Electrical Medical Generator

Abstract

To provide a generator circuit that is suitable for use in electrosurgery and achieves a high efficiency with simple configuration.SOLUTION: A power generator (22) according to the invention is configured in a self-oscillating manner. It comprises two cascode circuits (31, 32), the outputs (A1, A2) of which are connected with a parallel resonant circuit (23) in order to excite it in push-pull manner. The input transistors (33, 35) of the cascode circuits (31, 32) are cross-coupled, whereas the control electrodes of the output transistors (34, 36) are connected with non-varying potential. The power oscillator (22) is self-controlled such that the transistors (33-36) comprise the lowest switching losses.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an electrical medical generator for supplying one or more electrodes provided for performing an electrosurgical procedure on a patient. [Background technology]

[0002] To avoid neuromuscular stimulation, electrosurgery usually uses alternating currents with frequencies significantly above 100 kHz, which are required to supply the respective power. Usually, the power output is significantly higher than 1 watt and can reach several hundred watts. For this purpose, respective generators are required.

[0003] Electrosurgical instruments, probes, etc. require an electrosurgical generator to supply the instrument with radio frequency alternating current. For this purpose, DE 602004009293 A1 discloses an electrosurgical system having a generator to which the instrument can be connected, the latter being supplied with radio frequency current from the generator. In one embodiment, the instrument comprises a coagulation electrode as well as a cutting electrode which are alternately supplied in rapid sequence to operate simultaneously therewith. For this purpose, the instruments themselves are provided with respective electronic change-over switches.

[0004] US 7896875 and US 2011 / 0112530 each describe an RF instrument, the external generator of which is supplied by a battery. Furthermore, US 9155585 describes a battery-powered electrical medical generator with an externally controlled transistor. A battery-powered and generator-powered instrument is known from US 2015 / 0305798.

[0005] Furthermore, the use of microwaves for medical procedures is known from EP 2572668 and EP 2572669. Each instrument comprises a microwave antenna at the distal end of a longitudinal shank, which is fed by a microwave amplifier arranged in the instrument. The instrument is connected via a cable to a microwave signal generator, the signal of which is directed to the microwave amplifier. In a modified embodiment, the microwave signal generator is arranged in the handle of the instrument. A changeover switch then makes it possible to switch between the microwave signal of an external signal generator and the microwave signal of an internal signal generator.

[0006] A generator-equipped device with monopolar electrodes for treating the patient and which closes the current circuit capacitively via the therapist is also known from US 6039734. The operating frequency is higher than 5 MHz. Finally, further prior art is known from US 2017 / 238987, US 2017 / 202607, US 2017 / 079710, US 2016 / 0270841, US 2014 / 148803, DE 202008001365 and CA 2286835.

[0007] While microwave generators affect the tissue by heating it with microwave radiation, surgical instruments operating at high frequencies operate at significantly lower frequencies. The frequency of the current provided for the operation of such instruments is usually a few 100 kHz. Such instruments operate with a radio frequency current passing through the tissue and always require two electrodes in contact with the tissue for this purpose. The instruments function to perform different procedures, for example cutting, coagulation, fusion, ablation, etc., which rely on the current passing directly through the living tissue. Depending on the form and application of the respective electrodes, the desired surgical effect can be particularly influenced. This leads to the use of different RF voltages and RF currents, such as different modulation forms, for example unmodulated RF (CW - "continuous wave"), amplitude modulation, pulsing with or without pulse width modulation, etc. Furthermore, a current / voltage dependency can be defined by the respective generator output characteristic curve, which is beneficial for the success of the operation.

[0008] However, for the operation of such surgical instruments an external surgical generator is usually required, which must provide the required modes from which the radio frequency power is transmitted to the instrument via a cable, which modes are differentiated, for example, by voltage, current, power, modulation, etc.

[0009] DE 2901153 A1, US 2010 / 0137854 A1, US 2011 / 0245826 A1 and EP 1599146 A1 disclose generators having externally controlled switches for exciting one or more resonant circuits.

[0010] In addition to medical applications, for example in telecommunications technology, self-oscillating generators are used, as known for example from DE 19780481 A1, DE 19780470 A1, DE 19719440 A1 or DE 19719441 A1. These generators are configured as voltage-controlled push-pull oscillators for the extremely / ultra-high frequency range of 1 to 20 GHz. The generators are thereby operated at very low operating voltages, for example only 4.5 V. The circuits are suitable for the milliwatt range. In contrast, in the field of electrosurgery, the generators are operated at significantly higher powers and substantially higher voltages. Thereby, there is a risk of voltage overload of the individual components. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0011] SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT EMBODIMENT It is an object of the present invention to provide a generator circuit suitable for use in electrosurgery and which achieves high efficiency with simple construction. [Means for solving the problem]

[0012] This object is solved by a generator according to claim 1.

[0013] The generator according to the invention comprises a resonant circuit arranged between the outputs of two cascode circuits. The cascode circuits are connected to each other in a feedback (positive feedback) manner, thus forming a self-oscillating generator together with the resonant circuit. This concept results in a simple generator configuration in which the high ohmic output of the cascode circuits does not impair the quality of the resonant circuit, which results in good frequency stability and high spectral purity of the generated AC voltage. The two cascode circuits work in a push-pull manner, whereby due to the AC positive feedback, the switching losses in the two cascode circuits are minimized. The switching instants of the individual transistors are ideally defined by the oscillations of the parallel resonant circuit. By minimizing the switching losses, this concept is particularly suitable for generators that output power suitable for use in electrosurgery.

[0014] The cascode circuit comprises in each case the input transistors in a common emitter or common source circuit and the output transistors in a common base or common gate circuit. The output transistors operating in a common base or common gate circuit are able to support at their output electrodes (collector or drain) the high voltages occurring in the resonant circuit without risk to the respective output transistor. For this reason too, the generator circuit according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in electrosurgery.

[0015] The control electrode (base or gate) of the input transistor of the cascode circuit is connected to the output electrode (collector or drain) of the input transistor of the other cascode circuit. The output electrode of the input transistor is connected to the current input (emitter or source) of the output transistor of the cascode circuit. The connection point of the output electrode of the input transistor and the current input of the output transistor forms a tap. At this tap, only low voltages (between 0 and, for example, 20 V) occur even in the case of high operating voltages, so that the input transistors do not experience high voltages at their control electrodes (base or gate). Thus, here too, the technical efforts to protect the control electrodes are reduced to a minimum. Additional components, such as diodes, for protection against overvoltages can be omitted. The capacitive load of the control electrodes is minimized, which allows the switching profile with maximum steepness to be effective, and thus the switching losses to be reduced.

[0016] The control electrodes of the input transistors can be connected to the taps in a capacitive manner, in addition to being connected to each other in a resistive manner to prevent potential drift and to force symmetrical switching between the two cascode circuits.

[0017] The control electrodes of the output transistors are preferably connected to a fixed potential, for example ground or a DC voltage. The DC voltage can be derived from the operating voltage. For example, if the transistors are normally conductive, as is often the case for GaN transistors, the control electrodes can be directly connected to ground.

[0018] In particular, this can be achieved by a linear or non-linear voltage divider, which can be, for example, a Zener diode or another element that generates an invariant voltage with respect to a reference potential (ground). Preferably, the control electrode of the output transistor is capacitively connected to the reference potential (ground).

[0019] The parallel resonant circuit connected to the output of the cascode circuit preferably comprises an inductor with a center tap connected via a reactor to a DC voltage source, which may provide, for example, a DC voltage of 100V, 150V, 200V or more. The voltage that must be supplied to the electrodes of the instrument can be picked up in a transformer manner by this inductor.

[0020] For example, it is possible to modulate the DC voltage so that it alternates between a minimum and a maximum value. The respective configured supply device can be formed outside the instrument, for example as a fixed device. The generator is simply configured with respect to the circuit and can be arranged directly inside the instrument due to its low power losses. Different operating modes of the instrument, for example at unmodulated radio frequency or at pulsed or otherwise modulated radio frequency, can be selected in that the supply device supplies either a constant DC voltage or a DC voltage that alternates between different DC voltage values ​​or oscillates around an average value.

[0021] With the concept according to the invention, the RF generator for electrosurgical applications has the highest efficiency even at frequencies above several hundreds of kHz, for example above 500 kHz. Frequencies up to 4 MHz and higher can be generated with the lowest switching losses, thereby achieving high frequency stability and good spectral purity.

[0022] Details of the invention are derived from the figures and the associated description and claims. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0023] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows an instrument for electrical medical application connected to a supply device. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a basic diagram of a generator for supplying the electrodes of the instrument according to FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a detailed circuit diagram of the generator according to FIG. 2. [Figure 4]4A-4C show diagrams illustrating the voltages output by the generator according to FIG. 3 in different operating modes. [Diagram 5] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a supply device and a generator. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0024] 1 shows an electrosurgical instrument 10 and a supply device 11 that are, or can be, connected to one another by a cable 12. Supply device 11 is configured to provide power to instrument 10 via cable 12. Instrument 10 can be an instrument provided for open surgical applications, or an instrument 10' provided for laparoscopic or other applications. To this end, FIG. 1 shows an open surgical and laparoscopic instrument.

[0025] In this embodiment, the instrument 10 operates with a DC voltage. The supply 11 also provides a DC voltage, a DC voltage that can be switched on and off, a pulsating DC voltage, a DC voltage that oscillates around an average value, or a DC current for the instrument 10. In addition, the supply 11 can be configured to output an AC voltage, but the AC voltage is first rectified in the instrument 10 in order to operate a generator therewith.

[0026] The instrument 10 may be an instrument having a handle 13 provided with an electrode 14, e.g. a spatula electrode, a needle electrode, etc., and optionally also a counter electrode 15. An instrument 10' provided for laparoscopic applications also comprises a handle 13 from which extends an elongated shank 16. A tool 17, e.g. in the form of a cautery forceps, is disposed on the distal end of the shank 16, the jaws 18, 19 of which support the electrodes 14, 15. Operating elements 20, 21 may be provided on the handle 13 for mechanically operating the tool 17 and / or for electrically activating the electrodes 14, 15.

[0027] The generator 22 serves to supply the electrodes 14, 15 shown in FIG. 2. This generator 22 is preferably located inside the instrument 10, 10', preferably inside the handle 13. However, the generator 22 can essentially also be located elsewhere in other embodiments, for example in an extension of the cable 12, in a connector of the cable 12, or inside the supply device 11 itself. In this latter embodiment, the cable 12 conducts different radio frequency voltages and currents than in the other embodiments. The instrument 10 can be configured as a monopolar instrument. To that end, the instrument comprises a treatment electrode, preferably located on the distal end, and a long neutral electrode connected to the instrument via a neutral conductor. This electrode can be configured as an adhesive electrode attached to the patient for current feedback. In such an embodiment, the generator can also be located in or on the neutral electrode, in the neutral conductor, or in any other position mentioned above.

[0028] The generator 22 is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2 for purposes of illustrating its components. For example, a resonant circuit 23 consisting of an inductor 24 and a capacitor 25 connected in parallel with each other is part of the generator 22. This resonant circuit 23 is the frequency determining component of the generator 22. The inductor 24 is coupled to the operating voltage V through a reactor 27, if necessary. cc Preferably, a center tap 26 is provided which is connected to the operating voltage V cc can be fed from the feeder 11 via the cable 12. The centre tap 26 can be located exactly in the middle, so that the two inductor halves provided have exactly the same inductivity. The centre tap 26 can also be located slightly "eccentrically", so that the two inductor halves contain (slightly) different inductivities. This can simplify the vibration accumulation of the generator 22. This can simplify operation in pulsed mode.

[0029] The inductor 24 can be magnetically coupled to the decoupling inductor 28 and can form a transformer therewith. The turns ratio of the inductor 24 to the decoupling inductor 28 is defined according to the requirements of the electrosurgical treatment process and can therefore be greater or less than 1. Also, the coupling coefficient between the inductor 24 and the decoupling inductor 28 can be defined according to the requirements of the electrosurgical treatment process, between zero and 1. Preferably, the decoupling inductor forms a branch-free galvanic circuit with the tissue held between the electrodes 14, 15.

[0030] The (parallel) resonant circuit 23 is connected to the outputs 29, 30 of two cascode circuits 31, 32. A first input transistor 33 and a first output transistor 34 are part of the first cascode circuit 31. A second input transistor 35 and a second output transistor 36 are part of the second cascode circuit 32. The transistors 33-36 are switching transistors, preferably field effect transistors. But basically it is also possible to use bipolar transistors, IGBTs or other controlled switches. The following description therefore applies to field effect transistors and bipolar transistors under the condition that the base, emitter and collector are replaced by the gate, source and drain. The presented circuit principle is suitable for enhancement or depletion type p-type or n-type field effect transistors, as well as pnp or npn-type bipolar transistors.

[0031] The first cascode circuit 31 comprises a first input E1, an intermediate tap Z1 and a first output A1. The second cascode circuit 32 thus comprises a second input E2, a second intermediate tap Z2 and an output A2. The first input E1 is formed by the control electrode of the first input transistor 33. If the first input transistor 33 is a field effect transistor or an IGBT, the control electrode is the gate. If it is a bipolar transistor, the control electrode is its base.

[0032] The second input transistor 35 also comprises a respective control electrode, eg gate or base, which forms the second input E2.

[0033] The first input transistor 33 has a source connection connected to a reference potential, for example ground 37. If bipolar transistors are used, the emitter of this first input transistor 33 is connected to ground 37. Accordingly, this applies analogously to the second input transistor 35.

[0034] The input transistors 33, 35 each form an intermediate tap Z1 or Z2 and each have an output electrode (drain or collector) connected to the current input of the output transistors 34, 36, which is their source electrode (or emitter, if bipolar technology is used). The control electrodes of the two output transistors 34, 36 are either independent of each other or both connected to a constant potential. For this purpose, these control electrodes can be connected to a constant voltage source 38 supplying a substantially constant potential above a reference potential 37. The control electrodes of the output transistors 34, 36 are, in the case of bipolar transistors, their gate electrodes or bases. When using normally conducting transistors, the reference potential can also be 0V (ground).

[0035] The drain or collector electrodes of the two output transistors 34,36 form the outputs A1,A2 of the two cascode circuits 31,32.

[0036] The input E1 is connected to the intermediate tap Z2. The input E2 is connected to the intermediate tap Z1. In doing so, the input transistors 33, 35 together form a flip-flop circuit, which cannot oscillate alone and contains a bistable characteristic. The downstream output transistors 34, 36 in a common gate circuit simultaneously become a load and a clock pulse generator for the flip-flop circuit formed by the input transistors 33, 35.

[0037] The generator 22 thus far described operates as follows.

[0038] To operate the generator 22, an operating voltage V cc is provided, which has, for example, a magnitude of +150V with respect to the reference potential 37 (ground). Other voltage values ​​can be used, for example 10V or any value therebetween.

[0039] After the accumulation of vibrations in the generator 22, the operating voltage V is phase shifted by approximately 180° cc A symmetrical oscillation with respect to is applied to the outputs A1 and A2. The current flowing periodically through the output transistors 34, 36 thereby is a clock pulse generator for a flip-flop circuit consisting of the input transistors 33, 35, which consequently switches back and forth the rhythm of the oscillation of the resonant circuit 23. In other words, the input transistors 33, 35 alternately switch on and off (they alternately become conductive or non-conductive). The approximately square wave voltage applied to the intermediate taps Z1, Z2 is amplified by the output transistors 34, 36, thus maintaining the oscillation of the resonant circuit, even if the resonant circuit 23 supplies a current to the electrodes 14, 15 through the decoupling inductor 28. The generator is now in a state of frequency stability, whereby it is able to generate oscillations of high spectral purity.

[0040] The operating voltage V applied to the generator 22 ccDepending on the amount of current and / or the turns ratio between the inductor 24 and the decoupling inductor 28, a voltage suitable for coagulation, cutting, ablation, radiofrequency ablation or tissue fusion or other purposes is applied to the electrodes 14, 15. The voltage range can thereby be in the range of less than 100 V to several hundred V. Powers in the intermediate power range between 1 and 100 W, as well as powers in the upper power range from 100 W to several hundred W, can be achieved. The transistors 33-36 are thereby operated exclusively in a switching operation with minimal switching losses by switching exactly in phase. The transistors 33-36 switch in the absence of current and voltage. The generator 22 can therefore be very miniaturized. Power losses are in the range of a few watts or a few watts. This applies in particular to frequencies between 100 kHz and 5 MHz.

[0041] It is particularly advantageous if the generator 22 is arranged inside the device 10, 10', since the generator is supplied with a DC voltage. The conductors present in the cable 12 are subjected to a DC voltage. The reactor 27, optionally in conjunction with a further, not shown, buffer capacitor, allows the current flowing through the cable 12 to be equalized to such an extent that the superimposed ripple is negligible. This allows the use of unshielded or slightly shielded cables, which are reasonably flexible and therefore simplify the handling of the device 10.

[0042] 3 again shows the generator 22 in slightly more detailed form, for the purposes of its description the reference numerals and descriptions already introduced apply accordingly.

[0043] The constant voltage source 38 is formed in this embodiment by a Zener diode 40, the cathode of which is connected to the control electrodes of the output transistors 34, 36 and the anode of which is connected to a reference potential (ground) 37. A capacitor 41 can be connected in parallel to the Zener diode 40 in order to connect the signal applied in alternating voltage manner to the cathode of the Zener diode 40 to ground. A resistor 42 is able to supply a current to the constant voltage source 38 and is connected to the operating voltage connection V cc are connected accordingly to the control electrodes (gates) of the transistors 32, 34 and to the constant voltage source 38. Zener diodes ZD1 and ZD2 connect the outputs A1 and A2 to ground (reference potential 37) and thus make it possible to protect them from overvoltages.

[0044] Furthermore, the connection between the input electrode E1 and the intermediate tap Z2 can be realized by a coupling capacitor 42. Furthermore, the connection between the intermediate tap Z1 and the control electrode E2 can be realized by a coupling capacitor 43. The control electrodes or control inputs E1, E2 can be connected together in a DC manner via a resistor 44 in order to generate a potential corresponding to the control electrodes E1, E2 on a time average.

[0045] In the generator 22, the resonant circuit 23 is also the frequency-determining component. The coupling capacitors 42, 43, on the other hand, are not frequency-determining. Rather, they are dimensioned in such a way that without the frequency-determining resonant circuit the generator 22 would not operate, or would only operate at a significantly lower frequency.

[0046] In the above description, it has been assumed that the supply device 11 continuously supplies the instrument 10 with a direct voltage and a direct current. The operating elements 20, 21 can function as electric switches for selectively connecting or isolating the generator 22 to the supply device 11. In doing so, the instrument 10, 10' can be activated or deactivated. For this purpose, FIG. 4 shows the time-dependent progression of the voltage UHF from a time t0, when the generator 22 is operating, to a time t1, when the generator 22 is switched off. The period between the times t0 and t1 corresponds to the activation of the instrument 10, 10'. The RF voltage UHF is applied to the electrodes 14, 15 continuously, substantially without decay, during this activation.

[0047] However, it is also possible to configure the supply 11 for the output of a pulsating (or otherwise modulated) DC voltage. This output can vary, for example, between a voltage value of 150 V and a voltage value of 10 V, as shown in FIG. 5 on the left side for the supply 11. The upper and lower voltage values ​​Vo and Vu according to the voltage progression of FIG. 5 can be fixedly defined, for example, at 150 V and 10 V. Other voltage values ​​can also be used. The upper and lower voltage values ​​Vo and Vu can also be adjustable. In this embodiment, the supply 11 is configured to switch between alternations between the upper and lower voltage values ​​Vo and Vu, resulting in a square wave form. However, if the operating voltage V cc can also have another time-dependent progression, such as a sawtooth progression, a triangular voltage progression, a trapezoidal voltage progression, or a wave-like voltage progression (e.g., a sinusoidal waveform plus a DC voltage component). cc For a square waveform of , the RF voltage progression shown in FIG. 4 is obtained as having a narrowband modulation of the radio frequency voltage.

[0048] 5 also shows the cooperation between the instrument 10, 10' and the supply device 11 via a cable 12. The cable is connected to the operating voltage V ccand a core 46 applied to a reference potential 37, i.e. earth. In addition, one or more cores 47 may be provided which serve to transmit control signals between the instrument 10, 10' and the supply device 11. In this way, in the instrument 10, 10', for example an operating voltage V cc It is possible to adjust the amount of modulation (modulation shape, modulation depth, modulation frequency, etc.).

[0049] The generator 22 according to the invention is constructed in a self-oscillating manner. It comprises two cascode circuits 31, 32, the outputs A1, A2 of which are connected to the parallel resonant circuit 23 in order to excite it in a push-pull manner. The input transistors 33, 35 of the cascode circuits 31, 32 are cross-coupled, while the control electrodes of the output transistors 34, 36 are connected to a constant potential. The power oscillator 22 is self-regulated so that the transistors 33-36 include the lowest switching losses. [Explanation of symbols]

[0050] 10, 10' fixture 11 Feeding device 12 Cable 13 Handle 14, 15 electrodes 16 Shank 17 Tools 18, 19 Jaw 20, 21 Operation elements 22 Generator 23 Resonant circuit 24 Inductor 25 Capacitor 26 Center Tap 27 Reactor V cc Operating voltage 28 Decoupling inductor A1, A2 Cascode circuit output 31 First cascode circuit 32 Second cascode circuit 33 First input transistor 34 First output transistor 35 Second input transistor 36 Second output transistor G 34 The control electrode of the first output transistor 34 G 36 The control electrode of the second output transistor 36 V G DC voltage 37 Reference potential 38 Constant voltage source 40 Zener Diode 41 Capacitor 42, 43 Coupling capacitor 44 Resistance 45, 46 Cable 12 cores 47 Further cores of cable 12 for control signals ZD1, ZD2 Zener diode

Claims

1. An electrical medical generator (22) for generating a radio frequency voltage (UHF) in particular for treating living tissue, comprising: a resonant circuit (23) comprising at least one capacitor (25) and at least one inductor (24) connected in parallel with each other to form a parallel resonant circuit; a first cascode circuit (31) comprising a first input transistor (33) and a first output transistor (34); a second cascode circuit (32) comprising a second input transistor (35) and a second output transistor (36); An electrical medical generator, wherein the two output transistors (34, 36) are connected to the resonant circuit (23) and the two input transistors (33, 35) are connected to each other.

2. the first cascode circuit (31) has a first input (E1), a first output (A1) and a first center tap (Z1); the second cascode circuit (32) has a second input (E2), a second output (A2) and a second center tap (Z2); The outputs (A1, A2) of the cascode circuits (31, 32) are connected to the parallel resonant circuit (23); 2. The generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the first intermediate tap (Z1) is connected to the second input (E2) and the second intermediate tap (Z2) is connected to the first input (E1).

3. 3. A generator according to claim 2, characterised in that the inputs (E1, E2) are capacitively connected to the intermediate taps (Z2, Z1).

4. The two output transistors (34, 36) each have a control electrode (G ３４ , G ３６ ), and the control electrode (G ３４ , G ３６ ) is the DC voltage (V Ｇ 4. The generator according to claim 1, further comprising a power supply for supplying a current to a power source.

5. 5. A generator according to claim 1, wherein the input transistors (33, 35) are field effect transistors, in each case with their sources connected to a reference potential (37).

6. 6. A generator according to claim 5, characterized in that the input transistors (33, 35) in each case have a drain connected to the intermediate tap (Z1, Z2).

7. 7. A generator according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the input transistors (33, 35) in each case comprise a gate as control electrode, said gate being the input (E1, E2) of the two cascode circuits (31, 32).

8. A generator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the output transistors (34, 36) are field effect transistors.

9. 9. A generator according to claim 8, characterized in that the output transistors (34, 36) in each case have a source connected to the intermediate tap (Z1, Z2).

10. The inductor (24) is connected to a supply voltage source (V ｃｃ 10. The generator according to claim 1, further comprising a center tap (26) connected to said first rotor (12).

11. The generator according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the inductor (24) is arranged in magnetic coupling with a decoupling inductor (28).

12. 10. The generator according to claim 9, characterized in that the decoupling inductor (28) is connected to at least one electrode (14, 15).

13. An appliance (10, 10') in which a generator according to any one of claims 1 to 12 is arranged.

14. A generator according to any one of claims 1 to 12 or a device (10, 10') according to claim 13 and a constant or pulsating DC voltage (V ｃｃ and a supply device (11) configured to output a

15. The supply device (11) supplies a DC voltage (V ｃｃ 15. The apparatus of claim 14, configured to generate a

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