How to Apply Filament Adhesive

Abstract

A method and system for dispensing a filament adhesive onto a target substrate is provided. The filament adhesive is applied onto the target substrate according to a bead application schedule, and the applied beads are then checked against performance criteria. A second bead application schedule is generated, and subsequent filament beads are applied according to the second bead application schedule.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Systems and methods for dispensing filament adhesives are provided, along with components and methods thereof. The provided dispensers can be useful, for example, in applying pressure-sensitive adhesives to bonding surfaces. [Background technology]

[0002] Pressure-sensitive adhesives are materials that adhere to substrates when pressure is applied. They do not require solvents, water, or heat to produce an adhesive bond. State-of-the-art pressure-sensitive adhesives can achieve extremely high bonding performance and can replace traditional mechanical fasteners in many industrial applications. These bonding solutions are also economical and easy to use.

[0003] Conventional pressure-sensitive adhesives are thin and flat, and are generally dispensed in sheet or roll form. However, in certain applications, it can be advantageous to form the pressure-sensitive adhesive in situ. For example, in automotive bonding applications, non-planar bonding surfaces of parts can provide improved mechanical retention. Some parts may have ribbed bonding surfaces, requiring significant penetration of the pressure-sensitive adhesive into the ribbed structures to achieve adequate bond strength.

[0004] Furthermore, one common plastic used in many automotive applications is thermoplastic olefin ("TPO," sometimes also referred to as "PP / EPDM"), a low surface energy plastic similar to polypropylene. Typical pressure-sensitive adhesives do not achieve a high degree of "wet-out" on these and similar plastics, resulting in a reduced surface area between the adhesive and the substrate. Primers and other surface treatments can be used to improve "wet-out," but these increase the complexity and cost of bonding. For these reasons, bonding to non-planar, low surface energy substrates remains a difficult technical problem. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Provided herein are systems and methods for applying a bead of filament adhesive to a target area using an autonomous robotic application device having a dispensing head and an application sensor communicatively coupled to a computer processor. In one embodiment, the application device includes a computer processor-controlled application arm, and the target substrate is stationary. In another embodiment, the application device includes a movable substrate coupled to the target substrate, along with a stationary dispensing head. A first topography of the target substrate is mapped and analyzed to determine a bead application plan and performance criteria associated with the application plan. A first bead of extruded core-sheath filament is then applied according to the bead application plan. A first sensor input associated with the dispensed first bead is then received and compared to the application plan and performance criteria. Based on this analysis, a threshold level of deviation from the desired geometry or application is calculated, and a second bead application plan is then calculated. This second bead application plan can then be executed by the robotic-computer-controlled dispensing head.

[0006] Filament adhesives include those that use a core / sheath configuration, including adhesives that are dispensed in hot melt form and then cooled to provide a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Using the provided dispensing devices, and optionally with computer assistance, these adhesives can be precisely applied to a predetermined location on a substrate. The ability to customize the size and shape of the pressure-sensitive adhesive provides manufacturers with increased versatility.

[0007] Core-sheath adhesives with a pressure-sensitive adhesive core (i.e., core-sheath PSAs) are distinguished from conventional filaments in several ways. For one, pressure-sensitive adhesives tend to have a relatively soft, viscoelastic consistency, which makes them challenging for many conventional FFF (fused filament fabrication) printheads. These materials tend to buckle and / or clog when forced into the melt zone. Some FFF printheads have added feed tubes or feed guides that allow for the feeding of rubber-based filaments. However, these filaments can be successfully fed primarily because they have a significantly higher Shore A durometer than typical pressure-sensitive adhesive materials.

[0008] Another technical challenge relates to the size of the filament adhesive. Industrial applications utilizing pumpable adhesives require material feed rates of approximately 4.5 to 18 kg / hour (10 to 40 lba / hour). To meet these desired throughputs for most industrial applications, the diameter of the provided filament must be sufficiently large, typically approximately 6 millimeters or larger. This can be several times larger than the diameter of conventional filaments used in 3D printers.

[0009] Core-sheath PSAs also behave differently than traditional hot melt adhesives. Unlike traditional hot melt materials, core-sheath PSAs retain a high melt viscosity when heated. This is desirable for dimensional stability of the dispensed adhesive on the substrate. Even when molten, these materials do not drip, sag, or otherwise move from where they are dispensed.

[0010] The present disclosure describes a dispensing system capable of dispensing filament adhesives, such as core-sheath PSA, according to a bead application scheme. Suitable substrates include, but are not limited to, irregular surfaces, complex geometric shapes, and flexible media. Additional applications for this pressure-sensitive adhesive include sealing, bonding in tight spaces, patterned adhesive placement, and bonding in consumer electronics.

[0011] In a first aspect, a dispensing method is described that includes applying beads of filament adhesive to a target substrate having a substrate topography, the method including receiving at a processor digital input defining a bead application plan and performance criteria associated with the substrate topography; providing a signal from the processor that causes a dispensing system having a dispensing head to dispense a first set of beads of molten core-sheath filament adhesive in accordance with the bead application plan; receiving at the processor first sensor input associated with the dispensed first set of beads of extruded core-sheath filament adhesive; analyzing at the processor the first sensor input associated with the application plan and the performance criteria to calculate defects associated with the dispensed first set of beads of extruded core-sheath filament adhesive and to create a second bead application plan to repair the calculated defects; and providing a signal from the processor that causes a dispensing system having a dispensing head to dispense the second set of beads of extruded core-sheath filament adhesive to the target substrate in accordance with the second bead application plan. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a filament adhesive. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a dispensing head for dispensing the filament adhesive of FIG. 1 according to one exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a side view of the barrel component of the dispensing head of FIG. 2, showing certain interior surfaces in dotted lines. [Figure 4]FIG. 3 is a side view of the screw component of the dispensing head of FIG. 2. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a front cross-sectional view of the components of FIG. 4. [Figure 6] 4 is a perspective view of a system incorporating the filament adhesive of FIG. 1 and the dispensing head of FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a target substrate. [Figure 8] 8A-8C are diagrams of the target substrate shown in FIG. 7 with two different types of filament adhesive. [Figure 9] 1 is a top view of a bead of adhesive having a ribbon profile. [Figure 10] A variety of different bead profiles are shown. [Figure 11] 1 is an exemplary method of applying a bead of filament adhesive. Repeat use of reference characters in the specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present disclosure. It is to be understood that those skilled in the art can devise numerous other modifications and embodiments that fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the present disclosure. The figures may not be drawn to scale.

[0013] definition As used herein, An "adhesive bond line" is the adhesive bond area between two adhesive parts. "Ambient conditions" means a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (approximately 100 kilopascals). "Ambient temperature" means a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. "Bead" means the filament adhesive as dispensed. The bead may have any viable profile defined by the dispensing head, including round, oval, ribbon, rectangular, triangular, etc. "Nominal screw length" refers to the length of the flighted portion of the extrusion screw (the portion that normally comes into contact with the extrudate). "Non-stick" refers to a material that passes a "self-adhesion test," in which the force required to peel the material from itself without fracturing it is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum threshold amount. The self-adhesion test, described below, is typically performed on a sample of sheath material to determine whether the sheath is non-stick. "Pressure-sensitive adhesive" refers to a material that is normally tacky at room temperature and can be adhered to a surface by applying light finger pressure, and therefore can be distinguished from other types of adhesives that are not pressure-sensitive. A general description of pressure-sensitive adhesives can be found in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, Wiley-Interscience Publishers (New York, 1988). A further description of pressure-sensitive adhesives can be found in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Interscience Publishers (New York, 1964). As used herein, "pressure-sensitive adhesive" or "PSA" refers to a viscoelastic material that has the following properties: (1) strong, permanent adhesion, (2) adhesion to substrates other than fluorothermoplastic films with or without finger pressure, and (3) sufficient cohesion to be cleanly released from the substrate. Pressure-sensitive adhesives may also meet the Dahlquist criterion, as set forth in Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Technology, D. Satas, 2nd ed., page 172 (1989), which defines a pressure-sensitive adhesive as one that has a 1-second creep compliance of greater than 1×10 cm / dyne at its use temperature (e.g., at a temperature in the range of 15° C. to 35° C.). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] As used herein, the terms "preferred" and "preferably" refer to embodiments described herein that may offer certain advantages, under particular circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the description of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, or is intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.

[0015] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an element preceded by "a" or "the" may include one or more of that element and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the term "and / or" means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements. It should be noted that the term "comprises" and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning when these terms appear in the accompanying description. Furthermore, "a," "an," "the," "at least one," and "one or more" are used interchangeably herein. Relative terms such as left, right, front, rear, top, bottom, side, above, below, horizontal, vertical, etc. may be used herein, when referring to a perspective viewed in a particular drawing. However, these terms are used merely for ease of description and in no way limit the scope of the present invention.

[0016] Throughout this specification, references to "one embodiment," "a particular embodiment," "one or more embodiments," or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described with respect to that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "in a particular embodiment," "in one embodiment," or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment of the invention. Where applicable, product names are written in all capital letters.

[0017] The assemblies and methods described herein are useful for dispensing an adhesive in molten form onto a substrate. The dispensed adhesive is optionally a pressure-sensitive adhesive. In some embodiments, the dispensed adhesive has a composition that makes it unnecessary to pretreat the surface or to pre-apply a primer onto the substrate. Eliminating the pre-treatment or priming step saves time and money and provides great convenience to the user.

[0018] Advantageously, the provided assemblies and methods can use a filament adhesive, which is an adhesive provided in a continuous, thread-like configuration. The filament adhesive preferably has a uniform cross-section, but can also have a non-uniform cross-section. Advantageously, the filament adhesive can be continuously supplied from a spool into a dispensing device, such as a dispensing head.

[0019] Particularly useful filament adhesives have a core-sheath filament configuration, such as that described in co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 633,140 (Nyaribo et al.). Core-sheath filament materials have a configuration in which a first material (i.e., core) is surrounded by a second material (i.e., sheath). Preferably, the core and sheath are concentric and share a common longitudinal axis. The ends of the core need not be surrounded by the sheath.

[0020] An exemplary filament adhesive is shown in FIG. 1 and will hereinafter be referred to by the numeral 100. The core-sheath filament adhesive 100 includes an adhesive core 102 and a non-tacky sheath 104. The adhesive core 102 is a pressure-sensitive adhesive at ambient temperatures. As shown, the core 102 has a cylindrical outer surface 106, and the sheath 104 extends around the outer surface 106 of the core 102. As shown here, the core-sheath filament adhesive 100 has a generally circular cross-section, although it should be understood that other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., square, hexagonal, rectangular, oval, or multi-lobal) are also possible.

[0021] Advantageously, the non-stick sheath 104 prevents the filament adhesive 100 from sticking to itself, thereby allowing for convenient storage and handling of the filament adhesive 100 on a spool. In some embodiments, the sheath includes a powder or other material that prevents the filament adhesive from sticking to itself while in roll form. The sheath is combined with the core material during the extrusion process.

[0022] The diameter of the core-sheath filament is not particularly limited. Factors influencing the selection of the filament diameter include size constraints for the adhesive dispenser, desired adhesive throughput, and accuracy requirements for adhesive application. The core-sheath filament can have an average diameter of 1 to 20 millimeters, 3 to 13 millimeters, 6 to 12 millimeters, or, in some embodiments, an average diameter less than, equal to, or greater than 1 millimeter, 2 millimeters, 3 millimeters, 4 millimeters, 5 millimeters, 6 millimeters, 7 millimeters, 8 millimeters, 9 millimeters, 10 millimeters, 11 millimeters, 12 millimeters, 13 millimeters, 14 millimeters, 15 millimeters, 16 millimeters, 17 millimeters, 18 millimeters, 19 millimeters, or 20 millimeters. The filament adhesive 100 can be a stock item and can be provided in any length suitable for the application.

[0023] The dispensing methods described herein offer many potential technical advantages, at least some of which are unexpected, including, in some embodiments, retention of adhesive properties after dispensing, low volatile organic compound (VOC) characteristics, avoidance of die cutting and / or use of release liners, design flexibility, enabling complex non-planar bonding patterns, printing on thin and / or delicate substrates, utilizing less material / reducing system waste, and printing on irregular and / or complex topologies.

[0024] Core-sheath filament adhesives according to the present disclosure can be made using any known method. In exemplary embodiments, these filament adhesives are made by extruding molten polymer through a coaxial die. Technical details, options, and advantages of the core-sheath filament adhesives described above are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 633,140 (Nyaribo et al.). Further embodiments and examples illustrating the making of filament adhesives and dispensing systems are provided in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 907,325 (Napierala et al.).

[0025] Figure 2 shows a dispensing head 150 configured to receive, melt, mix, and dispense the filament adhesive 100 of Figure 1. The dispensing head 150 includes a barrel 152 and a rotatable screw 154 received therein. A gearbox 156 and a motor 158 are operatively connected to the screw 154, and an alignment wheel 160, which may be motorized, is mounted on the side of the barrel 152 through which the filament is guided into the dispensing head 150. Further details regarding each of these components are provided below.

[0026] The barrel 152 has the configuration of a barrel used in a single-screw extruder. The barrel 152 has a cylindrical inner surface 170 and engages the screw 154 in a surrounding relationship. The inner surface 170 terminates in a spout 172 at the distal end of the barrel 152. The spout 172 is generally circular, but could also be rectangular or have any other suitable shape. The barrel 152 includes one or more embedded heating elements (not visible) for heating the inner surface 170 and melting the filament adhesive during the dispensing operation. Optionally, the inner surface 170 of the barrel 152 can be grooved or otherwise textured to increase friction between the barrel 152 and the extruded adhesive, and the barrel 152, in some embodiments, includes a sleeve insert.

[0027] Referring again to FIG. 2 , an inlet 174 extends through the top surface of the barrel for receiving filament adhesive. As further shown, the inlet 174 includes a forward sidewall 176 that defines a sloped nip point where the forward sidewall 176 meets the outer surface of the screw 154. Advantageously, the sloped nip point prevents the filament adhesive from breaking as it is drawn into the barrel 152. The sloped nip point is part of a robust feed mechanism that allows for a continuous supply of filament adhesive into the barrel 152 without requiring operator attendance, and in some embodiments, the sloped nip point can aid in cleanup, as extruded filament adhesive can sometimes accumulate at the inlet.

[0028] The drive mechanism for dispensing head 150 is provided by gearbox 156 and motor 158. In some embodiments, dispensing head 150 includes controls that allow for adjustment of the speed and / or torque of rotatable screw 154. In some embodiments, motor 158 is a servo motor. Servomotors are advantageous because they can provide a high degree of torque over a wide range of rotational speeds.

[0029] As shown, the inlet 174 generally has an inverted funnel shape, with the cross-sectional area of ​​the inlet 174 increasing as it approaches the screw 154. The inlet 174 has one or more sidewalls, such as a leading sidewall 176 as shown. The leading sidewall 176 may be planar or curved. When viewed transversely, at least a portion of the leading sidewall 176 extends at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the screw 154. The acute angle that facilitates filament adhesive dispensing can be less than, equal to, or greater than 10 degrees to 70 degrees, 18 degrees to 43 degrees, 23 degrees to 33 degrees, or in some embodiments, 10 degrees, 13 degrees, 15 degrees, 17 degrees, 20 degrees, 22 degrees, 25 degrees, 27 degrees, 30 degrees, 32 degrees, 35 degrees, 37 degrees, 40 degrees, 42 degrees, 45 degrees, 47 degrees, 50 degrees, 53 degrees, 55 degrees, 57 degrees, 60 degrees, 65 degrees, or 70 degrees.

[0030] FIG. 3 shows a top view of barrel 152 showing further detail regarding the shape of inlet 174. Inlet 174 includes an outer inlet 175 and a hidden surface, shown in dotted lines, extending from outer inlet 175. As can be seen in FIG. 3, front sidewall 176 is not planar, but rather has a complex compound curvature. The curved surfaces of inlet 174, including front sidewall 176, generally define a recess in inner surface 170 of barrel 152 to accommodate filament adhesive as it is being dispensed. Overall, the inlet 174 can extend along 10 to 40 percent, 15 to 35 percent, 20 to 30 percent of the nominal screw length, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 10 percent, 12 percent, 15 percent, 17 percent, 20 percent, 22 percent, 25 percent, 27 percent, 30 percent, 32 percent, 35 percent, 37 percent, or 40 percent of the nominal screw length.

[0031] The recess surrounded by the inlet 174, as here, can extend both axially and circumferentially relative to the screw 154. By providing space for the filament adhesive to travel within the barrel 152, the recess reduces the likelihood that the flights of the rotatable screw 154 will cut the filament adhesive during operation of the dispensing head 150. This is disadvantageous because a broken filament interrupts the dispensing process, requiring an operator to manually reinsert the filament adhesive into the dispensing head 150 before the process can be restarted.

[0032] 4 and 5 show the features of the screw 154 in more detail. The screw 154 includes a shank 180 at one end for connecting to a drive mechanism. The shank 180 is connected to a shaft 182 having a diameter that increases gradually along its length. Extending around the shaft 182 are helical flights 184 for conveying molten material forward as the screw 154 rotates within the barrel 152.

[0033] Proximal to where the filament adhesive is dispensed into the dispensing head 150, as also shown in cross section in FIG. 5 , the helical flight 184 is provided with a notch 188 to provide a gripping lug 186. The gripping lug 186 provides an additional edge to help capture the continuous filament adhesive passing through the inlet 174 and actively draw it into the barrel 152. This is a significant advantage over feeding mechanisms that require forcing the adhesive into the feed zone, which can induce buckling and kinking of the filament adhesive. The gripping lugs 186 can extend over 1 to 30 percent, 3 to 25 percent, 5 to 20 percent of the nominal screw length, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, or 30 percent of the nominal screw length. If the gripping lugs are too shallow, they will not effectively draw the filament into the inlet. If the gripping lugs are too deep, they will draw the filament in at a rate faster than the filament can move longitudinally down the barrel, resulting in a buildup of adhesive at the inlet, which can hinder dispensing.

[0034] At the opposite end of the screw 154 is a mixing section 190. The mixing section 190 includes a plurality of cylindrical posts 192. However, the mixing section 190 may be represented in other configurations not shown in FIG. 4 . Other screw features that may be employed include a grooved cylinder (as found in a Maddock mixer), a densely flighted screw section with crosscuts (as found in a Saxton mixer), or any of a variety of known post patterns, including those used in pineapple mixers. Optionally, posts or pins may be located on the interior sidewall of the barrel 152 to aid in the mixing process; in that case, there may be crosscuts in the flights of the screw 154 to avoid interference.

[0035] The length of the mixing section 190 can depend on various factors, including, but not limited to, the adhesive composition being extruded and the feed rate of the filament adhesive. The mixing section 190 can be less than, equal to, or greater than 5 to 30 percent, 7 to 25 percent, 8 to 20 percent of the nominal screw length, or in some embodiments, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, or 35 percent of the nominal screw length.

[0036] For effective melting, mixing, and dispensing of the filament adhesive within a relatively compact enclosure, the nominal screw length to screw diameter ratio can be less than, equal to, or greater than 8:1 to 20:1, 9:1 to 17:1, 10:1 to 14:1, or in some embodiments, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, or 20:1.

[0037] The provided dispensing head 150 is capable of significant throughput. In preferred embodiments, the dispensing head is capable of dispensing adhesive composition at a throughput of at least 3 kg / hr, at least 4 kg / hr, at least 5 kg / hr, at least 6 kg / hr, at least 7 kg / hr, at least 8 kg / hr, or at least 20 kg / hr.

[0038] 6 presents a schematic diagram of dispensing system 228 including dispensing head 250 equipped with a mount for attachment to the end of movable arm 230. Dispensing head 250 may have features similar to those of dispensing head 150, as described above. Movable arm 230 is attached to table 232 and may have any number of joints that allow dispensing head 250 to translate and rotate with up to six degrees of freedom. Movable arm 230 allows dispensing head 250 to dispense adhesive composition with precision and repeatability and over a wide range of locations relative to table 232.

[0039] Optionally, and as shown, dispensing system 228 further includes filament adhesive 234 for continuous supply into dispensing head 250, as shown in FIG. 6. Filament adhesive 234 may be continuously unwound from spool 236, as shown. It should be understood that the location of spool 236 relative to the other components of dispensing system 228 is not critical and may be mounted in any convenient location. Spool 236 may be secured to table 232 or to a structure above the table.

[0040] Dispensing head 250 in Figure 6 is shown dispensing adhesive composition 238 in hot melt form onto the bonding surface of substrate 240. Substrate 240 need not be limited and can be, for example, an industrial part for adhesively joining an assembly. Optionally, substrate 240 can be mounted on table 232 to provide a spatial reference point for positioning dispensing head 250. This can be particularly useful in an automated process that uses a computer having a processor and memory to control the position and orientation of dispensing head 250.

[0041] The dispensing of the adhesive composition 238 can be automated or semi-automated, thus requiring little or no intervention by a human operator. One advantage of the provided method is that the adhesive composition 238 can be dispensed onto a substrate 240 according to instructions provided by a computer and based on a predetermined pattern. The predetermined pattern can be two-dimensional (along a planar surface) or three-dimensional (along a non-planar surface). The predetermined pattern can be represented by a digitized model on a computer processor, allowing the predetermined pattern to be customized for any of a wide variety of substrates. As used herein, a computer is a device having a processor and memory, and can be communicatively coupled to other devices, such as a scanning device for examining the topography of a target substrate or a device for controlling mechanisms associated with the dispensing system, as well as other input means for human control of the computer system (e.g., a user interface, keyboard, etc., as needed).

[0042] Here, adhesive composition 238 is a thermoplastic elastomer that is allowed to continue to flow after being dispensed. In certain applications, the molten adhesive conforms to the shape of the protruding or recessed features of substrate 240 for improved mechanical retention. Optionally, the protruding or recessed features may have one or more undercuts to further improve the strength of the bond.

[0043] 6, the bonding surface of substrate 240 has a ribbed configuration, allowing adhesive composition 238 to flow and penetrate into the recessed areas between the ribs. By providing an increased surface area for bonding, this configuration results in a significantly stronger bond compared to a planar bonding configuration. When adhesive composition 238 cools to ambient temperature, its cohesive strength increases and the material behaves as a pressure-sensitive adhesive.

[0044] In some embodiments, bonding can be completed by placing the adhesive-backed substrate 240 in immediate contact with a corresponding article or assembly. Such operations can be manual, semi-automated, or fully automated. If the adhesive-backed substrate 240 is not yet ready to be bonded, the exposed surface of the dispensed adhesive can be covered with a release liner to maintain its adhesiveness. Depending on the application, the adhesive-backed substrate can then be packaged, stored, or transported to a subsequent manufacturing process.

[0045] Further improvements are also possible. Although not explicitly shown in the drawings, one or more additional heating elements can be provided to preheat the filament adhesive before it enters the heated barrel of the dispensing head. Preheating the filament adhesive may allow for a shorter screw / barrel, since preheated adhesive requires less heat to melt. The additional heating elements can be located on peripheral components or on portions of the dispensing head itself. In some embodiments, the alignment wheel 160 incorporates the additional heating elements.

[0046] The dispensed adhesive can also be applied to another adhesive article. For example, it can be used to create a skin adhesive on a foam tape. The dispensed material can be foamed or non-foamed. Non-foamed adhesive compositions may be preferred because they are more easily reprocessed without loss of performance. On the other hand, foamed adhesives can be cost-effective and useful for bonding to rough or other uneven surfaces. Optionally, the filament adhesive is foamed by incorporating glass bubbles or other foaming components into the filament adhesive composition.

[0047] Useful features and applications of the provided dispensing heads can extend beyond those in this disclosure, and some are described in co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Nos. 62 / 810,221 (Napierala et al.) and 62 / 810,248 (Napierala et al.), both filed February 25, 2019.

[0048] Dispensing pressure-sensitive adhesives using the provided dispensing head offers many advantages. The incorporation of the dispensing head into a dispensing system allows for easier loading and replacement of consumable materials, particularly in automated processes, by using spooled filament adhesive as a roll product. The provided screw configuration is also well-suited for use with PSA filament adhesives, which have a relatively soft, viscoelastic consistency and are difficult to dispense into conventional dispensers. Unlike conventional dispensers, the provided dispensing head does not require heated hoses, making changeover easier compared to typical hot melt or curable liquid adhesive dispensing systems. Furthermore, by confining the heating element to a small space (the dispensing head), many aspects of the adhesive application system are significantly simplified compared to hot melt technology. For example, hot melt technology requires heating and then pumping large volumes of material, and hoses must be purged at the end of a run. This purging and cleaning can take several hours. In contrast, the filament adhesive with dispensing system described herein confines the heating element to a relatively very small area (the dispensing head), and in some embodiments, the dispensing system can simply be turned off at the end of the job and application can be resumed later.

[0049] The provided dispensing heads are also modular, allowing them to be used with any of a variety of customized nozzles to provide the desired precision in adhesive placement. The provided dispensing heads can allow adhesive to be dispensed in a customized manner. For example, it is possible to dispense adhesive onto a substrate in dots, stripes, or other discontinuous patterns. As previously mentioned, suitable coating patterns need not be flat, but can be placed on complex and irregular bonding surfaces.

[0050] The provided dispensing heads are highly efficient and lightweight. In some embodiments, the dispensing heads have a total weight of up to 10 kg, up to 8 kg, or up to 6 kg. Practical examples of the dispensing heads are light and compact enough to be attached to lightweight robotic arms currently used in manufacturing facilities. The screw and barrel are configured to provide excellent mixing within a short residence time in the melt zone, thereby reducing waste and minimizing the risk of thermal degradation of the adhesive. In another embodiment not shown in FIG. 6, a stationary dispensing head applies a molten bead of adhesive to a target substrate mounted on a movable base.

[0051] Turning now to a description of how sensors may be used to apply the filament adhesive to a target substrate to ensure a quality application, FIG. 7 illustrates a scanning configuration 300. Specifically, a target workpiece 302 is shown being scanned using radiation 308 by a scanner 306. The scanner 306 is communicatively coupled to a control system 304. The scanner 306 may be any suitable scanner capable of acquiring signals that map the topography of the target surface in more than two dimensions (e.g., either 2D, 2.5D, or 3D). Because 2D systems rely on contrast-based techniques, 3D techniques are preferred for this application. Exemplary scanners include cameras, vision systems, laser range finders, photogrammetry systems, laser scanners, and structured light imaging systems. In one embodiment, a high-resolution focused optical beam, a profilometer, or laser scanning microscopy may be used to measure the 2D profile of the target workpiece 302. Exemplary scanners include the VR series (Keyence Corporation, Osaka, Japan) and the SURFTEST SJ series (Mitutoyo Corporation, Sakado, Japan). Area averages of the target workpiece 302 surface can also be captured using optical scattering or low-energy diffraction techniques. A scanning tunneling microscope or a high-resolution imaging camera can be used to obtain a 3D map of the target workpiece 302. While a radiation-based system is shown, mechanical systems that use a probe to probe the topography of the target substrate can also be used. The target workpiece can be any workpiece that has a bonding application associated with it. Non-limiting examples include industrial manufacturing, home appliances, vehicles, and consumer electronics. The control system 304 can be a general-purpose or dedicated computer or control circuit. The control system 304 receives signals from the scanner 306 and creates a digital first topography of the target substrate 302. This topography contains information defining the three-dimensional surface of the substrate 302.The resulting topographic profile, in one embodiment, indicates the type of target substrate 302 and defines the average value for the height of peaks or the distance between peaks on the surface of the target substrate. The topographic profile can include one “face” of the substrate 302, or many faces if the substrate 302 has a multidimensional, complex shape. The scanner 306 can be stationary while the substrate 302 moves relative to the scanner 306 during scanning, or the scanner 306 can move relative to the substrate 302 during scanning. A model workpiece is scanned by the scanner 306, and the resulting digital topographic information is stored in computer memory or a database for retrieval and use in connection with subsequent workpieces of the same design. Alternatively, each workpiece can be individually scanned by the scanner 306 as a preliminary step. This individualized target substrate scan can be beneficial in certain scenarios, such as when surface contaminants or other anomalies are present and may interfere with adhesive application. For example, the scanner 306 can identify surface energy contaminants such as oil, moisture, foreign matter, or other defects that may adversely affect adhesive bead application.

[0052] Once the first topography of the target substrate is acquired or generated, a bead application plan is determined or retrieved for the first topography. The bead application plan defines how dispensing head 250 coupled to movable arm 230 may output filaments, i.e., filament adhesive beads, onto the target substrate. The bead application plan includes, for example, information defining the location, region, and type of beads to be applied (if there are two or more types, e.g., ribbon profile or circular profile, or another type of adhesive). The bead application plan may also define the order of bead application to the target substrate. The bead application plan can be calculated automatically using rules within a computer program on the computer and then, in some embodiments, verified by a human operator or can be largely defined using a computer system by a human operator. Furthermore, the human operator can modify or expand the computer-proposed application plan. In one embodiment, the surface topography of the part to be mated to the target substrate is also available digitally, and this information is available to the computer system to design the bead application plan. Having access to the surface topography of the part to be mated to the target substrate allows for better design of the adhesive bond line, i.e., in some areas the applied bead needs to be thin and wide, while in other areas the applied bead needs to be narrow and thick, etc. The resulting bead application plan can be stored, for example, as an XML file or in any other suitable format. The resulting bead application plan can be stored locally, in a storage cloud, or in any other suitable location or medium. Scanning the target topography can reveal part anomalies, such as warpage, that can be addressed by the bead application plan, or can provide information indicating that the target substrate is unsuitable for further processing (e.g., the target substrate is broken or has other defects). Additionally, the scan can reveal surface energy irregularities associated with the target substrate, such as the presence of foreign contaminants such as oil, water, or residue.Depending on the details of the application, the presence of surface energy irregularities may or may not mean that the part is suitable for further processing.

[0053] Along with the application plan, performance criteria related to the target substrate are also defined. Again, this can be defined by a computer applying a set of rules to the substrate topography and then verified by a human operator as needed, or it can be designed by a human operator using a computer. Performance criteria are rules that define the characteristics of acceptable bead application on the target substrate. For example, the performance criteria may define the pattern in which the adhesive is applied, the minimum bead width, thickness, or volume, the acceptable coverage in the application area, the areas that cannot contain adhesive, or any other criteria that define acceptable bead application on the target substrate targeted for sensor validation. Typical error conditions, both general errors and workpiece-specific errors, can also be defined. For example, a start / stop event during bead application can manifest with specific visual anomalies related to the bead shape, similar to starting and stopping the application of a bead of caulk. A start / stop event can be defined as acceptable in certain areas of the target workpiece but unacceptable in other areas. Depending on the nature of the start / stop event, if beads are determined to be missing in a particular area of ​​the target workpiece, possible recovery conditions (e.g., bead reinforcement) can also be defined. Another error condition that can be defined is sputtering, where a bead of filament adhesive does not extrude properly for various reasons. Sputtering is typically defined as air being trapped in the dispensing head, the adhesive generating a large amount of shear as it moves through the dispensing head, or generating or being exposed to more heat than the system can effectively manage. This condition can exist if the filament adhesive runs out or stops paying out, or it can exist based on other error conditions in the dispensing head (such as a jam or motor failure). Similar to start / stop events, sputtering may or may not be a problem in certain areas of the target workpiece, and the acceptability of sputtering can be a function of, for example, the volume being sputtered.This is defined in the performance criteria in some embodiments. A minimum volumetric output of adhesive in a given area can also be an aspect of the performance criteria. Additionally, appropriate corrective actions can also be defined; for example, if bead augmentation is appropriate in one area, but another area requires the piece to be completely redone or requires the attention of a human operator, this can also be defined in the performance criteria. The concept of corrective action that is conditional on another condition is called conditional corrective action; in such cases, both the corrective action (e.g., bead augmentation, i.e., applying additional new beads in the area where the error condition exists) and the conditional aspect (e.g., in this area of ​​the target substrate) would both be defined as part of the performance criteria.

[0054] Both the bead application plan and the performance criteria may be defined in any suitable computer-readable medium, for example, using a text file or an XML file, or any other suitable markup language. A database management system (DBMS) running on one or more database servers may also be used. The database management system may be a relational database management system (RDBMS), a hierarchical database management system (HDBMS), a multidimensional database management system (MDBMS), an object-oriented database management system (ODBMS or OODBMS), or an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). Data describing the bead application plan may be stored in a single relational database, such as Microsoft Corporation's SQL Server. In one embodiment, the bead application plan may define the movements of the control arm and dispensing head, but more preferably includes a topographical map of the target substrate obtained in connection with the description of FIG. 7 and instead defines the application order for the various bead dispenses; a control system associated with the actual dispensing of the adhesive beads would then receive the bead application plan and translate it into the specific commands necessary to cause the dispensing head to dispense the adhesive beads according to the plan.

[0055] Referring now to FIG. 8 , target substrate 302 is again shown, but now includes a first bead of ribbon-profile adhesive 310 and a circular-profile bead adhesive 238, with adhesive 238 being applied by dispensing head 250 and dispensing system described above with respect to FIG. 6 (like numbers refer to like elements unless otherwise noted). A control system 276, which is a computer having processing and memory, is shown communicatively coupled to the applicator. While two separate beads, each with a different profile, are shown in FIG. 8 , any number of other bead profiles can be used in any practical pattern. The beads shown in FIG. 8 were deposited according to a bead application scheme, as described above. The bead profile, which will be described more fully below with respect to FIG. 10 , can be changed by varying extrusion orifice 285 of dispensing head 250. This can be done manually, for example, control system 276 may interpret the bead application plan and call for a different extrusion orifice and provide an audible or visual alert for the operator to change the extrusion orifice, or preferably, this is done automatically by control system 276 entering an extrusion orifice exchange routine, which causes the dispensing head to move to orifice storage array 280 and exchange one extrusion orifice of a first profile for a second extrusion orifice of a second profile. Figure 8 shows two extrusion orifices with different profiles, where extrusion orifice 281 can be a ribbon-style orifice suitable for depositing a ribbon profile such as deposited bead 310, or extrusion orifice 283 can be a small circular bead profile.

[0056] 9 shows a bead 310 with a ribbon profile applied to a target substrate 342 in an application scenario 340. This type of profile may be suitable for subsequent application to placards or larger surface area substrates.

[0057] 10 shows non-limiting examples of bead profiles that can be formed using various extrusion orifices. Rectangular beads 350; circular beads 352; ribbon beads 354; oval beads 356; and triangular beads 358 are all shown. Other extrusion profiles are possible as desired.

[0058] FIG. 11 illustrates a method 500 for applying beads of filament adhesive to a target substrate. First, (step 552) a topology map of the target substrate is created. This was further described above with respect to FIG. 7. If the target substrate topography is known, this step may be omitted and the substrate topography is used directly. Next, in step 554, a bead application plan and performance criteria are loaded or received, as described with respect to FIG. 8. Beads of filament adhesive are then applied using a computer-controlled dispensing head according to the bead application plan (step 556). A sensor, which may be the same sensor used to create the topography map of the target substrate as described with respect to FIG. 7 or a different sensor as described above, then receives sensor input related to the dispensed beads (step 558). This sensor can sense any useful characteristic of the target substrate combined with the applied beads. For example, the sensor can scan where the applied beads are located on the substrate, scan and determine profiled beads, or scan and determine percent coverage. The sensor can scan the bead profile or bead volume in a region of the target substrate. Next, in step 560, the sensor input is compared to performance criteria for the target substrate. Performance criteria are those described above with respect to FIG. 8. For example, performance criteria for a particular substrate may specify that a particular region of the target substrate must have a particular volume of adhesive thereon, or a particular percentage coverage. Performance criteria can also define effective corrective actions for types of error conditions. For example, if the scan reveals that not enough adhesive has been applied in a particular region of the target substrate, the corrective action can be as simple as logic indicating that bead augmentation (e.g., reapplication) is an effective corrective action. In other regions, bead application may not be effective because, for example, bead application may result in an excessive amount of adhesive in a particular region, which may or may not be acceptable based on the application.

[0059] The result of comparing the sensor inputs to the performance criteria is a second bead application plan, which is consistent with any valid corrective actions indicated by the performance criteria. For example, the second application plan will include information defining a subsequent bead application plan. This may include using application heads with different extrusion profiles to enhance the bead in certain areas, as needed. A post-application bead profile review may also provide other information, such as how well the extruded beads were placed on the substrate. For example, a bead profile may indicate the degree to which the adhesive was wetted on the surface.

[0060] Finally, a second bead of filament adhesive is applied to the target substrate consistent with a second bead application schedule, which in some embodiments occurs immediately after the application and inspection of the bead of the first application schedule, before the adhesive previously applied to the target substrate has cooled too much.

[0061] This basic process outlined in Figure 11 can be repeated one or more times depending on the complexity of the target substrate, the complexity of the application plan, and the propensity for error, with each iteration resulting in a further bead application plan that, in theory, will be scaled back with each iteration until all performance criteria are met.

[0062] Material preparation and evaluation This section describes the creation and deposition of filament adhesive using a dispensing head as described above, and as augmented and extended by the methods described above.

[0063] [Table 1]

[0064] Test Method: 90° Peel Strength Test: A 12.5 mm wide x 1.5 mm thick x 125 mm long strip of sample adhesive was dispensed directly onto the substrate. The sample adhesive was allowed to cool to room temperature (25°C) for 10 minutes. Aluminum foil was then manually laminated to the exposed sample adhesive surface using a 6.8 kilogram steel roller, passing it twice in each direction. The bonded sample was allowed to stand for 4 hours at 25°C and 50% humidity. Peel tests were performed at room temperature using a tensile tester equipped with a 50 kilonewton load cell at a separation rate of 30.5 centimeters / minute. The average peel force was recorded and used to calculate the average peel adhesion strength in Newtons / centimeter.

[0065] Static Shear Strength Test: A 12.5 mm wide x 1.5 mm thick x 25.4 mm long strip of sample adhesive was dispensed directly onto an aluminum coupon, with the strip's length spanning the width of the aluminum coupon. The aluminum coupon was fabricated by cutting aluminum plaque material (1.6 mm thick, 101.6 mm wide, and 304.8 mm long anodized aluminum 5005-H34 Code 990MX, obtained from Lawrence & Frederic Inc., Streamwood, Illinois, United States) into a 25.4 mm wide x 50 mm long piece, with a 6 mm hole drilled in the center of the narrow edge for hanging the bonded sample from a test hook. After cooling to room temperature for 10 minutes, a 25.4 mm wide x 120 mm long aluminum foil strip was attached to the exposed sample adhesive surface by manually passing a 6.8 kg steel roller twice in each direction. The foil tail was looped and stapled. The bonded samples were subjected to a 4-hour rest period at 25°C and 50% humidity. The test panel was attached vertically to a hook at room temperature, and a 250 gram weight was attached to the aluminum foil loop. The time it took for the sample to drop from the plastic substrate was recorded. If no fracture occurred, the test was stopped after 72 hours.

[0066] Self-Adhesion Test: It is desirable that the core-sheath filaments do not fuse together or block during storage. The sheath material provides a non-adhesive surface to cover the core adhesive. To determine whether a candidate sheath material meets the requirement of being "non-stick," a self-adhesion test was performed on a film of the pure sheath material. Coupons (25 mm x 75 mm x 0.8 mm) were cut. For each material, two coupons were stacked on top of each other and placed on a flat surface in an oven. A 750-gram weight (43 mm diameter, flat bottom) was placed on top of the two coupons, with the weight centered above the film. The oven was heated to 50°C, and the samples were left there for 4 hours before cooling to room temperature. A static T-peel test was used to evaluate pass / fail. One end of one coupon was fixed to a stationary frame, and a 250 g weight was attached to the corresponding end of the other coupon. If the films were flexible and began to peel, they formed a T-shape. If the static 250 gram load was able to separate the two coupons within three minutes of applying the weight to the second coupon, the sample was considered a pass and non-stick; otherwise, if the two coupons remained adhered together, it was considered a fail.

[0067] Step 1: Preparation of acrylic resin Two sheets of ethylene / vinyl acetate film (obtained from Consolidated Thermoplastics Co., Schaumburg, Ill., United States) having a vinyl acetate content of 6% and a thickness of 0.0635 millimeters (0.0025 inches) were heat-sealed at their side edges and bottom using a liquid form-fill-seal machine to form a rectangular tube 5 cm (1.97 inches) wide. The tube was then filled with a monomer mixture of 89.8% EHA, 10% AA, 0.05% IOTG, and 0.15% Irg651. The filled tube was then heat-sealed at the top and transversely at regular intervals along the length of the tube to form individual pouches measuring 18 cm x 5 cm, each containing 26 grams of the composition. The pouches were placed in a water bath maintained at about 21° C. to 32° C. and exposed, first on one side and then on the other, for 8.3 minutes to ultraviolet radiation at an intensity of about 4.5 milliwatts per square centimeter to cure the composition. The radiation was provided by a lamp having about 90% of its emission between 300 and 400 nanometers (nm).

[0068] Step 2: Preparation of sample adhesive composition The acrylic resin (prepared in step 1) and Nucrel were coaxially coextruded to form a core-sheath filament. Nucrel was the outer sheath material and was 6.5% by weight of the total adhesive composition. The filament diameter was 8 millimeters. The acrylic resin was fed into the coaxial die at 163 degrees Celsius through a 40-millimeter twin screw rotating at 200 RPM. Nucrel was fed into the die at 193 degrees Celsius through a 19-millimeter twin screw rotating at 9 RPM. The filament adhesive was wound onto a roll and stored for dispensing. The Nucrel was subjected to a self-adhesion test and passed.

[0069] Step 3: Dispensing sample adhesive The dispensing temperature was 180 degrees Celsius. The screw speed for the test samples was 300 RPM for the preparation of the test specimens and was varied as shown in Table 3 for the throughput measurements.

[0070] [Table 2]

[0071] The throughput of the dispenser was measured by collecting material for 60 seconds and weighing the dispensed material.

[0072] In addition to throughput measurements, adhesive bonding performance was evaluated using the Process 2 adhesive. The substrate was coated by manually moving it under the dispensing head at 25 millimeters per second. A 1 millimeter gap was maintained between the substrate and the nozzle during dispensing. Aluminum (1.6 mm thick, 101.6 mm wide, and 304.8 mm long anodized aluminum 5005-H34 Code 990MX, obtained from Lawrence & Frederic Inc., Streamwood, Illinois, United States) and wood (12.7 mm thick, 76.2 mm wide, and 300 mm long S4S poplar) substrates were peel strength tested as received without any additional cleaning or priming steps. The bonded specimens were then evaluated for 90° peel strength and static shear strength. The results are shown in Table 3.

[0073] Comparative Example An acrylic foam tape with a comparable composition was selected for comparison with the adhesive in Step 2. Aluminum and wood were selected as substrates representing both recommended and unrecommended substrates for acrylic foam tape. Porous, irregular wood substrates are generally not recommended for bonding acrylic foam tape due to their limited bonding capabilities. Acrylic foam tape, 5665, obtained from 3M Company (St. Paul, MN, United States), was cut to the sizes described below and subjected to the 90° peel strength and static shear strength tests described above. With minor modifications to the test method for sample preparation, defined as follows: 12.5 mm wide x 125 mm long strips were adhered to aluminum foil strips with the non-liner side attached to the aluminum strip. The release liner was removed, and the liner side was attached to the target substrate by manually passing a 6.8 kilogram steel roller twice in each direction. Aluminum (anodized aluminum 5005-H34 Code 990MX, 1.6 mm thick, 101.6 mm wide, and 304.8 mm long, obtained from Lawrence & Frederic Inc., Streamwood, Illinois, United States) and wood (S4S poplar, 12.7 mm thick, 76.2 mm wide, and 300 mm long) substrates were subjected to peel strength testing as received without any additional cleaning or priming steps. The results are presented in Table 3.

[0074] [Table 3]

[0075] Screw preparation: A 25.4 cm (10.0 inch) head screw 154 with a 1.91 cm (0.75 inch) diameter, as depicted in FIG. 4, was machined with a computer numerically controlled (CNC) three-axis vertical end mill. The machining process was performed on a solid block of aluminum using two operations. In the first step, the top half of the screw was machined looking down the screw shaft. The partially milled block was inverted, and then the other half of the screw was machined.

[0076] Making the barrel: The 22.9 cm (9.0 in) x 5.08 cm (2.0 in) x 5.08 cm (2.0 in) barrel 152, as depicted in FIG. 2, was machined with a CNC three-axis vertical end mill. The machining process was performed on a solid block of aluminum. The central cavity was first drilled with a drill bit and then reamed to 1.92 cm (0.7574 in). The angled inlet 174 was first milled perpendicular to the barrel axis, and then a second milling operation was performed at an angle offset 28 degrees from parallel to the barrel axis.

[0077] Fabrication of the robot mounting bracket: A robot mounting bracket having a thickness of 1.27 cm (0.5 in) was machined from aluminum. The robot mounting bracket featured tapped holes for mounting the alignment wheel motor. Two sets of through holes were provided for connection to the gearbox 156 mounting bracket and the barrel mounting bracket. Additionally, holes and a circular recess were provided for mounting to a UR-10 robot arm manufactured by Brass Corp. (Eden Prairie, MN, United States).

[0078] Gearbox Mounting Bracket Fabrication: The gearbox 156 mounting bracket was machined from aluminum having a thickness of 1.27 cm (0.5 inch). The gearbox 156 mounting bracket featured holes for connecting to the face of the gearbox.

[0079] Making the barrel mounting bracket: The barrel 152 mounting bracket was machined from aluminum having a thickness of 1.27 cm (0.50 inch). The barrel 152 mounting bracket featured holes for connecting to the face of the gearbox 156.

[0080] Preparation of the dispensing nozzle: A dispensing nozzle 172 was machined with a threaded end having a 0.64 cm (0.25 inch) hole connecting to a 0.1 cm (3.94E-2 inch) by 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) slot opening.

[0081] Creation of the alignment wheel: A 2.54 cm (1.00 inch) thick alignment wheel 160 with a connecting shaft was machined from aluminum. The alignment wheel had an outer radius of curvature of 0.5 cm (0.196 inch).

[0082] Preparation of the alignment wheel heating block: A 1.20 cm thick Alignment Wheel 160 heating block was machined from aluminum with two slots for inserting heating cartridges obtained from McMaster-Carr (Elmhurst, IL, United States).

[0083] Heat shield fabrication: Four heat shields (left, right, top, and bottom) 0.16 cm thick were machined from glass mica ceramic plates obtained from McMaster-Carr (Elmhurst, IL, United States).

[0084] Assembling the dosing head: An SVL-204 servo motor 158, obtained from Automation Direct (Cumming, GA, United States), was connected to a 10:1 gearbox. The screw 154 was inserted into the barrel 152, and a thrust bearing with a washer on each side was placed on the screw shaft. The barrel and screw assembly was then inserted through the barrel 152 mounting bracket, with the thrust bearing and washer resting in the barrel mounting bracket. The gearbox 156 was attached to the gearbox bracket. The gearbox 156 shaft and the screw 154 were connected with a motor shaft coupler. Both the barrel 152 bracket and the gearbox 156 bracket were connected to the motor mounting bracket. The dispensing head was mounted on a robotic arm. The nozzle was screwed into the barrel. All electrical connections were made. The barrel was heated with three 100-watt heating cartridges embedded in the barrel. Temperature was monitored with a J-type thermocouple. The barrel was insulated with ceramic plates fastened to the outside of the barrel.

[0085] All references, patent documents, and patent applications cited in the above patent application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for consistency. In the event of any inconsistency or contradiction between the incorporated reference portions and this application, the information in the foregoing description shall prevail. The foregoing description is intended to enable one skilled in the art to practice the disclosure as set forth in the claims, and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure, which is defined by the claims and all equivalents thereof. In addition to the embodiments, the following aspects will be noted. (Appendix 1) 1. A method for automatically applying a bead of filament adhesive to a target substrate having a substrate topography, comprising: receiving at a processor digital input defining a bead application plan and performance criteria related to the substrate topography; providing a signal from the processor to cause a dispensing system having a dispensing head to dispense a first set of beads of molten core-sheath filament adhesive in accordance with the bead application schedule; receiving at the processor a first sensor input associated with a dispensed first set of beads of extruded core-sheath filament adhesive; analyzing in the processor first sensor inputs related to the application plan and the performance criteria to calculate defects associated with the dispensed first set of beads of the extruded core-sheath filament adhesive, and generating a second bead application plan to repair the calculated defects; providing a signal from the processor to cause the dispensing system having a dispensing head to dispense a second set of extruded core-sheath filament beads onto the target substrate in accordance with the second bead application schedule. (Appendix 2) 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a signal from a scanning device to define the substrate topography. (Appendix 3) 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the substrate topography further comprises an indication of surface energy irregularities associated with the substrate topography. (Appendix 4) 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the surface energy irregularities include the presence of an oily liquid, the presence of moisture, or the presence of another contaminant. (Appendix 5) 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the bead application plan includes instructions specific to the surface energy irregularities. (Appendix 6) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein defects associated with the dispensed first set of beads of core-sheath filament adhesive include defects associated with stop / start events or sputtering. (Appendix 7) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the defect associated with the dispensed first set of beads of core-sheath filament adhesive comprises a volume anomaly in which the sensed volume of the adhesive is not consistent with a target volume of adhesive. (Appendix 8) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the application performance criteria define acceptable application conditions. (Appendix 9) 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the applicable performance criteria further define acceptable remedial actions for defects. (Appendix 10) 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the acceptable repair measures specify bead reinforcement. (Appendix 11) 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the performance criteria specify whether bead enhancement is permissible to address the defect. (Appendix 12) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the performance criteria specify areas of the target substrate where adhesive is not allowed. (Appendix 13) 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the filament adhesive is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. (Appendix 14) 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the filament adhesive is a core-sheath adhesive. (Appendix 15) The dispensing head a barrel containing one or more heating elements; an inlet extending through a side of the barrel for receiving the filament adhesive; a dispensing port at a distal end of the barrel for dispensing the filament adhesive in molten form; and a rotatable screw received within the barrel. (Appendix 16) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the at least one mixing element comprises a plurality of posts disposed on a rotatable shaft. (Appendix 17) 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the core-sheath adhesive has a pressure-sensitive adhesive core that is viscoelastic at ambient temperature. (Appendix 18) 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the core-sheath adhesive has a sheath that is non-tacky at ambient temperature. (Appendix 19) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inlet has an inclined nip point defined in part by a front sidewall surface of the inlet that extends at an acute angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the rotatable screw. (Appendix 20) 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the acute angle is 13 degrees to 53 degrees. (Appendix 21) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the inlet extends along 10 percent to 40 percent of the nominal screw length of the rotatable screw. (Appendix 22) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the rotatable screw further comprises a feed element adjacent the inlet, the feed element comprising a plurality of gripping lugs. (Appendix 23) 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the rotatable screw has a length:diameter ratio of 8:1 to 20:1.

Claims

1. 1. A method for automatically applying a bead of filament adhesive to a target substrate having a substrate topography, comprising: receiving at a processor digital input defining a bead application plan and performance criteria related to the substrate topography; providing a signal from the processor to cause a dispensing system having a dispensing head to dispense a first set of beads of molten core-sheath filament adhesive in accordance with the bead application schedule; receiving at the processor a first sensor input associated with a dispensed first set of beads of extruded core-sheath filament adhesive; analyzing in the processor first sensor inputs related to the application plan and the performance criteria to calculate defects associated with the dispensed first set of beads of the extruded core-sheath filament adhesive, and generating a second bead application plan to repair the calculated defects; providing a signal from the processor that causes the dispensing system having a dispensing head to additionally dispense a second set of extruded core-sheath filament beads onto the target substrate in accordance with the second bead application schedule.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving a signal from a scanning device to define the substrate topography.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the substrate topography further comprises an indication of surface energy irregularities associated with the substrate topography.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the bead application strategy includes instructions specific to the surface energy irregularities.

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein defects associated with the dispensed first set of beads of core-sheath filament adhesive include a volume anomaly in which a sensed volume of the adhesive is inconsistent with a target volume of adhesive.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performance criteria define acceptable application conditions.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the performance criteria further define acceptable remedial actions for defects.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performance criteria specify whether bead enhancement is permissible to address the defect.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the performance criteria specify areas of the target substrate where adhesive is not allowed.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the filament adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the filament adhesive is a core-sheath adhesive.

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