Securely Distributing Medical Prescriptions

Abstract

To acquire digital prescription files by any authorized medical treatment machine.SOLUTION: A medical treatment machine such as a dialysis machine (a home hemodialysis machine or a home peritoneal dialysis machine) receives a digital prescription file that defines parameters of a medical treatment to be administered to a patient. The digital prescription file can be prepared and delivered such that the medical treatment machine can confirm that an issuer (e.g., provider) of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer without having any a priori knowledge of the particular issuer. The digital prescription file can be delivered irrespective of the inherent security (or lack thereof) of the transmission medium in a tamper-evident format using minimal resources necessary to verify the validity of the digital prescription file and its issuer. The digital prescription file may be delivered to the dialysis machine using a network cloud-based connected health system.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to distributing medical prescriptions. [Background technology]

[0002] Medical treatment devices can be designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring, and / or treatment of various medical conditions. One example of a medical treatment device is a dialysis machine. Dialysis is a treatment used to support patients with inadequate kidney function. The two main dialysis methods are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. During hemodialysis ("HD"), a patient's blood is passed through a dialyzer in a dialysis machine, and a dialysis solution, or dialysate, also passes through the dialyzer. A semipermeable membrane within the dialyzer separates the blood from the dialysate within the dialyzer, allowing diffusional and osmotic exchanges to occur between the dialysate and the bloodstream. These exchanges across the membrane result in the removal of waste products from the blood, including solutes such as urea and creatinine. These exchanges also regulate the concentrations of other substances, such as sodium and water, in the blood. In this way, the dialysis machine acts as an artificial kidney to cleanse the blood.

[0003] During peritoneal dialysis ("PD"), a patient's peritoneal cavity is periodically infused with dialysate. The membranous lining of the patient's peritoneum acts as a natural semipermeable membrane, allowing diffusion and osmotic exchanges to occur between solutions and the bloodstream. These exchanges across the patient's peritoneal membrane result in the removal of waste products from the blood, including solutes such as urea and creatinine, and regulate the concentrations of other substances in the blood, such as sodium and water.

[0004] Automated PD devices, called PD cyclers, are designed to control the entire PD process so that it can be performed at home, usually overnight, without the presence of clinical staff. This process is referred to as continuous cycler-assisted PD ("CCPD"). Many PD cyclers are designed to automatically infuse, dwell, and drain dialysate from the patient's peritoneal cavity. Treatment typically lasts several hours and often begins with an initial drain cycle to remove spent or depleted dialysate from the peritoneal cavity. The sequence then follows a series of fill, dwell, and drain phases, each of which follows the other. Each phase is called a cycle. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, by a medical treatment device, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key. The digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer. The method also includes decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key. The private key is accessible by the medical treatment device. The method also includes identifying the issuer of the digital prescription file using the decrypted digital prescription file. The method also includes determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that a certificate corresponding to i) the issuer and ii) the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file is digitally signed by a trusted authority service. The method also includes verifying the digital signature on the digital prescription file using the public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to confirm that the issuer is an authorized issuer. In some examples, in this manner, any authorized issuer can securely issue digital prescription files consumable by any authorized medical treatment device without requiring either party to possess a priori knowledge of the other party.

[0006] Implementations may include one or more of the following features.

[0007] In some implementations, the private key corresponding to the public key is pre-loaded onto the medical treatment device.

[0008] In some implementations, public keys corresponding to approved issuers are provided by a trusted authority service.

[0009] In some implementations, the trust authority service is a certificate authority.

[0010] In some implementations, the method includes administering dialysis treatment based on a digital prescription file.

[0011] In some implementations, the digital prescription file is encrypted by the issuer without the issuer knowing additional information (eg, unique information) about the medical treatment device.

[0012] In some implementations, the digital prescription file is decrypted by the medical treatment device before the medical treatment device learns the issuer's identity.

[0013] In some implementations, the method includes receiving, by the medical procedure device, a certificate corresponding to an issuer. The certificate includes a public key corresponding to i) the issuer and ii) a private key corresponding to the issuer, and is digitally signed by a trust authority service using the private key corresponding to the trust authority service. The method also includes verifying the digital signature on the certificate using the public key corresponding to the trust authority service to confirm that the public key included in the certificate corresponds to an authorized issuer.

[0014] In some implementations, the method includes determining that the trust authority service is trusted to verify the identity of the issuer and to certify ownership of the public key corresponding to the issuer.

[0015] In some implementations, a certificate containing a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is stored on the medical procedure device.

[0016] In some implementations, a certificate including a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is received by the medical procedure device indicating that the trusted authority service is a trusted authorizer of the prescription issuer.

[0017] In some implementations, a certificate corresponding to an issuer is provided by a trust authority service after the trust authority service verifies the issuer's identity and certifies that the issuer is an authorized issuer.

[0018] In another aspect, a method includes receiving, by a medical treatment device, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key. The digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer. The method also includes receiving, by the medical treatment device, a certificate including the public key corresponding to the issuer. The certificate is digitally signed by a trust authority service using a private key corresponding to the trust authority service. The method also includes decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key. The private key is accessible by the medical treatment device. The method also includes verifying the digital signature on the certificate using the public key corresponding to the trust authority service to confirm that the public key included in the certificate corresponds to an authorized issuer. The method also includes verifying the digital signature on the digital prescription file using the public key included in the certificate to confirm that the issuer is an authorized issuer.

[0019] Implementations may include one or more of the following features.

[0020] In some implementations, the issuer is verified as an authorized issuer without the medical procedure device knowing additional information (eg, unique information) about the issuer.

[0021] In another aspect, a medical system includes a medical device, a data storage device, and a processor configured to receive a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key. The digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer. The processor is also configured to decrypt the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key. The private key is accessible by the medical device. The processor is also configured to use the digital prescription file to identify the issuer of the decrypted digital prescription file. The processor is also configured to determine that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that i) the issuer and ii) a certificate corresponding to the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file are digitally signed by a trust authority service. The processor is also configured to verify the digital signature on the digital prescription file using the public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to confirm that the issuer is an authorized issuer.

[0022] Implementations may include one or more of the following features.

[0023] In some implementations, the medical device is a dialysis machine configured to deliver dialysis treatment based on a digital prescription file.

[0024] In some implementations, the dialysis machine includes a home dialysis machine (“HDM”).

[0025] In some implementations, the dialysis machine includes a peritoneal dialysis ("PD") machine.

[0026] In some implementations, the dialysis machine includes a hemodialysis ("HD") machine.

[0027] In another aspect, a connected health system includes a cloud-based application that facilitates data transfer between components of the system. The cloud-based application also includes a dialysis machine and a gateway device that communicates with the dialysis machine and the cloud-based application. The gateway device is configured to receive data from the cloud-based application and provide the data to the dialysis machine. The connected health system also includes a data storage device. The connected health system also includes a processor configured to receive, via the cloud-based application, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key. The digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer. The processor is also configured to decrypt the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key. The private key is accessible by the dialysis machine. The processor is also configured to use the digital prescription file to identify the issuer of the decrypted digital prescription file. The processor is also configured to determine that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that i) the issuer and ii) a certificate corresponding to the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file are digitally signed by a trusted authority service. The processor is also configured to verify the digital signature on the digital prescription file using a public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is an authorized issuer.

[0028] Implementations may include one or more of the following advantages.

[0029] In some implementations, prescription files can be generated and distributed digitally. In some implementations, digital prescription files can be digitally signed in an unforgeable manner that uniquely identifies both the digital prescription file and the issuer of the digital prescription file. In some implementations, a certificate containing a public key corresponding to the issuer (e.g., the issuer's certificate) can itself be embedded in the digitally signed digital prescription file. For example, in some implementations, the issuer's certificate does not require separate and / or secure distribution. In some implementations, digital prescription files can be distributed using any digital medium (e.g., because the nature of digital signatures would reveal attempts to modify the file in transit) and can use either secure or insecure means.

[0030] In some implementations, a recipient of a digital prescription file (e.g., a dialysis machine) does not require prior knowledge of the existence of a particular issuer. For example, in some implementations, any issuer, known or unknown by the recipient, can issue a valid (e.g., verifiable) digital prescription file. In some implementations, an issuer of a digital prescription file does not require prior knowledge of a particular recipient (e.g., a particular dialysis machine). For example, in some implementations, any dialysis machine can consume any prescription file without the issuer having prior knowledge of the existence of the particular dialysis machine.

[0031] In some implementations, a certificate (e.g., a certificate authority certificate) containing a public key corresponding to the agency service is pre-loaded on or received by the dialysis machine. In some implementations, the certificate authority is authorized to sign certificates (e.g., issuer certificates) for issuers authorized to provide digital prescription files. In some implementations, the dialysis machine may use the signer (e.g., certificate authority) of the issuer's certificate as the sole authorization and indication to determine that the issuer (e.g., signer) of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer.

[0032] In some implementations, by using a certificate authority to verify the identity of the issuer, the issuer does not need to be approved by the dialysis machines one by one, and the digital prescription file can then be securely distributed without prior knowledge of either the original source or the recipient (e.g., regardless of the specific issuer or specific recipient dialysis machine).

[0033] In some implementations, the digital prescription file is encrypted according to public key cryptography so that only recipients who possess the corresponding private key can decrypt the file and view its original contents. Furthermore, by employing digital signatures, the recipient can verify that the issuer is in fact who they claim to be and that the file has not been modified since it was signed by the issuer.

[0034] Other aspects, features, and advantages of the subject matter contained herein will become apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0035] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a peritoneal dialysis machine connected to a network. [Figure 2] 1 illustrates a system for communicating information between a dialysis machine, a certificate authority, and an issuer. [Figure 3A] 1 illustrates an example technique for encrypting and digitally signing a digital prescription file. [Figure 3B] 1 illustrates an example technique for decrypting and checking the digital signature of a digital prescription file. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a hemodialysis machine connected to a network. [Figure 5] 1 is a schematic illustration showing an example of a "CHS" (Connected Health Service) system. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example computer system. Detailed Description

[0036] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

[0037] Disclosed herein are techniques for enabling digital prescription files to be transmitted to or from entities that have no a priori knowledge of each other, in a tamper-evident format, using minimal resources necessary to verify the validity of the digital prescription file and its issuer, and in some cases regardless of the inherent security (or lack thereof) of the transmission medium. The present technique also allows additional security measures to be supplemented using the present technique, including, but not limited to, encryption and real-time authentication and / or authorization, without essentially modifying the present technique. The term "digital prescription file" may be understood to include and refer to a set of programming instructions that can be used to implement a medical treatment prescribed by an appropriate physician or other medical professional. In some implementations, the term "prescription" may be understood to refer to what the physician actually prescribed for the patient, which may be captured in the patient's electronic health record (EHR). The prescription may be appropriately converted, formatted, encrypted, and / or otherwise transformed into a digital prescription file that includes a program and / or instruction set for a medical device (e.g., a dialysis machine) to implement the prescribed treatment.

[0038] Cryptographic systems and methods can be employed to encrypt information and / or authenticate the source of the information. For example, files containing sensitive information (e.g., digital prescription files) can be encrypted and / or digitally signed before being sent to a destination. Encryption can ensure that communications remain complete and confidential during transmission, while digital signatures can ensure the integrity of the content without the need for decryption and ensure that the source can be properly authenticated by the recipient.

[0039] When a file is encrypted, the information contained in the original file, called "plaintext" (e.g., a prescription), is transformed into a different format using a cryptographic algorithm. For example, a file containing a text string (e.g., "Hello World") can be converted into a format called "ciphertext" (e.g., "3B582EC3D210A12C38541DE975672B0272B9345") by encrypting the file with a key. Anyone intercepting the encrypted file can only see the ciphertext, not the original plaintext. To convert the ciphertext back to plaintext, the recipient must typically possess a key corresponding to the key used to encrypt the file. A key in the recipient's possession can be applied to the ciphertext to decrypt the file, thereby replicating the plaintext. In this way, the issuer of the encrypted information can ensure that only those possessing the correct key can view the sensitive information.

[0040] In addition to being encrypted, a file may also be digitally signed by the issuer. When a file is digitally signed, the plaintext is hashed (e.g., a hash algorithm is applied to the data) to produce a digest (sometimes referred to as a hash). The digest is then encrypted using a private key corresponding to the issuer (e.g., a different key than the one described above for decryption), thereby producing a digital signature. A recipient can verify the signature by i) calculating a digest of the plaintext, ii) verifying (e.g., decrypting) the digital signature using a public key corresponding to the issuer's private key to replicate the digest, and iii) comparing the calculated digest to the replicated (e.g., decrypted) digest. If the calculated digest and the decrypted digest are equal, it can be confirmed that i) the file has not been modified since it was signed, and ii) the signer (e.g., the issuer) performed the signing act.

[0041] Thus, by employing digital signatures, a recipient can verify that the issuer is in fact who they claim to be and that the file has not been modified since it was signed by the issuer.

[0042] A medical treatment device, such as a dialysis machine (e.g., a home dialysis machine (“HDM”)), can be configured to receive a digital prescription file that specifies the parameters of a medical treatment (e.g., dialysis treatment) to be administered to a patient. The digital prescription file can be prepared and delivered such that the medical treatment device can verify that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer without having any a priori knowledge of the particular issuer. For example, the digital prescription file can be digitally signed by the issuer using a private key unique to the issuer. The signed digital prescription file is delivered to the medical treatment device via a secure or unsecure medium. The medical treatment device reads the digital prescription file, identifies the purported issuer, and verifies that the purported issuer is an authorized issuer.

[0043] In some implementations, the medical treatment device verifies that the purported issuer is an authorized issuer by verifying that the certificate corresponding to the issuer (and corresponding to the issuer's private key, e.g., used to digitally sign the digital prescription file) is digitally signed by a trust authority service (e.g., a known authorized party of the issuer responsible for verifying the identity of the issuer and certifying ownership of the public key corresponding to such issuer), as described in more detail below.

[0044] In some implementations, the issuer may communicate with a certificate authority (e.g., a certificate authority that has been given trust by the medical treatment device to approve the issuer) in advance to obtain approved status. For example, the issuer may provide their public key to the certificate authority for verification, and the certificate authority can verify the issuer's identity and provide an issuer certificate in exchange. The issuer certificate, which includes the issuer's public key, is digitally signed by the certificate authority using the certificate authority's private key. The issuer certificate can be provided to the medical treatment device along with the digital prescription file. The certificate authority's public key, which is accessible by the medical treatment device, can be used to verify that the issuer certificate was actually signed by the certificate authority. Because the certificate authority is a trusted entity, the medical treatment device can treat the information contained in the issuer's certificate (e.g., the issuer's public key) as trusted. The medical treatment device can then use the issuer's public key to verify that the digital prescription file was indeed signed by an approved issuer and has not been modified since it was signed. In this way, the issuer does not need to be individually approved by the medical treatment device, and the digital prescription file can then be securely distributed without prior knowledge of either the original source or the recipient (e.g., regardless of the particular issuer or particular recipient medical treatment device).

[0045] In some implementations, the medical treatment device can verify that the purported issuer is an authorized issuer by communicating with a third-party authority service, which can provide the medical treatment device with a public key known to correspond to the authorized issuer. The medical treatment device can then use the public key to verify that the digital prescription file was in fact signed by the authorized issuer and has not been modified since it was signed.

[0046] In addition to being digitally signed by the issuer, the digital prescription file can be encrypted using a public key known to the issuer. The public key has a corresponding private key that can be pre-loaded on the medical treatment device. In some implementations, the private key is available to the medical treatment device for download from a trusted source. In some implementations, the private key is available for use by the medical treatment device by sending the encrypted digital prescription file to a trusted processor for decryption and receiving the decrypted file in return. Upon receiving the encrypted digital prescription file, the medical treatment device can use the corresponding private key to decrypt the digital prescription file. Because the private key can be pre-loaded on all medical treatment devices (e.g., at the time of manufacture or any time thereafter), the digital prescription file can be securely distributed to and decrypted by any medical treatment device without restriction. In some implementations, the digital prescription file is encrypted with a symmetric key, which itself is then encrypted using a public key.

[0047] In some implementations, the medical treatment device may be a peritoneal dialysis machine. FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a PD system 100 configured to receive a digital prescription file. In some implementations, the PD system 100 is configured for use in a patient's home (e.g., a home PD system). The PD system 100 includes a PD device (also referred to as a PD cycler) 102 mounted on a cart 104. The PD device 102 includes a housing 106, a door 108, and a cassette interface that contacts a disposable PD cassette when the cassette is disposed in a cassette compartment formed between the cassette interface and the closed door 108. A heater tray 116 is positioned on top of the housing 106. The heater tray 116 is sized and shaped to accommodate a bag of dialysate (e.g., a 5-liter bag of dialysate). The PD device 102 also includes a user interface, such as a touch screen 118 and a control panel 120, that can be operated by a user (e.g., a caregiver or a patient) to enable setup, initiation, and / or termination of PD therapy.

[0048] The dialysate bag 122 hangs from fingers on the side of the cart 104, and the heater bag 124 is placed on the heater tray 116. The dialysate bag 122 and the heater bag 124 are connected to the cassette via a dialysate bag line 126 and a heater bag line 128, respectively. The dialysate bag line 126 can be used to pass dialysate from the dialysate bag 122 to the cassette during use, and the heater bag line 128 can be used to pass dialysate back and forth between the cassette and the heater bag 124 during use. Additionally, a patient line 130 and a drain line 132 are connected to the cassette. The patient line 130 can be connected to the patient's abdomen via a catheter and can be used to pass dialysate back and forth between the cassette and the patient's peritoneal cavity during use. The drain line 132 can be connected to a drain or drain container and can be used to pass dialysate from the cassette to the drain or drain container during use.

[0049] The touchscreen 118 and control panel 120 allow the operator to input various treatment parameters into and otherwise control the PD device 102. Additionally, the touchscreen 118 serves as a display. The touchscreen 118 functions to provide information to the patient and the operator of the PD system 100. For example, the touchscreen 118 may display information related to the dialysis treatment to be administered to the patient, including information related to the prescription, as described in more detail below.

[0050] The PD device 102 includes a processing module 101 resident within the PD device 102 and configured to communicate with a touchscreen 118 and a control panel 120. The processing module 101 is configured to receive data from the touchscreen 118 and the control panel 120 and to control the PD device 102 based on the received data. For example, the processing module 101 can adjust operating parameters of the PD device 102. In some implementations, the processing module 101 is an MPC823 PowerPC device manufactured by Motorola, Inc.

[0051] The PD device 102 is configured to connect to the network 110. The PD device 102 includes a transceiver 112 configured to facilitate connection to the network 110. Other medical equipment (e.g., peripheral devices or monitors, other dialysis machines, etc.) may be configured to connect to the network 110 and communicate with the PD device 102. Similarly, one or more remote entities, such as issuers of digital prescription files and / or institutional services tasked with verifying the identity of issuers and certifying ownership of public keys corresponding to issuers, may be able to connect to the network 110 and communicate with the PD device 102 to provide public keys usable to verify digital prescriptions, digital certificates, and / or digital signatures for implementation on the PD device 102. Such connection to the network 110 may be through a cloud-based service (e.g., Connected Health Service (CHS)), as described in more detail below.

[0052] 2 illustrates a system for communicating information between a dialysis machine (“DM”) 102, a certification authority (“CA”) 202, and an issuer 204. The CA 202 may be a third party trusted by the DM 102 to approve and authenticate the identity of the issuer 204, which may be any entity, such as a hospital or clinic, that wishes to provide a prescription to the DM 102.

[0053] Before providing a prescription to the DM 102, the issuer 204 may communicate with the CA 202 to verify its identity and obtain authorized status. The CA 202 is tasked with verifying that the issuer 204 is indeed who it says it is and also verifying that the issuer 204 has the authority, trust, and / or qualifications to issue prescriptions to the DM 102. Once the CA 202 has determined that the issuer 204 is authorized to issue prescriptions, the issuer 204 provides the CA 202 with an issuer public key 206. After verifying that the issuer public key 206 indeed corresponds to the issuer 204, the CA 202 provides the issuer certificate 208 to the issuer 204. The issuer certificate 208 includes the issuer public key 206 and is digitally signed by the CA 202 using a private key (e.g., CA private key 209) corresponding to the CA 202. The now authorized issuer 204 can provide prescriptions to the DM 102.

[0054] The issuer 204 may create a prescription to be provided to the DM 102. The prescription may be specified in plain text that is readable by the DM 102. For example, the DM 102 may read a set of instructions contained in the plain text and perform functions based on the instructions. The prescription may include instructions such as, among other things, the flow rate to be employed during the fill phase of a cycle, the flow rate to be employed during the drain phase of a cycle, the number of treatments to be performed, the number of cycles to be performed per treatment, the fill volume to be used per cycle, and the dwell time to be used per cycle.

[0055] The prescription is included as part of a digital prescription file 210 provided to the DM 102. To protect the privacy of the information contained therein, the digital prescription file 210 may be encrypted using a public key (e.g., DM public key 211) corresponding to the DM 102 and other DMs. In some implementations, the DM public key 211 is known and accessible to any issuer 204 willing to provide encrypted information to the DM 102. In some implementations, the CA 202 can provide the DM public key 211 to the issuer 204 after verifying the identity of the issuer 204. A DM private key 212 corresponding to the DM public key 211 may be stored on the DM 102 or otherwise accessible by the DM 102. For example, the DM private key 212 may be stored on the DM 102 at the time of manufacture of the DM 102 or at any time thereafter. After receiving the digital prescription file 210, the DM 102 can use the DM private key 212 to decrypt the digital prescription file 210 and obtain the plaintext of the prescription. The decrypted digital prescription file can also be used by the DM 102 to identify the particular issuer 204 of the digital prescription file 210.

[0056] The DM public key 211 and DM private key 212 correspond not only to a particular DM 102, but also to any associated DMs included as part of the system. That is, the DM private key 212 can be stored on all associated DMs and can be used to decrypt information encrypted using the DM public key 211. In this way, the digital prescription file 210 can be securely distributed by the issuer 204 without the specific recipient DM being known in advance, and can be decrypted by the DM 102 before the DM 102 learns the identity of the issuer 204 (or in some cases, without the DM 102 ever learning the specific identity of the issuer 204, as described in more detail below).

[0057] Because the DM public key 211 may be widely known (e.g., to issuers not authorized to provide prescriptions to the DM 102), the received encrypted digital prescription file 210 is not necessarily safe to implement without further verification. For example, someone not authorized to provide prescriptions could obtain the DM public key 211, create a prescription containing dangerous instructions, encrypt the prescription using the DM public key 211, and provide the encrypted prescription to the DM. To prevent such a situation, the DM 102 is configured to verify the identity of the issuer 204 before trusting the digital prescription file 210.

[0058] In addition to being encrypted, the digital prescription file 210 is digitally signed using a private key (e.g., issuer private key 213) corresponding to the issuer 204. The digital signature can be verified using the issuer public key 206 corresponding to the issuer private key 213. When the digital signature is verified, it is confirmed that i) the digital prescription file 210 has not been modified since it was signed, and ii) the signer (e.g., issuer 204) performed the signing act. More information about how the digital signature is verified using the issuer public key 206 is described below in connection with FIG. 3B.

[0059] In some implementations (e.g., implementations in which the digital prescription file 210 is encrypted), the DM 102 uses the decrypted digital prescription file to identify the issuer 204 of the digital prescription file 210. The decrypted digital prescription file may include identification information associated with the particular issuer 204. The DM 102 then communicates (e.g., queries) with the CA 202 to obtain the issuer public key 206 corresponding to the issuer 204. For example, after decrypting the digital prescription file 210 and identifying the purported issuer 204, the DM 102 may ask the CA 202 whether the purported issuer 204 is an approved issuer (e.g., an issuer authorized to provide prescriptions). If the purported issuer 204 is authorized to provide prescriptions, the CA 202 can provide the issuer public key 206 corresponding to the issuer 204 that is known to be approved. The DM 102 can use the issuer public key 206 to verify that the digital prescription file 210 was in fact signed by an authorized issuer 204 and has not been modified since it was signed, as described in more detail below.

[0060] In some implementations, the DM 102 may obtain the issuer public key 206, verify that the purported issuer 204 is authorized to provide prescriptions, and verify the digital signature without communicating (e.g., simultaneously) with the CA 202. This type of verification may occur if the DM 102 is unable to communicate with the CA 202 (e.g., due to a lack of internet access).

[0061] As described above, before providing a prescription to the DM 102, the issuer 204 may obtain approved status by communicating with the CA 202. Once the issuer 204 is approved, the CA 202 provides the issuer 204 with an issuer certificate 208. The issuer certificate 208 includes the issuer public key 206 and is digitally signed by the CA 202 using a CA private key 209. The issuer certificate 208 can be provided to the DM 102 along with a digital prescription file 210.

[0062] The CA certificate 214 is stored on the DM 102. The CA certificate 214 may be provided to the DM 102 before the prescription is received (e.g., at the time of manufacture of the DM 102 or any time thereafter). In some implementations, the CA certificate 214 is stored on the DM 102 or in a location accessible by the DM 102 (e.g., via the network 110). In some implementations, the CA certificate 214 is received by the DM 102 to indicate that the CA is a trusted authorizer of prescription issuance. For example, the CA certificate 214 may be delivered over a secure channel accessible only by those who are trusted authorizers of the prescription issuer. In some implementations, the CA certificate 214 is stored in a data repository that contains information related to one or more trusted certificate authorities. The CA certificate 214 includes a public key (e.g., CA public key 216) corresponding to the CA 202. The digital signature on the issuer certificate 208 can be verified using the CA public key 216. When the digital signature is verified, it is confirmed that i) the issuer certificate 208 has not been modified since it was signed by the CA 202, and ii) the signer (e.g., the CA 202) performed the signing operation. Because the CA 202 is a trusted entity, the DM 102 can treat the information contained in the issuer certificate 208 (e.g., the issuer public key 206) as trusted. The DM 102 can then use the issuer public key 206 contained in the issuer certificate 208 to verify the signature on the digital prescription file, thereby confirming that the digital prescription file 210 was indeed signed by the issuer 204 (e.g., now known to be trusted and approved) and has not been modified since it was signed. The DM 102 can then perform the actions prescribed by the prescription.

[0063] The digital prescription file 210 can include a prescription, which in some implementations can be in plain text format. The prescription can be used by the dialysis system 100 to perform dialysis treatment. The digital prescription file 210 can include patient attributes such as a patient ID, a serial number of the cycler to be used, information related to the date and time the cycler was assigned to the patient, an ID associated with the patient's provider (e.g., issuer), an ID associated with the patient's clinic, the patient's first and last name, the patient's minimum peritoneal volume, and the patient's maximum peritoneal volume. In some implementations, the digital prescription file 210 can include multiple prescriptions (e.g., six) for a patient. The digital prescription file 210 can include a date / time stamp identifying the time each prescription was created and / or assigned to the patient.

[0064] The digital prescription file 210 also includes attributes associated with each prescription. For example, a prescription may have attributes related to a prescription sequence ID, a prescription ID, a name (e.g., as displayed on the DM 102), a type for the disposable line set to be used when delivering the treatment (e.g., “low feature,” “medium feature,” “high feature”), a catheter characteristic to be used when delivering the treatment (e.g., “slow,” “average,” “fast”), a flow rate to be used during the fill phase of the cycle, a flow rate to be used during the drain phase of the cycle, and a required time at which the treatment will end.

[0065] Within a prescription, a patient can have one or more treatments. Each treatment can have one cycle or multiple repeating cycles. Repeating cycles within a particular treatment can have the same settings. In some implementations, the digital prescription file 210 includes attributes related to a particular prescription treatment and / or cycle, such as a prescription treatment ID (e.g., giving the treatment's position in the treatment sequence), the number of cycles included in the particular treatment, a cycle type code (e.g., "Cycler," "Manual," "PD+," "Last Fill"), the requested fill volume per cycle in the treatment, the requested dwell time per cycle in the treatment, the expected ultrafiltration volume per cycle in the treatment, the drain mode (e.g., "Standard," "Full"), and the requested drain per cycle in the treatment. In some implementations, the digital prescription file 210 also includes attributes related to the type of bag prescribed for a particular treatment.

[0066] FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a technique that may be employed to encrypt 300 and digitally sign 310 a digital prescription file (e.g., digital prescription file 210 of FIG. 2) for implementations in which the digital prescription file is encrypted.

[0067] As described above, the digital prescription file 210 includes a plaintext prescription that defines one or more parameters of a dialysis treatment to be administered to a patient by the DM 102. The digital prescription file 210 may be prepared by an issuer (e.g., issuer 204 of FIG. 2). The digital prescription file 210 may be encrypted using a cryptosystem, such as an asymmetric cryptosystem, sometimes referred to as public key cryptography. For example, the information included in the digital prescription file 210 may be encrypted 302 using a DM public key 304 that corresponds to the DM 102 (and, e.g., other associated DMs). The information in the digital prescription file 210 is transformed into a different format according to a cryptographic algorithm that takes into account the DM public key 304, thereby resulting in an encrypted digital prescription file 306. The cryptographic algorithm may be based on a mathematical problem that does not admit of an efficient solution. As a result of the encryption 302, the encrypted digital prescription file 306 may take the form of an alphanumeric code that is not superficially understandable to someone who may intercept the encrypted digital prescription file 306. Encryption 302 thus helps ensure that the information contained in digital prescription file 210 remains confidential during transmission.

[0068] The digital prescription file 210 is also digitally signed 310 by the issuer 204. When data is said to be "digitally signed," it means that a digital signature has been affixed to the data. The digital signature typically includes an encrypted digest of the data. As shown in FIG. 3A, the contents of the digital prescription file 210 are hashed according to a hash algorithm 312 to generate a digest 314. In some implementations, the hash algorithm 312 is a mathematical algorithm designed to be a one-way function (e.g., a function that is infeasible to invert). The digest 314 is then encrypted 316 using an issuer private key 318 corresponding to the issuer 204, thereby creating a digital signature 320. The digital signature 320 and the encrypted digital prescription file 306 are then provided to the DM 102.

[0069] 3B illustrates an example of a technique that may be employed by the DM 102 to verify the digital signature 320 of the encrypted digital prescription file 306. In this example, the technique involves decrypting 330 the encrypted digital prescription file 306 and checking 340 the digital signature 320. In implementations where the digital prescription file is not encrypted and therefore does not need to be decrypted, the decryption 330 step can be omitted.

[0070] After receiving the encrypted digital prescription file 306 from the issuer 204, the DM 102 decrypts 332 the file using a DM private key 334 that corresponds to the DM public key 304. For example, the private key 334 can provide the information necessary to convert alphanumeric codes that the cryptographic algorithm cannot understand back into plain text, thereby replicating the original digital prescription file 210.

[0071] Because the digital prescription file 210 was encrypted using a public key (e.g., DM public key 304), it is possible that someone not authorized to provide prescriptions could nevertheless obtain the DM public key 304 and provide the encrypted prescription to the DM 102. Thus, to ensure that the digital prescription file 210 came from a trusted source and is safe to implement, the source of the digital prescription file (e.g., issuer 204) can be verified by checking 340 the digital signature 320.

[0072] After the encrypted digital prescription file 306 is decrypted 332 to reproduce the plaintext contained therein, the plaintext is hashed according to the hash algorithm 312 to reproduce a calculated digest 342. The digital signature 320, which includes the encrypted version of the digest 314, is decrypted 344 using an issuer public key 346 that corresponds to the issuer private key 318 to reproduce the digest 314. The calculated digest 342 is then compared to the reproduced (e.g., decrypted) digest 314. If the calculated digest 342 and the reproduced digest 314 are equal, it can be confirmed that the digital prescription file 210 has not been modified since it was digitally signed by the issuer 204, and that the issuer 204 is the one who performed the signing operation. The steps of replicating the digest, calculating the digest using the hash algorithm 312, and comparing the reproduced digest 314 to the calculated digest 342 are sometimes collectively referred to herein as verifying the digital signature 320.

[0073] As described above, there are multiple ways that the DM 102 can obtain the issuer public key 346 to verify the digital signature 320. In some implementations, the DM 102 communicates with a CA (202 in FIG. 2 ) to obtain the issuer public key 346. For example, after decrypting the encrypted digital prescription file 306 and identifying the purported issuer 204, the DM 102 may ask the CA 202 whether the purported issuer 204 is authorized to provide prescriptions. If the purported issuer 204 is authorized to provide prescriptions, the CA 202 can provide the issuer public key 346 that corresponds to the issuer 204 that is known to be authorized. The DM 102 can use the issuer public key 346 to verify that the digital prescription file 210 was, in fact, signed by the authorized issuer 204 and has not been modified since it was signed.

[0074] In some implementations, the DM 102 may obtain the issuer public key 346 directly from the issuer 204. For example, along with the encrypted digital prescription file 306, the issuer 204 may provide the DM 102 with an issuer certificate (208 in FIG. 2 ) that includes the issuer public key 346 and is signed by the CA 202 using the CA private key 209. The CA certificate (214 in FIG. 2 ) stored on the DM 102 includes the CA public key 216 that corresponds to the CA private key 209. The digital signature on the issuer certificate 208 can be verified by the DM 102 using the CA public key 216. If the digital signature is verified, it is confirmed that the issuer certificate 208 has not been modified since it was signed by the CA 202 and that the CA 202 is the one who performed the signing action. Because the CA 202 is a trusted entity, the DM 102 can treat the information contained in the issuer certificate 208 (e.g., the issuer public key 206) as trusted. The DM 102 may then use the issuer public key 206 contained in the issuer certificate 208 to verify the digital signature that accompanies the encrypted digital prescription file 306. In this way, in some implementations, the DM 102 can verify that the issuer 204 is authorized to provide prescriptions without the DM 102 ever knowing the actual identity of the issuer 204.

[0075] In some implementations, the digital prescription file 210 and the issuer certificate 208 may be provided to the DM 102 using a portable storage medium. For example, the digital prescription file 210 and the issuer certificate 208 may be uploaded to the DM 102 from a portable memory device, such as a USB flash drive. In some examples, the digital prescription file 210 is digitally signed and encrypted before being uploaded to the USB flash drive. The USB flash drive can be plugged into a USB port of the DM 102, and the digital prescription file 210 can be uploaded. The DM 102 can then decrypt the digital prescription file 210 and verify the digital signature. In this manner, a communication network does not need to be used to deliver the digital prescription file 210.

[0076] Thus, providing the digital prescription file 210 via a USB flash drive can be beneficial for situations where the DM 102 does not have access to a network (110 in FIG. 1 ) and / or the Internet. As described above, using only the DM private key 212 and information contained in the digital prescription file 210, issuer certificate 208, and CA certificate 214, the DM 102 can verify that the issuer 204 is an authorized issuer (e.g., authorized to provide prescriptions) and also decrypt the digital prescription file 210 to obtain the prescription for implementation on the DM 102. Verification of the authorized status of the issuer 204 can occur without simultaneous communication with the CA 202.

[0077] Although certain implementations have been described, other implementations are possible.

[0078] Although the DM private key and CA certificate have been described as being stored on the dialysis machine, in some implementations, the DM private key and CA certificate may be stored in another location accessible by the DM. For example, the DM private key and CA certificate may be stored on a server accessible by the DM over a network.

[0079] In some implementations, the CA certificate may be updated periodically. For example, the CA certificate and / or the CA public key contained therein may be updated according to a planned rotation over time. The dialysis machine may replace the current version of the CA certificate and / or CA public key with an updated version that can then be used to check the CA signature on the issuer certificate.

[0080] Although the dialysis machine has been described as communicating with a remote entity through a network, in some implementations, the dialysis machine is configured to communicate directly with the remote entity. For example, a transceiver may be configured to facilitate a direct connection between the dialysis machine and a remote entity, such as an issuer of a digital prescription file and / or a certification authority.

[0081] Although the systems and techniques described herein have been described largely with reference to dialysis machines, particularly PD machines, other types of treatment systems and / or devices may also use the present systems and techniques to transmit digital prescription files and verify the validity of digital prescription files and their issuers. Examples of other treatment systems that may employ the techniques described herein include hemofiltration systems, hemodiafiltration systems, apheresis systems, cardiopulmonary bypass systems, and hemodialysis ("HD") systems. In some implementations, the treatment system is a dialysis machine configured for use in a patient's home (e.g., a home dialysis machine ("HDM")). The HDM can take the form of a home PD machine or a home hemodialysis ("HD") machine.

[0082] FIG. 4 illustrates an HD system 400 configured to receive a digital prescription file similar to that described above. In some implementations, the HD system 400 is configured for use in a patient's home (e.g., a home HD system). The HD system 400 includes an HD machine 402 to which a disposable blood component set 404 is connected, forming a blood circuit. During hemodialysis, the patient's arterial and venous lines 406, 408 of the blood component set 404 are connected to the patient, and blood circulates through the various blood lines and components of the blood component set 404, including the dialyzer 410. Simultaneously, dialysate circulates through the dialysate circuit formed by the dialyzer 410 and various other dialysate components and dialysate lines connected to the HD machine 402. Many of these dialysate components and lines are located inside the housing 403 of the HD machine 402 and are therefore not visible in FIG. 4. The dialysate passes through the dialyzer 410 along with the blood. The blood and dialysate passing through the dialyzer 410 are separated from each other by the semi-permeable structure of the dialyzer 410 (e.g., semi-permeable membrane and / or semi-permeable microtubing). As a result of this arrangement, toxins are removed from the patient's blood and collected in the dialysate. The filtered blood exiting the dialyzer 410 is returned to the patient. The dialysate exiting the dialyzer 410 contains the toxins removed from the blood and is commonly referred to as "spent dialysate." The spent dialysate is routed from the dialyzer 410 to a drain.

[0083] One of the components of the blood component set 404 is the exhaust device 412. The exhaust device 412 includes a self-sealing vent assembly that allows air to pass while inhibiting (e.g., preventing) liquid from passing through. As a result, if the blood passing through the blood circuit during treatment contains air, the air will be expelled to the atmosphere as the blood passes through the exhaust device 412.

[0084] As shown in FIG. 4 , a dialysate container 424 is connected to the HD machine 402 via a dialysate supply line 426. A drain line 428 and an ultrafiltration line 429 also extend from the HD machine 402. The dialysate supply line 426, drain line 428, and ultrafiltration line 429 are fluidly connected to various dialysate components and dialysate lines internal to the housing 403 of the HD machine 402, which form part of the dialysate circuit. During hemodialysis, the dialysate supply line 426 transports fresh dialysate from the dialysate container 424 to the portion of the dialysate circuit located internal to the HD machine 402. As described above, the fresh dialysate circulates through the various dialysate lines and components, including the dialyzer 410, which form the dialysate circuit. As the dialysate passes through the dialyzer 410, it collects toxins from the patient's blood. The resulting spent dialysate is transported from the dialysate circuit to a drain via a drain line 428. When ultrafiltration occurs during treatment, the combination of spent dialysate and excess fluid drawn from the patient is conveyed to the drain via ultrafiltration line 429.

[0085] The blood component set 404 is secured to a module 430 mounted on the front side of the HD device 402. The module 430 includes a blood pump 432 capable of pumping blood through the blood circuit. The module 430 also includes various other meters capable of monitoring blood flowing through the blood circuit. The module 430 includes a door that, when closed, cooperates with the front of the module 430 to form a compartment sized and shaped to receive the blood component set 404, as shown in FIG. 4 . In the closed position, the door presses certain blood components of the blood component set 404 against corresponding meters exposed on the front of the module 430. Such an arrangement facilitates control of blood flow through the blood circuit and monitoring of blood flowing through the blood circuit.

[0086] The blood pump 432 can be controlled by a blood pump module 434. The blood pump module 434 includes a display window, a start / stop key, an up key, a down key, a concentration adjustment key, and an arterial pressure port. The display window displays the blood flow rate setting while the blood pump is operating. The start / stop key starts or stops the blood pump 432. The up and down keys increase or decrease the speed of the blood pump 432. The concentration adjustment key increases the concentration of the fluid in the arterial drip chamber.

[0087] A drug pump 492 also extends from the front side of the HD device 402. The drug pump 492 is a syringe pump that includes a clamping mechanism configured to hold the syringe 478 of the blood component set 404. The drug pump 492 also includes a stepper motor configured to move the plunger of the syringe 478 along the axis of the syringe 478. The shaft of the stepper motor is secured to the plunger such that when the stepper motor is operated in a first direction, the shaft pushes the plunger into the syringe 478, and when operated in a second direction, the shaft withdraws the plunger from the syringe 478. The drug pump 492 can thus be used to inject a liquid drug (e.g., heparin) from the syringe 478 into the blood circuit via the drug delivery line 474 during use, or to withdraw liquid from the blood circuit into the syringe 478 via the drug delivery line 474 during use.

[0088] HD device 402 includes a touchscreen 418 and a control panel 420. Touchscreen 418 and control panel 420 allow an operator to input various treatment parameters into HD device 402 and otherwise control HD device 402. Additionally, touchscreen 418 serves as a display. Touchscreen 418 functions to provide information to the patient and the operator of HD system 400. For example, touchscreen 418 may display information related to the dialysis treatment to be administered to the patient, including information related to the prescription, as described above.

[0089] The HD device 402 includes a processing module 401 resident within the device and configured to communicate with a touchscreen 418 and a control panel 420. The processing module 401 is configured to receive data from the touchscreen 418 and the control panel 420 and to control the HD device 402 based on the received data. For example, the processing module 401 can adjust operating parameters of the HD device 402.

[0090] HD device 402 is configured to connect to network 422. HD device 402 includes transceiver 405 configured to facilitate connection to network 422. Other medical equipment (e.g., peripheral devices or monitors, other dialysis machines, etc.) may be configured to connect to network 422 and communicate with HD device 402. Similarly, as described above, one or more remote entities, such as issuers of digital prescription files and / or institutional services tasked with verifying the identities of issuers and certifying ownership of public keys corresponding to issuers, may be able to connect to network 422 and communicate with HD device 402 to provide public keys usable to check digital prescriptions, digital certificates, and / or digital signatures for implementation on HD device 402.

[0091] In some implementations, a dialysis machine (DM) 502 (e.g., PD machine 102 of FIG. 1 and / or HD machine 402 of FIG. 4) is configured to communicate with a certificate authority (e.g., CA 202 of FIG. 2) and / or issuer (e.g., issuer 204 of FIG. 2) through a connected system (e.g., via network 110 of FIG. 1 and / or network 422 of FIG. 4). FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an example of a "Connected Health Service" ("CHS") 500 system, which may include, among other things, a CH Cloud 510 and a CH Gateway 520, which may also be collectively referred to as a reciprocity. The CH Cloud 510 may be a cloud-based application that serves as a communications pipeline (e.g., facilitating the transfer of data) between components of the CHS system 500. The CH Gateway 520 may serve as a communications device (e.g., a standard communications device) between dialysis machines that are part of the CHS system 500. The CH gateway 520 is in communication with the DM 502 and the CH cloud 510 and is configured to receive data from the CH cloud 510 and provide the data to the DM 502. In some examples, the digital prescription file 210 is encrypted and then uploaded to the CH cloud 510. In some implementations, the digital prescription file 210 may be checked for compatibility and / or otherwise processed by a processing system 504, which may be part of the issuer's 204 system, and / or provided by an internet or cloud-based system before being uploaded to the CH cloud 510. The DM 502 may poll the CH cloud 510 (e.g., via the CH gateway 520) for available files, and the DM 520 may temporarily store available files for processing. In situations where multiple digital prescription files are available on the CH cloud 510, the DM 502 may identify and implement newer digital prescription files (e.g., based on dates associated with the digital prescription files). Such date identification can enable the DM 502 to implement the most recent prescription (e.g., the most recent prescription) associated with a particular patient.The patient may then follow a patient verification process to accept the digital prescription file 210 before the prescription data is programmed into the DM 502 for implementation.

[0092] In some implementations, the CH cloud 510 may include a component that acts as a proxy for performing digital signature operations. For example, the issuer 204 may communicate with the CH cloud 510 to authenticate itself. Upon verifying the identity of the issuer 204, the CH cloud 510 may confirm that it has access to the issuer private key and perform the digital signature operation on behalf of the issuer 204.

[0093] Communications between the DM 502 and the CA 202 and / or issuer 204 may be secured according to one or more cryptographic protocols. For example, Transport Layer Security (“TLS”) may be employed to provide communications security over the network 110, 422. TLS can provide privacy and data integrity between the DM 502 and the CA 202 and / or issuer 204. In some implementations, TLS employs encryption according to one or more standards, such as “AES” (Advanced Encryption Standard). In some implementations, other data besides the digital prescription file 210 may be exchanged between components of the CHS system 500, including treatment data and / or device maintenance data transmitted between the DM 502 and the issuer 204.

[0094] In some implementations, Reciprocity is an application and services platform that enables medical device service providers (e.g., dialysis service providers) and patients (e.g., dialysis patients) to easily exchange data electronically throughout the care lifecycle. The Reciprocity ecosystem can be separated into three main areas. The first area can be the home space where patients can receive their dialysis treatment (e.g., at the dialysis machine 502). Using a combination of device agents and gateway connectivity (e.g., the CH Gateway 520), patients can download new prescriptions and configuration files, wirelessly integrate biometric vitals into their treatment, and / or upload critical treatment data to the cloud (e.g., the CH Cloud 510). The second area is a set of back-end business and data processing services (e.g., the Processing System 504) built on the latest Internet of Things (IoT) platform technologies. The cloud (e.g., the CH Cloud 510) can be the communications hub and distribution system for Reciprocity. The cloud facilitates the capture, storage, and / or publication of both treatment and device data files. The third area is integration applications and services used in conjunction with service providers (e.g., issuers 204 and CAs 202) that allow service providers to create and manage prescriptions and / or configurations without having to build in the logic required to properly check for compatibility or formatting for the target device.

[0095] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example computer system 600. For example, referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, the processing modules 101 and 401 may be examples of the system 600 described herein. The system 600 includes a processor 610, a memory 620, a storage device 630, and an input / output device 640. Each of the components 610, 620, 630, and 640 may be interconnected using, for example, a system bus 650. The processor 610 may process instructions for execution within the system 600. The processor 610 may be a single-threaded processor, a multi-threaded processor, or a quantum computer. The processor 610 may process instructions stored in the memory 620 or on the storage device 630. The processor 610 may perform operations such as causing the dialysis system to perform functions related to dialysis treatment according to a prescription received in a digital prescription file.

[0096] The memory 620 stores information within the system 600. In some implementations, the memory 620 is a computer-readable medium. The memory 620 can be, for example, a volatile memory unit or a non-volatile memory unit. In some implementations, the memory 620 stores information related to a patient's identity. In some implementations, the memory 620 stores information related to issuers and / or certificate authorities, such as certificates and / or public keys corresponding to particular issuers and / or certificate authorities. In some implementations, the memory 620 stores private keys (e.g., DM private keys) corresponding to dialysis machines.

[0097] The storage device 630 is capable of providing mass storage for the system 600. In some implementations, the storage device 630 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The storage device 630 may include, for example, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, a solid-date drive, a flash drive, a magnetic tape, or some other mass storage device. The storage device 630 may alternatively be a cloud storage device, e.g., a logical storage device including multiple physical storage devices distributed over and accessed using a network. In some implementations, information stored on the memory 620 may also or instead be stored on the storage device 630.

[0098] The input / output devices 640 provide input / output operations to the system 600. In some implementations, the input / output devices 640 include one or more of a network interface device (e.g., an Ethernet card), a serial communication device (e.g., an RS-232 10 port), and / or a wireless interface device (e.g., a short-range wireless communication device, an 802.11 card, a 3G wireless modem, or a 4G wireless modem). In some implementations, the input / output devices 640 include driver devices configured to receive input data and send output data to other input / output devices, such as keyboards, printers, and display devices (such as touchscreens 118, 418). In some implementations, mobile computing devices, mobile communication devices, and other devices are used.

[0099] In some implementations, system 600 is a microcontroller. A microcontroller is a device that includes multiple elements of a computer system within a single electronics package. For example, the single electronics package may include a processor 610, a memory 620, a storage device 630, and an input / output device 640.

[0100] While an example processing system is illustrated in Figure 6, implementations of the subject matter and functional operations described above can be implemented in other types of digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents, or in one or more combinations thereof. Implementations of the subject matter described herein can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible program carrier, e.g., a computer-readable medium, for execution by or to control the operation of a processing system. The computer-readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter providing a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of these.

[0101] The term "computer system" can encompass all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including, by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. In addition to hardware, a processing system can include code that creates an execution environment for the computer program, such as code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of these.

[0102] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, executable logic, or code) can be written in any type of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative or procedural languages, and can be distributed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as modules, components, subroutines, or other units suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files storing one or more modules, subprograms, or portions of code). A computer program can be distributed for execution on one computer or on multiple computers located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communications network.

[0103] Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile or volatile memory, media, and memory devices, including, by way of example, semiconductor memory devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices, magnetic disks such as internal hard disks or removable disks or magnetic tape, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry. The components of the system may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, such as a communications network. Examples of communications networks include local area networks ("LANs") and wide area networks ("WANs"), such as the Internet.

[0104] Although several implementations of the present invention have been described, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. The inventions described in the claims of the original application are set forth below. [C1] receiving, by the medical treatment device, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key, wherein the digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer; decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key, wherein the private key is accessible by the medical treatment device; using the decrypted digital prescription file to identify the issuer of the digital prescription file; determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that i) the issuer and ii) a certificate corresponding to the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file are digitally signed by a trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using a public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; A method comprising: [C2] The method of C1, wherein the private key corresponding to the public key is pre-loaded onto the medical procedure device. [C3] The method of C1, wherein the public keys corresponding to the approved issuers are provided by the trusted authority service. [C4] 4. The method of claim 1 or 3, wherein the trusted authority service is a certificate authority. [C5] The method according to any one of C1 to C4, comprising administering dialysis treatment based on the digital prescription file. [C6] [C7] The method of any one of C1 to C5, wherein the digital prescription file is encrypted by the issuer without the issuer knowing any additional information about the medical treatment device. The method of any one of C1 to C6, wherein the digital prescription file is decrypted by the medical treatment device before the medical treatment device learns the issuer's identity. [C8] receiving, by the medical procedure device, the certificate corresponding to the issuer, wherein the certificate includes a public key corresponding to i) the issuer and ii) the private key corresponding to the issuer, and is digitally signed by the trust authority service using the private key corresponding to the trust authority service; verifying a digital signature on the certificate using a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service to verify that the public key included in the certificate corresponds to an authorized issuer; The method according to any one of C1 to C7, comprising: [C9] 9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising determining that the trusted authority service is trusted to verify the identity of an issuer and to certify ownership of a public key corresponding to the issuer. [C10] The method according to any one of C1 to C9, wherein a certificate including a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is stored in the medical treatment device. [C11] The method of any one of C1 to C10, wherein a certificate including a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is received by the medical treatment device indicating that the trusted authority service is a trusted approver of the prescription issuer. [C12] A method according to any one of claims C1 to C11, wherein the certificate corresponding to the issuer is provided by the trusted authority service after the trusted authority service verifies the identity of the issuer and certifies that the issuer is an approved issuer. [C13] receiving, by the medical treatment device, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key, wherein the digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer; receiving, by the medical procedure device, a certificate including a public key corresponding to the issuer, wherein the certificate is digitally signed by a trusted authority service using a private key corresponding to the trusted authority service; decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key, wherein the private key is accessible by the medical treatment device; verifying a digital signature on the certificate using a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service to verify that the public key included in the certificate corresponds to an approved issuer; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using the public key contained in the certificate to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; A method comprising: [C14] The method of C13, wherein the issuer is verified to be the approved issuer without the medical procedure device having knowledge of additional information about the issuer. [C15] Medical devices and a data storage device; Processor and wherein the processor: receiving a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key, wherein the digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer; decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key, wherein the private key is accessible by the medical device; using the decrypted digital prescription file to identify the issuer of the digital prescription file; determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that i) the issuer and ii) a certificate corresponding to the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file are digitally signed by a trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using a public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; A healthcare system configured to: [C16] The medical system described in C15, wherein the medical device is a dialysis machine configured to perform dialysis treatment based on the digital prescription file. [C17] The medical system described in C16, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a home dialysis machine ("HDM"). [C18] The medical system of C16 or 17, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a peritoneal dialysis ("PD") machine. [C19] The medical system of C16 or 17, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a hemodialysis ("HD") machine. [C20] 1. A connected health system, comprising: a cloud-based application that facilitates data transfer between components of the system; and A dialysis machine; a gateway device in communication with the dialysis machine and the cloud-based application, wherein the gateway device is configured to receive data from the cloud-based application and provide the data to the dialysis machine; a data storage device; Processor and wherein the processor: receiving, via the cloud-based application, a digital prescription file encrypted using a public key, wherein the digital prescription file is digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the issuer; decrypting the digital prescription file using a private key corresponding to the public key, wherein the private key is accessible by the dialysis machine; using the decrypted digital prescription file to identify the issuer of the digital prescription file; determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that i) the issuer and ii) a certificate corresponding to the private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file are digitally signed by a trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using a public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; A connected health system configured to:

Claims

1. connecting a portable memory device that stores (i) a digital prescription file, the digital prescription file being encrypted and digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file before being uploaded to the portable memory device, and (ii) a certificate associated with the issuer, wherein the digital prescription file is encrypted using a first public key and the digital prescription file is digitally signed by the issuer using an issuer private key corresponding to the issuer, without the issuer knowing the identity of the medical treatment device; receiving, by the medical treatment device, the digital prescription file and the certificate from the portable memory device; decrypting the digital prescription file using a first private key corresponding to the first public key, wherein the first private key is accessible by the medical treatment device; determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that the certificate containing the issuer public key corresponding to (i) the issuer and (ii) the issuer private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file is digitally signed by a trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using the issuer public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; Equipped with wherein the issuer is identified as the authorized issuer without the medical procedure device knowing the issuer's identity. method.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first private key corresponding to the first public key is pre-loaded onto the medical procedure device.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the issuer public key corresponding to the approved issuer is provided by the trusted authority service.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the trusted authority service is a certificate authority.

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital prescription file is encrypted by the issuer without the issuer knowing additional information about the medical treatment device.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the digital prescription file is decrypted by the medical treatment device before the medical treatment device learns the issuer's identity.

7. receiving, by the medical procedure device, the certificate corresponding to the issuer, wherein the certificate is digitally signed by the trusted authority service using a private key corresponding to the trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the certificate using a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service to verify that the issuer public key included in the certificate corresponds to an authorized issuer; The method of claim 1 , comprising:

8. 8. The method of claim 7, comprising determining that the trusted authority service is trusted to verify the identity of an issuer and to certify ownership of an issuer public key corresponding to the issuer.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein a certificate including a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is stored on the medical procedure device.

10. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein a certificate including a public key corresponding to the trusted authority service is received by the medical procedure device indicating that the trusted authority service is a trusted authorizer of a prescription issuer.

11. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the certificate corresponding to the issuer is provided by the trust authority service after the trust authority service verifies the identity of the issuer and certifies that the issuer is an authorized issuer.

12. Medical devices and a data storage device; Processor and wherein the processor: connecting to the portable memory device storing (i) a digital prescription file, the digital prescription file being encrypted and digitally signed by an issuer of the digital prescription file before being uploaded to the portable memory device; and (ii) a certificate, wherein the digital prescription file is encrypted using a first public key and the digital prescription file is digitally signed by the issuer using an issuer private key corresponding to the issuer; receiving the digital prescription file and the certificate from the portable memory device; decrypting the digital prescription file using a first private key corresponding to the first public key, wherein the first private key is accessible by the medical device; determining that the issuer of the digital prescription file is an authorized issuer by verifying that the certificate containing the issuer public key corresponding to (i) the issuer and (ii) the issuer private key used to digitally sign the digital prescription file is digitally signed by a trusted authority service; verifying a digital signature on the digital prescription file using the issuer public key corresponding to the authorized issuer to verify that the issuer is the authorized issuer; configured to: wherein the issuer is identified as the approved issuer without the medical device knowing the issuer's identity. Healthcare system.

13. 13. The medical system of claim 12, wherein the medical device is a dialysis machine configured to administer dialysis treatment based on the digital prescription file.

14. 14. The medical system of claim 13, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a home dialysis machine ("HDM").

15. 14. The medical system of claim 13, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a peritoneal dialysis ("PD") machine.

16. 14. The medical system of claim 13, wherein the dialysis machine comprises a hemodialysis ("HD") machine.

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