Intraocular lens selection based on multiple machine learning models

Abstract

A method and system for selecting an intraocular lens includes a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory. A plurality of machine learning models are selectively executable by the controller. The controller is configured to receive at least one pre-operative image of the eye and extract a first set of data via a first input machine learning model. The controller is configured to receive a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye and extract a second set of data via a second input machine learning model. The first set of data and the second set of data are combined to obtain a blended set of data. The controller is configured to generate at least one output coefficient based on the blended set of data via an output machine learning model. The intraocular lens is selected based in part on the at least one output coefficient.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye using multiple machine learning models. [Background technology]

[0002] Typically, the human lens is transparent, allowing light to pass through easily. However, various factors can cause areas within the lens to become cloudy and opaque, adversely affecting the quality of vision. This condition can be treated by cataract surgery. In cataract surgery, an artificial lens is selected for insertion into the patient's eye. In fact, cataract surgery is a common procedure performed worldwide. A key factor in determining the clinical outcome of cataract surgery is the selection of the appropriate intraocular lens. Currently, several calculators exist that use various preoperative information about the patient's eye to predict the lens power to be inserted. However, existing calculators do not use complete preoperative images of the eye as input data. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye using a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory. The system employs a comprehensive, multifaceted approach and includes a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon. The controller is configured to selectively execute a plurality of machine learning models, including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model. Each of the plurality of machine learning models may be a respective regression model. In one example, the output machine learning model includes a multilayer perceptron network.

[0004] Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to receive at least one preoperative image of the eye. The controller is configured to extract a first set of data based in part on the at least one preoperative image via a first input machine learning model. In one example, the at least one preoperative image of the eye is an ultrasound biomicroscope image. The first set of data may include a plurality of preoperative dimensions of the eye. The plurality of preoperative dimensions may include one or more of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, third equatorial plane position, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter. Alternatively, the plurality of preoperative dimensions may include each of the anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter.

[0005] The controller is further configured to receive a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye and extract, via a second input machine learning model, a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters. The plurality of biometric parameters may include a flat K value and a steep K value. The first set of data and the second set of data may be combined to obtain a blended set of data. In one example, the preoperative images are acquired from a first imaging device, and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging device different from the first imaging device. For example, the first imaging device may be an ultrasound device, and the second imaging device may be an optical coherence tomography device.

[0006] The controller is configured to generate at least one output coefficient based on the blended set of data via the output machine learning model. The intraocular lens is selected based in part on the output coefficient. The output coefficient may be a manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) based on subjective refraction. The plurality of machine learning models may include a third input machine learning model. Prior to generating the output coefficients, the controller may be configured to access each previous pair of pre-operative and post-operative images and extract a third set of data based in part on the previous pair via the third input machine learning model. The third set of data is added to the blended set of data before generating the output coefficients.

[0007] The intraocular lens may include an optic adjacent to one or more support structures. The intraocular lens may include an internal cavity at least partially filled with a fluid. The fluid is configured to move within the internal cavity to change the power of the intraocular lens. It should be understood that any type of intraocular lens available to one of skill in the art may be employed.

[0008] The above and other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the disclosure, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the system including a controller. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of an exemplary intraocular lens. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a method that can be performed by the controller of FIG. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary pre-operative image of an eye. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary post-operative image of an eye. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic example of a multi-layer perceptron algorithm that can be executed by the controller of FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a schematic example of a support vector regression (SVR) technique with the controller of FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] Referring to the drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like components throughout the drawings, FIG. 1 generally illustrates a system 10 for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion. An example of an intraocular lens 12 is shown in FIG. 2. However, any type of intraocular lens available to one of ordinary skill in the art may be employed. System 10 employs a robust, multifaceted approach that utilizes multiple machine learning models. As described below, system 10 leverages both rich image data and numerical data to optimize intraocular lens 12 selection.

[0011] 2 , the intraocular lens 12 includes an optic 14 defining a first surface 16 and a second surface 18. The optic 14 may be adjacent to one or more support structures, such as a first support structure 20 and a second support structure 22, configured to support positioning and retention of the intraocular lens 12. The intraocular lens 12 may define an internal cavity 24 that is at least partially filled with a fluid F. The fluid F is configured to be movable within the internal cavity 24 to vary the thickness (and power) of the intraocular lens 12. It should be understood that the intraocular lens 12 can take many different forms and include multiple and / or alternative components.

[0012] 1, system 10 includes a controller C having at least one processor P and at least one memory M (or a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium) having instructions recorded thereon for executing a method 100 for selecting an intraocular lens 12. Method 100 is shown in and described below with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary pre-operative image 200 of eye E. FIG. 5 shows an exemplary post-operative image 300 of eye E.

[0013] Referring now to FIG. 1 , the controller C may be configured to communicate with various entities, such as a first imaging device 30, via a short-range network 28. The first imaging device 30 may be an ultrasound device, a magnetic resonance imaging device, or other imaging device available to those skilled in the art. The short-range network 28 may be wireless or may include physical components. The short-range network 28 may be a bus implemented in various ways, such as a serial communication bus in the form of a local area network. Local area networks include, but are not limited to, Controller Area Network (CAN), Controller Area Network with Flexible Data Rate (CAN-FD), Ethernet, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and other data connection topologies. The short-range network 28 may also be a Bluetooth connection, which is defined as a short-range wireless technology (or radio technology) intended to simplify communication between Internet devices and between devices and the Internet. Bluetooth® is an open wireless technology standard for transmitting data over short distances between fixed and mobile electronic devices and creating personal networks operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Other types of connections may also be employed.

[0014] Referring to FIG. 1 , the controller C may communicate with the second imaging device 32, the display module and / or user interface 34, and the database 36. Additionally, the controller C may be configured to communicate with a remote server 40 and / or a cloud unit 42 via a long-distance network 44. The remote server 40 may be a private or public information source maintained by an organization such as a research institute, a company, a university, and / or a hospital. The cloud unit 42 may comprise one or more servers hosted on the Internet for data storage, management, and processing. The long-distance network 44 may be a wireless local area network (LAN) that connects multiple devices in a wirelessly distributed manner, a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) that connects several wireless LANs, or a wireless wide area network (WAN) that covers a large geographic area such as a nearby city or town. Other types of connections may also be employed.

[0015] The controller C may be configured to receive and send wireless communications to and from the remote server 40 via a mobile application 46 shown in FIG. 1. The mobile application 46 may communicate with the controller C over the short-range network 28 to access data from the controller C. In one example, the mobile application 46 is physically connected (e.g., wired) to the controller C. In another example, the mobile application 46 is embedded in the controller C. Circuits and components for the remote server 40 and the mobile application 46 ("app") available to those skilled in the art may be employed.

[0016] The controller C is specifically programmed to selectively execute the multiple machine learning models 48. The controller C may access the multiple machine learning models 48 via the short-range network 28, the long-range network 44, and / or the mobile application 46. Alternatively, the multiple machine learning models 48 may be embedded in the controller C. The multiple machine learning models 48 may be configured to determine parameters, weights, or structures that minimize respective cost functions. Each of the multiple machine learning models 48 may be a respective regression model. In one example, referring to FIG. 1 , the multiple machine learning models 48 include a first input machine learning model 50, a second input machine learning model 52, a third input machine learning model 54, and an output machine learning model 56.

[0017] The machine learning models 48 may include neural network algorithms. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, neural networks are designed to recognize patterns and are loosely modeled after the human brain. The neural network recognizes patterns from real-world data (e.g., images, audio, text, time series, etc.) that has been translated or converted into numerical form and embedded in vectors or matrices. The neural network may employ deep learning maps to connect input vectors x to output vectors y. In other words, each of the machine learning models 48 learns an activation function f such that f(x) corresponds to y. Through a training process, the neural network can associate an appropriate activation function f(x) to transform the input vector x into the output vector y. In the case of a simple regression model, two parameters are learned: bias and slope. The bias is the level of the output vector y when the input vector x is set to 0, and the slope is the predicted rate of increase or decrease of the output vector y for each unit increase in the input vector x. Once each of the multiple machine learning models 48 has been trained, an estimate of the output vector y can be calculated given the value of a new input vector x.

[0018] The plurality of machine learning models 48 may include multi-layer perceptron networks. Referring to FIG. 6, an example of a multi-layer perceptron network 400 is shown. The multi-layer perceptron network 400 is a feedforward artificial neural network with at least three layers of nodes N, including an input layer 402, one or more hidden layers 408 (e.g., first hidden layer 404 and second hidden layer 406), and an output layer 410. Each of these layers comprises nodes N configured to perform an affine transformation of a linear sum of inputs. The nodes N are neurons characterized by respective biases and respective weighted links. The nodes N in the input layer 402 receive, normalize, and forward inputs to the nodes N in the first hidden layer 404. Each node N in a subsequent layer computes a linear combination of the outputs of the previous layer. A network with three layers forms an activation function f(x)=f(3)(f(2)(f(1)(x))). The activation function f may be linear for each node N in the output layer 410. The activation function f may be sigmoidal for the first hidden layer 404 and the second hidden layer 406. A linear combination of sigmoids is used to approximate a continuous function that characterizes the output vector y. Other types of neural networks may also be employed.

[0019] The plurality of machine learning models 48 may include a support vector regression (SVR) model. FIG. 7 shows an example of a support vector regression model 500 for a data point 502. The support vector regression model 500 is configured to determine a function (hyperplane 504 in FIG. 7 ). The support vector regression model 500 is then configured such that the data point 502 is within a margin 506 from this function, i.e., inside a first boundary line 508 and a second boundary line 510. Referring to FIG. 7 , the hyperplane 504 may be defined as a line connecting the input vector x to the output vector y, i.e., a line predicting the target value. The hyperplane 504 is personalized to maximize the margin 506 and minimize a predetermined error. A penalty may be incorporated into the support vector regression model 500 for points outside the margin 506 (e.g., outer point 512). Before determining the hyperplane 504, the support vector regression model 500 may employ a kernel function to map a low-dimensional dataset to a high-dimensional dataset. Other machine learning models available to those skilled in the art may also be employed.

[0020] Referring now to Figure 3, there is shown a flowchart of a method 100 executable by the controller C of Figure 1. The method 100 does not have to be applied in the particular order described herein, and some blocks may be omitted. The memory M may store a controller-executable instruction set, and the processor P may execute the controller-executable instruction set stored in the memory M.

[0021] In block 102 of FIG. 3, the controller C is configured to receive at least one preoperative image of the eye. An exemplary preoperative image 200 of the eye E is shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is not drawn to scale. FIG. 4 shows the upper surface 202 of the cornea 203, the lower surface 204 of the cornea 203, the preoperative lens 206, the iris 208, and the ciliary muscle 210. The preoperative image 200 may be acquired via ultrasound biomicroscopy. Ultrasound biomicroscopy may employ a relatively high frequency transducer, approximately 35 MHz to 100 MHz, with a tissue penetration depth of approximately 4 mm to 5 mm. Other imaging modalities may be employed, including, but not limited to, optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple machine learning models 48 may be trained using a single image or a series of images.

[0022] At block 104 of FIG. 3, the method 100 includes extracting, via a first input machine learning model 50, a first set of data based in part on at least one preoperative image, such as the exemplary preoperative image 200 shown in FIG. 4. The first set of data may be presented in the form of a three-dimensional matrix, which provides the technical advantage of leveraging rich image data. With reference to FIG. 4, the first set of data may include multiple preoperative dimensions, such as anterior chamber depth 212, lens thickness 214, lens diameter 216, and sulcus distance 218. The multiple preoperative dimensions may include a first equatorial plane position 220 (measured from the phakic anterior pole), a second equatorial plane position 222 (measured relative to the anterior chamber depth 212), and a third equatorial plane position 224 (measured from the phakic posterior pole). Referring to FIG. 4, the plurality of pre-operative dimensions may further include an iris diameter 226, an axial length 228 from the cornea 203 to the posterior surface of the pre-operative lens 206, and a ciliary process diameter 230.

[0023] In block 106 of FIG. 3 , the controller C is configured to receive a plurality of biometric parameters, which may include preoperative dimensions of the eye E, such as a flat K value, a steep K value, and a mean K value. The plurality of biometric parameters may further include an anterior chamber depth 212, a lens thickness 214, a lens diameter 216, a ciliary process diameter 230, and a sulcus distance 218. The plurality of biometric parameters may further include parameters related to the intraocular lens 12, such as lens power and thickness. In one example, the preoperative image 200 is acquired from a first imaging device 30, and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging device 32 different from the first imaging device 30. For example, the first imaging device 30 may be an ultrasound device, and the second imaging device 32 may be an optical coherence tomography device. It should be understood that other imaging modalities may be employed. In another example, the preoperative image 200 and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from the same imaging modality.

[0024] At block 108 of Figure 3, the method 100 includes extracting a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters via a second input machine learning model 52. The second set of data may be presented in the form of a three-dimensional vector. At block 110 of Figure 3, the controller C is configured to combine the first set of data and the second set of data to obtain a blended set of data.

[0025] Optionally, at block 112, method 100 may include accessing previous pairs of pre- and post-operative images, such as pre- and post-operative image 200 and image 300 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. FIG. 5 illustrates the superior surface 302 of cornea 303, the inferior surface 304 of cornea 303, iris 308, and ciliary muscle 310. Also shown in FIG. 5 are the inserted intraocular lens 12, first surface 16, second surface 18, first support structure 20, and second support structure 22. FIG. 5 is not drawn to scale. Post-operative image 300 may be acquired via ultrasound biomicroscopy or other imaging modalities available to those skilled in the art. Referring to FIG. 1, controller C may be configured to retrieve previous pairs from database 36 via short-range network 28. Controller C may be configured to retrieve previous pairs from remote server 40 via long-range network 44.

[0026] In block 114, the controller C is configured to extract a third set of data based in part on the previous pairwise comparisons via the third input machine learning model 54. The third set of data is added to the blended set of data. In one example, the third input machine learning model 54 is a deep learning neural network configured to classify pre-operative measurements (x) in the pre-operative images 200 to determine a proposed lens power (f(x)), and then determine an estimation error that may result from using the proposed intraocular lens power. The third input machine learning model 54 may be configured to minimize a cost function defined as the mean squared error between the predicted subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (based on the pre-operative images 200) and the post-operative subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (based on the post-operative images 300).

[0027] The pairwise comparison may involve tracking changes in certain parameters between the pre-operative image 200 and the post-operative image 300. For example, the comparison may include evaluating the difference between a first distance d1 shown in FIG. 4 and a second distance d2 shown in FIG. 5. The first distance d1 is the distance between the center 240 of the pre-operative lens 206 in the pre-operative image 200 and a reference point 242 on the upper surface 202 of the cornea 203. The second distance d2 is the distance between the center 340 of the inserted intraocular lens 12 in the post-operative image 300 and a reference point 342 on the upper surface 302 of the cornea 303. Other parameters may also be employed.

[0028] In block 116 of FIG. 3, the method 100 includes generating at least one output coefficient based on the mixed set of data via an output machine learning model. Referring to FIG. 6, the output machine learning model 56 may be a fully connected perceptron model in which the parameters of each node N are independent of the others, i.e., each node N is characterized by a unique set of weights. Referring to FIG. 6, the output machine learning model 56 may generate multiple outputs, such as a first output coefficient 412 and a second output coefficient 414. The first output coefficient 412 may be a spherical equivalent (MRSE) based on a subjective refraction test. The second output coefficient 414 may be uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA).

[0029] Optionally, prior to generating the output coefficients in block 116, the controller C may be configured to obtain one or more imputed post-operative variables based in part on the plurality of pre-operative dimensions. The imputed post-operative variables may include post-operative lens thickness and post-operative lens position. The imputed post-operative variables are added to the blended set of data and considered as additional inputs to the output machine learning model 56 to generate the output coefficients in block 116. The imputed post-operative variables may be obtained from geometric models or intraocular lens power calculation formulas available to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the SRK / T formula, the Holladay formula, the Hoffer Q formula, the Olsen formula, and the Haigis formula. The imputed post-operative variables may also be obtained from other estimation methods available to those skilled in the art.

[0030] 3, the method 100 includes selecting an intraocular lens 12 based in part on the at least one power coefficient generated in block 116. If there are multiple power coefficients, the controller C may be configured to use a weighted average of the multiple power coefficients or other statistical techniques (e.g., neural nets) to determine the correct power of the intraocular lens 12 to be inserted.

[0031] In summary, the system 10 and method 100 can optimize the intraocular lens 12 selection process, resulting in higher prediction success rates, especially in eyes with irregular biometry. The system 10 and method 100 can be applied to a wide range of imaging modalities, both during model training and model execution.

[0032] The controller C of FIG. 1 comprises computer-readable media (also referred to as processor-readable media), including non-transitory (e.g., tangible) media that participate in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read by a computer (e.g., by a computer processor). Such media may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which may constitute primary storage. Such instructions may be transmitted over one or more transmission media, including coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the computer's processor. Some forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, or other magnetic media, CD-ROM, DVD, or other optical media, punch cards, paper tape, or other physical media with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, Flash EEPROM, or other memory chips or cartridges, or other computer-readable media.

[0033] The lookup tables, databases, data repositories, or other data stores described herein may include various types of mechanisms for storing, accessing, and retrieving various types of data, including a hierarchical database, a set of files in a file system, a proprietary application database, a relational database management system (RDBMS), etc. Each such data store may be contained within a computing device employing a computer operating system such as those described above, or may be accessed over a network in one or more of a variety of ways. The file system is accessible from the computer operating system and may include files stored in various formats. The RDBMS may employ Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to a language for creating, saving, editing, and executing stored procedures, such as the PL / SQL language described above.

[0034] While the detailed description and drawings or figures support and explain the present disclosure, the scope of the present disclosure is defined solely by the claims. While the best mode and some other embodiments for carrying out the claimed disclosure have been described in detail, various alternative designs and embodiments exist for carrying out the disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, the features of the embodiments shown in the drawings or described herein should not necessarily be understood as independent embodiments. Rather, each of the characteristics described in one of the example embodiments can be combined with one or more other desirable characteristics from other embodiments, resulting in other embodiments not described in words or with reference to drawings. Accordingly, such other embodiments are encompassed within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure also includes the following inventions. The first aspect is 1. A system for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the system comprising: A controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon, the controller is configured to selectively execute a plurality of machine learning models including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to: receiving at least one pre-operative image of the eye and extracting, via the first input machine learning model, a first set of data based in part on the at least one pre-operative image; receiving a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye and extracting a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters via the second input machine learning model; combining the first set of data and the second set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient based on the mixed set of data via the output machine learning model; A system comprising a controller that selects the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor. The second aspect is The system of the first aspect, wherein the at least one power factor is a subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (MRSE). The third aspect is A system in a first aspect, wherein the at least one preoperative image is acquired from a first imaging device and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging device different from the first imaging device. The fourth aspect is the plurality of machine learning models includes a third input machine learning model, and prior to generating the at least one output coefficient, the controller: Accessing each prior pair of pre-operative and post-operative images; extracting a third set of data based in part on the past pairs via the third input machine learning model; The system of the first aspect, configured to add the third set of data to the mixed set of data before generating the at least one output coefficient. The fifth aspect is the intraocular lens comprising an optic adjacent to one or more support structures; A system in a first aspect, wherein the intraocular lens has an internal cavity at least partially filled with fluid, and the fluid is configured to move within the internal cavity to change the power of the intraocular lens. The sixth aspect is The system of the first aspect, wherein the at least one preoperative image is an ultrasound biomicroscopy image. A seventh aspect is each of the plurality of machine learning models is a respective regression model; The system of the first aspect, wherein the output machine learning model comprises a multi-layer perceptron network. The eighth aspect is The system according to a first aspect, wherein the plurality of biometric parameters include a flat K value and a steep K value. A ninth aspect is the first set of data includes a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye; The plurality of preoperative dimensions are: The system of a first aspect includes one or more of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, third equatorial plane position, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter. A tenth aspect is Prior to generating the at least one output coefficient, the controller: obtaining one or more imputed post-operative variables based in part on the plurality of pre-operative dimensions, the one or more imputed post-operative variables comprising a post-operative lens thickness and a post-operative lens position; The system of the first aspect, configured to add the one or more imputed post-operative variables to the mixed set of data before generating the at least one output coefficient. An eleventh aspect is the first set of data includes a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye; A system according to a first aspect, wherein the plurality of preoperative dimensions include anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, ciliary process diameter, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, and third equatorial plane position, respectively. A twelfth aspect is 1. A method for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the method comprising: receiving, via a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory, at least one pre-operative image of the eye; selectively executing, via the controller, a plurality of machine learning models including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; extracting a first set of data based in part on the at least one preoperative image via the first input machine learning model; receiving, via the controller, a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye; extracting a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters via the second input machine learning model; combining, via the controller, the first set of data and the second set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient based on the mixed set of data via the output machine learning model; and selecting the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor. A thirteenth aspect is prior to the step of generating at least one output coefficient, accessing, via the controller, each past pair of pre-operative and post-operative images; including a third input machine learning model in the plurality of machine learning models; extracting a third set of data via the third input machine learning model based in part on the past pairwise comparisons; A twelfth aspect is a method, further comprising the step of: adding the third set of data to the mixed set of data before the step of generating the at least one output coefficient. A fourteenth aspect is the intraocular lens comprising an optic adjacent to one or more support structures; A method in a twelfth aspect, wherein the intraocular lens has an internal cavity at least partially filled with fluid, and the fluid is configured to move within the internal cavity to change the power of the intraocular lens. A fifteenth aspect is each of the plurality of machine learning models is a respective regression model; A method according to a twelfth aspect, wherein the output machine learning model comprises a multi-layer perceptron network. A sixteenth aspect is A method according to a twelfth aspect, wherein the plurality of biometric parameters include a flat K value and a steep K value. A seventeenth aspect is the first set of data includes a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye; The plurality of preoperative dimensions are: A method according to a twelfth aspect, wherein the measurement includes one or more of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, third equatorial plane position, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter. An eighteenth aspect is the first set of data includes a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye; A method in a twelfth aspect, wherein the plurality of preoperative dimensions include anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter. A nineteenth aspect is A method in a twelfth aspect, further comprising the steps of acquiring the at least one preoperative image from a first imaging device and acquiring the plurality of biometric parameters from a second imaging device different from the first imaging device. The twentieth aspect is 1. A system for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the system comprising: A controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon, the controller is configured to selectively execute a plurality of machine learning models including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, a third input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to: receiving at least one pre-operative image of the eye and extracting, via the first input machine learning model, a first set of data based in part on the at least one pre-operative image; receiving a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye and extracting a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters via the second input machine learning model; accessing each previous pair of pre-operative and post-operative images and extracting, via the third input machine learning model, a third set of data based in part on the previous pairs; combining the first set of data, the second set of data, and the third set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient based on the mixed set of data via the output machine learning model; selecting the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor; A system comprising a controller, wherein the at least one preoperative image is acquired from a first imaging device and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging device different from the first imaging device.

Claims

1. 1. A system for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the system comprising: A controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon, the controller is configured to selectively execute a plurality of machine learning models, the machine learning models being regression models, including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to: receiving at least one pre-operative image of the eye and extracting, via the first input machine learning model, a first set of data comprising a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye based in part on the at least one pre-operative image; receiving a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye, the biometric parameters including a flat K value and a steep K value; and extracting, via the second input machine learning model, a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters; combining the first set of data and the second set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient based on the blended set of data via the output machine learning model, the output coefficient including a subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (MRSE) or unaided distance visual acuity (UCDVA); A system comprising a controller that selects the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one preoperative image is acquired from a first imaging modality and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging modality that is different from the first imaging modality.

3. the plurality of machine learning models includes a third input machine learning model, and prior to generating the at least one output coefficient, the controller: Accessing each prior pair of pre-operative and post-operative images; extracting a third set of data based in part on the past pairs via the third input machine learning model; The system of claim 1 , configured to add the third set of data to the mixed set of data before generating the at least one output coefficient.

4. the intraocular lens comprising an optic adjacent to one or more support structures; 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the intraocular lens comprises an internal cavity at least partially filled with a fluid, the fluid being configured to move within the internal cavity to change the power of the intraocular lens.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one preoperative image is an ultrasound biomicroscopy image.

6. The system described in claim 1, wherein the output machine learning model includes a multilayer perceptron network.

7. The plurality of preoperative dimensions are:

2. The system of claim 1, comprising one or more of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, third equatorial plane position, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the pre-operative lens, and ciliary process diameter.

8. Prior to generating the at least one output coefficient, the controller: obtaining one or more imputed post-operative variables based in part on the plurality of pre-operative dimensions, the one or more imputed post-operative variables comprising a post-operative lens thickness and a post-operative lens position; The system of claim 7 , configured to add the one or more imputed post-operative variables to the blended set of data before generating the at least one output coefficient.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of preoperative dimensions include anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, ciliary process diameter, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, and third equatorial plane position.

10. 1. A method for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the method comprising: receiving, via a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory, at least one pre-operative image of the eye; selectively executing, via the controller, a plurality of machine learning models, the machine learning models being regression models, including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; extracting, via the first input machine learning model, a first set of data comprising a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye based in part on the at least one pre-operative image; receiving, via the controller, a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye, the biometric parameters including a flat K value and a steep K value; extracting a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters via the second input machine learning model; combining, via the controller, the first set of data and the second set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient, including a subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (MRSE) or unaided distance visual acuity (UCDVA), based on the blended set of data via the output machine learning model; selecting the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor.

11. prior to the step of generating at least one output coefficient, accessing, via the controller, each past pair of pre-operative and post-operative images; including a third input machine learning model in the plurality of machine learning models; extracting a third set of data via the third input machine learning model based in part on the past pairwise comparisons; 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising adding the third set of data to the mixed set of data before generating the at least one output coefficient.

12. the intraocular lens comprising an optic adjacent to one or more support structures; 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the intraocular lens comprises an internal cavity at least partially filled with a fluid, the fluid being configured to move within the internal cavity to change the power of the intraocular lens.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the output machine learning model comprises a multilayer perceptron network.

14. The plurality of preoperative dimensions:

11. The method of claim 10, comprising one or more of anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, first equatorial plane position, second equatorial plane position, third equatorial plane position, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the pre-operative lens, and ciliary process diameter.

15. The method described in claim 10, wherein the plurality of preoperative dimensions include anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, lens diameter, sulcus distance, iris diameter, axial length from the first surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the preoperative lens, and ciliary process diameter.

16. 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising acquiring the at least one preoperative image from a first imaging modality and acquiring the plurality of biometric parameters from a second imaging modality different from the first imaging modality.

17. 1. A system for selecting an intraocular lens for insertion into an eye, the system comprising: A controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon, the controller is configured to selectively execute a plurality of machine learning models, the machine learning models being regression models, including a first input machine learning model, a second input machine learning model, a third input machine learning model, and an output machine learning model; Execution of the instructions by the processor causes the controller to: receiving at least one pre-operative image of the eye and extracting, via the first input machine learning model, a first set of data comprising a plurality of pre-operative dimensions of the eye based in part on the at least one pre-operative image; receiving a plurality of biometric parameters of the eye, the biometric parameters including a flat K value and a steep K value; and extracting, via the second input machine learning model, a second set of data based in part on the plurality of biometric parameters; accessing each previous pair of pre-operative and post-operative images and extracting, via the third input machine learning model, a third set of data based in part on the previous pairs; combining the first set of data, the second set of data, and the third set of data to obtain a blended set of data; generating at least one output coefficient based on the blended set of data via the output machine learning model, the output coefficient including a subjective refraction-based spherical equivalent (MRSE) or unaided distance visual acuity (UCDVA); selecting the intraocular lens based in part on the at least one power factor; 10. A system comprising: a controller, wherein the at least one preoperative image is acquired from a first imaging device and the plurality of biometric parameters are acquired from a second imaging device different from the first imaging device.

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