Flexible High Power Electronics Bus

Abstract

The devices, systems, and methods include a conductive textile (106) comprising a plurality of conductive strands, and a flexible bus (102). The flexible bus (102) comprises a conductive gel (104) electrically coupled to the conductive strands, and an encapsulant (108) bonded to the conductive textile (106) and configured to contain the conductive gel (104) in contact with the conductive strands. The flexible bus is electrically coupled to a power source and configured to induce a current from the power source to the conductive strands.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a flexible high power electronics bus. [Background technology]

[0002] Flexible electronic circuits may be utilized in a variety of situations where an article having such electronics may be expected to be routinely bent or flexed as part of the use of the article, such as clothing and wearable articles, and other consumer and industrial applications. To the extent that electronics are manufactured to be flexible as a typical user would understand, such flexibility is typically constrained by a number of factors. Among such constraints are generally thickness or size. Because conventional wires and circuit boards are made from materials such as copper, silver, etc., to be able to be flexibly or routinely bent along multiple axes, these components are often thin compared to other similar components utilized in otherwise similar ways. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0003] [Figure 1] 1 is a flexible bus in an exemplary embodiment. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a simplified side view of a flexible bus for a conductive textile in an exemplary embodiment. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a simplified side view of a flexible bus in relation to a layer of conductive textile in an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4] 1 is a thermal blanket incorporating a flexible bus in an exemplary embodiment. [Diagram 5] 1A-1C are diagrams of intermediate steps in creating a flexible bus on a conductive textile in an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 6] 1A-1C are exploded views of intermediate steps in a process for making a portion of a flexible bus in an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 7] 1 is a system incorporating a thermal blanket coupled with a peripheral flexible substrate in an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 8A] 1A and 1B are exploded and cutaway side views of a flexible bus in an exemplary embodiment; [Figure 8B] 1A and 1B are exploded and cutaway side views of a flexible bus in an exemplary embodiment; [Figure 9] 4 is a flow chart for making a thermal blanket in an exemplary embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0004] To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or operation, the most significant digit(s) in a reference number refers to the figure number in which that element is first introduced. Exemplary methods and systems are directed to flexible high power electronic buses, systems, and methods. The examples are merely representative of possible variations. Unless expressly stated otherwise, components and functions are optional and may be combined or sub-divided, and operations may be reordered, combined or sub-divided. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the exemplary embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details.

[0005] A traditional consequence of making electronic circuits flexible is that such components can operate in relatively low power environments. Because such circuits are necessarily relatively thin, only relatively small currents and voltages can pass through or be applied to the components of such circuits. As a result, flexible electronics, which may often be utilized in consumer electronics, automotive, or other similar applications, may be limited to the range of 2-3 watts or less.

[0006] Flexible electronic buses have been developed that are capable of higher power than conventional flexible circuits. In various examples, the flexible buses are capable of power throughput of tens of watts or more. In various examples, the flexible buses incorporate liquid or gel conductors that provide both flexibility and high power throughput. The flexible buses may be utilized in any of a variety of contexts, including wearable articles, consumer electronics, medical patches and other medical devices, mobility applications, and the like. For purposes of this disclosure, the flexible buses are described in the context of thermal blankets that provide localized heating. In such contexts, the flexible buses may be folded, bent, or otherwise manipulated repeatedly, variably, and in multiple axes while providing tens of watts, e.g., 30 watts, of power, to function in a useful manner. As a result, use in the context of or as a thermal blanket provides a suitable illustration of the use of high power flexible buses. However, it should be appreciated and understood that the flexible buses may be incorporated into any suitable system or article.

[0007] Additionally, the flexible bus may be applied to any of a variety of non-discrete electrical components, including electrical components without defined terminal contacts. For example, a mesh fabric lacking terminal contacts may nevertheless be implemented as a space heater or thermoelectric energy harvester through the incorporation of a conductive gel disposed in electrical contact with the mesh. The conductive gel and flexible bus may generally provide terminals for such non-discrete electrical components or otherwise facilitate the flow of electrical current to or from the non-discrete electrical components.

[0008] 1 illustrates a flexible bus 102 in an exemplary embodiment. The flexible bus 102 includes a conductive gel 104 embedded on or within a substrate, such as a conductive textile 106. The flexible bus 102 can be embedded into the conductive textile 106 by any suitable process, such as heat pressing, or any process that can wet the conductive textile 106 with the conductive gel 104. As a result, the flexible bus 102 energizes and flows over the conductive textile 106, providing power that flows along the conductive gel 104. An encapsulant 108, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), is applied with or over the conductive gel 104. In various examples, the encapsulant 108 flows into voids in the conductive textile 106. In various further examples, the encapsulant 108 forms channels in which the conductive gel 104 can be contained, which channels can serve to guide the flow of the conductive gel 104 to appropriate discrete locations on the conductive textile 106 bounded by the encapsulant 108.

[0009] In various examples, the conductive textile 106 may include an interwoven pattern of conductive strands (e.g., stainless steel or other suitable conductors) and non-conductive or insulating fibers, filaments, or threads (e.g., nylon or other suitable non-conductive materials). In various further examples, the conductive strands may be a non-conductive material with a conductive overlay material, such as graphene fibers doped with a conductive material. In general, the conductive strands may be formed from any suitable material that may not tend to become brittle over a normal product use time frame, as opposed to various conductive epoxies that may become brittle over a relatively short time frame. It should be appreciated and understood that although strands are generally disclosed herein, alternative materials may be utilized, including, but not limited to, fibers, filaments, threads, and yarns, and strands are utilized herein as a general term that does not exclude fibers, filaments, threads, yarns, or other suitable materials. The conductive textile 106 may be formed by interweaving or distributing the conductive strands using any number of construction methods, including, by way of example, knitting, weaving, bonding, felting, or other known textile manufacturing techniques. Optionally, the conductive strands may be combined with insulating or non-conductive fibers as discussed above.

[0010] In a woven example, the pattern of non-conductive and conductive strands may be generally parallel to one another and perpendicular or orthogonal to the non-conductive strands. The conductive strands may be electrically coupled to the flexible bus 102, and in one embodiment may be approximately perpendicular or orthogonal to the line 110 defined by the flexible bus 102 if a linear bus is desired. In other examples not shown, the flexible bus may have a curved, angled, or irregular shape and may form any desired angle with the conductive strands at any point along the length of the flexible bus. As a result, current induced on the flexible bus 102 may tend to propagate through the conductive strands along the length of the conductive strands and through the conductive textile 106 away from the flexible bus 102.

[0011] In various examples, the conductive textile 106 can have at least one layer of conductive strands separated from each other by a layer of non-conductive strands. In such examples, a top layer of conductive strands and a bottom layer of conductive strands are separated by a layer of non-conductive strands. In such examples, the conductive gel 104 can be dispersed throughout the thickness of the conductive textile 106 to be in electrical contact with both layers of conductive strands. In another example, the conductive textile 106 includes a single layer of conductive strands and a single layer of non-conductive strands. In various such examples, the conductive strands and at least some of the non-conductive strands may alternate in relative position, for example, when a woven structure is provided.

[0012] 2 is a simplified side view of the flexible bus 102 with respect to the conductive textile 106 in an exemplary embodiment. In the exemplary embodiment, the conductive textile 106 is comprised of a layer 202, an encapsulant 108 forming a channel 204, and a conductive gel 104 within the channel 204 formed by the encapsulant 108. The layer 202 is comprised of conductive strands 206 that generally extend from a first end 208 to a second end 210 of the layer 202. The conductive strands 206 are presented in a parallel arrangement for simplified illustrative purposes, and the conductive strands 206 generally proceed from the first end 208 to the second end 210, although it should be appreciated and understood that the conductive strands 206 may be arranged in any arrangement of strands in a piece of fabric. The layer 202 may optionally further include a weave pattern of non-conductive strands along with the conductive strands 206. The non-conductive strands may be generally orthogonal to the conductive strands 206 and are omitted from this example for clarity.

[0013] The encapsulant 108 forms a channel 204 with at least two walls 212 and a floor 214. The walls 212 are generally opposite each other and extend generally perpendicular to the strands 206. The floor 214 extends generally parallel to the strands 206. As a result, the channel 204 may be understood to have a width extending between the walls 212 and a depth extending from the floor 214 to the top of the conductive textile 106. At least a portion of the strands 206 extend from the channel 204, where the strands 206 are in electrical contact with the conductive gel 104 through and beyond one or both of the walls 212 of the encapsulant 108. As shown in FIG. 1, the channel 204, and specifically the encapsulant 108, generally has a length extending generally along the conductive textile 106. In one example, the width of the channel 204 is about 3 millimeters and the depth is about 100 microns.

[0014] It should be appreciated and understood that although the encapsulant 108 is shown here with straight lines, when implemented, the encapsulant 108 may not tend to have straight lines and clear demarcations between, for example, the walls 212 and the floor 214. Thus, it should be appreciated and understood that the walls 212 may be any portion of the encapsulant 108 that tends to inhibit the conductive gel 104 from migrating laterally out of the channel 204 along the strands 206 and the conductive textile 106 generally, while the floor 214 may be any portion of the encapsulant 108 that tends to inhibit the conductive gel 104 from migrating laterally out of the channel 204 and out of the conductive textile 106.

[0015] As shown, the conductive gel 104 is dispersed on the conductive strands 206, electrically coupling the conductive strands 206 to each other and to the conductive gel 104. As a result, current flowing on the conductive gel 104 can flow to and through the conductive strands 206. An optional external conductor 216 is electrically coupled to the conductive gel 104. In such an example, the conductor is described as external because a portion of the conductor may be external to the conductive gel 104 or may not be in direct contact with the conductive gel 104. The external conductor 216 may be copper, gold, silver, or any suitable conductor that may enable an increase in the current flowing on the flexible bus 102 compared to that which may be provided by the conductive gel 104 alone. In such an example, current may flow through the external conductor 216 to the conductive gel 104 and then to the conductive strands 206. In some or all such examples, the outer conductor 216 may have a thickness that is much less than the width of the outer conductor 216, and may further have a width that is much less than the length of the outer conductor 216, for example, in a strip of conductive foil. Thus, the contact area between the conductive gel 104 and the outer conductor 216 may be substantially maximized. In other examples, the outer conductor 216 may be entirely disposed within or encased by a conductive gel, such as the conductive gel 104, such that the outer conductor 216 is fully or partially surrounded by the conductive gel 104, and may have a width-to-thickness ratio that is close to or equal to 1:1 (e.g., including a circular, square, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, or similar cross-sectional shape) such that the outer conductor 216 is coaxially disposed with the conductive gel 104. Optionally, the encapsulant 108 may configure an outermost surface of the flexible bus to contain the conductive gel 104 and prevent migration and dilution of the conductive gel 104 within the conductive textile 106. In one example, the outer conductor 216 has a width of approximately 10 millimeters and a thickness of 2 to 3 millimeters, in one example 2.6 millimeters.

[0016] 3 is a simplified side view of the flexible bus 102 with respect to the layers of conductive textile 106 in an exemplary embodiment. The layers include a first conductive layer 302 and a second conductive layer 304, and a non-conductive layer 306 disposed adjacent between the first conductive layer 302 and the second conductive layer 304. The non-conductive layer 306 electrically insulates the first conductive layer 302 from the second conductive layer 304. The conductive gel 104 and encapsulant 108 of the flexible bus 102 are flowed through, wet, adhere to, or otherwise saturate the layers 302, 304, 306. Thus, the conductive gel 104 is in electrical contact with the first conductive layer 302 and the second conductive layer 304, and the encapsulant 108 can surround at least a portion of the conductive gel 104, thereby containing the conductive gel 104 in a separate location in the textile 106. In various examples, the additional encapsulant 108 can cover one or both sides of the flexible bus 102.

[0017] As previously discussed, the encapsulant 108 may optionally completely surround or bound the flexible bus 102 to contain the conductive gel 104. The encapsulant 108 may thereby further completely prevent lateral (or edge) dispersion or leakage of the conductive gel 104 into the conductive textile 106 or from the flexible bus 102. In one example, where the encapsulant 108 is a thin thermoplastic film and the conductive textile 106 optionally includes a non-conductive layer 306 comprised of thermoplastic fibers adjacent the flexible bus 102, a linear heat pressing operation may be performed on the encapsulant 108 and conductive textile 106 such that the material surrounding the flexible bus 102 generally seals off the "pockets" of conductive gel 104 and limits dispersion to the thermoplastic fibers within the pockets. Similarly, the encapsulant 108 in a fluid state may be cast (e.g., in the case of a thermoset resin) or applied under pressure (e.g., co-molded) onto the conductive gel 104 around the flexible bus 102, dispersing the encapsulant 108 among the fibers of the conductive textile 106 to prevent migration of the conductive gel 104 beyond the envelope defined by the encapsulant 108. The encapsulant 108 may be applied to either side of the flexible bus 102 in a first step to define a barrier similar to that described above and allowed to cure or solidify, after which the encapsulant 108 may be applied over the flexible bus 102 and barrier(s).

[0018] It is emphasized that FIG. 3 is a simplified representation that generally provides an embodiment of the positional relationships between the various components, and the exact details of the relationships between the various components should not necessarily be inferred. For example, the flexible bus 102 may not necessarily flow uniformly or completely through the layers 302, 304, 306. The individual layers 302, 304, 306 may be composed of individual strands and do not necessarily provide clear spatial boundaries between the layers 302, 304, 306, and the strands in the conductive layers 302, 304 may be, for example, stainless steel or any other suitable conductive material. The individual strands, both conductive and non-conductive, may be woven, knitted, or felted together, or non-woven fabric manufacturing methods may be applied to produce the resulting conductive textile. Indeed, the strands of the first conductive layer 302 and the second conductive layer 304 may be woven, knitted, felted, or otherwise intermingled with the strands of the non-conductive layer 306 to generally form the conductive textile 106, in various examples. Thus, the first conductive layer 302 and the second conductive layer 304 may be understood to comprise a first set of conductive strands and a second set of conductive strands, respectively, separated from one another by at least one non-conductive layer 306.

[0019] As noted above, further examples of the conductive textile 106 incorporate only one conductive layer, such as the first conductive layer 302. In such examples, the first conductive layer 302 is disposed on or in association with at least one non-conductive layer 306, or is effectively disposed between at least two non-conductive layers 306. Furthermore, the pattern of conductive layers separated by non-conductive layers may be repeated as desired to form a conductive textile 106 having a desired number of conductive layers. In such examples, the flexible bus 102 may flow through and wet each of the conductive layers.

[0020] Further examples of the flexible bus 102 integrate the first conductive layer 302 and at least one non-conductive layer 306 as a single or mixed layer. In such examples, the first conductive layer 302 and the non-conductive layer 306 may be electrically separate and distinct, but physically coupled. For example, the single layer may include a conductive coating on non-conductive strands. Alternatively, the single layer may include thermoelectric fibers without an insulating layer. Such structures are provided by way of example and not by way of limitation, and any suitable technique known in the art or that may be developed may be utilized in the single layer examples.

[0021] 4 is a thermal blanket 402 incorporating the flexible bus 102 in an exemplary embodiment. The thermal blanket 402 can be incorporated into any suitable system or device in which a power source can provide suitable power to the flexible bus 102 for delivery through the conductive textile 106, and the resulting heating can radiate from the thermal blanket 402 to the device or system in which the thermal blanket 402 is incorporated. Such devices or systems can include, by way of non-limiting example, articles of clothing such as jackets or wetsuits, footwear such as boot uppers or liners, pieces of furniture such as seats, blankets, covers, shelters including tents, campers, and also surfaces or structures where it is desired to be kept warm or free of environmental conditions such as snow, sleet, etc. Alternatively, the same or similar structures can be used to harvest heat from the environment or an adjacent body and convert that heat into an electric current, which can be used to charge a power source.

[0022] The thermal blanket 402 includes a conductive textile 106 and a flexible bus 102, which in this view is obscured by an optional external conductor 216, such as an anode 404, both of which are disposed at or proximate, e.g., within a few millimeters, a first edge 406 of the conductive textile 106 and the entire thermal blanket 402. The anode 404 may be electrically coupled to the flexible bus 102 and may facilitate coupling of an external power source to the flexible bus 102 and the flexible bus 102. The anode 404 may thus be understood to be a component of the flexible bus 102 that may be incorporated as desired to facilitate electrical connectivity and power throughput. Cathodes 408 are optionally positioned at or proximate to a second edge 410 of conductive textile 106 relative to flexible bus 102 to pass current from flexible bus 102 through conductive textile 106 to cathodes 408. As implemented, cathodes 408 are each coupled to or otherwise form leads 412 to facilitate coupling to ground or otherwise complete a circuit with an external power source that provides power to flexible bus 102.

[0023] In the illustrated example, holes 414 are included in the conductive textile 106 to facilitate a desired current flow and resulting heating pattern, and / or to adjust the thermal power density, e.g., watts per unit area, and / or input power, throughout the thermal blanket 402, depending on what the device is being used to generate or harvest heat. Holes 414 are also formed between and to separate the individual cathodes 408 and leads 412. The holes 414 may be formed in the conductive textile 106 during manufacture, or may be cut into the conductive textile 106 at any subsequent point to generate the desired pattern.

[0024] Due to the nature of the conductive textile 106 and the first and second conductive layers 302, 304, the breakage of an individual conductive strand 206 of a given layer 302, 304 will not necessarily render the thermal blanket 402 inoperable. In particular, because all or most of the conductive strands 206 of each layer 302, 304 can be expected to be electrically coupled to the flexible bus 102 and extend from the first edge 406 to the second edge 410, the severing of an individual strand 206 will not necessarily affect the operation of the other conductive strands 206 of the layers 302, 304. Conversely, the thermal blanket 402 can be expected to remain operable even if multiple conductive strands 206 are severed. This is in contrast to thermal blankets known in the art, which include far fewer individual conductors, including as few as one or two conductors, and therefore are much more likely to fail if an individual conductor is severed.

[0025] It should be appreciated and understood that the exemplary dimensions of the various components of the thermal blanket 402 are provided herein for purposes of illustration and not limitation, and that these dimensions may be scaled proportionally to both the desired power throughput and overall size for the situation in which the thermal blanket 402 may be used. Additionally, the components of the flexible bus 102 may be similarly sized in situations in which the flexible bus 102 is not incorporated into the thermal blanket 402. Exemplary dimensions include the anode 404 being 10 millimeters wide and 310 (414) millimeters long, and each cathode 408 being 10 millimeters wide and 150 millimeters long. The conductive textile 106 is 330 millimeters long in a conductive direction generally defined between the anode 404 and the cathode 408, and 310 (414) millimeters long along the opposite non-conductive direction.

[0026] 5 is a diagram of an intermediate step in creating a flexible bus 102 on a conductive textile 106 in an exemplary embodiment. In the illustrated example, the conductive textile 106 includes a first conductive layer 302 and a non-conductive layer 306, however, it is noted that the conductive textile 106 may incorporate any number of desired conductive and non-conductive layers as disclosed herein. In the illustrated intermediate step, a conductive gel 104 has been disposed or applied over both the first conductive layer 302 and the non-conductive layer 306. An encapsulant 108 has been disposed or applied over each of the conductive gels 104.

[0027] As shown, in an intermediate step, heating elements 502 are disposed on and / or around the encapsulant 108 and conductive gel 104. As the heating elements 502 are heated, thereby transferring heat to the encapsulant 108 and conductive gel 104, a force 504 is applied to each of the heating elements 502 to further compress and pinch the encapsulant 108 together to form a channel 204 therebetween in which the conductive gel 104 is housed.

[0028] It should be understood that any shape or location of the channels 204 may be used to form the flexible bus 102 anywhere on the conductive textile 106, both in cross section and in plan view. Thus, the flexible bus 102 may be circular, zigzag, curved, sinusoidal, or serpentine, and the like. Furthermore, the flexible bus 102 does not necessarily have to be formed along the edges of the conductive textile 106, but rather may be formed in the center of the conductive textile 106. In one example, instead of or in addition to the flexible bus 102 being disposed along the edges of the conductive textile 106, the flexible bus 102 may surround each hole 414 (see FIG. 4) around the periphery of the hole 414.

[0029] 6 is an exploded view of an intermediate step in a process for making a portion of a flexible bus 102 in an exemplary embodiment. The flexible bus 102 includes a conductive gel 104 and an encapsulant 108 disposed against a first conductive layer 302 and a non-conductive layer 306 of a conductive textile 106. The flexible bus 102 further includes an outer conductor 216 secured to the conductive textile 106 with an adhesive 602, the outer conductor 216 and the adhesive 602 together forming an anode 404 (see FIG. 4). After application of heat and force 504 using a heating element 502, the conductive gel 104 may disperse through the conductive textile 106 and electrically couple to and between the strands 206 of the first conductive layer 302 (see FIG. 2) and the outer conductor 216. As shown, the conductive gel 104 may be applied to the opposite side of the conductive textile 106 from the outer conductor 216. Optionally, the conductive gel 104 may be slightly wider than the outer conductor 216.

[0030] 6, the outer conductor 216 is included under or otherwise encapsulated by the encapsulant 108 and resides within the resulting channel 204 (see FIG. 2), however, it should be noted that various examples of the flexible bus 102 include an outer conductor 216 that is completely or substantially outside the encapsulant 108. It should be further noted that a portion of the outer conductor 216 may be disposed outside the encapsulant 108 as appropriate relative to the leads 412 (see FIG. 4). Thus, the inclusion of the outer conductor 216 under the encapsulant 108 is not limiting but is provided as an example of how at least a portion of the outer conductor 216 may be encapsulated.

[0031] The adhesive 602 may be any suitable glue, epoxy, paste, film, etc. for securing the outer conductor 216 to the conductive textile 106. As shown, the adhesive 602 has already been applied to the outer conductor 216 prior to placing the outer conductor 216 in contact with the conductive textile 106. Thus, the illustrated outer conductor 216 may be a copper tape or other related material or product. Alternatively, the adhesive 602 may be applied to the conductive textile 106 and then the outer conductor 216 may be contacted with the adhesive 602 before heat and force 504 are applied by the heating element 502.

[0032] 7 is a system incorporating a thermal blanket 402 coupled to a peripheral flexible substrate 702 in an exemplary embodiment. In various examples, the flexible substrate 702 is formed from a first substrate layer having a metal clad layer and a second substrate layer including traces formed from conductive gel 104, and the first substrate layer is bonded or otherwise attached to the second substrate layer. In various examples, the first substrate layer is formed from one of a thermosetting epoxy-based thin film, TPU, and / or silicone, among other compounds or materials. In one example, the first substrate layer is a copper clad epoxy-based thin film. The flexible substrate 702 can be further coupled to external components of a broader system, such as a power source, an external processor, control circuitry, etc. Details of the first and second substrate layers and their various possible configurations are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020 / 0381349, “CONTINUOUS INTERCONNECTS BETWEEN HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS” (Ronay et al.), the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0033] The flexible substrate 702 includes one or more electronic components 704, such as a controller, power circuitry, surface mount components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, or any other desired electronic components. The electronic components 704 may be soldered or otherwise secured to a metal clad layer of the first substrate layer. The flexible substrate 702 is electrically coupled to the thermal blanket 402 by electrodes 706 formed from the metal clad layer that are electrically coupled to leads 412, for example by soldering or any other suitable mode of electrically coupling flexible electronics.

[0034] While an example of a flexible substrate 702 is shown here, it should be appreciated and understood that some or all of the electronic components 704 may be incorporated directly onto the thermal blanket 402, and the flexible substrate 702 may optionally be omitted. Additionally or alternatively, the electronic components 704 may be split between the thermal blanket 402 and the flexible substrate 702. In such an example, the electronic components 704 may be electrically coupled, e.g., soldered, to a portion of the conductive strands 206, to the outer conductor 216 or the anode 404, and / or to the cathode 408.

[0035] 9A and 9B are exploded and cutaway side views, respectively, of an exemplary embodiment of a flexible bus 802. In particular, the flexible bus 802 includes a conductive gel 104 and an outer conductor 216 encapsulated by an encapsulant 108. However, in contrast to the flexible bus 102, the flexible bus 802 does not include or is not implemented in conjunction with any conductive or other fabrics or other materials.

[0036] The encapsulant 108 may be variously implemented as a flexible and / or stretchable thin film as disclosed herein. The outer conductor 216 may be constructed of copper or other suitable conductor. As illustrated, the outer conductor 216 is implemented as a thin sheet, however, it should be appreciated and understood that any desired and / or suitable configuration for the outer conductor 216 may be implemented as appropriate for the circumstances in which the flexible bus 802 is utilized or intended to be utilized. Additionally, in various examples, the outer conductor 216 may be implemented as a tape having an adhesive surface configured to be adhered to the encapsulant 108 and / or conductive gel 104.

[0037] In various examples, the conductive gel 104 is printed, for example by screen printing, onto the encapsulant 108, and then the outer conductor 216 is disposed, coated, or otherwise contained within the outer conductor 216. Additionally or alternatively, the conductive gel 104 and encapsulant 108 may be formed by a stencil-in-place process such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 11,088,063, "STRUCTURES WITH DEFORMABLE CONDUCTORS," by Ronay et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety. The encapsulant 108 may then be processed to form an encapsulation seal as disclosed herein and shown in FIG. 8B.

[0038] 9 is a flowchart for making a thermal blanket 402 in an exemplary embodiment. Although the flowchart is described with respect to a thermal blanket 402, it should be appreciated and understood that portions of the flowchart may be utilized to make a flexible bus 102 without regard to a thermal blanket 402. Additionally, it should be appreciated and understood that while various operations of the flowchart are described with respect to components of the thermal blanket 402 and the flexible bus 102 as disclosed herein, the operations are not limited to only such components and that the operations may be performed on or with any suitable components as recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0039] At 902, the conductive gel 104 is placed at a desired location on the conductive textile 106. In one example, the conductive gel 104 is placed proximate to a first edge 406 of the conductive textile 106.

[0040] At 904 , the encapsulant 108 is disposed on the conductive textile 106 adjacent to, on top of, or covering the conductive gel 104 . At block 906, heat and / or pressure is applied using one or more heating elements 502 to cause the conductive gel 104 and encapsulant 108 to flow into voids within the conductive textile 106 and bring the conductive gel 104 into electrical contact with at least some of the conductive strands 206 of the conductive textile 106. The placement of the encapsulant 108 can restrain the conductive gel 104 and generally prevent the conductive gel 104 from flowing through the conductive textile 106.

[0041] At 908, application of heat and / or pressure at 906 optionally causes the encapsulant 108 to form channels 204 in which the conductive gel 104 is housed. At 910 , the anode 404 is applied to the conductive textile 106 in electrical contact and operably coupled with the conductive gel 104 .

[0042] At 912 , the cathode 408 is applied to the conductive textile 106 in electrical contact with and operatively coupled to at least a portion of the conductive strands 206 . Throughout this specification, multiple entities may implement components, operations, or structures that are described as a single entity. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed simultaneously, and there is no requirement that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functions presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as combined structures or components. Similarly, structures and functions presented as single components may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter of this specification.

[0043] Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or several components, modules, or mechanisms. A module may constitute either a software module (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium or in a transmission signal) or a hardware module. A "hardware module" is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a particular physical manner. In various exemplary embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a stand-alone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware modules (e.g., a processor or group of processors) of a computer system may be configured as a hardware module that operates by software (e.g., an application or application portion) to perform certain operations as described herein.

[0044] In some embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module may be a dedicated processor such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC. A hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module may include software contained within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, with dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or with temporarily configured (e.g., configured by software) circuitry may be influenced by cost and time considerations.

[0045] Thus, the phrase "hardware module" should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a particular manner or to perform a particular operation described herein. As used herein, a "hardware-implemented module" refers to a hardware module. Given an embodiment in which the hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one time. For example, if a hardware module includes a general-purpose processor configured by software to be a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor can be configured as different special-purpose processors at different times (e.g., including different hardware modules). The software can configure the processor accordingly, for example, to configure a particular hardware module at one time and a different hardware module at a different time.

[0046] Hardware modules can provide information to and receive information from other hardware modules. Thus, the described hardware modules can be considered to be communicatively coupled. When multiple hardware modules are present simultaneously, communication can be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., via appropriate circuits and buses) between two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communication between such hardware modules can be achieved, for example, through storage and retrieval of information in a memory structure accessed by the multiple hardware modules. For example, one hardware module can perform an operation and store the output of the operation in a memory device to which the one hardware module is communicatively coupled. An additional hardware module can then later access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware modules may also initiate communication with input or output devices and can operate on resources (e.g., collections of information).

[0047] Various operations of the example methods described herein may be performed, at least in part, by one or more processors that are temporarily or permanently configured (e.g., by software) to perform the associated operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, a "processor-implemented module" refers to a hardware module that is implemented using one or more processors.

[0048] Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, where a processor is an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of the methods may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented modules. Furthermore, one or more processors may also operate to support execution of associated operations in a "cloud computing" environment or as "software as a service" (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as an example of a machine that includes a processor), which operations are accessible over a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more suitable interfaces (e.g., application program interfaces (APIs)).

[0049] The performance of certain operations may be distributed among one or more processors and may be spread across several machines as well as being present within a single machine. In some exemplary embodiments, one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., in a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other exemplary embodiments, one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be distributed across several geographic locations.

[0050] Conductive compositions, such as conductive gels, included in the articles described herein can have, for example, a paste-like or gel consistency that can be produced by, among other things, taking advantage of the structure that gallium oxide can impart to the composition when mixed into a eutectic gallium alloy. When mixed into a eutectic gallium alloy, the gallium oxide can form micro- or nanostructures, as described further herein, that can modify the bulk material properties of the eutectic gallium alloy.

[0051] As used herein, the term "eutectic" generally refers to a mixture of two or more phases of the composition having the lowest melting point at which the phases simultaneously crystallize from a molten solution. The ratio of phases to obtain a eutectic is specified by the eutectic point on a phase diagram. One of the characteristics of a eutectic alloy is its sharp melting point.

[0052] The conductive composition may be characterized as a conductive shear thinning gel composition. The conductive compositions described herein may also be characterized as compositions having the properties of a Bingham plastic. For example, the conductive composition may be viscoplastic, such that it is rigid and capable of forming and maintaining three-dimensional features characterized by height and width at low stress, but flows as a viscous fluid at high stress. Thus, for example, the conductive composition may have a viscosity in the range of about 10,000,000 mPa·s (10,000,000 cP) to about 40,000,000 mPa·s (40,000,000 cP) under low shear and about 150 to 180 at high shear. For example, under low shear conditions, the composition has a viscosity of about 10,000,000 mP·s (10,000,000 cP), about 15,000,000 mP·s (15,000,000 cP), about 20,000,000 mP·s (20,000,000 cP), about 25,000,000 mP·s (25,000,000 cP), about 30,000,000 mP·s (30,000,000 cP), about 45,000,000 mP·s (45,000,000 cP), or about 40,000,000 mP·s (40,000,000 cP) under low shear conditions. Under high shear conditions, the composition has a viscosity of about 150 mP·s (150 cP), about 155 mP·s (155 cP), about 160 mP·s (160 cP), 165 mP·s (165 cP), about 170 mP·s (170 cP), about 175 mP·s (175 cP), or about 180 mP·s (180 cP).

[0053] The conductive compositions described herein may have any suitable electrical conductivity, for example, about 2×10 5 S / m~approx. 8×10 5 It may have a conductivity of 0.05 S / m. The conductive compositions described herein can have any suitable melting point, for example, a melting point of about -20°C to about 10°C, about -10°C to about 5°C, about -5°C to about 5°C, or about -5°C to about 0°C.

[0054] The conductive composition can include a mixture of a eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide, the mixture of eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide having a weight percentage (wt%) of about 59.9% to about 99.9%, e.g., about 67% to about 90%, of the eutectic gallium alloy and about 0.1% to about 2.0%, e.g., about 0.2% to about 1% of the gallium oxide. For example, the conductive composition may be about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 101%, about 102%, about 103%, about 104%, about 105%, about 106%, about 107%, about 108%, about 109%, about 110%, about 111%, about 112%, about 113%, about 114%, about 115%, about 116%, about 117%, about 118%, about 119%, about 120%, about 121%, about 122%, about 123%, about 124%, about 125%, about 126%, about 127%, about 128%, about 129%, about 130%, about 131%, about 132%, about 133%, about 134%, about 135%, about 136%, about 137%, about 138%, about 139%, about 140%, about 141%, about 142%, about 143%, about 144%, about 145%, about 146%, about 147%, about 148%, about 149%, about 1 %, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more, for example about 99.9%, of a eutectic gallium alloy and about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, and about 2.0% of gallium oxide.

[0055] The eutectic gallium alloy may contain gallium-indium or gallium-indium-tin in any element ratio. For example, the eutectic gallium alloy may contain gallium and indium. The conductive composition may contain about 40% to about 95%, for example, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 101%, about 102%, about 103%, about 104%, about 105%, about 106%, about 107%, about 108%, about 109%, about 110%, about 111%, about 112%, about 113%, about 114%, about 115%, about 116%, about 117%, about 118%, about 119%, about 120%, about 121%, %, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or about 95% by weight of gallium.

[0056] The conductive composition is present in the gallium-indium alloy at about 5% to about 60%, for example, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 101%, %, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60% by weight of indium.

[0057] The eutectic gallium alloy may include gallium and tin. For example, the conductive composition may include about 0.001% to about 50%, for example, about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about The weight percentage of tin in the alloy can be about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50%.

[0058] The conductive composition may include one or more micro- or sub-micron-scale particles blended with a eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide. The particles may be suspended in the eutectic gallium alloy, coated with the eutectic gallium alloy or gallium, encapsulated in gallium oxide, or not coated in the manner described above. The micro- or sub-micron-scale particles may range in size from nanometers to micrometers and may be suspended in gallium, gallium-indium alloy, or gallium-indium-tin alloy. The particle-to-alloy ratio may be varied to alter the flow characteristics of the conductive composition. The micro- and nanostructures may be blended into the conductive composition by sonication or other suitable means. The conductive composition may include a colloidal suspension of micro- and nanostructures in a eutectic gallium alloy / gallium oxide mixture.

[0059] The conductive composition may further include one or more micro- or sub-micron-scale particles dispersed within the composition. This may be accomplished by any suitable method, including suspending particles coated with eutectic gallium alloy or gallium, encapsulated with gallium oxide, or not coated in the aforementioned manner within the conductive composition, specifically within the eutectic gallium alloy fluid. These particles may range in size from nanometers to micrometers and may be suspended in gallium, gallium-indium alloy, or gallium-indium-tin alloy. The particle-to-alloy ratio may be varied, among other things, to change the fluid properties of at least one of the alloy and the conductive composition. Furthermore, the addition of any auxiliary material to the colloidal suspension or the eutectic gallium alloy is, among other things, to enhance or modify its physical, electrical, or thermal properties. The distribution of micro- and nano-structures within at least one of the eutectic gallium alloy and the conductive composition may be accomplished by any suitable means, including ultrasonication or other mechanical means without the addition of particles. In certain embodiments, the one or more microparticles or submicron particles are comprised of at least one of a eutectic gallium alloy and a conductive composition, and the microparticles are present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 40.0% by weight, such as about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40 ... about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, or about 40% of the microparticles.

[0060] The one or more micro- or submicron particles may be made of any suitable material, including soda glass, silica, borosilicate glass, quartz, copper oxide, silver-coated copper, non-oxidized copper, tungsten, supersaturated tin granules, glass, graphite, silver-coated copper, such as silver-coated copper spheres and silver-coated copper flakes, copper flakes, copper spheres, combinations thereof, or any other material that can be wetted by at least one of the eutectic gallium alloy and the conductive composition. The one or more micro- or submicron-scale particles may have any suitable shape, including spheroids, rods, tubes, flakes, plates, cubes, prisms, pyramids, cages, and dendrimers. The one or more microparticles or submicron scale particles may be about 0.5 microns, about 0.6 microns, about 0.7 microns, about 0.8 microns, about 0.9 microns, about 1 micron, about 1.5 microns, about 2 microns, about 3 microns, about 4 microns, about 5 microns, about 6 microns, about 7 microns, about 8 microns, about 9 microns, about 10 microns, about 11 microns, about 12 microns, about 13 microns, about 14 microns, about 15 microns, about 16 microns, about 17 microns, about 18 microns, about 19 microns, about 20 microns, about 21 microns, about 22 microns, about 23 microns, about 24 microns, about 25 microns, about 26 microns, about 27 microns, about 28 microns, about 29 microns, about 30 microns, about 31 microns, about 32 microns, about 33 microns, about 34 microns, about 35 microns, about 36 microns, about 37 microns, about 38 microns, about 39 microns, about 40 microns, about 41 microns, about 42 microns, about 43 microns, about 44 microns, about 45 microns, about 46 microns, about 47 microns, about 48 microns, about 49 microns, about 50 microns, about 51 microns, about 52 microns, about 53 microns, about 54 microns, about 55 microns, about 56 microns, about 57 microns, about 58 microns, about 59 microns, about 60 microns, about 61 microns, about 62 microns, about 63 microns, about 64 microns, about 65 microns, about The particles may have any suitable size, including a size range of about 0.5 microns to about 60 microns, such as about 30 microns, about 31 microns, about 32 microns, about 33 microns, about 34 microns, about 35 microns, about 36 microns, about 37 microns, about 38 microns, about 39 microns, about 40 microns, about 41 microns, about 42 microns, about 43 microns, about 44 microns, about 45 microns, about 46 microns, about 47 microns, about 48 microns, about 49 microns, about 50 microns, about 51 microns, about 52 microns, about 53 microns, about 54 microns, about 55 microns, about 56 microns, about 57 microns, about 58 microns, about 59 microns, or about 60 microns.

[0061] The conductive compositions described herein can be made by any suitable method, including methods that include blending a surface oxide formed on the surface of a eutectic gallium alloy into the bulk of the eutectic gallium alloy by shear mixing of the surface oxide / alloy interface. Shear mixing of such compositions can induce crosslinked microstructures in the surface oxide, thereby forming a conductive shear thinning gel composition. A colloidal suspension of the microstructures can be formed within the eutectic gallium alloy / gallium oxide mixture, for example as gallium oxide particles and / or sheets.

[0062] The surface oxide can be blended in any suitable ratio, such as a ratio of about 0.1% (by weight) to about 2.0% gallium oxide to about 59.9% (by weight) to about 99.9% eutectic gallium alloy. For example, the weight percentage of the gallium alloy blended with gallium oxide may be about 60%, 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about The weight percentage of gallium oxide is about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, and about 2.0% gallium oxide, whereas the weight percentage of gallium oxide is about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more, such as about 99.9%, of eutectic gallium alloy. In an embodiment, the eutectic gallium alloy can include gallium-indium or gallium-indium-tin in any ratio of the listed elements. For example, the eutectic gallium alloy can include gallium and indium.

[0063] The weight percentage of gallium in the gallium-indium alloy may be about 40% to about 95%, for example, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about The percentage can be about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or about 95%.

[0064] Alternatively or additionally, the weight percentage of indium in the gallium-indium alloy is about 5% to about 60%, for example, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%. , about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60%.

[0065] The eutectic gallium alloy may include gallium, indium, and tin. The weight percentage of tin in the gallium-indium-tin alloy may be about 0.001% to about 50%, for example, about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%. , about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, or about 50%.

[0066] The weight percentage of gallium in the gallium-indium-tin alloy may be about 40% to about 95%, for example, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 100%, about 101%, about 102%, about 103%, about 104%, about 105%, about 106%, about 107%, about 108%, about 109%, about 110%, about 111%, about 112%, about 113%, about 114%, about 115%, about 116%, about 117%, about 118%, about 119%, about 120%, about 121%, about 122%, about 123%, about 124%, about 125%, about 126%, about 127%, about 128%, about It can be about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, or about 95%.

[0067] Alternatively or additionally, the weight percentage of indium in the gallium-indium-tin alloy is about 5% to about 60%, for example, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 1 The amount of the saturation enzyme may be about 8%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, or about 60%.

[0068] One or more microparticles or submicron scale particles can be blended with the eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide. For example, the one or more microparticles or submicron particles can be blended with the eutectic gallium alloy and gallium oxide such that the weight percent of the microparticles in the composition is about 0.001% to about 40.0%, for example, about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, about 40%, about 41%, about 42%, about 43%, about 44%, about 45%, about 46%, about 47%, about 48%, about 49%, about 49%, about 50%, about 51%, about 52%, about 53%, about 54%, about 55%, about 56%, about 57%, about 58%, about 59%, about 59%, about 58%, about 59%, about 59%, about 50%, about 5 %, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 31%, about 32%, about 33%, about 34%, about 35%, about 36%, about 37%, about 38%, about 39%, or about 40% of the mixture. In embodiments, the particles may be soda glass, silica, borosilicate glass, quartz, copper oxide, silver coated copper, non-oxidized copper, tungsten, supersaturated tin granules, glass, graphite, silver coated copper, e.g., silver coated copper spheres and silver coated copper flakes, copper flakes, copper spheres, combinations thereof, or any other material that can be wetted by gallium. In some embodiments, the one or more microparticles or submicron scale particles are in the shape of spheroids, rods, tubes, flakes, plates, cubes, prisms, pyramids, cages, and dendrimers.In certain embodiments, the one or more microparticles or submicron scale particles are about 0.5 microns, about 0.6 microns, about 0.7 microns, about 0.8 microns, about 0.9 microns, about 1 micron, about 1.5 microns, about 2 microns, about 3 microns, about 4 microns, about 5 microns, about 6 microns, about 7 microns, about 8 microns, about 9 microns, about 10 microns, about 11 microns, about 12 microns, about 13 microns, about 14 microns, about 15 microns, about 16 microns, about 17 microns, about 18 microns, about 19 microns, about 20 microns, about 21 microns, about 22 microns, about 23 microns, about 24 microns, about 25 microns, about 26 microns, about 27 microns, about 28 microns, about 29 microns, about 30 microns, about 31 microns, about 32 microns, about 33 microns, about 34 microns, about 35 microns, about 36 microns, about 37 microns, about 38 microns, about 39 microns, about 40 microns, about 41 microns, about 42 microns, about 43 microns, about 44 microns, about 45 microns, about 46 microns, about 47 microns, about 48 microns, about 49 microns, about 50 microns, about 51 microns, about 52 microns, about 53 microns, about 54 microns, about 55 microns, about 56 microns, about 57 microns, about 58 microns, about 59 microns, about 60 microns, about 61 microns, about 62 microns, about 63 microns, about 64 microns, about 65 micro In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may be in the size range of about 0.5 microns to about 60 microns, such as about 28 microns, about 29 microns, about 30 microns, about 31 microns, about 32 microns, about 33 microns, about 34 microns, about 35 microns, about 36 microns, about 37 microns, about 38 microns, about 39 microns, about 40 microns, about 41 microns, about 42 microns, about 43 microns, about 44 microns, about 45 microns, about 46 microns, about 47 microns, about 48 microns, about 49 microns, about 50 microns, about 51 microns, about 52 microns, about 53 microns, about 54 microns, about 55 microns, about 56 microns, about 57 microns, about 58 microns, about 59 microns, or about 60 microns.

[0069] Working Example Example 1 is an apparatus comprising a conductive textile having a plurality of conductive strands, a conductive gel electrically coupled to the conductive strands, and a flexible bus having an encapsulant bonded to the conductive textile and configured to contain the conductive gel in contact with the conductive strands, the flexible bus being electrically coupled to a power source and configured to induce a current from the power source to the conductive strands.

[0070] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 includes the conductive strands forming a conductive layer of a conductive textile. In Example 3, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1 or 2 includes wherein the conductive textile further comprises a non-conductive layer comprised of non-conductive strands, the non-conductive layer being disposed adjacent to the conductive layer.

[0071] In example 4, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1-3 includes the flexible bus being disposed proximate to a first edge of the conductive textile. In Example 5, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-4 includes a cathode disposed proximate a second edge of the conductive textile opposite the first edge, the cathode configured to complete an electrical circuit enabling an electric current to flow on the conductive layer.

[0072] In Example 6, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-5 includes a flexible substrate operably coupled to the cathode, the flexible substrate including a first substrate layer, a second substrate layer, and a surface mounted component, the first substrate layer including a metal clad layer, the second substrate layer including traces formed from a conductive gel, and the surface mounted component electrically coupled to the metal clad layer.

[0073] In example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 1-6 includes where the flexible bus further comprises an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel, and the power source is configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to enable current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel.

[0074] In Example 8, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-7 includes the plurality of conductive strands extending between the first edge and the second edge. In Example 9, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-8 includes the plurality of non-conductive strands extending perpendicular to the conductive strands.

[0075] In Example 10, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-9 includes wherein the conductive layer is a first conductive layer, the conductive textile further comprises a second conductive layer electrically coupled to the conductive gel, a non-conductive layer is disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, and the non-conductive layer and the encapsulant provide electrical insulation between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer.

[0076] Example 11 is a device comprising a conductive textile having conductive strands and non-conductive strands, an encapsulant forming a channel extending at least partially through and surrounding a portion of the conductive textile, and a conductive gel dispersed within the conductive textile in the channel and electrically coupled to at least a portion of the conductive strands.

[0077] In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11 includes the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extending across the channel. In Example 13, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11 and 12 includes the encapsulant forming at least two walls opposing one another, the channel having a width at least partially defined by the two opposing walls, and at least a portion of the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extending through and beyond at least one of the two walls.

[0078] In Example 14, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-13 includes where at least a portion of the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extend through and beyond both of the two walls.

[0079] In Example 15, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-14 includes an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel, and a power source configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to enable current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel.

[0080] In Example 16, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-15 includes, wherein the anode comprises an outer conductor and an adhesive, the adhesive configured to secure the anode to the conductive textile.

[0081] In Example 17, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-16 includes the outer conductor being a copper foil backed by an adhesive. In example 18, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 11-17 includes a cathode disposed on the conductive textile separate from the conductive gel, the cathode configured to complete an electrical circuit enabling electrical current to flow on the conductive layer.

[0082] In Example 19, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-18 includes where the conductive strands are substantially parallel to one another and the non-conductive strands extend perpendicular to the conductive strands.

[0083] Example 20 is a flexible electronic bus comprising a conductive textile having a plurality of conductive strands, a conductive gel electrically coupled to the conductive strands, and an encapsulant bonded to the conductive textile and configured to contain the conductive gel in contact with the conductive strands, the flexible bus being electrically coupled to a power source and configured to induce a current from the power source to the conductive strands.

[0084] In Example 21, the subject matter of Example 20 includes an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel, and a power source configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to enable current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel.

[0085] In Example 22, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 20 and 21 includes the encapsulant forming a channel at least partially containing the conductive gel, the channel being defined by at least two walls opposing one another, and the channel having a width at least partially defined by the two opposing walls.

[0086] Example 23 is a method that includes disposing a conductive gel on a conductive textile, disposing an encapsulant on the conductive textile in proximity to the conductive gel, and applying at least one of heat and pressure to the conductive gel and the encapsulant using a heating element to electrically couple the conductive gel to the conductive strands of the conductive textile and at least partially constrain the conductive gel within the encapsulant.

[0087] In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 23 includes applying at least one of heat and pressure to form an encapsulant in the channel surrounding a portion of the conductive textile and the conductive gel.

[0088] In Example 25, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23 and 24 includes where applying at least one of heat and pressure forms an encapsulant in at least two walls defining a width of the channel, and at least a portion of the conductive strands extend through and beyond at least one of the two walls.

[0089] In Example 26, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-25 ​​includes where at least a portion of the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extend through and beyond both of the two walls.

[0090] Example 27 is a flexible bus comprising an encapsulant defining a channel, a first material having voids substantially filling the channel, and a conductive gel substantially filling the voids of the first material.

[0091] In Example 28, the subject matter of Example 27 includes the channel having a cross-sectional shape and the encapsulant defining an enclosed perimeter of the shape. In Example 29, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 27 and 28 includes, wherein the conductive gel and the first material substantially fill an area bounded by the enclosed perimeter.

[0092] In example 30, the subject matter of any one or more of examples 27-29 includes a thin foil of metal within the channel. In Example 31, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 27-30 includes where the channel has a cross-sectional shape and the encapsulant defines an enclosed perimeter of the shape.

[0093] In Example 32, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 27-31 includes wherein the conductive gel, the first material, and the metal foil substantially fill an area bounded by an enclosed perimeter.

[0094] In Example 33, the subject matter of Examples 30-32 includes that the metal foil includes copper. In Example 34, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 27-33 includes where the first material is a textile.

[0095] In Example 35, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 27-34 includes where the first material is an open cell material. Example 36 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a processing circuit, cause the processing circuit to perform operations implementing any of Examples 1 to 35.

[0096] Example 37 is an apparatus including a means for implementing any one of Examples 1 to 35. Example 38 is a system that implements any one of Examples 1 to 35. Example 39 is a method for implementing any one of Examples 1 to 35.

[0097] Some portions of this specification are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on data stored as bits or binary digital signals in a machine memory (e.g., computer memory). These algorithms or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. As used herein, an "algorithm" is a self-consistent sequence of operations or similar processes that lead to a desired result. In this context, algorithms and operations involve physical manipulations of physical quantities. Typically, though not necessarily, such quantities can take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, accessed, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated by a machine. It is sometimes convenient, primarily for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals using words such as "data," "contents," "bits," "values," "elements," "symbols," "characters," "terms," ​​"numbers," "digits," and the like. However, these words are merely convenient labels and should be associated with the appropriate physical quantities.

[0098] Unless otherwise indicated, descriptions herein using words such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "presenting," "displaying," and the like, may refer to machine (e.g., computer) operations or processes that manipulate or transform data represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities in one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or any suitable combination thereof), registers, or other machine components that receive, store, transmit, or display information. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the terms "a" or "an" are used herein to include one or more, as is common in patent literature. Finally, as used herein, the conjunction "or" refers to a non-exclusive "or" unless otherwise indicated.

Claims

1. A conductive textile comprising a plurality of conductive strands; a flexible bus comprising a conductive gel electrically coupled to the conductive strands and an encapsulant bonded to the conductive textile and configured to contain the conductive gel in contact with the conductive strands; The flexible bus is electrically coupled to a power source and configured to induce a current from the power source to the conductive strands.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive strands form a conductive layer of the conductive textile.

3. 3. The device of claim 2, wherein the conductive textile further comprises a non-conductive layer comprised of non-conductive strands, the non-conductive layer being disposed adjacent to the conductive layer.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the flexible bus is disposed proximate a first edge of the conductive textile.

5. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, further comprising a cathode disposed proximate a second edge of the conductive textile opposite the first edge, the cathode configured to complete an electrical circuit enabling an electrical current to flow on the conductive layer.

6. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising a flexible substrate operably coupled to the cathode, the flexible substrate comprising a first substrate layer, a second substrate layer, and a surface mounted component, the first substrate layer comprising a metal clad layer, the second substrate layer including traces formed from a conductive gel, the surface mounted component being electrically coupled to the metal clad layer.

7. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the flexible bus further comprises an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel, the power source configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to allow current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel.

8. The device of claim 5 , wherein a plurality of the conductive strands extend between the first edge and the second edge.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein a plurality of the non-conductive strands extend perpendicular to the conductive strands.

10. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the conductive layer is a first conductive layer, the conductive textile further comprising a second conductive layer electrically coupled to the conductive gel, the non-conductive layer disposed between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, the non-conductive layer and the encapsulant providing electrical insulation between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer.

11. a conductive textile comprising a plurality of conductive strands and a plurality of non-conductive strands; an encapsulant extending at least partially through the conductive textile to form a channel surrounding a portion of the conductive textile; a conductive gel dispersed within the conductive textile within the channels and electrically coupled to at least some of the conductive strands.

12. The device of claim 11 , wherein the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extend beyond the channel.

13. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the encapsulant forms at least two opposing walls, the channel has a width at least partially defined by the two opposing walls, and at least a portion of the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extend through and beyond at least one of the two walls.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein at least a portion of the conductive strands and the non-conductive strands extend through and beyond both of the two walls.

15. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel, a power source configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to allow current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel.

16. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the anode comprises an outer conductor and an adhesive, the adhesive configured to secure the anode to the conductive textile.

17. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the outer conductor is a copper foil backed by the adhesive.

18. 16. The device of claim 15, further comprising a cathode disposed on the conductive textile separate from the conductive gel, the cathode configured to complete an electrical circuit allowing an electrical current to flow on the conductive strands.

19. The device of claim 11 , wherein the conductive strands are generally parallel to one another and the non-conductive strands extend perpendicular to the conductive strands.

20. A flexible electronic bus, comprising: A conductive textile comprising a plurality of conductive strands; a conductive gel electrically coupled to the conductive strands; an encapsulant bonded to the conductive textile and configured to contain the conductive gel in contact with the conductive strands; an anode electrically coupled to the conductive gel; a power source configured to be electrically coupled to the anode to allow electrical current to flow from the power source to the conductive gel; the flexible electronic bus is electrically coupled to the power source and configured to induce a current from the power source to the conductive strands; the encapsulant forms a channel at least partially containing the conductive gel, the channel being defined by at least two walls opposing one another, the channel having a width at least partially defined by the two opposing walls.

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