3002 results about "Data transformation" patented technology

The invention provides a project cost big data management and analysis system, and relates to the technical field of data management, and the system comprises a data collection and preprocessing module which is used for collecting original cost data from a heterogeneous data source, and carrying out the preprocessing of the original cost data, and obtaining the preprocessed cost data; the semantic feature extraction module is used for converting the preprocessed cost data into a multi-dimensional feature vector based on a multi-level feature extraction system; the similarity calculation module is used for calculating similarities among different cost data based on the multi-dimensional feature vectors to obtain a similarity matrix; and the data storage and management module is used for storing the cost data, the multi-dimensional feature vector and the similarity matrix by adopting a mixed storage architecture, and providing retrieval and recommendation functions of cost projects based on a multi-level feature space index structure. According to the method, the limitation that a traditional method only depends on keyword matching is solved, and the system can recognize the deep incidence relation between the items.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a dynamic metadata sensing and self-adaptive mapping method and system, and the method comprises the following steps: deploying a lightweight probe to be agented to a plurality of heterogeneous source database systems, and building a trusted communication channel between the probe and a coordination center through equipment fingerprint generation and security authentication; a database log event is captured in real time, log analysis is carried out through an FPGA module, the change of a field structure or a semantic level is identified, and structured event data is generated; performing context embedding representation on the captured event based on a semantic understanding model, performing strategy reasoning in combination with a historical strategy and a knowledge graph, and generating a matched mapping strategy; loading and executing the mapping strategy in a trusted execution environment (TEE) to realize data conversion, cleaning and complementation, and performing desensitization processing on sensitive data through a differential privacy mechanism; and collecting performance indexes and abnormal logs of a strategy execution result, continuously training the model through a closed-loop optimization mechanism, and correcting an unreasonable strategy or updating a rule base.

The invention provides a background authority management system and method for adaptive risk control. Comprising a data acquisition module used for acquiring behavior data and environment data associated with an account and converting the data into an event stream; the context management module is used for associating the context attribute set with the event flow; the feature construction module is used for generating a multi-dimensional feature vector based on the event stream and the context attribute set; the adaptive risk assessment module is used for calling at least two heterogeneous models to perform parallel reasoning on the multi-dimensional feature vectors; the decision engine module is used for mapping the risk weight into an access control instruction and an audit instruction; the auditing module is used for recording auditing data according to the auditing instruction; and the authority management module is used for calculating an authority weight according to the attenuation parameter and judging and generating an authority recovery instruction or a maintenance instruction according to a threshold value. According to the method, event stream unification and context binding, real-time risk assessment and strategy linkage and permission adaptive recovery closed loop can be realized.

A system and method for adaptive data processing combining compression and encryption. The system analyzes input data characteristics, compares probability distributions, and creates a transformation matrix to convert data into a dyadic distribution. It generates a main data stream of transformed data and a secondary stream of transformation information. The system dynamically selects and applies processing techniques, including transformation, encoding, compression, and encryption algorithms, based on analyzed characteristics and real-time performance metrics. It compresses the main data stream using Huffman coding and implements security measures to protect the output. A feedback loop monitors technique effectiveness, updates a knowledge base, and influences future selections. The system can operate in lossless, lossy, or modified lossless modes, adapting to different application requirements. This approach offers an efficient solution for scenarios where both data reduction and security are critical concerns.

A computer-implemented system for multidimensional generative value assessment and applicant selection, consisting of: a data collection unit configured to electronically receive applicant data consisting of structured academic records, work experience records, digital documentation, and unstructured narrative responses generated from generative self-assessment instruments and contextual interviews; a feature extraction unit coupled to the data acquisition unit, configured to apply computer-assisted text processing, semantic analysis, and token-level attribute identification to transform narrative responses and structured data into multidimensional feature vectors that represent generative indicators of innovation, mentoring, collaborative performance, resilience, social contribution, ethical consistency, and predicted institutional impact; a weighting calculation unit configured to assign weight values ​​to the extracted feature vectors based on a digital generative profile definition matrix that includes dimensions, sub-criteria, indicators, documentation requirements and importance coefficients, with the weighting being distributed across the generative dimensions defined in the digital matrix and configurable according to the institutional context; a quantitative rating unit configured to calculate a generative rating score by aggregating weighted feature vectors derived from self-assessment inputs, interview-based ratings, document analyses, and authenticity predictions, with the aggregation including normalization, nonlinearity correction, conflict handling, and artifact frequency balancing to obtain a consolidated score; a proof verification unit configured to electronically validate referenced digital evidence by performing content extraction, metadata verification, pattern matching, and cross-document correlation to determine authenticity, credibility, and contextual relevance with respect to the calculated feature vectors; a classification determination unit configured to assign a classification level to an applicant by comparing the generative assessment score with a set of system-defined calculation thresholds, including at least a lower threshold, a middle threshold and an upper threshold, the classification levels representing different generative maturity states and determining subsequent eligibility for selection; a decision generation unit configured to produce a digital output data set that includes classification level, feature aggregation summaries, evidence validation results, and recommended organizational actions, wherein the decision generation unit encodes the data set in a digitally signed, tamper-proof format and stores it on a non-volatile storage medium; and A system control unit acts as an operational interface to all other units and is configured to orchestrate data flow, scheduling, process state transitions, and event logging to ensure verifiable traceability, consistency, and auditability of the evaluation and selection processes.

A hybrid neural network architecture is disclosed that integrates matrix multiplication-free (MatMul-free) transformation layers with spiking neural network (SNN) layers for efficient, low-power computation. The system includes an interface module configured to convert intermediate continuous-valued data from MatMul-free layers into a spike-compatible format using encoding techniques such as rate coding, phase coding, or threshold-based conversion. The SNN layers process the spike-encoded data in an event-driven manner, enabling sparse, temporal inference. Training is supported by a hybrid optimization strategy combining backpropagation in MatMul-free components with surrogate gradient descent or spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in SNN layers. The architecture reduces computational complexity, supports real-time adaptability, and enables deployment in energy-constrained environments such as edge devices and neuromorphic platforms. The system may be implemented in hardware, software, or a co-designed pipeline optimized for dynamic sensor data, control signals, or continuous inference tasks.

The invention discloses a component identifier matching method and system based on NLP semantic segmentation and a multi-level word library, and relates to the field of constructional engineering informatization, and the method comprises the steps: building a standard main word library and a preset compensation word library, carrying out the semantic segmentation of an input component identifier, and obtaining a segmented lexical element sequence, calculating semantic similarity and morphological similarity between the segmented lexical element sequence and entries in a standard main word bank, and performing standard term mapping based on the semantic similarity and the morphological similarity to obtain a standard term mapping result; carrying out structured data conversion on the segmented lexical element sequence which does not complete the standard term mapping by utilizing a regular expression mode to obtain structured data, and carrying out AI extension library matching on the segmented lexical element sequence which does not complete the structured data conversion to obtain a synonym matching result; and combining the standard term mapping result, the structured data and the synonym matching result to obtain component identification description. By implementing the method, the matching accuracy of the component identifier names in the engineering project can be improved.

The invention provides a multi-mode PDF (Portable Document Format) document analysis method, device and equipment and a medium, and the method comprises the following steps: loading a PDF document and carrying out preprocessing, including page splitting and content cleaning, to generate standardized document data; dynamically extracting contents in the standardized document data, wherein the contents comprise paragraphs, pictures and table elements; processing the dynamically extracted pictures, including shielding meaningless pictures based on a preset rule, and analyzing picture contents by using a multi-modal model to generate readable picture information; processing the dynamically extracted table, including optimizing and merging the table structure into a single element format to generate structured table data; combining paragraphs, readable picture information and structured table data, converting the paragraphs, the readable picture information and the structured table data into a complete structured document format, and inserting in key positions to enhance coherence context description; and outputting the complete structured document format as a final analysis result. According to the method, the analysis precision and the knowledge extraction efficiency of the complex PDF document can be remarkably improved.

The invention discloses a multi-protocol high-speed image data receiving and aligning method and system based on an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), and relates to the technical field of electronic information and image processing. Serial data streams from an image sensor are received, an FPGA serial input primitive is dynamically called to convert serial data into parallel data; a low-voltage differential signal protocol, a mobile industry processor interface protocol and a serial low-voltage signal protocol are supported; a configurable sliding window mechanism is adopted to compare synchronous codes in real time, and byte boundaries are locked; by identifying the time difference of arrival of data of each channel, multi-channel phase alignment is realized by adopting hardware-level delay compensation, and data arriving at the channel in advance is compensated by adopting a first-level register cache; and analyzing frame header and frame tail information of the image data, reconstructing an original image matrix and generating a video time sequence signal. The problems of poor compatibility and high resource consumption in multi-protocol high-speed image data receiving are solved.

The invention discloses an implementation system, method and device for a multi-source heterogeneous data connector in a trusted data space and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of data processing, the implementation system for the multi-source heterogeneous data connector in the trusted data space comprises a data source access layer, a data analysis layer, a data conversion and mapping layer and a data output layer; wherein the data source access layer is used for receiving a data source access request of a user and establishing connection with a target data source according to the data source access request; the data analysis layer is used for acquiring original data from the target data source and analyzing the original data according to a preset analysis strategy to obtain preliminarily analyzed data; the data conversion and mapping layer is used for processing the preliminary analysis data according to a semantic mapping rule to generate standardized data; and the data output layer is used for outputting the standardized data to a specified target application system through a standard interface.

The invention provides a multi-axis linkage engraving equipment control algorithm optimization method, which belongs to the technical field of engraving equipment, and comprises the following steps of: decomposing a model into a plurality of curved surface segmentation segments according to a curvature change rate, and performing NURBS curve parameterization processing on each segment to generate control point coordinates and weight coefficient data; a dynamic weight adjustment model is adopted to dynamically calculate a path planning weight coefficient according to a tool cutting force value, a surface roughness demand value and a machining efficiency index value, a minimum spanning tree path algorithm is utilized to carry out path connection sequence planning, and a layered interpolation operation framework combining preprocessing interpolation calculation and real-time interpolation compensation is established. And the optimized interpolation coordinate data is converted into an axis control instruction sequence containing a position instruction, a speed instruction and an acceleration instruction, and the technical problem that the interpolation calculation precision and the real-time performance are difficult to balance when the multi-axis linkage carving equipment is used for machining a complex curved surface is solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery temperature control, and discloses a new energy automobile power battery temperature adjusting method, system and equipment, and the method comprises the following steps: synchronously collecting vehicle operation data, traffic information, charging pile state and battery aging parameters, and carrying out timestamp alignment and abnormal data filtering; converting the road test data into a vehicle coordinate system, predicting an aging trend in combination with LSTM, and generating a cross-domain feature vector through feature coding and tensor fusion; and generating a basic temperature control strategy based on reinforcement learning, predicting SOH deviation in combination with digital twinning, dynamically calculating an aging compensation coefficient, and synthesizing an anti-aging enhancement strategy. According to the invention, the maximum temperature is controlled within a safety threshold value by constructing a full-link cooperative temperature control system, so that the effectiveness of a thermal management strategy in a full life cycle is ensured.

According to the power cable multi-defect nondestructive testing method and system based on the broadband impedance spectrum, impedance characteristics of a cable under different frequencies are measured, frequency domain data are converted into time domain data through inverse Fourier transform, and accurate positioning and evaluation of internal defects of the cable are achieved; the invention discloses a power cable multi-defect nondestructive testing method based on a broadband impedance spectrum. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, signal output and acquisition; the method comprises the steps that a broadband impedance spectrum tester is used for outputting a broadband sine wave voltage signal, frequency domain measurement data are collected, and the frequency domain measurement data are impedance data of a cable under different frequencies; 2, carrying out time-frequency conversion; converting the frequency domain measurement data into time domain data through inverse Fourier transform, generating a time-amplitude curve, and analyzing the electrical characteristics of the cable; 3, establishing a defect identification model; analyzing the electrical characteristics of the cable at different frequencies by using the transmission line model, and evaluating the state of the cable; step 4, defect positioning and evaluation; and 5, displaying and analyzing a result.

The invention discloses a transient electromagnetic and magnetic method data joint inversion method. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring transient electromagnetic observation data and magnetic method observation data; converting the transient electromagnetic observation data into transient electromagnetic moment data; based on the transient electromagnetic moment data and the magnetic method observation data, a joint inversion objective function is constructed, and the joint inversion objective function comprises a data fitting residual term and a model constraint term; performing parameter coupling on the model constraint term by using a multivariate Gaussian mixture model to obtain a coupled model constraint term; and combining the data fitting residual term and the coupled model constraint term into a final objective function, and minimizing the final objective function through an optimization algorithm to obtain an electrical parameter and a magnetic parameter of the underground medium. According to the method, transient electromagnetic and magnetic method data joint inversion is realized, the problem of low three-dimensional inversion calculation efficiency is solved by introducing transient electromagnetic moment, and electrical and magnetic parameters are coupled by utilizing rock physics constraint, so that the inversion result is more accurate, and the structure is more consistent.

The invention relates to the technical field of power equipment monitoring, in particular to a multi-mode sensor power equipment state monitoring system based on AI smell. The data acquisition module is used for acquiring multi-dimensional sensing data around the electrical equipment; the AI olfaction processing module is used for converting original sensor data into standardized odor feature fingerprints by performing spatial-temporal feature extraction and multi-modal feature fusion on the multi-dimensional perception data; the overheating state analysis module is used for generating an overheating comprehensive index and an equipment state evaluation result based on the smell characteristic fingerprints; the multi-stage early warning and response module is used for carrying out early warning grade judgment based on the overheating comprehensive index and the equipment state evaluation result and generating graded early warning information; and the storage module is used for storing historical monitoring data and early warning event records. According to the invention, through system integration of the multi-mode sensor array of the bionic olfaction mechanism, AI feature fusion processing and intelligent analysis decision, active sensing and accurate identification of the overheating state of the power equipment are realized.

A federated byte latent transformer platform utilizing homomorphically-compressed and encrypted byte-level data. The system integrates dynamic entropy-based patching into federated learning to enable efficient, robust, privacy-preserving collaborative learning across distributed nodes. Client devices convert local data into dynamically sized patches based on entropy thresholds, encrypt these patches, and send them to a central server that processes them without decryption. The system offers improved robustness to input noise, enhanced character-level understanding, and better adaptation to low-resource languages compared to token-based approaches. It enables simultaneous scaling of both patch size and model size while maintaining fixed inference budgets, allowing efficient deployment on resource-constrained devices. These innovations address critical challenges in federated learning: efficiency, robustness to data heterogeneity, and privacy preservation.

The invention discloses a graphic rendering system and method based on OpenGL SC and a related product. The system comprises a rendering interface module used for providing a high-order graphic rendering function interface for an application program to receive graphic modeling data; the data conversion module is used for converting the graphic modeling data into intermediate drawing data conforming to the OpenGL SC standard; the graphic processing module is used for executing graphic calculation and rendering logic based on the intermediate drawing data and generating a rendering instruction; and the graph drawing module is used for calling the underlying OpenGL SC function library to execute the rendering instruction so as to complete graph rendering. According to the graphic rendering system, the underlying graphic pipeline is packaged inside, the development threshold and complexity are reduced through the high-order graphic interface, and the development efficiency and reliability are improved. All the modules are standardized and coordinated to realize complete process packaging from data to rendering, so that optimization and maintenance are integrated inside, and the maintainability, expandability and stability of the system are enhanced.

Producing an augmented dataset to improve performance of a machine learning model. A test series is created for a first type of data transformation. the test series defining a set of test values for at least one parameter characterizing the first type of data transformation. Test datasets are generated based on a source dataset, each of the test datasets corresponding to a respective test value of the set of test values for said at least one parameter characterizing the first type of data transformation. Each of the test datasets is input to the machine learning model to produce a corresponding model output. At least one score is determined for each test dataset based at least in part on the corresponding model output. Robustness metrics of the first type of data transformation are determined based on a function which maps said at least one score of each of the test datasets to said at least one parameter characterizing the first type of data transformation. A set of one or more data augmentations are determined to be applied to the source dataset based at least in part on said one or more robustness metrics of the first type of data transformation. An augmented dataset is generated based on the source dataset using the determined set of one or more data augmentations.

A system and method for optimizing data compression and encryption using reinforcement learning. The system analyzes incoming data streams to extract statistical features and data characteristics, which are processed by a reinforcement learning engine to automatically configure a multi-stage compression pipeline. Each compression stage transforms data into optimized distributions, applies Huffman coding, and maintains full encryption using homomorphic operations. A performance monitor tracks compression efficiency, processing speed, and output quality in real-time, providing feedback to continuously improve the reinforcement learning model's decisions. The system can dynamically adjust between one to five compression stages and select appropriate compression methods, including traditional algorithms or neural network-based approaches, based on data characteristics and performance requirements. All processing occurs on encrypted data without requiring decryption, ensuring complete data security throughout the pipeline. The adaptive nature of the system enables optimal compression performance across diverse data types while maintaining encryption integrity.

The invention relates to the technical field of text analysis, in particular to a deep cognitive policy analysis method and device, equipment and a medium. The deep cognitive policy analysis method comprises the following steps: collecting text data, and constructing a multi-source heterogeneous data set; preprocessing, performing data management, and constructing a standardized database; designing a multi-dimensional quantitative index, converting the text data into a numeric feature vector, constructing a multi-dimensional feature matrix, and forming a structured policy database; performing self-supervised pre-training on the DeepSeek-R1 general model and the Qwen3 large language model to obtain a trained intelligent policy model; and performing deep analysis on the policy file to be analyzed, and matching related policies for the user. According to the deep cognitive policy analysis method and device, the equipment and the medium, intelligent disassembly, associated integration and dynamic updating of policy terms are realized, bottom support can be provided for policy intelligent matching, precise pushing and process optimization, and policy service efficiency and reach precision are improved.

The invention provides a multi-dimensional Hash acceleration-based grid ray intersection method, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring original model data, and carrying out standardized preprocessing on the original model data to obtain standardized scene data; self-adaptive space grid division is carried out based on the preprocessed standardized scene data, space coordinates of three-dimensional grid units are mapped to a hash table to construct a one-dimensional index of a space grid, and triangular patches of the scene data are associated with the space grid; performing direction parameter decomposition on rays to be intersected, discretizing direction vectors of the rays, and constructing a ray direction composite hash key; and executing mixed intersection calculation in a mode of combining multi-level cache query construction, direction pruning and invalid intersection filtering and space hash traversal intersection, and determining intersection point information of the ray and the geometry. According to the method, the space grids and the ray direction data are converted into the hash values to be stored, the occupied memory is small, and the ray intersection efficiency is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrical digital data processing, and discloses an AI semantic enhanced unstructured manufacturing document data structuring method, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a character recognition stream of a target document to extract a semantic anchor point and topological coordinates thereof, and vectorizing a to-be-structured field to generate a to-be-processed vector; querying an engineering logic mapping table to determine association intensity, and calculating a logic gravitational field intensity value of the to-be-processed vector relative to the semantic anchor point according to the association intensity; associating the to-be-processed vector to a target semantic anchor point according to the field intensity value, starting a logic polarization program when the to-be-processed vector is identified to be interfered by the homogeneous semantic anchor point in the association stage, extracting bias characteristics to generate a polarization vector, and modulating the native gravitational field intensity; according to the method, the attribution ambiguity of similar semantic entities in a dense distribution scene is solved by introducing the logic gravitation constraint, the structured conflict caused by spatial distribution and engineering logic decoupling is eliminated, and the topology consistency in the data conversion process is ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of financial data analysis and artificial intelligence, in particular to a multi-source heterogeneous financial data fusion and intelligent analysis system which comprises a data standardization processing module, a time sequence event fusion module, a knowledge graph construction module, a relation reasoning module and a self-adaptive anomaly detection module. The data standardization processing module is used for converting heterogeneous financial data from different sources into unified tensor representation; the time sequence event fusion module adopts a double-clue cooperation mechanism to establish a mapping relation between continuous time sequence data and discrete events; the knowledge graph construction module extracts financial entities and relationships thereof, and constructs a multi-level knowledge graph; the relation reasoning module performs deep reasoning based on a graph attention mechanism; and the adaptive anomaly detection module dynamically adjusts the detection threshold according to the market environment. According to the system, implicit association in heterogeneous financial data can be deeply mined, market anomalies are recognized in advance, and comprehensive support is provided for financial decision making.

The invention relates to the technical field of energy equipment asset management, in particular to an energy equipment digital intelligent management method and system based on multi-protocol compatibility. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a protocol feature library, carrying out iterative updating, identifying a communication protocol of newly accessed energy equipment, generating a temporary analysis rule, converting analyzed equipment operation data, and uploading the converted equipment operation data; cross-device and cross-period collaborative analysis is carried out on the operation data of different energy devices, device fault precursor characteristics are identified, and fault early warning and root cause positioning are carried out; based on a digital ledger and a staged management and control strategy, carrying out standardized management on the whole life cycle link of the energy equipment; the system comprises an equipment multi-protocol dynamic adaptation module, a collaborative data analysis early warning module and an equipment full-life-cycle management module. Through the above mode, the protocol is dynamically adapted, the multi-device data is associated cooperatively, and the coupling fault identification precision between the devices is improved.

In certain embodiments, a communication system includes a network server configured to provide a secure data fabric, a network device connected to the secure data fabric, and a vehicle in communication with the network and connected to the secure data fabric. The secure data fabric includes cell modules, and each cell module includes a fabric hub, a vehicle model, a signal model, and a first protocol with publication and subscription. The vehicle includes electronic control units (ECUs) connected to an ECU bus. One of the ECUs includes a fabric node, and is configured to exchange messages, including the data from the vehicle model, with the fabric hub according to the first protocol, convert the data from the vehicle model to data from the signal model, and exchange messages, including the data from the signal model, with the ECUs according to a second protocol.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a system including: one or more probes in a communication network; a processing system including a processor; and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations of: collecting data from the one or more probes and application program interfaces of network elements in the communication network; converting the data into semantic vectors using an embedding model; storing the semantic vectors in a vector database; using foundation models to generate outputs based on the semantic vectors; generating synthetic data using a generative adversarial network, wherein the synthetic data is used test the foundation models; using federated reinforcement to incorporate human feedback into the semantic vectors; and managing the communication network based on the outputs. Other embodiments are disclosed.

A method for processing a piece of textual information. The piece of textual information is parsed into a set of plaintext input tokens. Each of the plaintext input tokens is individually transformed using a first binary data transformation, to achieve a set of binary input tokens. Each of the set of binary input tokens is transformed individually or collectively, using an embedding data transformation, into one or several vectorized input tokens. The one or several vectorized input tokens is / are fed to a first neural network. A response is received from the first neural network in the form of one or several vectorized output tokens.

Efficient generation of multi-platform compatible source code and test code with consistency and quality in software development SOLUTION: The schema-driven development system includes a user input unit, a schema generation unit, and a code generation unit, wherein the user input unit acquires data in various formats such as a natural language and a CSV file, the schema generation unit converts the acquired data into a schema, and the code generation unit generates a source code and a test code based on the generated schema.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

An example apparatus includes audience metrics collecting circuitry to access first audience metrics from a server, and access second audience metrics from the server, matrix building circuitry to build a matrix of the first audience metrics and the second audience metrics, missing values of the matrix corresponding to the second audience metrics, data transforming circuitry to transform the first audience metrics and the second audience metrics in the matrix, missing value calculating circuitry to determine imputed transformed values of the missing values using a recommender system, and the data transforming circuitry to recover imputed values of the missing values based on the imputed transformed values.

The invention relates to the technical field of wind power generation, in particular to a wind turbine generator deformation vibration monitoring device based on millimeter wave radar. The core function module comprises a benchmark sensing radar, a blade monitoring radar, a reference beacon, an inertial measurement unit, a data synchronization and acquisition unit and a signal processing unit; a reference beacon fixed on a substrate is detected through a reference sensing radar, an absolute motion vector A of the reference sensing radar is solved, then the absolute motion vector A is converted into an absolute motion vector B of a blade monitoring radar, then data C measured by an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) is converted into data D of the blade monitoring radar in a coordinate system of the blade monitoring radar, and the blade monitoring radar can be used for monitoring the blade. The absolute motion vector E of the blade monitoring radar is fused and extracted through an extended Kalman filter, and is finally used for compensating original data of blade measurement by the blade monitoring radar, so that the influence of cabin motion on deformation vibration monitoring is eliminated.