A seedling string consisting of a string and green needle seedlings of rice fixed to the string, a method for preparing the same, and a method for cultivating rice in which rice seeds or seedling strings are placed at the bottom of a trench

Abstract

To provide a cultivation method of rice plant in which load taken for preparing seedlings or a seedling bed in paddy rice transplanting cultivation is lightened.SOLUTION: Provided are a seedling tape that consists of a tape, and a rice plant seedling which is fixed or encapsulated to / into the tape and has a greened foliage part having elasticity, a root part and a seed body, and a reel for a seedling tape, a method for preparing the seedling tape, and a cultivation method of a rice plant in which rice plant seeds, a seed tape or a seedling tape is securely fixed on a bottom part of a trench.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a seedling string consisting of a string and rice seedlings (herein also referred to as greened needle seedlings) having elastic green stems, leaves, roots and seed bodies fixed or enclosed in the string, a method for preparing the same, and a rice cultivation method (herein also referred to as furrow placement cultivation) in which rice seeds, seed string (seed tape) or seedling string is placed at the bottom of a furrow. [Background technology]

[0002] In rice cultivation, so-called rice transplanting cultivation, in which seedlings are prepared once and then transplanted into a field, is widely practiced due to its stable yield and established cultivation system. However, preparing a seedbed requires a large burden of securing the necessary equipment, labor, and costs, and the labor burden caused by the weight of the seedbed when transplanting the seedlings is also large. In addition, in mechanical transplant cultivation, regardless of the seedling type (milk seedlings, dense seedlings, young seedlings, medium seedlings, mature seedlings), the structure of the machine is a limiting factor, and in order to prevent missing plants, it is common to plant several plants at a time, and since the roots are damaged by the claws of the rice transplanter, growth may temporarily stagnate immediately after transplantation and it may take time for the plants to take root. In order to reduce the burden of the above seedling adjustment and to prevent damage to the seedlings during planting one by one and transplanting, so-called direct seeding cultivation (Non-Patent Document 1), in which rice grains are directly sown in a field and cultivated, and cultivation methods using seed tapes (Patent Documents 1, 2, Non-Patent Documents 2, 3) have become widespread. However, compared with transplanting cultivation, these methods have problems such as poor germination, floating seedlings, falling seedlings, low seedling establishment rate, high lodging rate, and low yield. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Patent Publication No. 4-287604 [Patent Document 2] Patent Publication No. 2000-41420 [Non-patent literature]

[0004] [Non-Patent Document 1] Iron-coated flooded direct seeding manual 2010, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kinki Chugoku Shikoku Agricultural Research Center, March 2010 [Non-Patent Document 2] Direct seeding of rice using seed tape, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, http: / / www.naro.affrc.go.jp / project / results / laboratory / narc / 2000 / narc00-704.html [Non-Patent Document 3] Seed tape direct sowing cultivation technique using uncoated seeds, Fukushima Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station Aizu Regional Research Branch, 2003 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a seedling string and a reel for seedling strings that significantly reduce the burden of preparing rice seedlings or seedbeds and produce seedlings with extremely little damage to the roots when planted, thereby stabilizing the seedling establishment rate, minimizing the amount of seed rice, ideal planting one plant at a time, high yields, and enabling easy use of various agricultural materials, and a cultivation method of placing rice seeds, seed tapes or seedling strings at the bottom of a furrow that enables efficient planting of seedlings, reduction of lodging, and high yields. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] As a result of extensive research, the inventors of the present invention have found that by preparing a seedling string including rice seedlings having elastic, green stems and leaves, roots and seed bodies fixed or enclosed in the string, or by preparing the seedling string wound on a reel, the burden involved in preparing seedlings or seedbeds for transplant cultivation can be reduced, and the seedling establishment rate can be improved, lodging can be reduced, or the yield can be improved. They have also found that placing the seedling string or rice seeds at the bottom of furrows made in a field can improve the seedling establishment rate, reduce lodging, or improve the yield, which led to the present invention.

[0007] The present invention provides the following solutions.

[0008] [1] A seedling string comprising a string and a rice seedling having greened stems and leaves, roots and seeds fixed or enclosed therein.

[0009] [2] The seedling rope described in [1], characterized in that the leaf age of the seedling is up to the 3.5 leaf stage according to the first leaf method.

[0010] [3] The seedling rope described in [1] is characterized in that the leaf age of the seedling is from the coleoptile stage to the 2.5 leaf stage in the first leaf method.

[0011] [4] The string according to any one of [1] to [3], characterized in that the string is degradable.

[0012] [5] The seedling string according to any one of [1] to [4], characterized in that the seedlings are fixed or enclosed in the string at intervals of 1 to 20 cm.

[0013] [6] The seedling cord described in any one of [1] to [5], characterized in that it contains one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of pesticides, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors, fertilizers, biostimulants, root growth promoters, and soil conditioners.

[0014] [7] The seedling cord described in [6], characterized in that the active ingredient coats the seed body and / or the seedling cord.

[0015] [8] The seedling cord described in [7] is characterized in that the seed portion and / or the seedling cord of the seedling is further coated with a seed coating material that does not prevent water penetration but suppresses the outflow of the coated active ingredient into the aqueous phase, or the seed portion and / or the seedling cord is coated with a mixture of the seed coating material and the active ingredient.

[0016] [9] The seedling cord according to any one of [1] to [8], characterized in that the seedling cord is in a rolled state or in a woven net-like rolled state.

[0017]

[10] The seedling cord described in any one of [1] to [9], characterized in that the seedling cord is wound around a reel.

[0018]

[11] A seedling cord reel comprising a cylindrical support member, a first support member arranged around the cylindrical support member, and a second support member arranged at a distance from the first support member.

[0019]

[12] The reel described in

[11] , characterized in that the first and second support members have a plurality of openings.

[0020]

[13] The reel described in

[12] , characterized in that the ratio of the area of ​​the opening to the area of ​​the first and second support members is 60% or more.

[0021]

[14] The reel according to any one of

[11] to

[13] , wherein the first and second support members are substantially disk-shaped.

[0022]

[15] The reel according to any one of

[11] to

[14] , wherein the first and second support members are rotatably provided around a cylindrical support member.

[0023]

[16] The reel according to any one of

[11] to

[15] , characterized in that the first and second support members are made of a resin and / or metal material having water resistance and chemical resistance.

[0024]

[17] The reel described in

[16] , characterized in that the resin is transparent or translucent.

[0025]

[18] soaking and germinating the seeds fixed or enclosed in the string; and The method includes the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, A method for producing a seedling cord according to any one of [1] to

[10] , characterized in that at least the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds are carried out under the irradiation of natural light and / or artificial light.

[0026]

[19] The method for producing seedling cord described in

[18] is characterized in that the step of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds is carried out while the seeds are immersed in water, water irradiated with UV light, or water containing a bactericidal or antibacterial component such as a hypochlorite aqueous solution or a bactericide, or while the seeds are sprayed with water, water irradiated with UV light, or water containing a bactericidal or antibacterial component such as a hypochlorite aqueous solution or a bactericide.

[0027]

[20] The method for producing a seedling string described in

[18] or

[19] further comprises a step of fixing or enclosing seeds in the string.

[0028] [twenty one] A method for producing a seedling tie according to any one of

[18] to

[20] , characterized in that a seed is used that has been coated in advance with one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of pesticides, phytotoxicity safeners, growth regulators, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors, fertilizers, biostimulants, root growth promoters and soil conditioners, or an active ingredient is applied to, fixed or encapsulated in the tie or seedling tie at least once simultaneously with, before or after each of the above steps.

[0029] [twenty two] The manufacturing method described in

[21] is characterized in that seeds and / or seed strings are used that are coated on top of the coating layer of the active ingredient with a seed coating material that does not prevent water penetration but suppresses the outflow of the coated active ingredient into the aqueous phase, or seeds and / or seed strings are used that are coated with a mixture of a seed coating material and the active ingredient.

[0030] [twenty three] A method for producing a seedling string according to any one of

[18] to

[22] , characterized in that the steps of soaking and germinating the seeds, germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, irradiating them with natural light and / or artificial light and / or applying an active ingredient are carried out while the seeds are wrapped in a string to which the seeds are fixed or enclosed.

[0031] [twenty four] The method for producing seedling strings described in

[23] , characterized in that the method is carried out while the string to which the seeds are fixed or enclosed is wound on a reel.

[0032] [twenty five] A method for cultivating rice, characterized in that the seedling cord described in any one of [1] to

[10] is placed or buried 0 to 5 cm from the soil surface. When the seedling cord is placed on the soil surface, the seedling cord may be further fixed to the soil surface with a pressing device, or parts of the seedling cord may be pressed vertically into the paddy field soil at appropriate intervals to bury it. When the seedling cord is buried in the paddy field soil, the seedling cord may be placed at the bottom of a furrow made in the paddy field soil surface and then the furrow may be closed.

[0033]

[26] A method for cultivating rice, characterized in that the seedling cord, rice seeds or seed cord (seed tape) described in any one of [1] to

[10] is placed at the bottom of a furrow made on the surface of paddy field soil, or at the bottom of the furrow simultaneously with the furrow making, and in the case of the seedling cord or seed cord, the seedling cord may be further fixed to the bottom of the furrow with a pressing tool, or part of the seedling cord may be covered with soil at appropriate intervals to fix it.

[0034]

[27] The method for cultivating rice according to

[26] , wherein the trench has a width of 1.5 to 30 cm on the soil surface.

[0035]

[28] The method for cultivating rice according to

[26] , wherein the trench has a width of 1.5 to 10 cm on the soil surface.

[0036]

[29] The method for cultivating rice according to

[26] , wherein the trench has a width of 2 to 7 cm on the soil surface.

[0037]

[30] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[29] , wherein the depth of the trench is 1 to 10 cm.

[0038]

[31] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[29] , wherein the depth of the trench is 1 to 6 cm.

[0039]

[32] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[29] , wherein the depth of the trench is 2 to 4 cm.

[0040]

[33] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[32] , wherein the bottom width of the trench is 0 to 5 cm.

[0041]

[34] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[32] , wherein the bottom width of the trench is 0.5 to 3.5 cm.

[0042]

[35] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[26] to

[34] , characterized in that the cross-sectional shape of the furrows made in the surface of the paddy field is rectangular, trapezoidal, U-shaped, semicircular, V-shaped or W-shaped (however, the height of the central part does not reach the upper surface of the paddy field).

[0043]

[36] The method for cultivating rice according to any one of

[25] to

[35] , characterized in that one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of pesticides, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors, fertilizers, biostimulants, root growth promoters and soil improvers are applied to the seeds, seed strings (seed tapes), seed strings and / or soil at least once simultaneously with, before or after the step of placing the seedling strings on the surface of the paddy field soil or burying them in the soil, or the step of placing rice seeds, seed strings (seed tapes) or seedling strings at the bottom of furrows made in the paddy field soil surface or at the bottom of the furrows simultaneously with the making of the furrows. Effect of the Invention

[0044] The rice seedling rope of the present invention reduces the burden of preparing seedlings or seedbeds in rice transplant cultivation. 2 ) is required, and the area required for seedling cultivation is an average of 41 m 2 On the other hand, the seedling cord of the present invention can be grown on a reel (29 cm diameter x 5.5 cm thickness) as described below. Approximately 60 reels are required per hectare, and when the reels are connected in the axial direction and stood upright, the area required for growing seedlings is simply 1 m 2 Even if we estimate the gaps between the reels and the space for the seedling raising equipment and need twice that area, the total area is still 2m 2 The area required for preparing the seedling rope of the present invention is at most 1 / 20 of the area required for raising seedlings in rice transplanting cultivation.

[0045] In addition, if the rice planting period is two months, from May to June, and the seedling raising period for rice transplant cultivation is about one month, the number of times seedlings can be raised per year is two. On the other hand, seedlings can be raised in the seedling string of the present invention in about two weeks, making it possible to raise seedlings four times per year. Taking this into consideration, the area required for preparing the seedling string of the present invention is at most one-fortieth of the area required for raising seedlings for rice transplant cultivation.

[0046] In addition, as will be described later, the stems, leaves and roots of the greening needle seedlings of the present invention have sufficient strength and elasticity to withstand external forces, and perhaps because they suffer less damage immediately after being planted in the field, they take root quickly and their crown roots grow vigorously, resulting in increased yields compared to transplanted cultivation.

[0047] In addition, in the furrow cultivation of the present invention, after the string seedlings are placed at the bottom of the furrow, the surrounding soil gradually collapses and covers the seed body part. After the string seedlings are placed at the bottom of the furrow, the surrounding soil gradually collapses and covers the seed body part. During this time, the seedlings skillfully use the time difference to quickly stand upright without being buried in the aboveground part due to the phototropism and gravitropism that plants have innately, and finally, the roots grow vigorously downward from the bottom of the furrow without competition between plants. As a result, the furrow-cultivated rice of the present invention has fewer floating seedlings and falling seedlings and has a higher seedling establishment rate than directly sown rice. Furthermore, the planting depth is ensured, so the lodging resistance is increased. Such effects are also seen when rice rice covered with calper, rice rice coated with iron, and rice rice processed into seed tape are cultivated in furrows.

[0048] Furthermore, as described below, the growth point of the greening needle seedlings of the present invention is formed in contact with the seed rice and is located below the soil surface, so that damage caused by herbicides that form a treatment layer and exhibit selectivity (position-selective herbicides) is less likely to occur. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0049] The present invention provides a seedling cord, which is characterized by comprising a cord and, fixed or enclosed therein, a rice seedling having greened stems and leaves, roots and seed bodies.

[0050] In the present invention, the string refers to fibers or threads twisted together into a string-like shape, or a long, narrow cloth, paper or nonwoven tape twisted together or glued together at both long sides into a string-like shape, and seed tape known in the agricultural field can be used. Examples of materials for the string include natural fibers such as cotton, hemp, palm, and rush, plant fibers such as wool, silk, and other animal fibers, chemical fibers such as refined fibers such as lyocell and tencel, regenerated fibers such as rayon, cupra, casein fiber, peanut protein fiber, corn protein fiber, soy protein fiber, regenerated silk thread, algin fiber, chitin fiber, mannan fiber, and rubber fiber, semi-synthetic fibers such as acetate, triacetate, acetate oxide, promix, chlorinated rubber, and rubber hydrochloride, and synthetic fibers such as nylon, vinylon, vinylidene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, acrylic, polyethylene, polypropylene, lexe, success, polyurethane, and polyclar. Natural fibers are preferred, with cotton, wool, and hemp being more preferred, and cotton being even more suitable.

[0051] The string is preferably degradable. Degradable means that it loses its strength within one year, preferably within six months, after being placed in the paddy field, and disintegrates easily at least during soil cultivation and naturally decomposes in the soil. On the other hand, it has a strength that does not disintegrate at each stage from the seed soaking treatment, germination treatment, germination and seedling raising stage to being placed in the paddy field.

[0052] In the present invention, the rice seedlings having greened stems, roots, and seeds (also referred to as greened needle seedlings) refer to rice seedlings grown under natural and / or artificial light irradiation. The stems and leaves of the greened needle seedlings, including the buds, coleoptiles, and leaves from the first leaf, are green. The greening is considered to be due to photosynthesis, and it is sufficient that the greening is visually confirmed. In terms of leaf age, the first leaf method is preferably up to the 3.5 leaf stage, more preferably from the coleoptile stage to the 2.5 leaf stage, and even more preferably from the 1.0 leaf stage to the 2.0 leaf stage.

[0053] The leaf age of the greening needle seedlings in the present invention is based on the first leaf method, as shown in FIG.

[0054] The stems, leaves and roots of the greening needle seedlings of the present invention have higher hardness and elasticity than those of seedlings germinated and grown in shaded conditions, and can fully withstand external forces that may occur after germination, during raising the seedlings and during placement in a field, such as forces to remove tangled roots, stems, leaves or strings. Therefore, the greening needle seedlings can be placed in a paddy field without inflicting damage on them that would have a significant effect on their growth in the paddy field.

[0055] Seedlings that germinate and grow in shady conditions may form mesocotyls (medium stems). Mesocotyls are stem-like organs that form between the seed body and the coleoptile, and are easily damaged by external forces (see the right diagram in Figure 2). In the greening needle seedlings of the present invention that germinate and grow under light irradiation, the mesocotyls are invisible to the naked eye, or even if they do form, they are extremely short, making them resistant to external forces.

[0056] In the present invention, the string and the greening needle seedlings may be fixed to the string by a fixing means such as thread or adhesive, the seeds may be enclosed inside the string, or the seeds may be enclosed inside a string made by twisting together a long, thin cloth, paper or nonwoven tape or gluing both long sides of the tape together, and the stems, leaves and roots of the greening needle seedlings fixed to or enclosed in the string preferably extend outward from the string. An example of the shape of the seedling string according to the present invention is shown in Figure 3.

[0057] After being placed in a paddy field, greening needle seedlings in the seed vegetative growth stage can continue to grow for a while using the nutrients present in the seedlings, enabling them to survive even in conditions where photosynthesis is insufficient. This allows the seedlings to stand upright and grow even when buried in paddy field soil.

[0058] In the greening needle seedlings of the present invention, chlorophyll is formed immediately after germination, so the transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy on the endosperm occurs more quickly than in conventional seedlings, and the seedlings take root quickly after being placed in the furrows and thereafter grow vigorously.

[0059] In the present invention, the revegetated needle seedlings have very little damage to the root crown, and therefore have high gravitropism, so that the roots that point upward when placed in the trench quickly grow downward, take root, and thereafter grow vigorously.

[0060] The greening needle seedlings of the present invention can be stored for 1 to 6 weeks, preferably 1 to 4 weeks, by lowering the temperature to 2° C. to 24° C., preferably 10° C. to 20° C. After preparation of the greening needle seedlings, the timing of placing them in paddy fields can be optimized. One embodiment of the present invention is a seedling string or greening needle seedlings that can be stored for a long period of time by maintaining the temperature at the above-mentioned temperatures.

[0061] In the present invention, the spacing between individual greening needle seedlings fixed or enclosed in a string varies depending on the growing environment such as the soil properties and climate, but from the viewpoint of yield, the spacing is 1 to 20 cm, preferably 2 to 15 cm, and more preferably 3 to 10 cm.

[0062] The seedling cord of the present invention can be wound in a tubular, cylindrical or ring shape. Winding methods for a cylindrical shape include bobbin winding, cheese winding, ball winding, coreless winding, cone winding, etc. Winding methods for a ring shape include skein winding, etc. One embodiment of the present invention is a seedling cord wound in a tubular, cylindrical or ring shape. Another embodiment of the present invention is a seedling cord wound around a reel (thread spool).

[0063] The seedling string may be woven in a net shape, or may be rolled up. The seedling string woven in a net shape can be spread out and placed in a paddy field to arrange rice seedlings at equal intervals.

[0064] One form of the present invention is a seedling cord that is wound between a first support member arranged around a cylindrical support member and a second support member arranged at a distance from the first support member.

[0065] Another form of the present invention is a reel for seedling rope comprising a cylindrical support member, a first support member arranged around the cylindrical support member, and a second support member arranged at a distance from the first support member.

[0066] As an example of such a reel, a seedling cord reel consisting of a first support member 200 provided around a cylindrical support member 100 and a second support member 300 provided at a distance from the first support member is shown in Figures 5 to 7.

[0067] The reel may be a reel having a plurality of openings in first and second support members, in which the ratio of the area of ​​the openings to the area of ​​the first and second support members is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more, but may be 90% or less.

[0068] As an example of such a reel, a reel having a plurality of openings 210 and 310 in the first and second support members is shown in FIGS.

[0069] The shape of the reel is not particularly limited, but an example of the reel is a reel 10 in which the first and second support members are substantially disk-shaped.

[0070] As an example of the reel, a reel 10 in which the first and second support members 200 and 300 are substantially disk-shaped is shown in FIGS.

[0071] In the reel, the first and second support members are preferably circular with a diameter of 20 to 50 cm, and the distance between them is preferably 2 cm to 10 cm, or 3 cm to 6 cm.

[0072] In the reel, the tubular support member is preferably cylindrical.

[0073] In the reel, the cylindrical support member and the first and second support members provided around it may be fixed or rotatably provided.

[0074] In the reel, the first and second support members may be secured by three or more fastener sets provided at equal intervals near the cylindrical support member.

[0075] As an example of such a reel, a reel 10 in which first and second support members 200 and 300 are fixed by three fastening sets 400 provided at equal intervals near a cylindrical support member 100 is shown in FIGS.

[0076] The fastening set is not particularly limited as long as it is a means capable of fixing the first and second support members in parallel, and may be composed of a bolt and a nut.

[0077] As an example of the reel, a reel 10 in which a fastening set 400 is composed of a bolt (500) and a nut (600) is shown in FIGS.

[0078] Here, when the first and second support members are fixed by three or more fastening sets, the cylindrical support member is not necessarily required.

[0079] Therefore, one form of the seedling cord reel of the present invention is a seedling cord reel in which first and second support members having a circular opening in the center are fixed by three or more fastening sets arranged at equal intervals near the circular opening.

[0080] In the reel, the cylindrical support member may have coupling portions at both ends that can be detachably coupled to cylindrical support members of other reels.

[0081] In the reel, the materials of the cylindrical support member and the first and second support members are not particularly limited, but are preferably made of a resin and / or metal material that is water-resistant and chemical-resistant.

[0082] In the reel, when the cylindrical support member and the first and second support members are made of resin, the resin is preferably transparent or translucent.

[0083] When the seedling cord of the present invention is prepared in a wound state on a reel, it is preferable that the first and second support members of the reel do not block light. The light transmittance of the first and second support members is preferably 60% or more, more preferably 70% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more.

[0084] The seedling tie of the present invention may contain one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of agricultural chemicals, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors, fertilizers, biostimulants, root growth promoters, and soil conditioners.

[0085] In the present invention, pesticide means an insecticide, acaricide, nematicide, fungicide, bactericide, molluscicide, microbiocide, beneficial organism, apple snail killer, herbicide, fertilizer, bird repellent, plant strengthener, sterilizer, safener, semiochemical and / or plant growth regulator, preferably one that can be absorbed through the roots of rice.

[0086] Insecticides / Acaricides / Nematocides The active ingredients identified herein by "common name" are known and can be found, for example, in "The Pesticide Manual", 16th ed., British Crop Protection Council 2012, or on the internet (e.g., http: / / www.alanwood.net / pesticides). The classification is based on the IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme applicable at the time of filing this patent application.

[0087] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, e.g. Carbamates, such as alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, and xylylcarb; or Organophosphates, e.g., acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos / DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famfur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicyaphos, isofenphos, O-(methoxyaminothiophos) folyl) isopropyl salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimphos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, and vamidothion.

[0088] (2) GABA-regulated chloride channel blockers, e.g. Cyclodiene-organochlorines, such as chlordane and endosulfan; or 13. Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) such as Ethiprole and Fipronil.

[0089] (3) Sodium channel modulators, e.g. Pyrethroids, such as acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer], deltamethrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R) isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, imiprothrin, kadethrin, momfluorothrin, permethrin, fenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer], prallethrin, pyrethrins (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R) isomer], tralomethrin, and transfluthrin; or DDT; or methoxychlor.

[0090] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, e.g. Neonicotinoids, such as acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam; or Nicotine; or Sulfoxaflor, flupyradifurone, flupirimine.

[0091] (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators, e.g. 13. Spinosyns such as Spinetoram and Spinosad.

[0092] (6) GluCl-regulated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators, e.g. 13. Avermectins / Milbemcyins such as Abamectin, Emamectin Benzoate, Lepimectin, and Milbemectin.

[0093] (7) Juvenile hormone mimetics, e.g. Juvenile hormone analogs, such as hydroprene, kinoprene, and methoprene; or Fenoxycarb; or pyriproxyfen.

[0094] (8) Various unspecified (multi-site) inhibitors, e.g. Alkyl halides, such as methyl bromide and other alkyl halides; or Chloropicrin; or or sulfuryl fluoride; or borax; or tartar emetic; or methyl isocyanate generating substances such as dazomet and metham.

[0095] (9) Chordotonal organ modulators, e.g. Pymetrozine, pyrifluquinazone, afidopiropen; or flonicamide.

[0096] (10) Mite growth inhibitors, e.g. Clofentezine, hexythiazox, and diflovidazine; or Etoxazole.

[0097] (11) Microbial disruptors of the insect midgut membrane, e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis, and Bt plant proteins: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1 / 35Ab1.

[0098] (12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, e.g., ATP disruptors, e.g., Diafenthiuron; or Organotin compounds, such as azocyclotin, cyhexatin, and fenbutatin oxide; or Propargite; or tetradifon.

[0099] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation by disrupting the proton gradient, e.g. Chlorfenapyr, DNOC, and sulfluramide.

[0100] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, for example: Bensultap, Cartap Hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, and Thiosultap-Sodium.

[0101] (15) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors (type 0), e.g. Bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron.

[0102] (16) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors (type 1), e.g. Buprofezin.

[0103] (17) Molting disruptors (especially in Diptera), e.g. Cyromazine.

[0104] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, for example: Chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide.

[0105] (19) Octopamine receptor agonists, for example: Amitraz.

[0106] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, for example: Hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, bifenazate or fluacrypyrim.

[0107] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, e.g. METI acaricides, such as fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, and tolfenpyrad; or Rotenone (Derris).

[0108] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, e.g. Indoxacarb; or metaflumizone.

[0109] (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, e.g. Tetronic acid derivatives and tetramic acid derivatives, such as spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat.

[0110] (24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, e.g. Phosphine-based, such as aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, and zinc phosphide; or Cyanide, calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and sodium cyanide.

[0111] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, e.g. β-Ketonitrile derivatives such as cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen, and carboxanilides such as piflubumid.

[0112] (28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, e.g. Diamides such as chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, tetraniliprole, and flubendiamide.

[0113] (30) GABA-regulated chloride channel allosteric modulators Metadiamides, such as broflanilide Isoxazolines, e.g. fluxamethamide Further active ingredients, such as afoxolaner, azadirachtin, benclothiaz, benzoximate, broflanilide, bromopropylate, quinomethionate, chloroprallethrin, cryolite, cyclaniprole, cycloxaprid, cyhalodiamide, dichloromezotiaz, dicofol, epsilon metofluthrin, epsilon momfluthrin, momfluthrin, flometoquin, fluazaindolizine, fluensulfone, flufenerim, flufenoxystrobin, flufiprole, fluhexafon, fluopyram, fluralaner, fufenozide, guadipyr, heptafluthrin, imidaclothiz, iprodione, kappa-bifenthrin, kappa-tefluthrin, lotilaner, meperfluthrin, paichongding, pyridalyl, pyriminostrobin, spirobudiclofen, tetramethylfluthrin, tetrachlorantraniliprole, thioxazaphen, thiofluoximate, triflumezopyrim, and iodomethane; and Bacillus firmus) (I-1582, BioNeem, Votivo), and the following compounds: 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (known from WO 2006 / 043635) (CAS 885026-50-6), {1'-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indole-3,4'-piperidine]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methanone (known from WO2003 / 106457) (CAS 637360-23-7), 2-chloro-N-[2-{1-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]piperidin-4-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (known from WO2006 / 003494) (CAS 872999-66-1), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one (known from WO2010052161) (CAS 1225292-17-0), 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl ethyl carbonate (known from EP2647626) (CAS-1440516-42-6), 4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine (known from WO2004 / 099160) (CAS 792914-58-0), PF1364 (known from JP2010 / 018586) (CAS Reg. No. 1204776-60-2), N-[(2E)-1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]pyridin-2(1H)-ylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (known from WO2012 / 029672) (CAS 1363400-41-2), (3E)-3-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (known from WO2013 / 144213) (CAS 1461743-15-6), N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-1-methyl-3-(pentafluoroethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known from WO2010 / 051926) (CAS 1226889-14-0), 5-bromo-4-chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (known from CN103232431) (CAS 1449220-44-3), 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(trans-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)benzamide and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)benzamide (known from WO2013 / 050317A1) (CAS 1332628-83-7), N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]propanamide, (+)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]propanamide and (-)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]propanamide (known from WO2013 / 162715A2, WO2013 / 162716A2, US2014 / 0213448A1) (CAS 1477923-37-7), 5-[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile (known from CN101337937A) (CAS 1105672-77-2), 3-bromo-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)thioxomethyl]phenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, (Liudaibenjiaxuanan, known from CN103109816A) (CAS 1232543-85-9); N-[4-chloro-2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known from WO2012 / 034403A1) (CAS 1268277-22-0), N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (known from WO2011 / 085575A1) (CAS 1233882-22-8), 4-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-[(3,3-dichloro-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]phenoxy]propoxy]-2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (CN101337940A) (known from CAS 1108184-52-6); (2E)- and 2(Z)-2-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene]-N-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinecarboxamide (known from CN101715774A) (CAS 1232543-85-9; cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl ester (known from CN103524422A) (CAS 1542271-46-4); (4aS)-7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylic acid methyl ester (known from CN102391261A) (CAS 1370358-69-2;6-deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-1-[N-[4-[1-[4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl]phenyl]carbamate]-α-L-mannopyranose (known from US2014 / 0275503A1) (CAS 1181213-14-8); 8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (CAS 1253850-56-4), (8-anti)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (CAS 933798-27-7), (8-syn)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (known from WO2007040280A1, WO2007040282A1) (CAS 934001-66-8), and N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio]propanamide (known from WO2015 / 058021A1, WO2015 / 058028A1) (CAS 1477919-27-9), oxazosulfil, dichloromesothiazide.,

[0114] Fungicides The active ingredients identified herein by "common name" are known and are described, for example, in the "Pesticide Manual" (16th Ed., British Crop Protection Council) or can be found on the internet (e.g., http: / / www.alanwood.net / pesticides).

[0115] All components described in classes (1) to (15) may optionally form salts with suitable bases or acids, if possible based on their functional groups. All fungicide mixture components described in classes (1) to (15) may optionally include tautomeric forms.

[0116] (1) Inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis, for example: (1.001) cyproconazole, (1.002) difenoconazole, (1.003) epoxiconazole, (1.004) fenhexamid, (1.005) fenpropidin, (1.006) fenpropimorph, (1.007) fenpyrazamine, (1.008) fluquinconazole, (1.009) flutriafol, (1.010) imazalil, (1.011) imazalil sulfate, (1.012) ipconazole, (1.013) metconazole, (1.014). Myclobutanil, (1.015) Paclobutrazol, (1.016) Prochloraz, (1.017) Propiconazole, (1.018) Prothioconazole, (1.019) Pyrisoxazole, (1.020) Spiroxamine, (1.021) Tebuconazole, (1.022) Tetraconazole, (1.023) Triadimenol, (1.024) Tridemorph, (1.025) Triticonazole, (1.026) (1R,2S,5S)-5-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1-(1H -1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)cyclopentanol, (1.027) (1S,2R,5R)-5-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)cyclopentanol, (1.028) (2R)-2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-4-[(1R)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (1.029) (2R)-2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)- 4-[(1S)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol, (1.030) (2R)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol, (1.031) (2S)-2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-4-[(1R)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol, (1.032) (2S)-2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-4-[(1S)-2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol, (1.033) (2S)-2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol, (1.034) (R)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl) (1.035) (S)-[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (1.036) [3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl](pyridin-3-yl)methanol, (1.037) 1-({(2R,4S)-2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl}methyl )-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (1.038) 1-({(2S,4S)-2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl}methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (1.039) 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (1.040) 1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate (1.041) 1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl thiocyanate, (1.042) 2-[(2R,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.043) 2-[(2R,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.044) 2-[(2R,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.045) 2-[(2R,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl )-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.046) 2-[(2S,4R,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.047) 2-[(2S,4R,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2 ,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.048) 2-[(2S,4S,5R)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.049) 2-[(2S,4S,5S)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1. 050) 2-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylheptan-4-yl]-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.051) 2-[2-chloro-4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol, (1.052) 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol, (1.053) 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol, (1.054) 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-2-ol, (1.055) 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol, (1.056) 2-{ [3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.057) 2-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.058) 2-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl] methyl}-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione, (1.059) 5-(4-chlorobenzyl)-2-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)cyclopentanol, (1.060) 5-(arylsulfanyl)-1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (1.061) 5-(arylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole phenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (1.062) 5-(arylsulfanyl)-1-{[rel(2R,3S)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole, (1.063) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{[3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.064) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.065) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{[3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.066) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{[3-(pentafluoroethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.067) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{3-[(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.068) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{3-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.069) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide (1.070) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-{3-[(pentafluoroethyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.071) N'-(2,5-dimethyl-4-phenoxyphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.072) N'-(4-{[3-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]sulfanyl}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1. 073) N'-(4-{3-[(difluoromethyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.074) N'-[5-bromo-6-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yloxy)-2-methylpyridin-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.075) N'-{4-[(4,5-dichloro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)oxy]-2,5-dimethylphenyl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.076) N'-{5-bromo-6-[(1R)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.077) N'-{5-bromo-6-[(1S)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.078) N'- {5-bromo-6-[(cis-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)oxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.079) N'-{5-bromo-6-[(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)oxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (1.080) N'-{5-bromo-6-[1. -(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2-methylpyridin-3-yl}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide.

[0117] (2) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or complex II, such as (2.001) benzovindiflupyr, (2.002) bixafen, (2.003) boscalid, (2.004) carboxin, (2.005) fluopyram, (2.006) flutolanil, (2.007) fluxapyroxad, (2.008) furametpyr, (2.009) isofetamide, (2.010) isopyrazam (anti-epimer enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (2.011) isopyrazam (anti-epimer enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (2.012) isopyrazam (anti-epimer racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (2.013) Isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate (1RS,4SR,9RS) and anti-epimeric racemate (1RS,4SR,9SR)), (2.014) Isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomers 1R,4S,9R), (2.015) Isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomers 1S,4R,9S), (2.016) Isopyrazam (syn-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (2.017) Penflufen, (2.018) Penthiopyrad, (2.019) Pydiflumetofen, (2.020) Pyraziflumide, (2.021) Sedaxane, (2.022) 1,3-Dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.023) 1,3-Dimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole (2.024) 1,3-dimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.025) 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.026) 2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)benzamide, (2.027) Impirfluxam (3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide), (2.028) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.029) 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden- 4-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.030) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.031) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.032) 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide 1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.033) 5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2-fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine, (2.034) N-(2-cyclopentyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.035) N-( 2-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.036) N-(2-tert-butylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.037) N-(5-chloro-2-ethylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.038) N-(5-chloro-2-isopropylbenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.039) N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.040) N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5-yl] N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.041) N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.042) N-[2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.043) N-[3-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- ) benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.044) N-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl]-N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.045) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-N-[5-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.046 ) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-fluoro-6-isopropylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.047) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.048) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-isopropylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbothioamide, (2.049) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(2-isopropylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.050) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-N-(5-fluoro-2-isopropylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.051) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-4,5-dimethylbenzyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.052) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2 .053) N-cyclopropyl-3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-5-methylbenzyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.054) N-cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropyl-5-fluorobenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.055) N-cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropyl-5-methylbenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (2.056) N-cyclopropyl-N-(2-cyclopropylbenzyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide.

[0118] (3) Inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, such as (3.001) amethoctrazine, (3.002) amisulbrom, (3.003) azoxystrobin, (3.004) coumethoxystrobin, (3.005) coumoxystrobin, (3.006) cyazofamid, (3.007) dimoxystrobin, (3.008) enoxastrobin, (3.009) famoxadone, (3.010) fenamidone, (3. 011) Flufenoxystrobin, (3.012) Fluoxastrobin, (3.013) Kresoxim-methyl, (3.014) Metominostrobin, (3.015) Orysastrobin, (3.016) Picoxystrobin, (3.017) Pyraclostrobin, (3.018) Pyrametstrobin, (3.019) Pyraoxystrobin, (3.020) Trifloxystrobin, (3.021) (2E)-2-{ 2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenylvinyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide, (3.022) (2E,3Z)-5-{[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}-2-(methoxyimino)-N,3-dimethylpent-3-enamide, (3.023) (2R)-2-{2-[(2,5-dimethyl phenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.024) (2S)-2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.025) (3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl 2-methylpropanoate, (3.026) 2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide, (3.027) N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-formamido-2-hydroxybenzamide, (3.028) (2E,3Z)-5-{[1-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}-2-(methoxyimino)-N,3-dimethylpent-3-enamide.

[0119] (4) Mitosis and cell division inhibitors, for example, (4.001) carbendazim, (4.002) diethofencarb, (4.003) ethaboxam, (4.004) fluopicolide, (4.005) pencycuron, (4.006) thiabendazole, (4.007) thiophanate-methyl, (4.008) zoxamide, (4.009) 3-chloro-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-phenylpyridazine, (4.010) 3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)- )-6-methylpyridazine, (4.011) 3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine, (4.012) 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.013) 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.014) 4-(2-bromo -4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-bromophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.015) 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.016) 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.017) 4-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-fluorophenyl)-1 ,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.018) 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.019) 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.020) 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.021) 4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.022) 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine, (4.023) N-(2-bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.024) N-(2-bromophenyl)-4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine, (4.025) N-(4-chloro-2,6-difluorophenyl)-4-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine.

[0120] (5) Compounds which may be active at multiple sites, e.g. (5.001) Bordeaux mixture, (5.002) captafol, (5.003) captan, (5.004) chlorothalonil, (5.005) copper hydroxide, (5.006) copper naphthenate, (5.007) copper oxide, (5.008) copper chloride dibasic, (5.009) copper(2+) sulfate, (5.010) dithianone, (5.011) dodine, (5.012) folpet, (5.013) mancozeb, (5.014) maneb, (5.015) metiram, (5.016) zinc metiram, (5.017) copper oxine oxine), (5.018) propineb, (5.019) sulphur and sulphur agents, for example, calcium polysulphide, (5.020) thiuram, (5.021) zineb, (5.022) ziram.

[0121] (6) Compounds capable of inducing host defenses, such as (6.001) acibenzolar-S-methyl, (6.002) isotianil, (6.003) probenazole, (6.004) thiadinil.

[0122] (7) Inhibitors of amino acid and / or protein biosynthesis, for example (7.001) cyprodinil, (7.002) kasugamycin, (7.003) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, (7.004) oxytetracycline, (7.005) pyrimethanil, (7.006) 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline.

[0123] (8) ATP production inhibitors, for example, (8.001) silthiofam.

[0124] (9) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors, for example: (9.001) benthiavalicarb, (9.002) dimethomorph, (9.003) flumorph, (9.004) iprovalicarb, (9.005) mandipropamide, (9.006) pyrimorph, (9.007) valifenalate, (9.008) (2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one, (9.009) (2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one.

[0125] (10) Inhibitors of lipid and membrane synthesis, for example, (10.001) propamocarb, (10.002) propamocarb hydrochloride, (10.003) tolclofos-methyl.

[0126] (11) Melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, for example, (11.001) tricyclazole, (11.002) 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl{3-methyl-1-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl}carbamate.

[0127] (12) Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, for example, (12.001) benalaxyl, (12.002) benalaxyl-M (chiralaxyl), (12.003) metalaxyl, (12.004) metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam).

[0128] (13) Signal transduction inhibitors, for example: (13.001) fludioxonil, (13.002) iprodione, (13.003) procymidone, (13.004) proquinazide, (13.005) quinoxyfen, (13.006) vinclozolin.

[0129] (14) Compounds which can act as uncouplers, for example, (14.001) fluazinam, (14.002) meptyldinocap.

[0130] (15) Further compounds, for example (15.001) abscisic acid, (15.002) benthazole, (15.003) bethoxazin, (15.004) capsimycin, (15.005) carvone, (15.006) quinomethionate, (15.007) kufuraneb, (15.008) cyflufenamid, (15.009) cymoxanil, (15.010) cyprosulfamide, (15.011) fluthianil, (15.012) fosetyl-aluminium, (15.013) fosetyl-calcium (15.014) fosetyl sodium, (15.015) methyl isothiocyanate, (15.016) metrafenone, (15.017) mildiomycin, (15.018) natamycin, (15.019) nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, (15.020) nitrothal-isopropyl, (15.021) oxamocarb, (15.022) oxathiapiproline, (15.023) oxyfenthiin, (15.024) pentachlorophenol 15.025) Phosphonic acids and their salts, (15.026) Propamocarb-fosetylate, (15.027) Pyriophenone (chlazafenone), (15.028) Tebufloquine, (15.029) Tecloftalam, (15.030) Tornifanide, (15.031) 1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazole -2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.032) 1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone, (15.033) 2-(6-benzylpyridin-2-yl)quinazoline, (15.034) 2,6-Dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone, (15.035) 2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole -3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone, (15.036) 2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-chloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone, 1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone, (15.037) 2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-fluoro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone, (15.038) 2- [6-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylpyridin-2-yl]quinazoline, (15.039) 2-{(5R)-3-[2-(1-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate, (15.040) 2-{(5S)-3-[2-(1-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate, (15.041) 2-{2-[(7,8-difluoro-2-methylquinolin-3-yl)oxy]-6-fluorophenyl}propan-2-ol, (15.042) 2-{2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methylquinolin-3-yl)oxy]phenyl}propan-2-ol, (15.043) 2-{3-[2-(1-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesulfonate, (15.044) 2-{3-[2-(1-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl}phenyl Methanesulfonate, (15.045) 2-Phenylphenol and its salts, (15.046) 3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.047) 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline, (15.048) 4-amino-5-fluoro Fluoropyrimidin-2-ol (tautomeric form: 4-amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-one), (15.049) 4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butyric acid, (15.050) 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (15.051) 5-chloro-N'-phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene 2-Sulfonohydrazide, (15.052) 5-Fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.053) 5-Fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine, (15.054) 9-Fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-5-(quinolin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazepine, (15.055) But-3-yn-1-yl{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl -1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (15.056) (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylic acid ethyl, (15.057) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, (15.058) 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl, (15.059) quinolin-8-ol, (15.060) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1), (15.061) tert-Butyl {6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate. .

[0131] Microbial agents, beneficial organisms, include, inter alia, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, plant extracts and products formed by microorganisms (eg, proteins and secondary metabolites).

[0132] Bacteria include, for example, spore-forming bacteria, root-colonizing bacteria and bacteria that act as biological insecticides, fungicides or nematicides.

[0133] Examples of such bacteria are: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 (DSM 231179), or Bacillus cereus, in particular the B. cereus strain CNCM I-1562, or Bacillus firmus strain I-1582 (accession number CNCM I-1582), or Bacillus pumilus, in particular the strain GB34 (accession number ATCC 700814) and the strain QST2808 (accession number NRRL B-30087), or Bacillus subtilis, in particular the strain GB03 (accession number ATCC 700814) SD-1397), or Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 (accession number NRRL B-21661), or Bacillus subtilis strain OST 30002 (accession number NRRL B-50421), Bacillus thuringiensis, in particular B. thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (antigen type H-14) strain AM65-52 (accession number ATCC 1276), or B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372), or Bacillus thuringiensis B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1, or B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (SD-5428), Pasteuria penetrans, Pasteuria spp.) (Rotylenchulus reniformis nematode)-PR3 (accession number ATCC SD-5834), Streptomyces microflavus strain AQ6121 (= QRD 31.013, NRRL B-50550), and Streptomyces galbus strain AQ 6047 (accession number NRRL 30232).

[0134] Examples of fungi and yeasts are: Beauveria bassiana, in particular the strain ATCC 74040, Coniothyrium minitans, in particular the strain CON / M / 91-8 (accession number DSM-9660), Lecanicillium spp., in particular the strain HRO LEC 12, Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii), in particular the strain KV01, Metarhizium anisopliae, in particular the strain F52 (DSM3884 / ATCC 90448), Metschnikowia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea), in particular the strain IFPC 200613 or the strain Apopka 97 (accession number ATCC 20874), Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular the P. lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89 / 030550), Talaromyces flavus, in particular the strain V117b, Trichoderma atroviride, in particular the strain SC1 (accession number CBS 122089), Trichoderma harzianum, in particular the strain IFPC 200613 or the strain Apopka 97 (accession number ATCC 20874), harzianum), in particular Trichoderma harzianum rifai (T. harzianum rifai) T39 (accession number CNCM I-952).

[0135] Examples of viruses are: Adoxophyes orana granulosis virus (GV), codling moth (Cydia pomonella) granulosis virus (GV), Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Spodoptera exigua mNPV, Spodoptera frugiperda mNPV, and African cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) NPV.

[0136] Also included are bacteria and fungi that are added as "inoculants" to plants or plant parts or plant organs and that promote plant growth and plant health by their specific properties. Examples include: Agrobacterium spp., Azorhizobium caulinodans, Azospirillum spp., Azotobacter spp., Bradyrhizobium spp., Burkholderia spp., in particular Burkholderia cepacia (formerly known as Pseudomonas cepacia), Gigaspora spp. or Gigaspora monosporum, Glomus spp., Laccaria spp. spp., Lactobacillus buchneri, Paraglomus spp., Pisolithus tinctorus, Pseudomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., in particular Rhizobium trifolii, Rhizopogon spp., Scleroderma spp., Suillus spp., Streptomyces spp.

[0137] Examples of plant extracts and products formed by microorganisms, which include proteins and secondary metabolites, are: Garlic (Allium sativum), Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), Azadirachtin, Biokeeper WP, Cassia nigricans, Celastrus angulatus, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Chitin, Armour-Zen, Dryopteris filix-mas, Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), Fortune Aza, Fungastop, Heads Up (Chenopodium quinoa saponin extract), Pyrethrum / pyrethrins, Quassia amara, Quercus, Quillaja, Regalia, ("Requiem TM Insecticide", Rotenone, Ryania / Ryanodine, Symphytum officinale, Tanacetum vulgare, Thymol, Triact 70, TriCon, Tropaeulum majus, Urtica dioica, Veratrin, Viscum album, Brassicaceae extracts, especially rapeseed powder or mustard powder.

[0138] In the present invention, examples of safeners include benoxacor, cloquintocet (-mexyl), cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, dichlormid, fenchlorazole (-ethyl), fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen (-ethyl), mefenpyr (-diethyl), naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, 2-methoxy-N-({4-[(methylcarbamoyl)amino]phenyl}sulfonyl)benzamide (CAS 129531-12-0), 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane (CAS 71526-07-3), 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-(dichloroacetyl)-1,3-oxazolidine (CAS 52836-31-4), etc.

[0139] In the present invention, examples of apple snail killing agents include cartap, IBP, metaldehyde, ferric phosphate, and the like.

[0140] In the present invention, examples of the oxygen generating agent include Culper.

[0141] In the present invention, examples of the sulfide ion production inhibitor include molybdates.

[0142] In the present invention, specific examples of the fertilizer include ammonium-containing fertilizers, potassium-containing fertilizers, phosphorus-containing fertilizers, and the like.

[0143] In the present invention, biostimulants literally mean "biostimulants" and refer to various substances and microorganisms that bring about better physiological conditions in plants and soils. These have a positive effect on rice plants in terms of plant health, stress resistance, yield and quality, post-harvest condition and storage, etc., by utilizing the natural power inherent in rice plants and their surrounding environment.

[0144] In the present invention, the active ingredient is prepared into a conventional formulation and applied to the string, greening needle seedlings and / or seed bodies of greening needle seedlings. Application means spraying or immersing the string or seedling string if the formulation is liquid, or fixing or encapsulating the string or seedling string if the formulation is solid, and also means coating the seed bodies.

[0145] Customary formulations are, for example: water-soluble solutions (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), oil-in-water emulsions (EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water dispersible granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these and other possible formulation types are described, for example, in: Crop Life International and in Pesticide Specifications, Manual on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides, FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers -173 (prepared by the FAO / WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications, 2004, ISBN:9251048576).

[0146] In the case of the above formulations, such as water-soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension preparations, and water dispersible granules, the active ingredients can be applied by soaking into the string. In the case of granular (GR) and capsule formulations, the active ingredients can be fixed or enclosed in the string before application.

[0147] One embodiment of the seedling cord of the present invention is a seedling cord in which the active ingredient is coated on the seed body and / or the seedling cord. In this case, it is preferable that the seed body and / or the seedling cord of the seedling is further coated with a seed coating material that does not prevent water penetration but suppresses the outflow of the coated active ingredient into the aqueous phase.

[0148] It is also possible that the seeds and / or seedlings are coated with a mixture of seed coating material and active ingredient.

[0149] In this case, it is preferred to prepare greening needle seedlings and / or seedling strings from seeds and / or seed strings that have been previously coated with the active ingredient, and in this case, it is preferred that said seeds and / or seed strings are further coated with a seed coating material that does not prevent water penetration but inhibits the outflow of the coated active ingredient into the aqueous phase, or that said seeds and / or seed strings are coated with a mixture of the seed coating material and the active ingredient.

[0150] The seed coating material may be a polymer resin seed coating material, and specific examples thereof include vinyl acetate acrylic copolymer resin, vinyl acetate veova copolymer resin, vinyl acetate maleate copolymer resin, vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer resin, vinyl acetate ethylene vinyl chloride copolymer resin, acrylic styrene copolymer resin, acrylic copolymer resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, styrene butadiene rubber latex resin, ethylene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer, etc.

[0151] The seed coating material can be formed by coating rice seeds that are already coated with an active ingredient with the aqueous dispersion of the polymer resin, or by mixing the active ingredient with the aqueous dispersion and coating the rice seeds, seed strings, or seedling strings, or by a combination thereof.

[0152] When the method for producing a seedling cord of the present invention includes a step of fixing or enclosing seeds in the cord, the cord can be produced by the method described below.

[0153] fastening or encapsulating the seeds in a string; Soaking and germinating the seeds; and The method includes the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, At least the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds are carried out under natural and / or artificial light.

[0154] The method of fixing or enclosing the seeds in the string shall be in accordance with the method of manufacturing so-called seed tapes using commercially available strings (non-woven fabric), rice seeds, and seed tape (seed string) manufacturing equipment. can be done.

[0155] When using a commercially available seed tape, the method for producing the seedling strip of the present invention is as follows.

[0156] Soaking and germinating the seeds; and The method includes the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, At least the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds are carried out under natural and / or artificial light.

[0157] Seed soaking is carried out in the usual way, for example, at 10 to 15°C, with the accumulated temperature (average daily water temperature x number of days) reaching 100 to 120°C.

[0158] The seed germination treatment is carried out in a conventional manner, for example, at 30°C for 1 to 2 days.

[0159] The step of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds is to grow them to the 3.5 leaf stage, preferably the coleoptile to 2.5 leaf stage, more preferably the 1.0 to 2.0 leaf stage, by the first leaf method. During this time, sufficient moisture and air are supplied by capillary water, spraying, dripping, irrigation, etc.

[0160] It is preferable that the roots are elongated to such an extent that they do not become entangled with adjacent plants or the string when they are placed in the paddy field. In other words, it is preferable that the roots are not broken when the seedling string is sent out from the reel when the seedling string is placed.

[0161] Of the above natural light and / or artificial light (sometimes simply referred to as light), natural light refers to sunlight, and may be direct light, reflected light, or transmitted light. Artificial light refers to light emitted from artificial light-emitting devices such as fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, and LEDs. The intensity of the irradiated light may be sufficient to green the greened needle seedlings to a degree that can be visually confirmed, and is 80 lux or more, preferably 300 lux or more, and more preferably 25,000 lux or more. The duration of light irradiation is sufficient to visually confirm the greening of the greened needle seedlings, and may be continuous or intermittent. In the case of intermittent irradiation, it is possible to repeat, for example, irradiation from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. during the day and no irradiation from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. the next day.

[0162] The temperature during light irradiation is 10°C to 35°C, preferably 15°C to 30°C, and the effective accumulated temperature ((daily average temperature-lower limit temperature for growth) x number of days) is controlled at 60 to 200°C.

[0163] The humidity during light irradiation is 75% to 100%, preferably 90% to 100%, and more preferably, the material is intermittently sprayed with water.

[0164] During light irradiation, in order to prevent the strings and rice seeds from rotting, it is preferable to supply moisture with water containing a bactericidal or antibacterial component such as a hypochlorite solution or a bactericide. Hypochlorite is a salt of hypochlorous acid with an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal, and specifically includes sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite.

[0165] One embodiment of the method for producing a seedling tie of the present invention is a method in which the steps of soaking and germinating the seeds, germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, irradiating natural light and / or artificial light and / or applying an active ingredient are carried out while the string in which the seeds are fixed or encapsulated (also called seed string) is wound into a tube, cylindrical shape or ring shape.

[0166] The size and shape of the tube, cylinder or ring shape wrapped with the seed string are not limited as long as the seeds inside the wrapped seed string can be irradiated with enough light to grow into green needle seedlings. It can also be prepared by winding the seed string on the above-mentioned reel. When the string is wound in a ball, coreless winding, skein winding, etc., a cylindrical support member is not required, so light can be irradiated from the inside of the tube, cylinder or ring shape wrapped with the string.

[0167] One embodiment of the method for producing seedling ties according to the present invention includes using seeds that have been coated in advance with one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of pesticides, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors, fertilizers, biostimulants, root growth promoters and soil conditioners, or using seeds that have been further coated with a seed coating material that does not prevent water penetration but suppresses the outflow of the coated active ingredients into the aqueous phase, and / or applying an active ingredient to the seedling ties at least once simultaneously with, before, or after each of the above steps.

[0168] The seedling cord of the present invention can be cultivated by placing or burying it 0 to 5 cm below the soil surface, preferably burying it 1 to 5 cm below the soil surface. When placing the seedling cord on the soil surface, the seedling cord may be further fixed to the soil surface with a pressing tool, or a part of the seedling cord may be pressed vertically into the paddy soil at an appropriate interval and buried. When burying the seedling cord in the paddy soil, the seedling cord may be placed at the bottom of a groove made on the paddy soil surface and then the groove may be closed. The material, shape, etc. of the pressing tool are not particularly limited. The interval at which the pressing tool is used to fix the seedling cord or the interval at which the seedling cord is pressed vertically include, but are not limited to, 10 cm or more, 20 cm or more, 30 cm or more, 30 cm or less, 50 cm or less, 1 m or less, 3 m or less, and 5 m or less. It is sufficient to fix the seedling cord so that it does not move from the fixed location for a certain period of time, for example, until the greening needle seedlings take root.

[0169] The seedling cord, rice seed, and seed tape (seed cord) of the present invention can be cultivated by placing them at the bottom of a furrow made on the surface of paddy field soil or at the bottom of the furrow at the same time as the furrow is made (herein also referred to as furrow placement cultivation). In this case, it is not intended to backfill the furrow when placing the seedling cord in the furrow. In other words, it is not intended that the seedling cord be completely covered with soil immediately after placing the seedling cord at the bottom of the furrow. When the seedling cord is placed with the stem and leaf part of the greening needle seedling facing downward, it is preferable that there is time for the stem and leaf part to turn upward. In addition, when the rice seed or seed tape is placed in the furrow, a sufficient supply of oxygen is required until germination. Therefore, the time until the seedling cord or seed body is completely buried in the soil is preferably 1 day or more, 2 days or more, 3 days or more, 5 days or more, or 7 days or more. In addition, in the case of the seedling cord or seed cord, the seedling cord or seed cord may be further fixed to the bottom of the furrow with a pressing tool, or a part of the seedling cord may be covered with soil at an appropriate interval and fixed. The material, shape, etc. of the pressing tool are not particularly limited. The intervals at which the seedlings are fixed with the holding device or the intervals at which the seedlings are covered with soil can be, but are not limited to, 10 cm or more, 20 cm or more, 30 cm or more, or 30 cm or less, 50 cm or less, 1 m or less, 3 m or less, or 5 m or less. It is sufficient to fix the seedling string so that the seedling string does not move from the fixed location for a certain period of time, for example, until the greening needle seedlings take root.

[0170] The furrow cultivation of the present invention improves seedling establishment rate, reduces lodging, or improves yield.

[0171] The above-mentioned effects are not limited to when the seedling cord of the present invention is cultivated in furrows, but are also exhibited when rice seeds, such as rice seeds coated with Calper powder, iron-coated rice seeds, and rice seeds processed into seed tapes, are cultivated in furrows. In particular, iron-coated seeds must be sown so as not to be buried in the soil, since if they are buried in paddy soil before germination after sowing, they will be in an oxygen-deficient or reduced state due to sulfide ions and will not germinate. Iron-coated cultivation, in which rice seeds are sown on the soil surface, results in a high lodging rate. The furrow cultivation of the present invention can improve the lodging rate or improve the yield in direct seeding cultivation of rice seeds, particularly in cultivation of iron-coated rice seeds.

[0172] There is no particular restriction on the furrow width in the furrow cultivation of the present invention, but considering that the row spacing during normal rice planting is 30 cm, the upper limit of the furrow width on the soil surface is substantially 30 cm, with 1.5 to 30 cm being preferred, 1.5 to 10 cm being preferred, and 2 to 7 cm being more preferred.

[0173] The depth of the furrow in the furrow cultivation of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably substantially 15 cm or less, more preferably 1 to 10 cm, more preferably 1 to 6 cm, and even more preferably 2 to 4 cm.

[0174] The bottom width of the furrow in the furrow cultivation of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0 to 5 cm, more preferably 0.5 to 3.5 cm.

[0175] The above-mentioned furrows can be made on the surface of the paddy field soil using a furrow cutting device before placing rice seeds, seed tapes or seedlings. The cross-sectional shape of the furrow can be made into a square, trapezoid, U-shape, semicircular shape, V-shape, etc., using the furrow cutting device. When making a furrow and placing a seed tape or seedling string at the same time, for example, the seed tape or seedling string can be placed in a recess of a bicycle tire rim-like object, and the rim-like object can be rotated while being pressed vertically into the soil surface, so that the seed tape or seedling string can be placed at the same time as making the furrow. In this case, the cross-sectional shape of the furrow can be almost W-shaped (however, the height of the central part does not reach the upper surface of the paddy field) because the seed tape or seedling string is in a recess on the outer periphery of the rim.

[0176] The present invention further relates to a method for cultivating rice, characterized in that one or more active ingredients selected from the group consisting of pesticides, oxygen generators, sulfide ion production inhibitors and fertilizers are applied to the seeds, seed tape, seedling string and / or soil at least once simultaneously with, before or after the step of placing rice seeds, seed tape or seedling string at the bottom of a furrow made on the surface of paddy field soil or at the bottom of the furrow simultaneously with the making of the furrow. EXAMPLES

[0177] The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following specific examples, although the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0178] Preparation of seedling string The seed string used in the present invention was a commercially available one (purchased from Joso Noko Co., Ltd.). A seed tape was used in which rice (Koshihikari) seeds were enclosed at 4 cm intervals in a 100% cotton nonwoven fabric (product name: Meshlon). A reel was created in which first and second support members having a circular skeleton structure (thickness: about 0.5 cm, diameter: 31 cm) only consisting of a framework were fixed at a distance of 3 cm in the inner width around a cylindrical support member of a PVC pipe (VU40) with a diameter of 5 cm, and about 600 m of the seed tape was wound up. The seed tape wound on the reel was soaked in a dark place indoors for 6 days (average temperature: 15.2 ° C), and then germination and greening were allowed to take place under natural light for 9 days (average temperature: 21.9 ° C, effective accumulated temperature 151.7 ° C). A plastic box-shaped tub was filled with 1000 times diluted water containing 6% sodium hypochlorite (used to prevent the water and string from spoiling, and to prevent diseases caused by the seeds), and during germination and greening, the lower half of the vertically installed reel was immersed in the water. The reel was turned over 5 to 10 times a day, so that the entire reel was evenly exposed to water, light, air, and gravity, and seedlings at the 1.4 leaf stage were prepared.

[0179] Test A A furrow placement roller was created by fitting four bicycle rim-like rings, each with an inner diameter of 39 cm, an outer diameter of 42 cm, a width of 2.6 cm, and a 1.0 cm deep recess on the outer surface, at 30 cm intervals along the long side of a plastic cylindrical roller with a diameter of 37 cm and a long side length of 103 cm, to the outer circumference of the cylinder. As the furrow placement roller was rolled over a well-plowed flooded paddy field surface (water level was 0-0.5 cm), seedling strings and seed tapes that had been germinated were introduced along the recesses on the rings, and the seedling strings and seed tapes were placed at the bottom of a furrow approximately 2.5 cm wide and 2 cm deep (also called furrow placement) ( (row spacing 30cm, plant spacing 4cm, planted one by one). The seedling strings and seed tapes placed at the bottom of the furrows were visible, and no backfilling of the furrows had occurred. In parallel, the seedling strings and seed tapes were placed on the surface of the paddy field and cultivated (row spacing 30cm, plant spacing 4cm, planted one by one). After that, normal cultivation management was performed (fertilization at the time of plowing (30 kg / 10 ares of Itpatsu Kanta-kun (15-15-15-4)), general pest control (5 days after furrow placement / placement, Sunbird granules (3 kg / 10 ares), Cyclopack granules (600 g / 10 ares) were applied, 8 days after Clincher Jumbo (1 kg / 10 ares) was applied, and 25 days after Act granules (1 kg / 10 ares) were applied)). On the 43rd day after furrow placement / surface placement, the number of seedlings established and the degree of growth were investigated, and the number of panicles, number of grains per panicle, and degree of lodging were investigated at the optimum harvesting time. Detailed investigation of yield components was carried out approximately 7 months after furrow / surface placement. Five replicates were performed.

[0180] Test B A furrow making device was created by placing a plastic plate with a cross-sectional shape of a furrow behind a cylindrical roller. The furrow placing device was pulled over a well-plowed flooded rice field surface (water level was 1-2 cm) and the roller leveled the rice field surface, after which the seedling strings were placed at the bottom of the furrows 2 cm wide and 2 cm deep created by the furrow making device (also called furrow placement). Compared to test A, the furrows collapsed (soil returned) more quickly, and some of the seedling strings were buried in the soil or floating in the water. In addition, floating seedlings frequently occurred due to strong winds and rain after furrow placement. In parallel, cultivation was carried out by sowing iron-coated seeds on the surface of the paddy field (row spacing 30 cm, plant spacing 18 cm, 5-8 seeds per plant (4 kg / 10 ares)) and conventional young seedling transplanting cultivation (row spacing 30 cm, plant spacing 18 cm, 4-7 seedlings per plant). After furrow placement, sowing or transplanting, normal cultivation management was performed (for seedling strings and conventional young seedling transplants, fertilization was performed with Itpatsu Kanta-kun (15-15-15-4) (25 kg / 10 ares) on the second day after furrow placement / transplanting, and Itpatsu Kanta-kun (15-15-15-4) (15 kg / 10 ares) 43 days later, side stripe fertilization was performed for iron-coated cultivation, and NK Kasei (15-15) (15 kg / 10 ares) was applied to all test plots 80 days later), general pest control (for all test plots, Sunbird granules (3 kg / 10 ares) were applied on the furrow placement / sowing / transplanting day, and Shinoburoable (500 ml / 10 ares) was applied 13 days later, for iron-coated seeds, insecticide was applied to the seeds, and for seedling strings and conventional young seedling transplants, Trebon granules (3 kg / 10 ares) were applied to the water surface on the furrow placement / transplanting day). From the day of furrow placement / sowing / transplanting, the number of crown roots was measured, and on the 23rd day, the number of seedlings established was investigated, and the degree of growth and the degree of lodging were investigated at regular intervals. The yield was investigated approximately 7 months after furrow placement / sowing / transplanting.

[0181] Evaluation items The evaluation method for each survey item is as follows:

[0182] The germination rate was evaluated as ◎ when 95% or more of the seeds used or sown germinated, as ○ when 95-85%, and as △ when less than 85%.

[0183] The seedling establishment rate was expressed as the percentage of the number of seedlings established per square meter of seeds sown.

[0184] Regarding the risk of damage to transplanting (root breakage, etc.), the risk was rated as somewhat high (△) for conventional young seedling transplanting, as the rice planting machine mechanically tears the seedlings from the seedbed when transplanting. In the case of seedling strings, the roots often grow inside the string when the seedling string is unwound from the reel, and even if the roots are growing outside the string, they are unlikely to become entangled with the string or other seedlings, so the risk was rated as low (○) to none (◎). For seed tape and iron-coated cultivation, there is no risk of root breakage as mentioned above, so there is no risk (◎).

[0185] The growth of the crown roots was visually compared with that of the conventionally transplanted young seedlings (slightly good: ○), and was rated as poor (×), slightly poor (△), slightly good (○), and good (◎). Cross-sectional views of the rice plant base in test B are shown in Figures 8 to 10.

[0186] The degree of lodging was judged based on the criteria in Figure 11, with heavy to severe being marked with an ×, medium to heavy being marked with a △, light to medium being marked with an ○, and none to light being marked with an ◎.

[0187] Test results The results of tests A and B are shown in Table 1. [Table 1]

[0188] The seedling establishment rate for seedlings placed in the furrows in test B was low at 60%, because very strong winds and rain after furrow placement caused frequent floating seedlings. However, thereafter, due to the effect of planting one plant per plant, tillering was vigorous, resulting in a greater number of effective stems (number of ears) than in transplanted cultivation, and a yield of 559 kg / 10 ares was recorded for seedlings placed in the furrows.

[0189] Seedling establishment improved when the seedlings were grown in furrows. Gravitropism is thought to play an important role in seedling establishment, and since amyloplasts in the columella cells distributed in the root cap (root tip) are responsible for auxin transport, the fact that the roots of the reed needle seedlings sustain less planting damage (root cutting) is thought to be a considerable advantage in terms of rooting and seedling establishment.

[0190] Growing in furrows improved the growth of crown roots. The lead needle seedlings grew quickly in the early stages after being placed, and after about a month they looked comparable to transplanted rice. Also, planting each seedling individually means that there is no competition within the seedling during the early to mid-stages of growth, and much thicker roots are formed compared to conventional transplanting and direct seeding cultivation.

[0191] The degree of lodging was improved by furrow cultivation. For the erection of stems and leaves (phototropism due to auxin), furrow cultivation, which allows seedlings placed horizontally to receive light, is very effective, and the needle seedlings of the present invention were able to stand upright in 2 to 5 days.

[0192] The yield improved with furrow cultivation. The yield of the seedlings cultivated with the seedlings of the present invention in the furrows was greater than that of the conventional seedling transplant cultivation, and the yield increase was greater than expected, considering the small seeding amount.

[0193] Drug Testing Test sample: Tetraniprole flowable formulation (480g / L) Test area Untreated: Rice (Koshihikari) seeds were enclosed at 6 cm intervals in a 100% cotton nonwoven fabric (product name: Meshlon) to create a seed string, and seedling strings were prepared according to the method described above.

[0194] Seed coating: Tetraniliprol flowable formulation (480g / L) (11ml) and Peridium Eco per 1kg of rice (Koshihikashi) seeds The seeds were coated with EC104 (seed coating agent, 2 ml) and packed at 6 cm intervals to prepare seed strings, and seedling strings were prepared according to the method described above.

[0195] Immersion treatment: Seedling cords were prepared in the same manner as in the untreated area above, and 1 ml of a solution prepared by diluting 44 μL of tetraniliprole flowable formulation (480 g / L) in 10 ml of water was applied per 1 m of seedling cord, followed by incubation for 24 hours.

[0196] Insecticidal effect test 1 Planters (27cm long, 17cm wide, 10cm high) were filled with paddy field soil up to a height of 5cm, trenches 2cm wide and 2cm deep were dug vertically at 10cm intervals, and the seedling strings were placed at the bottom. The planter was placed in the centre of a 50cm diameter basin filled with water and covered with a net gauge. 17 days after placing the seedling strings, 10 adult females and 5 adult males of the striate brown planthopper (collected) were inoculated into each test plot, and the number of parasitic larvae and parasitic insects was counted 31 days after inoculation.

[0197] Test results The test results are shown in Table 2. [Table 2]

[0198] In furrow cultivation of seedlings, seed coating and soaking treatments showed excellent insecticidal effects.

[0199] Insecticidal effect test 2 According to the method described in Insecticidal Efficacy Test 1, the seedlings of the untreated, seed-coated and soaked treated areas were placed in a trench, and after 58 days, the stems and leaves were collected, cut into 7 cm pieces, placed in petri dishes, and inoculated with 10 second-instar larvae of the rice stem borer (susceptible strain) per petri dish. The number of surviving larvae was counted 6 days after inoculation.

[0200] Test results The test results are shown in Table 3. [Table 3]

[0201] In the untreated area, damage had been seen even inside the thick stems and leaves, larval excrement was noticeable, and the inoculated larvae had clearly grown. On the other hand, in the seed-coated and soaked treated areas, there were almost no signs of damage or excrement, and the surviving larvae were small, demonstrating a high control effect.

[0202] Examination of furrow depth in furrow cultivation After plowing paddy soil (sand loam or clay loam) in a 45cm x 60cm x 25cm deep container, a trench (cross section of the trench is roughly V-shaped) was made in each container with the following soil surface trench width / depth: 2.5cm / 1.3cm, 5.0cm / 2.5cm, 10.0cm / 5.0cm, 30.0cm / 10.0cm. The seedling establishment and growth were compared in the following cases: when the seedling string was placed in the trench, when it was placed on the soil surface without making a trench, and when it was placed on the soil surface without making a trench and the seedling string was further fixed to the soil with clips (20cm apart). During the test period, the water depth from the soil surface outside the trench was maintained at 1-2cm. The test results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

[0203] [Table 4]

[0204] [Table 5]

[0205] Surprisingly, when the seedling strings were placed on the surface of the paddy field soil, a good seedling establishment rate was obtained by fixing the seedling strings. This is thought to be because the fixed seedling strings allowed the roots to take root well. When the seedlings were placed in furrows without fixing the seedling strings, good seedling establishment was obtained from furrows with a depth of 1.3 cm.

[0206] Study on strengthening seedlings through greening We examined the effect of greening on strengthening seedlings by applying physical force under uniform conditions by shaking vigorously the same number of times. The seedlings, which were 0.3 or 1.2 leaf stage seedlings (shaded seedlings) that were germinated and raised in a glass greenhouse under shaded conditions, and the seedlings, which were 0.3 or 1.2 leaf stage seedlings (green needle seedlings) that were raised under greening conditions, were placed in a plastic bag (7L capacity) with a dry weight equivalent to 10g, and the bag was closed by completely inflating it with air, and vigorously shook back and forth 100 times to apply a strong load and check for damage to the roots and leaves. At that time, seedlings without any breaks in the stems, leaves or roots were considered healthy seedlings. In addition, 60 seeds were randomly selected from the seedlings used in this test and planted 1cm deep in puddled paddy soil. After planting, the number of seedlings that had fallen or growth retarded and the seedling establishment rate of the seedlings that had reached the 2-leaf stage were measured. The test results are shown in Tables 6 to 9.

[0207] [Table 6]

[0208] [Table 7]

[0209] Growth survey results for transplanted seedlings at the 2-leaf stage [Table 8]

[0210] [Table 9]

[0211] From the standpoint of both damage caused by strong shaking, which can be judged from the appearance of the seedlings, and the growth of the seedlings when planted, it was shown that greening made the seedlings less susceptible to damage even when physical force was applied to them.

[0212] Examination of growth in reduced soil To compare the planting depth tolerance of germinated rice and green needle seedlings, artificially reduced paddy conditions were created, and seedling establishment was compared when seedlings were planted at the soil surface, 1 cm below the soil surface, and 3 cm below the soil surface under those conditions. 2 g of rice bran was added per 1.3 kg of dried and sieved paddy soil, which was then puddled in a plastic container and allowed to stand in a greenhouse for 3 days. In these containers, 30 seeds per container of germinated rice in the pigeon-breast state or green needle seedlings at the 1.3-leaf stage were sown or planted at a specified soil depth. 14 days after sowing or planting, the number of sprouts emerging from the soil surface (germination count) was counted. The results are shown in Table 10.

[0213] [Table 10]

[0214] The revegetated needle seedlings showed a higher germination rate than pre-germinated rice, and the difference was particularly noticeable when the planting depth was deep. The revegetated needle seedlings have a higher tolerance for planting depth than pre-germinated rice, and there is a smaller risk of missing plants.

[0215] Examination of the preservation of greening needle seedlings The green needle seedlings at the 1.3-leaf stage were moistened and sealed in plastic bags and stored at 10°C. After 25 days of storage, 150 seeds were planted at a soil depth of 1 cm in a container that had been filled with paddy field soil and plowed two days prior to planting. Two weeks after planting, all seedlings were confirmed to be growing healthily.

[0216] Examination of trench collapse potential by soil type [Table 11]

[0217] The state of the grooves when they were made and after 3 days is shown in Figure 12. The test results are shown in Table 12. [Table 12]

[0218] Test results: It was shown that collapsibility differs depending on the soil type, and that collapse can be reduced by widening the V-angle. It was also shown that the collapsibility of the trench can be adjusted by adjusting the slope of the side of the trench.

[0219] Bactericidal effect test Test product: Isotianil flowable formulation (41.7%) Test area: Untreated: Rice seeds (Hitomebore) soaked in water were placed at 10°C for 24 hours and then at 30°C for two days to induce germination. The germinated rice seeds (pigeon breast) were spread in a single layer on nonwoven fabric in a greenhouse and kept moist to green up (10 days). Seed coating: Rice (Hitomebore) seeds were coated with 8 ml of Isotianil flowable formulation (41.7%) and 2 ml of Peridium Quality 009 (a seed coating agent containing styrene acrylic copolymer) per 1 kg. The coated seeds were germinated and greened in the same manner as the untreated seeds, and green needle seedlings were produced. A planter (27 cm long, 17 cm wide, 10 cm high) was filled with paddy field soil to a height of 5 cm, and 3 rows of green needle seedlings at the 1.5 leaf stage were planted at 3 cm intervals at a soil depth of about 1 cm. Three weeks after planting, the seedlings were sprayed with a suspension of blast fungus spores, and four weeks later the number of blast lesions was counted. The test results are shown in Table 13. [Table 13] [Brief description of the drawings]

[0220] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows the leaf age of rice according to the first leaf method and the incomplete leaf method.

[0221] [Diagram 2] Figure 2 shows the names of each part of the germinated seedling.

[0222] [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 shows the seedling string (first leaf method, 0.2 leaf stage) wound on a reel.

[0223] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a straightened string.

[0224] [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 shows a front view of the reel 10 (100: cylindrical support member, 200: first support member, 300: third support member, 210: opening of the first support member, 320: opening of the second support member, 400: fastening set, 500: bolt, 600: nut).

[0225] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows a side view of the reel 10 (100: cylindrical support member, 200: first support member, 300: third support member, 400: fastening set, 500: bolt, 600: nut).

[0226] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a reel (100: cylindrical support member, 200: first support member, 300: third support member, 210: opening of first support member, 320: opening of second support member, 400: fastening set, 500: bolt, 600: nut).

[0227] [Figure 8] Figure 8 shows a cross-section of the base of a plant sown directly on the soil surface with iron-coated seeds (126 days after sowing).

[0228] [Figure 9] Figure 9 shows a cross-section of the base of the plant after furrow placement (126 days after furrow placement).

[0229] [Figure 10] Figure 10 shows a cross-section of the base of a young seedling (transplanted) (126 days after transplanting).

[0230] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 shows the criteria for judging the degree of lodging.

[0231] [Figure 12] Figure 12 shows the collapsibility of trenches in different soils: sandy loam, clay loam and loam.

Claims

1. A method for producing a seedling cord, comprising: a cord; and a rice seedling having a greened stem and leaf portion, a root portion, and a seed body fixed or enclosed in the cord, the seedling having a leaf age of 1.0 to 1.5 leaf stage according to a first leaf method, the method comprising the steps of: soaking and germinating the seeds fixed or enclosed in the string; and The method includes the steps of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds, At least the step of germinating, rooting and growing the seeds is carried out under irradiation of natural light and / or artificial light, and in a state where a string to which the seeds are fixed or enclosed is wound on a reel, the seedling string is for placing or burying the seedling at a depth of 0 to 5 cm from the soil surface, or for placing it at the bottom of a furrow made in the paddy field soil surface or at the bottom of a furrow simultaneously with the furrow making, and the reel is: The manufacturing method comprises a cylindrical support member, a first support member arranged around the cylindrical support member, and a second support member arranged at a distance from the first support member, the first and second support members having a plurality of openings, and a ratio of the area of ​​the openings to the area of ​​the first and second support members is 60% or more, or the first and second support members are made of a transparent or translucent resin.

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first and second support members are generally disk-shaped.

3. 3. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the first and second support members are rotatably provided around a cylindrical support member.

4. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first and second support members are made of a resin and / or a metal material having water resistance and chemical resistance.

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