Detuning detection and compensation for inductive coupling systems.

Abstract

To provide suitable techniques for operating an inductive coupling reader.SOLUTION: This disclosure describes techniques for operating an inductive coupling reader. The techniques include operations comprising: detecting a change in a resonance frequency of the inductive coupling reader; comparing the change in the resonance frequency to a threshold; determining that the change in the resonance frequency falls outside the threshold; and activating a compensation circuit to offset the change in the resonance frequency of the inductive coupling reader in response to determining that the change in the resonance frequency falls outside the threshold.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This specification relates generally to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to techniques for reducing harmful interference effects in RFID systems. [Background technology]

[0002] An RFID system is a system that uses radio frequency transponders (e.g., tags) to identify items of interest. Each radio frequency transponder is attached to or near a corresponding item and contains information that identifies the item. When identification needs to be made, a radio frequency reader unit (e.g., an interrogator) is used to excite (e.g., call) the transponder on the item, which causes the transponder to send an identification signal (containing the item's identification information) back to the reader unit. The reader unit then uses the identification information received from the transponder to perform any of a number of different RFID applications. For example, the identification information can be used to perform functions such as asset management, inventory tracking, access control, etc. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In some particular embodiments, systems and methods are provided for operating an inductive coupling reader. The disclosed systems and methods perform a number of operations including detecting a change in a resonant frequency of the inductive coupling reader, comparing the change in the resonant frequency to a threshold, determining that the change in the resonant frequency exceeds the threshold, and activating a compensation circuit to offset the change in the resonant frequency of the inductive coupling reader in response to determining that the change in the resonant frequency exceeds the threshold.

[0004] In some embodiments, a change in resonant frequency is induced by external metallic material in close proximity to the inductively coupled reader, and the range of the inductively coupled reader is reduced as a result of the change in resonant frequency.

[0005] In some embodiments, detecting the change in resonant frequency includes measuring the amount of current being passed through the inductively coupled reader with a current sensor. In some embodiments, the amount of current being passed through the inductively coupled reader is compared to an expected amount of current, and in such cases, a change in resonant frequency is determined to exceed a threshold value when the amount of current is less than the expected amount of current by a given amount.

[0006] In some embodiments, the amount of current being forced through the inductively coupled reader includes the current being forced through the antenna of the inductively coupled reader, and the given amount includes 10 percent of the expected amount of current.

[0007] In some embodiments, the expected current amount is read from a look-up table. In some embodiments, the compensation circuit comprises one or more capacitors coupled in parallel to a resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader.

[0008] In some embodiments, proper operation of the inductive coupling reader is confirmed after activation of the compensation circuit by comparing the current amount of current being passed through the inductive coupling reader to an expected amount of current.

[0009] In some embodiments, the threshold comprises a first threshold and the compensation circuit comprises a first compensation circuit, in such case, the operations further comprise: determining that a change in resonant frequency exceeds a first threshold and is less than a second threshold; activating a first compensation circuit in response to determining that a change in resonant frequency exceeds the first threshold and is less than the second threshold; determining that a change in resonant frequency exceeds the first and second thresholds; and activating a second compensation circuit in response to determining that a change in resonant frequency exceeds the first and second thresholds, where the second compensation circuit offsets the resonant frequency more than the first compensation circuit.

[0010] In some embodiments, activating the first compensation circuit couples a first capacitor in parallel with the resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader, and activating the second compensation circuit couples a second capacitor, larger than the first capacitor, in parallel with the resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader.

[0011] In some embodiments, the second capacitor includes the first capacitor and at least one other capacitor. In some embodiments, the operations further include calculating an offset provided by the compensation circuit by placing the inductive coupling reader on a metal surface, measuring a detuning effect of the metal surface on the inductive coupling reader, and calculating an offset to compensate for the measured detuning effect.

[0012] In some embodiments, the compensation circuit comprises a switch and one or more capacitors having a first terminal coupled to the first terminal of the capacitor of the resonant circuit of the inductive coupling reader and a second terminal coupled to the switch.

[0013] In some embodiments, the one or more capacitors are coupled to the switch through a diode. In some embodiments, the compensation circuit is activated by closing a switch to ground the second terminal of the one or more capacitors.

[0014] In some embodiments, the switch comprises a transistor. In some embodiments, the inductively coupled reader includes an RFID reader. Metallic materials in proximity to a conventional RFID reader typically change the resonant frequency of the conventional RFID reader's resonant circuit, thereby reducing the range of the RFID reader. Disclosed embodiments detect interference and detuning of the inductively coupled reader's resonant circuit and, in response, compensate for such detuning by switching in additional parallel capacitance. In this manner, the overall power efficiency and range of an inductively coupled reader, such as an RFID reader, is improved, which in turn improves the overall efficiency and functionality of the computer.

[0015] The above summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of the present patent application, and is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive description of the subject matter of the present invention. The following detailed description is intended to provide further information regarding the present patent application.

[0016] In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, the same numbers in different figures may represent similar components. The same numbers but different suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system according to various embodiments. [Diagram 2] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a reader unit for use in an RFID system, according to various embodiments. [Diagram 3] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a reader unit for use in an RFID system, according to various embodiments. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary process for operating an inductively coupled reader, according to various embodiments. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a machine in which one or more embodiments may be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0018] In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for operating inductively coupled readers. Specifically, the disclosed techniques detect interference and detuning of the resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader and, in response, compensate for such detuning by switching in additional parallel capacitance. In this manner, the overall power efficiency and range of the inductively coupled reader, such as an RFID reader, is improved, which in turn improves the overall efficiency and functionality of the computer.

[0019] Problems arise in RFID systems when one or more external interfering signals are present within the frequency band of the system during an interrogation operation. Such interference often results in misidentification of items-of-interest and fault reports in the RFID system. Such interference is increasingly caused by metallic materials placed near the target system. Such metallic materials, among other things, change the resonant frequency of the RFID interrogator's resonant circuit, significantly reducing the range of the RFID interrogator. For example, when an inductively coupled reader (e.g., a 13.56 MHz RFID reader) is placed on a metallic surface, the apparent inductance of its antenna will change. Because the antenna is part of the parallel resonant circuit used to communicate with the RFID transponder (e.g., credentials such as RFID tags), detuning this circuit will degrade the actual performance (e.g., read range). This also causes the RFID reader to consume more power to read a given RFID tag, wasting system resources.

[0020] To address the shortcomings of such a typical scenario, the disclosed technique detects when the resonant circuit of the inductive coupling reader becomes detuned and compensates for such detuning. In particular, the disclosed technique uses a current sensor to measure the actual power consumption of the inductive coupling reader. If the power consumption does not meet a certain predefined threshold (e.g., above the threshold, below the threshold, or outside the threshold range), the system determines that the resonant circuit is detuned (e.g., due to the presence of a metallic material in close proximity to the inductive coupling reader). In such a case, the inductive coupling reader employs a switchable tuning capacitor that enables the inductive coupling reader to add additional parallel capacitance to mitigate and compensate for the detuning. This allows the performance of the inductive coupling reader to be restored and improved, which improves the power efficiency and range of the inductive coupling reader, thereby improving the overall efficiency and functionality of the computer.

[0021] 1 is a block diagram illustrating an RFID system according to some embodiments. As shown, the RFID system 8 includes an RF reader unit 12 (inductively coupled reader) and a first plurality of RF identification tags 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 that are attached to corresponding articles of interest 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, and 44, respectively, for use in identifying the articles of interest. The articles of interest 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, and 44 may include, for example, inventory, personnel, capital assets, or any other object that may be desirable to track or monitor within a particular area. The number of items that a particular reader is capable of tracking is generally a matter of design choice.

[0022] The RF reader unit 12 can be a stationary unit (such as a wall-mounted proximity reader) or a portable unit that can be easily relocated. Typically, the coverage area provided by an RF reader unit is a function of the reader's transmit power level, the antenna pattern of the reader's transmit antenna, and the position and orientation of the reader at any particular time.

[0023] In normal operation of the exemplary system of FIG. 1, the RF reader unit 12 periodically interrogates its coverage area 52 to identify currently located items of interest. That is, the reader unit 12 periodically transmits an RF interrogation signal in the coverage area 52 that is a "request" for each of the RF tags 16-26 in the area 52 to transmit an identification signal identifying the associated item of interest. Each of the multiple RF tags in the coverage area 52 receives the interrogation signal and responds by transmitting its identification signal back to the interrogation reader. To prevent signal collisions in the channel between the RF tags and the reader in a particular coverage area, each of the multiple RF tags can transmit their respective identification signals after different pseudo-random delay times. When the RF reader receives an identification signal from one of the multiple RF tags, it transmits an acknowledgement signal to that RF tag informing that its identification information has been recorded. After receiving the acknowledgement signal, the identified RF tag does not retransmit its identification signal. If an RF tag does not receive a confirmation signal after waiting a predetermined period of time after transmitting its identification signal, it may assume that a collision has occurred on the channel and retransmit the identification signal after another pseudo-random delay. This may continue until each of the multiple RF tags in the coverage area receives a confirmation signal from the reader. After the RF reader unit receives identification information from all RF tags within its coverage area 52, it reports the collected information to the appropriate entity.

[0024] Referring to FIG. 1, it is understood that some interference may occur between the RF reader unit 12 and a metal material. For example, the RF reader unit 12 may be hung on a wall that includes a metal material. Such a metal material may affect the resonant circuit of the RF reader unit 12, changing the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit. This may reduce the range of the RF reader unit 12, causing the RF reader unit 12 to misidentify or not be able to identify items in the area 52 that are far away from the RF reader unit 12. That is, the size of the area 52 may be reduced when a metal material is present in close proximity to the RF reader unit 12. Also, the resonant frequency of the RF reader unit 12 may change, which may increase the amount of power required for the RF reader unit 12 to operate properly.

[0025] In accordance with the present disclosure, a method and apparatus are provided for mitigating the adverse effects of interference in an RFID system by compensating for metallic materials determined to be responsible for changes in the resonant frequency of an RF reader unit 12 .

[0026] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an RF reader unit 12 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the reader unit 12 includes an antenna 60, a matching and tuning circuit 62, a resonant circuit 210 including a transmitter 64 and a receiver 66, a controller 68, a current sensor 70, a comparator 72, a compensation circuit 220, and a user interface 74. Although the comparator 72 is depicted as a separate physical component in FIG. 2, it is also possible for some or all of the functions of the comparator 72 to be realized by the controller 68 in software rather than by a hardware element. In such a case, the output of the current sensor 70 is directly provided to the controller 68.

[0027] The controller 68 operates to control the operation of the reader unit 12 for interrogating, tracking, and reporting on items of interest within the coverage area 52 of the reader unit 12. The controller 68 is implemented using a digital processing device such as a general purpose microprocessor, digital signal processor, reduced instruction set computer, multiple instruction set computer, or field programmable gate array. One or more of the other functional blocks shown in FIG. 2 may also be digitally implemented in the same (or a different) digital processor as the controller 68.

[0028] The transmitter 64 is used to generate (under the control of the controller 68) a call signal that is sent out through the antenna 60 into the coverage area 52 during a call operation. The transmitter 64 can also be used to generate an acknowledgement signal to be sent to a particular RF tag after identification information has been received from that tag, as described above. The receiver 66 is particularly operative to receive, demodulate, and decode identification signals received from RF tags located within the coverage area 52, and to send the resulting identification information to the controller 68.

[0029] The matching and tuning circuit 62 is a device that improves the efficiency with which the power available from the driver is delivered to the antenna 60. The impedance of the antenna 60 may be too high for the low voltage driver to directly output enough power, in which case the impedance of the antenna 60 is compensated and matched by the use of a matching network. In addition to impedance matching in the case of an inductively coupled RFID system, the matching and tuning circuit 62 can also be used to properly set the resonant frequency of the antenna 60.

[0030] Once the controller 68 has collected tag identification information from the corresponding coverage area 52, it reports the data to the appropriate entity via the user interface 74. Alternatively, the controller 68 can wait until all tag information for a coverage area 52 has been collected before reporting the data. The user interface 74 can take many different forms depending on the type of reporting that is performed within the system. For example, the interface 74 can be coupled to a video display for displaying the identification data to an operator. Alternatively, the interface 74 can include a modem for transmitting and storing the data in a remote computer. In some embodiments, the reader units of the large RFID system communicate via the interface 74 to a central control processor that assembles, manages, and analyzes the identification information to generate system-wide reports. The central control processor can also use this information to perform other system functions, such as activating electric door locks, sending messages to user displays (including the reader's own display), sounding alarms, activating recording devices (e.g., video cameras), etc. Other forms of user interface 74 can also be used.

[0031] In some embodiments, the controller 68 detects a change in the resonant frequency of the reader 12. In particular, the controller 68 detects a change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210. In some implementations, the controller 68 detects a change in the resonant frequency based on the amount of current being forced through the reader 12, and in particular, through the resonant circuit 210. In particular, a current sensor 70 is coupled to the resonant circuit 210 and measures the amount of current being forced through the resonant circuit 210. The current sensor 70 provides the measured current value to a comparator 72. The comparator 72 accesses a preset threshold value to determine whether the measured current value received from the current sensor 70 is outside of a threshold range. In some cases, the comparator 72 determines whether the measured current is below the threshold. In some cases, the comparator 72 determines whether the measured current is above the threshold. In some cases, the comparator 72 determines whether the measured current is outside of a threshold range. That is, the threshold can be a specific value (eg, 10% above or below normal current) or a range (eg, within 10% of normal current).

[0032] The preset threshold of the comparator 72 represents the expected amount of current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 during normal operation. If the current is outside the preset threshold, the comparator 72 provides an indication to the controller 68. The indication may inform the controller 68 that a metallic material is in proximity to the reader 12. In response to determining whether the current is above, below, or outside the range of values ​​of the preset value, the controller 68 may detect that the resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader has changed by an amount that is outside the threshold. In such a case, the controller 68 activates the compensation circuit 220 to offset the change in resonant frequency by coupling one or more capacitors in parallel with the resonant circuit 210.

[0033] As an example, the preset threshold may be set to 10% higher or lower than the value of the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 (e.g., the antenna of the resonant circuit 210) when there is no metallic material proximate to the reader 12. The preset threshold may be programmed into a lookup table or memory during manufacture of the reader 12 and / or may be dynamically updated based on various operating conditions. The comparator 72 may periodically or continuously retrieve the preset threshold from the lookup table or memory and compare it to the current being measured by the current sensor 70.

[0034] In some embodiments, after activating the compensation circuit 220, the controller 68 may instruct the current sensor 70 to re-measure the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. The re-measured current is compared to a preset threshold by the comparator 72 to determine whether the change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 is still outside the threshold. As an example, after activating the compensation circuit 220, the current measured by the current sensor 70 may be within 5% of the normal operating current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. The preset threshold may be set to 10% above or below the normal operating current, in which case the controller 68 may determine that the change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 is no longer outside the threshold (e.g., because the current measured by the current sensor 70 is not more than 10% above or below the normal operating current of the resonant circuit 210).

[0035] In some embodiments, the controller 68 may determine that after activating the compensation circuit 220, the current measured by the current sensor 70 may be 12% higher than the normal operating current being passed through the resonant circuit 210. That is, even after the compensation circuit 220 is activated, the change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 may still be outside the threshold range. In such a case, the controller 68 may instruct the compensation circuit 220 to couple one or more additional capacitors in parallel with the resonant circuit 210 (e.g., to increase the total parallel capacitance coupled to the resonant circuit 210).

[0036] As an example, the compensation circuit 220 may include a first compensation circuit and a second compensation circuit. The first compensation circuit may include a first capacitor and the second compensation circuit may include a second capacitor. The first capacitor may be the same size and value as the second capacitor. In such a case, the controller 68 determines that the change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 is outside the range of the first threshold but within the range of the second threshold. For example, the first threshold may be set to a value 10% higher than the normal operating current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 and the second threshold may be set to a value 15% higher than the normal operating current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. The controller 68 may determine that the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 is 12% higher than the normal operating current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. In such a case, the controller 68 determines that the change in resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 is outside the first threshold range but within the second threshold range (as a result of the current being drawn by the resonant circuit 210 being 12% higher than the normal operating current). In response, the controller 68 activates the first compensation circuit. By activating the first compensation circuit, the controller 68 couples a first capacitor in parallel with the resonant circuit 210.

[0037] In some cases, at some point after or before the first compensation circuit is activated, the controller 68 measures the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. The controller 68 determines that the change in the resonant frequency is outside of a first threshold and a second threshold. For example, the controller 68 may determine that the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 is 17% higher than the normal operating current drawn by the resonant circuit 210. In such a case, the controller 68 determines that the change in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210 (as a result of the current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 being 17% higher than the normal operating current) is outside of a first threshold (e.g., set at 10% higher than the normal operating current) and a second threshold (e.g., set at 15% higher than the normal operating current). In response, the controller 68 activates the second compensation circuit. By activating the second compensation circuit, the controller 68 couples the first and second capacitors in parallel with the resonant circuit 210.

[0038] In some embodiments, the first capacitor may be smaller than the second capacitor. In such a case, activation of the second compensation circuit couples the larger capacitor in parallel with the resonant circuit 210 and isolates the smaller capacitor of the first compensation circuit from the resonant circuit 210. That is, if different sized capacitors are implemented for each compensation circuit, only one of the first compensation circuit and the second compensation circuit is coupled to the resonant circuit 210.

[0039] In some embodiments, the first compensation circuit or the second compensation circuit is coupled in parallel with the resonant circuit 210 by a switch, such as a transistor. For example, when the controller 68 activates (closes) the switch of the compensation circuit 220, one or more capacitors of the compensation circuit 220 may be coupled in parallel with the resonant circuit 210. When the switch is released (opened), the one or more capacitors are isolated from the resonant circuit 210.

[0040] In some embodiments, the value of the capacitor or capacitance of the compensation circuit 220 is determined during the manufacture of the reader 12. In one example, for this purpose, the reader 12 is placed on a metal surface or material. The detuning effect on the resonant circuit 210 of the reader 12 is then measured. As an example, the current sensor may output a first current value drawn by the resonant circuit 210 when the reader 12 is not placed on a metal surface or material. This first current value may represent an expected current drawn by the resonant circuit 210 under normal operating conditions. In some cases, a threshold value may be calculated as a function or factor of this expected current (e.g., the threshold value may be set to a value 10% higher than the first current value). In some cases, the current sensor may output a second current value drawn by the resonant circuit 210 after the reader 12 is placed on a metal surface or material. In such an embodiment, the threshold may be set to the value of the second current value, or may be set to some value that is based on or a function of the second current value, but either higher or lower than the second current value. After the reader 12 is placed on a metal surface, one or more capacitors may be coupled in parallel with the resonant circuit 210 until a capacitor value is determined that brings the current measured by the current sensor substantially closer to the first current value. This capacitor value may be used to set the capacitor value of the compensation circuit 220. Thus, when the reader 12 is operating in proximity to a metal surface (e.g., as determined by the current measured by the current sensor 70 exceeding the threshold), the controller 68 activates the compensation circuit 220 to couple a capacitor value in parallel with the resonant circuit 210 to offset changes in the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit 210.

[0041] In some embodiments, the capacitor value can be determined mathematically (e.g., without actually placing the reader 12 on a metal surface during manufacturing). In some cases, the capacitor value can be determined based on the metal material to which the reader 12 will be set during operation.

[0042] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a reader unit for use in an RFID system, according to various embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3, a control circuit 68 may be coupled to the resonant circuit and the compensation circuit. The control circuit 68 may include or be implemented to include or be implemented to include the functionality of the controller 68. The control circuit 68 measures the current drawn by the resonant circuit. In response to determining that the current drawn by the resonant circuit exceeds a threshold, the controller 68 activates the switch 320. As a result, the compensation capacitor 310 is coupled in parallel with the resonant circuit. That is, a first terminal of the compensation capacitor 310 is grounded via the diode 330 and the switch 320. When the switch is released, the compensation capacitor 310 is no longer grounded and is therefore isolated from the resonant circuit. When the switch 320 is closed, the first terminal of the compensation capacitor 310 is grounded via the diode 330 and the switch 320. A second terminal of the compensation capacitor 310 is coupled to a first terminal of one or more capacitors of the resonant circuit. A second terminal of the one or more capacitors of the resonant circuit is grounded. In this manner, when switch 320 is activated, ie, closed, compensation capacitor 310 may be coupled in parallel with the capacitor of the resonant circuit.

[0043] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an example process 400 for operating an inductively coupled reader, according to various embodiments. In operation 410, the inductively coupled reader detects a change in the resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader.

[0044] In operation 420, the inductively coupled reader compares the change in resonant frequency to a threshold value. In operation 430, the inductively coupled reader determines that the change in resonant frequency is outside a threshold range.

[0045] At operation 440, in response to determining that the change in resonant frequency is outside of a threshold range, the inductively coupled reader activates a compensation circuit to offset the change in resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader.

[0046] FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary machine 500 that may perform any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) described herein and / or may be included in the reader described above. In alternative embodiments, the machine 500 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked configuration, the machine 500 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or in both a server / client network environment. In one example, the machine 500 may operate as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 500 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a web appliance, an IoT device, an automotive system, an aerospace system, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by the machine. Additionally, although only a single machine is shown, the term "machine" should also be construed to include any collection of machines, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations, individually or collectively executing one (or more) sets of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein.

[0047] Examples may include or operate with logic, components, devices, packages, or mechanisms as described herein. Circuitry is a collection of circuits (e.g., a circuit set) embodied in a tangible object that includes hardware (e.g., simple circuits, gates, logic, etc.). The membership of a circuitry may be flexible over time and with the underlying hardware variability. Circuits include members that may perform a particular task, either alone or in combination, when in operation. In one example, the hardware of a circuitry may be immutably designed (e.g., hardwired) to perform a particular operation. In one example, the hardware of a circuitry may include variably connected physical components (e.g., execution units, transistors, simple circuits, etc.) that include computer-readable media that have been physically modified (e.g., magnetically modified, electrically modified, modified by movable placement of immutable mass particles, etc.) to encode instructions for a particular operation. The connection of the physical components changes the underlying electrical properties of the hardware construct, for example, from an insulator to a conductor (or vice versa). The instructions enable the involved hardware (e.g., an execution unit or a loading mechanism) to perform a portion of a particular task during operation by generating the members of the hardware circuitry through variable connections. Thus, the computer-readable medium is communicatively coupled to other components of the circuitry during operation of the device. In one example, any of the physical components may be used in two or more members of two or more circuitry. For example, during operation, an execution unit may be used at one time by a first circuit of a first circuitry and at another time by a second circuit of the first circuitry or a third circuit of the second circuitry.

[0048] The machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor 502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof (e.g., a memory controller), a main memory 504, and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., a bus) 508. The machine 500 may further include a display device 510, an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 514 (e.g., a mouse). In one example, the display device 510, the alphanumeric input device 512, and the UI navigation device 514 may be touch screen displays. The machine 500 may further include a memory device 522 (e.g., a drive unit), a signal generator 518 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 520, one or more sensors 516 (such as Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors, wing sensors, mechanical element sensors, temperature sensors, ICP sensors, bridge sensors, audio sensors, industrial sensors, compasses, accelerometers, or other sensors), and one or more system-in-package data acquisition devices 590. The system-in-package data acquisition devices 590 may implement some or all of the functionality of the offset calibration system 100. The machine 500 may include an output controller 528 for communicating with or controlling one or more peripheral devices (e.g., printers, card readers, etc.), such as serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB)), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connections.

[0049] Storage 522 may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524 (e.g., software) that embody or are utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. Also, instructions 524 may reside, in whole or at least in part, in main memory 504, in static memory 506, or in hardware processor 502 during execution by machine 500. In one example, one or any combination of hardware processor 502, main memory 504, static memory 506, and storage 521 may constitute a machine-readable medium.

[0050] Although the machine-readable medium is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium configured to store one or more instructions 524 or may include multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database or associated caches and servers).

[0051] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any transitory or non-transient medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying transitory or non-transient instructions for execution by the machine 500, causing the machine 500 to perform any one or more of the techniques of this disclosure, or any transitory or non-transient medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting examples of machine-readable media include solid-state memory and optical and magnetic media. In one example, a massive machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having a fixed (e.g., stationary) mass. Thus, a massive machine-readable medium is not a transitory propagating signal. Examples of massed machine-readable media include non-volatile memory such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices, magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

[0052] Instructions 524 (e.g., software, programs, operating system (OS), etc.) or other data stored in storage 521 are available to hardware processor 502 via access by main memory 504. Main memory 504 (e.g., DRAM) is a different type of storage than storage 521 (e.g., SSD), which is typically fast but volatile and suitable for long-term storage including an "off" state. Instructions 524 or data used by user or machine 500 are typically loaded into main memory 504 for use by hardware processor 502. When main memory 504 is full, it can be supplemented by allocation of virtual space in storage 521. However, storage 521 is typically slower than main memory 504, with write speeds typically at least twice as slow as read speeds, so using virtual memory (as opposed to main memory 504 (e.g., DRAM)) can also significantly impair the user experience due to storage latency. Furthermore, using storage device 521 for virtual memory purposes can also significantly shorten the usable life of storage device 521.

[0053] The instructions 524 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 526 using a transmission medium via a network interface device 520 utilizing any one of a number of transmission protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Exemplary communication networks include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), packet data networks (e.g., the Internet), mobile phone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards (known as Wi-Fi®), the IEEE 802.16 family of standards (known as WiMax®), the IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In one example, the network interface device 520 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas for connecting to the communication network 526.In one example, network interface device 520 may include multiple antennas for wireless communication using single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) technology. The term "transmission medium" is intended to include any tangible or intangible medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by machine 500, including digital or analog communications signals or other tangible or intangible media that facilitate communication of software as described above.

[0054] Each non-limiting embodiment or example described herein may stand on its own or may be combined with one or more of the other examples in various permutations or combinations.

[0055] In the above detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of example, specific embodiments in which the subject matter of the present invention may be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as "examples." Such examples may include additional elements other than those shown or described. However, the inventors also contemplate examples in which only the elements shown or described are provided. Furthermore, the inventors also contemplate examples (or one or more aspects thereof) using any combination or permutation of the elements shown or described relative to the particular example (or one or more aspects thereof) or other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

[0056] In the event of a conflict between this specification and any document incorporated by reference, the usage of this specification will control. Herein, as is common in patent documents, the term "a" is used to include one or more than one, independent of any other instance or usage of "at least one" or "one or more." Herein, "or" is used to refer to non-exclusive, so that "A or B" includes "A but not B," "B but not A," and "A and B," unless otherwise indicated. Herein, "including" and "in which" are used as the plain English equivalents of the terms "comprising" and "wherein," respectively. Also, in the following claims, "including" and "comprising" are used in the open-ended sense, i.e., a system, device, product, composition, design, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such term in the claim will still be considered within the scope of the claim. Also, in the following claims, terms such as "first," "second," and "third" are used merely as designations and are not intended to impose numerical requirements thereon.

[0057] The method examples described herein may be at least partially implemented by a machine or computer. Some examples may include computer-readable media or machine-readable media encoded with temporary or non-transient instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform the methods described in the examples above. Such method implementations may include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, high-level language code, etc. The code may include temporary or non-transient computer-readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form part of a computer program product. Further, in one example, the code may be tangibly stored on one or more volatile non-transient or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), etc.

[0058] The above description is intended to be illustrative, not limiting. For example, the foregoing examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other examples may be used, for example, by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 CFR §1.72(b) to enable the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the above detailed description, various features may be grouped together to simplify the disclosure. This should not be construed as an intention that an unclaimed but disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, the subject matter of the invention may lie in less than all features of a particular embodiment disclosed. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description as examples or embodiments, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that the embodiments may be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the inventive subject matter should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

1. 1. A method comprising: one or more processors detecting a change in a resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader; storing an expected amount of current in a memory, the one or more processors; the one or more processors periodically retrieving the estimated current amount from the memory; in response to periodically retrieving the expected current amount from the memory, the one or more processors detect the change in the resonant frequency by comparing the amount of current being passed through the inductive coupling reader with the expected current amount retrieved from the memory; the one or more processors activating a compensation circuit to offset the change in the resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader; A method for providing the above.

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the change in the resonant frequency is caused by an external metallic material in proximity to the inductively coupled reader, and wherein a range of the inductively coupled reader is reduced as a result of the change in the resonant frequency.

3. Detecting the change in the resonant frequency The method of claim 1 , comprising measuring the amount of current being passed through the inductively coupled reader with a current sensor.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of current being forced through the inductive reader comprises a current being forced through an antenna of the inductive reader.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the one or more processors dynamically updating the expected current amount stored in the memory based on different operating conditions.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compensation circuit comprises one or more capacitors coupled in parallel to a resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader.

7. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the one or more processors verifying proper operation of the inductive coupling reader after activation of the compensation circuit by comparing a current amount of current being passed through the inductive coupling reader to the expected amount of current.

8. the compensation circuit includes a first compensation circuit; in response to determining that the change in the resonant frequency is outside a first threshold range and within a second threshold range, the one or more processors activate the first compensation circuit; 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in response to determining that the change in the resonant frequency is outside the first and second thresholds, the one or more processors activating a second compensation circuit, the second compensation circuit offsetting the resonant frequency more than the first compensation circuit.

9. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein activating the first compensation circuit couples a first capacitor in parallel with a resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader, and activating the second compensation circuit couples a second capacitor, larger than the first capacitor, in parallel with the resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second capacitor comprises the first capacitor and at least one other capacitor.

11. placing said inductive coupling reader on a metal surface; Measuring the detuning effect of the metal surface on the inductively coupled reader; calculating the offset to compensate for the measured detuning effect; 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: calculating the offset provided by the compensation circuit by:

12. The compensation circuit, Switch, one or more capacitors having a first terminal coupled to a first terminal of a capacitor in a resonant circuit of the inductively coupled reader and a second terminal coupled to the switch; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the one or more capacitors are coupled to the switch through a diode.

14. 1. A system comprising: an inductively coupled reader including one or more processors configured to perform a plurality of operations, the plurality of operations including: detecting a change in a resonant frequency of the inductively coupled reader; storing an expected amount of current in a memory; the one or more processors periodically retrieving the estimated current amount from the memory; in response to periodically retrieving the expected current amount from the memory, the one or more processors detect the change in the resonant frequency by comparing the amount of current being passed through the inductive coupling reader with the expected current amount retrieved from the memory; activating a compensation circuit to offset the change in the resonant frequency of the inductive coupling reader; Including, the system.

15. 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the change in the resonant frequency is caused by an external metallic material in proximity to the inductively coupled reader, and wherein a range of the inductively coupled reader is reduced as a result of the change in the resonant frequency.

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