Components of electrochemical cells, redox flow cells, fuel cells, and electrolyzers

Abstract

The invention relates to a component (1) of an electrochemical cell (10), said component (1) comprising a metal substrate (2) and a layer system (3) at least partially electroplated on the metal substrate (2), the layer system (3) optionally comprising a first layer (3a) disposed on the metal substrate (2) and at least one second layer (3b) disposed on the metal substrate (2) or, if applicable, the first layer (3a), the optional first layer (3a) being made of copper or nickel and the at least one second layer (3b) being made of an alloy comprising at least two of the elements tin, copper, nickel, silver, zinc, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, manganese, tungsten, the non-metallic particles comprising conductive particles incorporated in the alloy. The component (1) in particular forms an electrode for a redox flow battery (8) or a flow field plate for a fuel cell (90) or an electrolysis device.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a component for an electrochemical cell comprising a metal substrate and a layer system at least partially electroplated on the metal substrate, the layer system comprising a first layer disposed on the metal substrate and a second layer disposed on the first layer.

[0002] The invention further relates to electrochemical cells in the form of redox flow batteries, electrolysers and fuel cells.

[0003] Hydrogen is an important raw material for key technologies in the future of energy storage and energy conversion. Water electrolysis is based on the separation of water into its components hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Hydrogen-powered fuel cells generate electrical energy from hydrogen. Reductions in the cost of hydrogen production by polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers (PEM-EL) and in the cost of producing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM-FC) components are fundamental requirements for the future effective use of these systems. The main components of a PEM electrolyzer stack / PEM fuel cell stack are the flow field plates (FFPs), current collectors or fluid diffusion layers, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). The materials and construction of the flow field plates contribute a significant proportion to the manufacturing cost of the respective stacks. Key requirements for components such as flow field plates and fluid diffusion layers are high corrosion resistance combined with low substrate and interface resistance in both application areas.

[0004] Titanium and stainless steel plates are the latest advances in electrolysis. While the application of stainless steel plates on the anode side is limited to a pH range of approximately 7 due to their high oxidation potential, titanium plates can be used over a wide pH range from 1 to 7. Titanium has proven to be a disadvantage on the cathode side due to its tendency to hydrogen embrittlement. Furthermore, the operation of electrolyzer stacks with titanium plates exhibits increased ohmic losses due to surface passivation. Against this background, the use of niobium, platinum, or gold coatings on titanium plates is known. The widespread use of stainless steel to form flow field plates requires the use of electrochemically stable, electrically conductive, and, in particular, dense, anti-permeation coatings. In particular, non-leakage in aqueous electrolytes must be achieved.

[0005] For PEM-FCs, the existing potential window is more moderate, with the pH range mostly limited to 3. However, local operating conditions can occur within the cell that can lead to potentials >1.4 V SHE (standard hydrogen electrode). This requires the use of layers containing noble metals such as Ir, Ru, or Au, and the cost of this material exceeds the target cost range for flow field plates of $3 / kW (roughly the US Department of Energy's recognized target for 2025), regardless of layer thickness in the nm range.

[0006] EP 3336942 A1 describes a metal sheet for forming a separator for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The metal substrate has a film coating the surface of the substrate, with an island-shaped intermediate layer between the substrate and the film. The intermediate layer contains at least one element from the group consisting of nickel, copper, silver, and gold, or is formed from a NiP alloy. As an exemplary embodiment, a substrate made of stainless steel with an island-shaped intermediate layer made of NiP and an electrochemically applied film made of TiN-dispersed Ni3Sn2 are described.

[0007] Published application No. 2010-272429(A) discloses a separator for a fuel cell having a substrate made of copper alloy coated with at least one wet, chemically formed first layer made of copper or tin or a tin alloy, which first layer may contain a conductive filler, particularly in the form of carbon.

[0008] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019 / 0148741(A1) describes electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, batteries, electrode systems, and redox flow batteries, that include coated components with a substrate preferably made of a metal such as copper, iron, titanium, aluminum, nickel, or stainless steel. The substrate has a coating of tin or a tin alloy, such as a tin-nickel alloy, a tin-antimony alloy, or a tin-nickel-antimony alloy, and the conductive coating includes a carbon-based material and an azole-containing corrosion inhibitor. Flow battery systems as power storage systems also enable sustainable energy supply for stationary and mobile applications using renewable energy. To achieve high efficiency and power density, the goal is to have a battery stack that is as compact as possible. However, high power density poses significant challenges for the individual components of the battery stack. The novel approach described herein is a metal electrode with a structured geometry that ensures homogeneous distribution of electrolyte in the active area while simultaneously allowing a short distance to the membrane. On the other hand, metal electrodes require suitable surface properties to meet the high demands on electrochemical stability, low interfacial resistance, and catalytic activity.

[0009] In redox flow batteries, composite plates containing plastic and graphite (approximately 0.5-0.6 mm thick) with an active soot coating (approximately 0.1-0.3 mm thick) applied to both sides are often used as electrodes, which are either dry-pressed or wet-chemically applied. This allows electrodes with a total plate thickness of approximately 0.7-1.2 mm to be achieved over large areas, with metal plates <0.5 mm thick. Furthermore, the processability of large-area metal plates is more favorable compared to injection-molded plastic frames with graphite-based electrodes.

[0010] Another battery configuration, such as the all-vanadium redox flow battery, consists of two flow field plates and a membrane, often in the form of two electrodes with graphite felt to increase the active surface. The electrolyte consists of vanadium dissolved in sulfuric acid (pH < 1). Flow field plates (approximately 0.5-0.6 mm thick) are often used as flat plates made from pure graphite or graphite-polymer composites. Flow field plates made from graphite or polypropylene filled with carbon nanotubes are characterized by high corrosion resistance and high overpotential for the hydrogen formation reaction (HFR).

[0011] Compared to flow field plates made from graphite composites, metal flow field plates are characterized by their high electrical conductivity and high mechanical stability or strength, and cell configurations with graphite felt lead to higher performance and efficiency due to lower ohmic losses.

[0012] In PEM-EL, PEM-FC and redox flow battery applications, conductive, dense coatings are required. These take on the function of a barrier layer and their performance, especially catalytic effectiveness, can be increased by applying additional layers. The requirements can be summarized as follows:

[0013] Electrochemical stability: pH range: 1 to 14 Potential range: -1V NHE~+3V NHE (short time: -2V NHE~+3V NHE) Operating life: >10,000 hours Interface resistance: <10 mOhm cm 2 (100N / cm 2 contact pressure at It is an object of the present invention to provide a component for an electrochemical cell that meets these requirements regarding electrochemical stability and low interfacial resistance. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical cell in the form of a redox flow battery, electrolyzer, or fuel cell having such a component.

[0014] The object is to obtain a component for an electrochemical cell comprising a metal substrate and a layer system at least partially electroplated on the metal substrate, the layer system optionally having a first layer disposed on the metal substrate and at least one second layer disposed on the metal substrate or, if present, on the first layer, the optional first layer being formed from copper or nickel and the at least one second layer being an alloy comprising at least two elements of tin, copper, nickel, silver, zinc, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, manganese, tungsten, and the non-metallic particles comprising conductive particles embedded in the alloy.

[0015] Conductive particles have a resistance of 0.25 mΩ·cm in the temperature range of 20 to 25°C. 2 ~10mΩ·cm 2 The conductivity is in the range of

[0016] Such components have excellent electrochemical stability, as required for electrochemical cells. Due to their low interfacial resistance, they are particularly suitable for forming electrodes for redox flow batteries, fuel cells, and flow field plates for electrolyzers, as well as for fluid diffusion layers in electrolyzers. The presence of non-metallic particles embedded within the alloy in the second layer improves the mechanical stability of the layer system and, depending on the particle material used, allows for a further reduction in interfacial resistance and therefore an increase in the efficiency of the electrochemical cell.

[0017] The materials tin and nickel have proven thermodynamically stable over a wide pH range, due to the formation of oxides. Alloys made from tin-nickel alloys containing nickel contents in the range of 20-30 wt. % are therefore particularly preferred. Such low nickel contents are a significant advantage in terms of the resulting reduction in nickel diffusion into the membrane of electrochemical cells, since they minimize or prevent nickel poisoning of the membrane, thereby effectively preventing a decrease in cell performance. As a result, second layers made from such tin-nickel alloys, with conductive particles dispersed therein, in particular conductive particles made from carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, and / or graphene oxide, have proven more stable over long periods of time than gold layers.

[0018] The alloy is alternatively made from a copper-tin alloy, or a tin-silver alloy, or a tin-zinc alloy, or a tin-bismuth alloy, or a tin-antimony alloy, or a tin-cobalt alloy, or a nickel-tungsten alloy, or a tin-manganese alloy.

[0019] SnCu in particular has proven to be a powerful material composition in redox flow batteries when alkaline electrolytes are used.

[0020] The first layer is made of copper or nickel, which ensures good adhesion of the layer system to the metal substrate.

[0021] The non-metallic particles preferably comprise a proportion of conductive particles, which result in a significant reduction in the interfacial resistance on the component, and are in particular formed from at least one material from the group comprising carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, graphene oxide, metal nitrides, metal carbides.

[0022] The proportion of conductive particles is in particular 50% or more of the non-metallic particles, indicating that the conductive particles protruding from the second layer reliably maintain electrical contact between the membrane of the electrochemical cell and the external electrical contacts of the electrochemical cell, even under highly corrosive conditions.

[0023] Particularly preferred is a tin-nickel alloy containing a nickel content in the range of 20-30% by weight, mixed with dispersed non-metallic particles made of at least one material from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, graphene oxide, etc. This alloy forms an oxide layer on its surface as a passivation, which has a particularly corrosion-inhibiting effect and increases the long-term stability of the electrochemical cell.

[0024] The non-metallic particles may further include a proportion of particles formed from a non-conductive material, such as at least one material from the group including metal sulfides, metal oxides, diamond, mica, PTFE.

[0025] As metal oxides, Al2O3, BeO2, CdO, MgO, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, Fe oxide, etc. are preferably used. SiC, WC, VC, TiC, Cr2C3, Cr3C2, etc. are preferably used as metal carbides. BN or SiN, etc. are preferably used as metal nitrides. Carbon is particularly preferably used in the form of graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, or graphene oxide. MoS2, MoS, NiFeS2, etc. are preferably used as metal sulfides.

[0026] The preferred particle size of the non-metallic particles is in the range of 100 nm to 8 μm, in particular in the range of 500 nm to 6 μm. Particularly preferred is the use of particles in the nanometer range that can be dispersed particularly stably in the electrolyte for electrodeposition of the second layer. In particular, the particle size is selected so that at least one protrusion from the surface of the second layer ensures contact with the membrane.

[0027] The preferred fraction of non-metallic particles in the second layer is in the range of 2-50% by volume, which ensures a secure bond of the particles within the metal matrix.

[0028] The metal substrate is preferably made of a material from the group including stainless steel, such as 1.4404 or DC04 grade, and also titanium, titanium alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, mainly tin-containing alloys, in which case a first layer is preferably present to improve the adhesion of the layer system.

[0029] Alternatively, the metal substrate is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of copper, copper alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, and low-alloy carbon steels. In particular, the metal substrate is made from copper or nickel. In such cases, the first layer may also be omitted. 100Cr6 identifies itself as a low-alloy carbon steel.

[0030] The optional first layer and at least one second layer are formed by electrodeposition. Using a galvanic process, the deposition of electrolyte-tight layers with thicknesses greater than 10 micrometers is readily possible for use in PEM-EL and redox flow batteries. As a result, electrodeposited, conductive, and durable layers can be achieved on metal substrates, such as stainless steel, over a wide pH range and potential window. Non-metallic particles are dispersed in the electrolyte to form the second layer and incorporated into the alloy deposited on the first layer to form at least one second layer.

[0031] A single second layer or multiple second layers can be applied one on top of the other.

[0032] In particular, electrodeposition is carried out using what is called a "pulse plating" process, in which the voltage applied to the electrolyte is periodically switched off or reversed. Due to receiving a short current surge when switched on, an increased number of nuclei for metal deposition are formed, thus creating the basis for fine grain and luster.

[0033] The metal substrate is particularly in the form of a metal sheet or foil having a thickness in the range of 0.05 to 1 mm. Furthermore, the metal sheet or foil may have an embossed three-dimensional structure to increase the surface area and thus the contact area with the fluid in the electrochemical cell.

[0034] The first layer preferably has a layer thickness of at most 5 μm, in particular in the range of at most 3 μm. The at least one second layer preferably has a layer thickness of at most 30 μm, in particular in the range of 5 to 20 μm. The preferred total layer thickness of the layer system is <10 μm and in particular in the range of 4 to 8 μm.

[0035] The surface of the second layer, facing away from the metal substrate and forming the cover layer of the layer system, is specifically anodized. Such subsequent anodization allows targeted enrichment of the respective alloying elements in the form of oxides (surface modification). This is achieved by applying an electric potential to the component immersed in an aqueous electrolyte.

[0036] The component according to the invention is preferably configured in the form of an electrode for a redox flow battery, the layer system covering the metal substrate of the redox flow battery at least in the area of ​​contact with the electrolyte, and optionally in the area of ​​contact with a graphite felt through which the electrolyte flows.

[0037] The object is further achieved for a redox flow battery, in particular a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrode and at least one electrolyte for a redox flow battery, the redox flow battery having a pH in the range of -1 to 14.

[0038] The redox flow battery preferably comprises at least two electrodes, a first reaction chamber, and a second reaction chamber, each reaction chamber contacting one of the electrodes and separated from each other by an ion exchange membrane. Graphite felt may be disposed within the reaction chambers and adjacent to each electrode.

[0039] Thus, preferably more than 10, in particular more than 50 redox flow cells are used in an electrically interconnected manner to form a redox flow battery.

[0040] The following anolytes are mentioned here as examples suitable for redox flow cells or redox flow batteries: 1.4M 7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid (DHPS) dissolved in 1M caustic soda The following catholytes are mentioned here as examples suitable for redox flow cells or redox flow batteries: 0.31 M potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and 0.31 M potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) dissolved in 2 M caustic soda.

[0041] To form a redox flow cell or redox flow battery, an electrolyte combination is preferably used with an aqueous electrolyte containing redox active organic and / or metallic species on the anolyte side.

[0042] Other electrolytes suitable for redox flow batteries (anolytes or catholytes) are mentioned by way of example: 1.6 M VOSO4 or V2(SO4)3 dissolved in aqueous dilute sulfuric acid (pH<1).

[0043] The object is further achieved for a fuel cell comprising at least one component according to the invention in the form of a flow field plate and at least one polymer electrolyte membrane.

[0044] Finally, the aim is to obtain an electrolysis device comprising at least one component according to the invention in the form of a flow field plate or fluid diffusion layer and at least one polymer electrolyte membrane, the electrolysis device preferably being set up for the electrolysis of water.

[0045] The following examples are intended to illustrate components according to the present invention.

[0046] Example 1: Metallic substrate: Stainless steel electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnNi Non-metallic particles: Graphite Example 2: Metal substrate: Titanium electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnAg Non-metallic particles: Titanium nitride and SiC Example 3: Metal substrate copper electroplated first layer: Not applied electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnCu Non-metallic particles: Graphite and SiC Example 4: Metallic substrate: Aluminum electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnZn Non-metallic particles: Graphene oxide and SiO2 Example 5: Metallic substrate: Stainless steel electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnBi Non-metallic particles: Graphene and WC Example 6: Metal substrate: Titanium electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloys: SnSb or SnMn Non-metallic particles: soot and mica Example 7: Metallic substrate: Stainless steel electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnCo Non-metallic particles: carbon nanotubes and MgO Example 8: Metallic substrate: Stainless steel electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: NiW Non-metallic particles: graphite and MoS2 Example 9: Metallic substrate: Stainless steel electroplated first layer; Copper or nickel electroplated second layer (DC, pulse plating): Alloy: SnNi Non-metallic particles: graphite and SiC 1-8 show examples of components and their use in electrochemical cells. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0047] [Figure 1] 1 shows a component comprising a metal substrate and a layer system. [Figure 2] 2 shows a component according to FIG. 1 in a cross-sectional view. [Figure 3] Further components having a three-dimensional structure are shown in side view. [Figure 4] 1 shows a component having an integral metal substrate and first layer. [Figure 5] 1 shows components in the form of electrodes with a three-dimensional structure of the flow field. [Figure 6] 1 shows a redox flow battery having a redox flow cell or redox flow battery. [Figure 7] 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an electrolysis device. [Figure 8] 1 shows a fuel cell stack in a three-dimensional view.

[0048] FIG. 1 shows a component 1 comprising a metal substrate 2 and a layer system 3 in a top view of a surface 4 .

[0049] Figure 2 shows the component 1 according to Figure 1 in cross section II-II. The same reference numerals as in Figure 1 indicate the same elements. The metal substrate 2 is made, for example, here from stainless steel and can be seen in the form of a metal sheet. The metal sheet is electroplated on both sides with a first layer 3a made from nickel in a layer thickness of 1 μm. In the first layer 3 there is an electroplated second layer 3b made from a tin-nickel alloy containing non-metallic particles of graphite in a layer thickness in the range of 5 μm.

[0050] 3 shows in side view another component 1′ having a three-dimensional structure 5. Component 1′ comprises a metal substrate 2, not visible here, which is covered on all sides by a layer system 3.

[0051] FIG. 4 shows a component 1″ in cross section, with a metal substrate 2 made of nickel, whereupon the metal substrate 2 forms a first layer 3a. The metal-plated second layer 3b is made of a tin-nickel alloy containing non-metallic particles of graphite and SiC, with a layer thickness of 10 μm.

[0052] Figure 5 shows in a three-dimensional view a component 1a in the form of an electrode, comprising a metal substrate 2 in the form of a metal sheet made of titanium, coated with a layer system 3. In the metal substrate 2, a three-dimensional structure 5 is present in each case to form a flow field 7, resulting in an increase in the surface area of ​​the electrode, which allows the flow of electrolyte within the redox flow battery 8 (see Figure 6).

[0053] FIG. 6 shows a redox flow battery 8 or a redox flow battery, each having a redox flow battery 8. The redox flow battery 8 comprises two components 1a, 1b (see FIG. 5) in the form of electrodes, a first reaction chamber 10a, and a second reaction chamber 10b, each of which is in contact with one of the electrodes. Graphite felts, not shown separately here, may be disposed within the reaction chambers 10a, 10b. The flow fields 7 (see FIG. 5) of the electrodes, not visible here, are aligned facing the ion exchange membranes 9a and, if present, the respective graphite felts. The reaction chambers 10a, 10b are separated from each other by the ion exchange membranes 9a. If present, the graphite felts are at least slightly compressed between the respective electrodes and the ion exchange membranes 9a, allowing the electrolyte solution to flow through the graphite felts. The electrolyte partially flows through the graphite felts in the region of the structured surfaces of the electrodes and can continue to flow through them. Liquid anolyte 11a is pumped from tank 13a to first reaction chamber 10a via pump 12a and is distributed between component 1a and ion exchange membrane 9a. Liquid catholyte 11b is pumped from tank 13b to second reaction chamber 10b via pump 12b and is distributed between component 1b and ion exchange membrane 9a. Ion exchange occurs across ion exchange membrane 9a and electrical energy is released by redox reactions at the electrodes.

[0054] 7 shows an electrolysis cell 20 of an electrolyzer, comprising an anode side A and a cathode side K, each comprising a polymer electrolyte membrane 9 separating them. Catalyst layers 21 a, 21 b comprise catalyst materials made of titanium (anode side) and graphite felt (cathode side), respectively, and fluid diffusion layers 22 a, 22 b, which are arranged adjacent to the catalyst layers 21 a, 21 b on either side of the polymer electrolyte membrane 9. The fluid diffusion layers 22 a, 22 b are arranged adjacent to components 1 e, 1 f, respectively, in the form of conductive plates. The plates are made of stainless steel and have an electroplated layer system 3 (see FIG. 2) on at least their sides facing the fluid diffusion layers 22 a, 22 b. Furthermore, the plates each have a three-dimensional structure 5 forming flow channels 23a, 23b on the sides of the plates facing the fluid diffusion layers 22a, 22b to improve the supply of the reaction medium (water) and the removal of the reaction products (water, hydrogen, oxygen), respectively.

[0055] FIG. 8 shows a schematic representation of a fuel cell stack 100 comprising a plurality of fuel cells 90. Each fuel cell 90 comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane 9 adjacent to both sides of components 1c, 1d in the form of a flow field plate. Each flow field plate comprises a metal substrate 2 with an electroplated layer system 3 (see FIG. 2). The flow field plate has an inlet region with openings 80a and an outlet region with further openings 80b, which are used to supply process gases and coolant to the fuel cells 90 and to remove reaction products from the fuel cells 90 and the coolant. The flow field plate also has gas distribution structures 6 on both sides, which are provided for contacting the polymer electrolyte membrane 9.

[0056] 1-8 are intended to illustrate the invention by way of example, however, the concept of the invention further comprises an electrochemical cell having at least one component constructed in accordance with the invention. [Explanation of symbols]

[0057] 1, 1', 1'', 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f components 2 Metal base material Three-Tier System 3a First layer 3b Second layer 4 surface 5 Three-dimensional structure 6 Gas distribution structure 7. Fluxfield 8. Redox flow battery 9. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 9a Ion exchange membrane 10a First reaction chamber 10b Second reaction chamber 11a Anolite 11b Catholyte 12a, 12b pumps 13a, 13b tanks 20 electrolyte battery 21a, 21b catalyst layer 22a, 22b Fluid diffusion layer 23a, 23b flow channel 80a, 80b opening 90 Fuel Cell 100 fuel cell stack A Anode side K cathode side

Claims

1. A component (1) of an electrochemical cell (10) comprising a metal substrate (2) and a layer system (3) at least partially electroplated on the metal substrate (2), the layer system (3) comprising a first layer (3a) disposed on the metal substrate (2) and at least one second layer (3b) disposed on the first layer (3a), the first layer (3a) is made of copper or nickel, and the at least one second layer (3b) is made of an alloy containing at least two elements selected from the group consisting of tin, copper, nickel, silver, zinc, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, manganese, and tungsten, and the non-metallic particles include conductive particles dispersed in the alloy; the non-metallic particles include conductive particles formed from at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, graphene oxide, metal nitrides, and metal carbides; the non-metallic particles further comprise non-conductive particles formed from at least one material from the group consisting of metal sulfide, mica, and PTFE; Component (1), wherein said metal substrate (2) is made of a material from the group comprising stainless steel, titanium, titanium alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, alloys containing mainly tin.

2. A component (1) of an electrochemical cell (10), comprising a metal substrate (2) and a layer system (3) at least partially electroplated on said metal substrate (2), said layer system (3) comprising at least one second layer (3b) disposed on said metal substrate (2), the at least one second layer (3b) is formed from an alloy containing at least two elements of tin, copper, nickel, silver, zinc, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, manganese, tungsten, and the non-metallic particles include conductive particles dispersed in the alloy; the non-metallic particles include conductive particles formed from at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, soot, graphene, graphene oxide, metal nitrides, and metal carbides; the non-metallic particles further comprise non-conductive particles formed from at least one material from the group consisting of metal sulfide, mica, and PTFE; Component (1), wherein said metal substrate (2) is made of a material from the group comprising copper, copper alloys, nickel, nickel alloys, low alloy carbon steel.

3. A component (1) as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the non-metallic particles include conductive particles formed from graphite or BN (boron nitride).

4. Component (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the alloy is formed from a tin-nickel alloy with a nickel content in the range of 20-30% by weight.

5. 3. The component (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the alloy is formed from a copper-tin alloy, or a tin-silver alloy, or a tin-zinc alloy, or a tin-bismuth alloy, or a tin-antimony alloy, or a tin-cobalt alloy, or a nickel-tungsten alloy, or a tin-manganese alloy.

6. Component (1) according to claim 1, wherein the first layer (3a) has a layer thickness of at most 5 μm.

7. 3. The component (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one second layer (3b) comprises a layer thickness of at most 30 μm.

8. 3. The component (1) according to claim 1 or 2, in the form of an electrode for a redox flow battery (8), wherein the layer system (3) covers the metal substrate (2) at least in the area of ​​contact with the electrolyte of the redox flow battery (8).

9. A redox flow battery (8) comprising at least one electrode according to claim 8 and at least one electrolyte having a pH in the range of -1 to 14.

10. 10. The redox flow battery (8) according to claim 9, comprising at least two electrodes, a first reaction chamber (10a) and a second reaction chamber (10b), each reaction chamber (10a, 10b) being in contact with one of the electrodes, and the reaction chambers (10a, 10b) being separated from each other by an ion exchange membrane (9a).

11. A fuel cell (90) comprising at least one component (1) according to claim 1 or 2 in the form of a flow field plate and at least one polymer electrolyte membrane (9).

12. An electrolysis device for the electrolysis of water, comprising at least one component according to claim 1 or 2 in the form of a flow field plate or fluid diffusion layer (22a, 22b) and at least one polymer electrolyte membrane (9).

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