 210 is a flared O-ring, such as the flared O-ring shown in FIG. 2A, the configuration and arrangement of the flared O-ring may be provided such that the reaction force generated by the flared O-ring to align the RF connector 20 allows the foldable connector support 210 to support the RF connector 20 in an offset position relative to the interface surface 252 to align the RF connector 20 with the device to be connected, but is insufficient to cause the foldable connector support 210 to collapse into the recess 206 under the weight of the RF connector 20 alone. When the RF connector 20 is centered within the opening in a nominal aligned position relative to the device to be connected, damage to the RF connector 20 during the connection process may be prevented or at least minimized. This reduces the chance of FOD from a damaged RF connector 20 and improves the safety and reliability of the RF connector 20 and / or the application in which the RF connector 20 is used.

[0076] As previously mentioned, the foldable connector support 210 can be advantageously positioned between the first and second connecting ends 202, 204 of the RF connector 20. The foldable connector support 210 can more reliably align the RF connector 200 when the RF connector 200 is positioned away from the connecting ends 202, 204. In one example, the foldable connector support 210 can be positioned at least one eighth of the length of the RF connector 20 away from each of the connecting ends 202, 204. In another example, the foldable connector support 210 can be positioned at least one quarter of the length of the RF connector 20 away from each of the connecting ends 202, 204. In yet another example, the foldable connector support 210 can be positioned at or near / close to the midpoint of the RF connector 20. The distance that the connector support 210 is away from the ends of the RF connector 20 can vary depending on the application. Suffice it to say that, unlike the previously described related prior art alignment means or mechanisms that are positioned about the connecting ends of the RF connector, the foldable connector support (and associated recesses) described herein are intended to be positioned below or away from the connecting ends 202, 204, and below or away from the structural connecting portion(s) of the device to be connected by the RF connector 20 (e.g., the connecting portions of devices 120, 130 of Figures 1B-1D) that are configured to receive the connecting ends 202, 204 of the RF connector 20.

[0077] In some cases, the devices to be connected may not be nominally aligned with each other. Specifically, the devices may be offset from the nominal position and still be within an acceptable tolerance to achieve connection via the RF connector 20. One advantage of the RF connector 20 and the foldable connector support 210 is that the foldable connector support 210 can not only place the RF connector 20 in a nominal alignment and maintain this when the RF connector 20 is connected, but can also be distorted to any position between a fully extended and / or folded state to account for situations where a device is offset from the nominal position within an acceptable tolerance. This will be described in more detail below.

[0078] 2B illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the RF connector 20 with the foldable connector support 210 in a fully folded state, according to an example of the present disclosure. The rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 is shown directly adjacent to a portion of the interface surface 252 with a portion of the outer surface of the rigid body 200 disposed in contact with the interface surface 252. This particular position and orientation of the RF connector 20 may represent the maximum offset (worst case offset) that may occur when the device (not shown) to which the RF connector 20 is connected is offset the maximum amount from the nominal position while still being within an acceptable connection tolerance. Although the RF connector 20 is shown laterally offset at a zero angle relative to the first and second devices because the first and second devices are offset the same distance from the nominal position relative to the spacer 250, the RF connector 20 may also be angularly offset and oriented (i.e., the RF connector 20 may include an angular offset) when the first and second devices are offset different distances from the nominal position relative to the spacer 250. Also, the folded state of the foldable connector support 210 can include a case where the foldable connector support 210 is partially folded, such as when the RF connector 20 is forced in a direction toward the interface surface a distance between the nominal aligned position and the maximum offset position. Even in a partially folded state, the foldable connector support 210 can still provide or facilitate the generation of a reaction force.

[0079] In this example, the portion 216 of the foldable portion 214 adjacent the interface surface 252 is folded completely within the recess 206. In fact, the recess 206 is advantageously designed to include a space into which the foldable portion 214 is folded when the RF connector 20 is offset sufficiently far from the nominal position. For example, when the maximum offset of the RF connector 20 occurs, the portion 216 of the foldable portion 214 adjacent the interface surface 252 can be folded completely within the recess 206 such that no portion of the foldable connector support 210 extends above the top surface of the rigid body 200 of the RF connector that contacts the interface surface 252. That is, the portion 216 of the foldable portion 214 is folded such that the portion 216 is below the envelope defined by the outer surface of the rigid body 200. In the example of a flared O-ring as the foldable connector support 210, the foldable member 214 is a flared portion that extends radially outwardly away from the connecting portion 212 in a longitudinal direction. The foldable member 214 can include a length and a flare angle such that a spatial volume 217 is formed between the lower surface 218 of the recess 206 and the inner surface 220 of the foldable member 214 into which the foldable member 214 can be folded. The flared nature of the foldable connector support 210, along with its elastomeric structure, creates a pivot or fulcrum in the foldable connector support 210 at the intersection of the connecting portion 212 and the foldable portion 214, which allows the foldable portion to pivot or distort (i.e., fold) downwardly into the spatial volume and into the recess 206. In this manner, portion 216 of foldable portion 214 can be folded completely into recess 206, with rigid body 200 of RF connector 20 directly adjacent interface surface 252. This allows foldable connector support 210 to both nominally align RF connector 20 and provide an offset in the location of the device to be connected within acceptable connection tolerances.

[0080] The size and configuration of the foldable connector support 210 can be provided such that the force exerted by the foldable connector support 210 on the RF connector 20 is as inert as possible, i.e., the foldable connector support 210 can be designed so as not to destroy or adversely affect the connection process. In fact, the forces and stresses can be adapted to different applications and different RF connectors by varying the configuration of the foldable connector support 210 (e.g., material composition, durometer, size, etc.). For example, in the case of an RF connector in the form of an RF spring bullet and a foldable connector support in the form of a silicone flared O-ring operable with the RF spring bullet and having a Shore A hardness of 65, the radial and axial forces exerted by the flared O-ring on the RF spring bullet during the initial insertion of the first device (e.g., the radiating element connector) into the connector portion are less than 1.0 lb (radial force of 0.20 to 0.5 lb., axial force of 0.05 to 0.2 lb.). Also, when the RF spring bullets are at maximum offset position and the flared O-ring is at maximum compression (i.e., fully folded into the recess), the radial and axial forces are also less than 1.0 lb. (radial force 0.5-0.80 lb., axial force 0.3-0.5 lb.), resulting in a stress of 160-180 psi in the foldable connector support 210. Of course, this is merely an example and is in no way limiting, as other configurations of RF connectors and associated foldable connector supports are contemplated herein. In any event, it is intended that the foldable connector support associated with the RF connector have as negligible an adverse effect on the RF connector as possible.

[0081] If the connector of the second device is a catcher's mitt type having a substantially conical recess (e.g., the second device 130 shown in Figs. 1B-1D), the connector can "catch" the second end 204 (free end) of the RF connector 20 and guide it into a mating position. The axial insertion force applied to the second device and the substantially conical shape of its connector exerts a radial force on the RF connector 20 to counter the reaction force of the foldable connector support 210 and force the foldable connector support into a partially or fully compressed state. Current RF connectors are stiff and strong enough to apply forces to the foldable connector support 20 much greater than those required to nominally align the RF connector 20 prior to connection of the second device, thereby allowing a system design that nominally positions the RF connector 20 when the second device is not present, but is flexible enough to allow both ends 202, 204 of the RF connector 20 to be mated to the first and second devices without damaging any components.

[0082] 2A and 2B, an exemplary method for connecting two devices (such as devices 120, 130 shown in FIGS. 1B-1D) with a rigid RF connector is described. In operation, the RF connector 20 is connected to a first device at a first connecting end 202. Before or after connecting to the first connecting end, the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 is positioned adjacent to the interface surface 252. For example, the RF connector 20 may be inserted through an opening in the spacer 252 and connected to the first device at the first connecting end 202.

[0083] A stop 208 in the recess 206 can prevent any longitudinal movement of the foldable connector support 210 relative to the rigid outer surface 20 of the RF connector while the RF connector 20 is moved into position relative to the interface surface 252 (e.g., while the RF connector 20 is inserted into the opening). The orientation of the foldable portion 214 of the foldable connector support 210 (e.g., the flare angle in the case of a flared O-ring) can also be configured to prevent longitudinal movement of the foldable connector support 210 relative to the rigid surface.

[0084] When the rigid body 200 of the RF connector 20 is adjacent the interface surface 252, the foldable connector support 210 nominally aligns the RF connector 20 with respect to the interface surface 252 and the second device to be connected. In the example shown in FIG. 2A, the foldable connector support 210 centers the RF connector 20 within the opening 252 of the spacer 250. However, as previously mentioned, the interface surface need not include or be defined by an opening. Indeed, other interface surface shapes are contemplated herein, and thus the through opening is not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0085] When the RF connector 20 is in the nominal alignment, the RF connector 20 is connected to the second device. Advantageously, if there is an offset of the device to be connected and / or the interface surface 252 is such that the RF connector 20 is pushed out of the nominal alignment (e.g., a maximum offset or something between the nominal alignment and the maximum offset), in the case of maximum offset, the portion 216 of the foldable member 214 of the foldable connector support 210 adjacent the interface surface 252 will fold to some extent, potentially into the recess 206, thereby facilitating connection.

[0086] In this manner, the above-described method allows the RF connector 20 to both be nominally aligned or centered with the device to which it is to be connected, while also facilitating a connection in which the RF connector 20 is forced in a direction toward the interface surface 252 due to allowable offsets between the devices and / or the interface surface 252.

[0087] The RF connector 20 with the foldable connector support 210 in the form of a flared O-ring is just one possible geometric shape for the foldable connector support 210. Other geometric shapes and sizes can be used, examples of which are described in more detail below.

[0088] FIG. 3A illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including an exemplary hollow core shaped O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3A, the foldable connector support 310a can include an O-ring having a hollow core. A first side 312a of the hollow core can be disposed in the recess 306a and defines a connection portion of the foldable connector support 310a. A second side 314a protrudes from the recess 306a and can be configured to fold within the recess 306a. Thus, the second side 314a can define a foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310a.

[0089] FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including a typical half-moon shaped O-ring shape according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3B, the foldable connector support 310b can include an O-ring having a half-moon or semi-arc shape. The half-moon end 312b can be disposed in the recess 306b and define the connection portion of the foldable connector support 310b. The arc portion 314b protrudes from the recess 306b and can be configured to be folded in the recess 306b. Thus, the arc portion 314b can define the foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310b.

[0090] FIG. 3C illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including a typical D-shaped O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3C, the foldable connector support 310c can include an O-ring having a D-shape. The D-shaped base 312b can be disposed in the recess 306b and define the connection portion of the foldable connector support 310b. The arc-shaped portion 314c protrudes from the recess 306c and can be configured to be folded in the recess 306c. Thus, the arc-shaped portion 314c can define the foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310c.

[0091] FIG. 3D illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including an exemplary acute-angled O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3D, the foldable connector support 310d can include an O-ring having an acute-angled shape. The acute base 312d can be disposed in the recess 306d and defines a connection portion of the foldable connector support 310d. The acute portion 314d can protrude from the recess 306d and be configured to be folded in the recess 306d. Thus, the acute portion 314d can define a foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310d.

[0092] FIG. 3E illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including an exemplary V-shaped O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3E, the foldable connector support 310e can include an O-ring having a V-shape. The base 312e of the V-shape can be disposed in the recess 306e and defines a connection portion of the foldable connector support 310e. The extension portion 314e protrudes from the recess 306e and can be configured to be folded in the recess 306e. Thus, the extension portion 314e can define a foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310e.

[0093] FIG. 3F illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support including an exemplary caret-shaped O-ring according to an example of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3F, the foldable connector support 310f can include an O-ring having a caret shape. The caret-shaped end 312f can be disposed in the recess 306f and define a connection portion of the foldable connector support 310f. The pointed portion 314f protrudes from the recess 306f and can be configured to be folded in the recess 306f. Thus, the pointed portion 314f can define a foldable portion of the foldable connector support 310f.

[0094] The rigid self-aligning RF connector described herein provides several advantages, some of which are described below and some of which will be apparent to one skilled in the art. For example, an RF connector with a foldable connector support disposed on a recess of the RF connector provides a reliable method of nominally aligning the RF connector with one or more devices to be connected to the RF connector. The foldable connector support further facilitates offsetting the device to be connected from the nominal position by folding at least a portion of the foldable connector support into the recess when the RF connector is forcibly displaced in a direction toward the interface surface. Furthermore, the foldable connector support can be positioned away from the connecting end of the RF connector to enable reliable alignment of the RF connector. Another recognized advantage is that although the RF connector can be foldable as described above, the RF connector can still facilitate the generation of sufficient reaction force to support and align the RF connector for the nominal positioning of the device to be connected.

[0095] In the above examples, the foldable connector support is described as being fixed to the RF connector. However, in alternative examples, the foldable connector support can be fixed to an interface surface rather than the RF connector. FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an RF connector and a foldable connector support disposed within and protruding from a recess on a spacer, according to an example of the present disclosure. In FIG. 4, the RF connector 40 is provided with a rigid body 400 that extends adjacent to an interface surface 452 of a spacer 450. In this example, the interface surface 452 is an inner surface of an opening in the spacer 450.

[0096] The interface surface 452 includes a recess 454. The foldable connector support 410 can be disposed within the recess 454 in a manner similar to that taught herein. The foldable connector support 410 can include a connecting portion 412 configured to be secured to the recess 454. The foldable connector support 410 can further include a foldable portion 414 extending from the recess 454 to provide an alignment force to the RF connector 40 and configured to be folded within the recess 454. The recess can further include a stop 456 to prevent longitudinal movement of the foldable connector support 410 relative to the interface surface 452.

[0097] The foldable connector support 410 operates similarly to the foldable connector support 210 described above, and therefore a full description will not be provided for the sake of brevity. Additionally, different geometries may be used for the foldable connector support 410, such as geometries similar to those shown in Figures 3A-3F. Similar advantages may be obtained with the RF connector 40, interface surface 452, and foldable connector support 410 as described above.

[0098] Reference has been made to the examples illustrated in the drawings, and specific language has been used herein to describe the same. It is nevertheless understood that no limitation of the scope of the technology is intended thereby. Modifications and further variations of the features illustrated herein, as well as further applications of the examples illustrated herein, should be considered within the scope of the description.

[0099] Although the present disclosure may not expressly disclose that some embodiments or features described herein may be combined with other embodiments or features described herein, the present disclosure should be read to describe any such combinations that may be performed by one of ordinary skill in the art. The use of "or" in this disclosure should be understood to mean a non-exclusive or, i.e., "and / or," unless otherwise indicated herein.

[0100] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more examples. In the foregoing description, numerous specific details, such as examples of various configurations, have been provided to provide a thorough understanding of examples of the described technology. However, it will be understood that the technology can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, devices, etc. In other instances, well-known structures or operations have not been shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the technology.

[0101] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and / or operations, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features and operations described above. Rather, the specific features and operations described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the described technology.

Claims

1. 1. A rigid self-aligning radio frequency ("RF") connector, comprising: a rigid body having a substantially cylindrical configuration, the rigid body including a first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from a first device, and a second connection end opposite the first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from a second device; a recess disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body between the first connecting end and the second connecting end, the recess including an annular configuration; a foldable connector support including a connection portion and a foldable portion, the foldable connector support being disposed in the recess and configured to protrude from the recess and to be folded into the recess; the foldable connector support is configured to interface with the interface surface to facilitate generation of a reaction force sufficient to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface; The RF connector, wherein the foldable connector support includes a flared O-ring supported within the recess, and the foldable portion includes a flexible flared portion of the flared O-ring extending both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connection portion.

2. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein upon connection of the first connecting end to a first device, the reaction force provided by the foldable connector support aligns the second connecting end with a second device.

3. The RF connector of claim 1 , wherein the foldable portion includes a protruding state and a folded state.

4. The RF connector of claim 1 , wherein the connection portion is fixed to a surface of the recess, and the foldable portion is configured to be folded into the recess.

5. The RF connector of claim 4 , wherein the recess includes a stop configured to prevent longitudinal movement of the connection portion secured to the surface of the recess.

6. the foldable connector support includes a flared O-ring supported within the recess; the foldable portion includes a flared portion of the flared O-ring extending both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connecting portion; The RF connector of claim 1 , wherein the flared portion is flexible and configured to fold into the recess.

7. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support includes a hollow core O-ring disposed within the recess, the hollow core O-ring configured to be flattened within the recess.

8. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support comprises a half-moon o-ring including first and second ends defining the connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and an arcuate portion defining the foldable portion protruding from the recess and configured to fold within the recess.

9. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support includes a D-shaped O-ring including a flat surface defining the connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and an arcuate portion extending from the flat surface defining the foldable portion protruding from the recess and configured to fold within the recess.

10. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support includes an acute angled O-ring including a base portion defining the connection portion secured to a surface of the recess, and an acute angled extension portion extending from the base portion defining the foldable portion configured to protrude from the recess and fold within the recess.

11. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support includes a V-ring including two angled members extending from the connection portion, the two angled members defining the foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

12. 2. The RF connector of claim 1, wherein the foldable connector support includes a caret-shaped ring including two ends defining the connection portion fixed to a surface of the recess and an inverted V-shape extending from the two ends defining the foldable portion configured to protrude from and fold within the recess.

13. 1. A method for facilitating connection of a rigid radio frequency ("RF") connector between a first device and a second device, comprising: connecting a first connection end of a rigid body of an RF connector to the first device, the rigid body including a substantially cylindrical configuration; positioning the rigid body of the RF connector adjacent an interface surface of a structural support member disposed between the first device and the second device; supporting the rigid body of the RF connector against the interface surface of the structural support member via a reaction force generated by a foldable connector support, the foldable connector support including a connection portion and a foldable portion, the foldable connector support being disposed within and protruding from a recess having an annular configuration disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector, the foldable connector support being configured to fold within the recess, the recess being disposed between the first connecting end and the second connecting end; connecting a rigid second connection end of the RF connector to a second device to provide RF communication between the first device and the second device; Including, the foldable connector support includes a flared O-ring supported within the recess, and the foldable portion includes a flexible flared portion of the flared O-ring extending both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connection portion.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising folding the foldable portion adjacent the interface surface completely into the recess with the first device and the second device offset relative to one another.

15. 1. A rigid self-aligning radio frequency ("RF") connector, comprising: a rigid body including a first connection end and a second connection end opposite the first connection end; a recess disposed on an outer surface of the rigid body between the first connecting end and the second connecting end; a foldable connector support including a connection portion and a foldable portion, the foldable connector support being disposed in the recess and configured to protrude from the recess and to be folded into the recess; the foldable connector support is configured to interface with the interface surface to facilitate generation of a reaction force sufficient to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface; the rigid body comprises a substantially cylindrical shape and the recess comprises an annular configuration; the foldable connector support includes a flared O-ring supported within the recess; the foldable portion includes a flared portion of the flared O-ring extending both radially outward and longitudinally away from the connecting portion; The RF connector, wherein the flared portion is flexible and configured to fold into the recess.

16. 1. A system for facilitating blind connection of a rigid radio frequency ("RF") connector from a first device to a second device, comprising: an RF connector including a rigid body having a substantially cylindrical shape, a first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the first device, and a second connection end opposite the first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the second device; a structural support member disposed between the first device and the second device, the structural support member including an interface surface configured to abut the rigid body of the RF connector; a recess including an annular configuration disposed on one of an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector or the interface surface of the structural support member, the interface surface including an inner surface of an opening formed in the structural support member, the rigid body being configured to be inserted through the opening; a foldable connector support in the form of a flared O-ring including a connecting portion and a foldable portion, the foldable connector support being disposed within the recess and configured to protrude from the recess and to be folded into the recess; the foldable connector support is configured to facilitate generation of a reaction force to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface; the recess is disposed on the outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector between the first connecting end and the second connecting end.

17. 1. A system for facilitating blind connection of a rigid radio frequency ("RF") connector from a first device to a second device, comprising: an RF connector including a rigid body having a substantially cylindrical shape, a first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the first device, and a second connection end opposite the first connection end configured to selectively connect to and disconnect from the second device; a structural support member disposed between the first device and the second device, the structural support member including an interface surface configured to abut the rigid body of the RF connector; a recess including an annular configuration disposed on one of an outer surface of the rigid body of the RF connector or the interface surface of the structural support member, the interface surface including an inner surface of an opening formed in the structural support member, the rigid body being configured to be inserted through the opening; a foldable connector support in the form of a flared O-ring including a connecting portion and a foldable portion, the foldable connector support being disposed within the recess and configured to protrude from the recess and to be folded into the recess; the foldable connector support is configured to facilitate generation of a reaction force to support the RF connector at an offset position relative to the interface surface; The recess is disposed on the inner surface of the opening. The system.

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